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This manual uses certain typographical conventions:

When commands or statements are prefixed by a prompt, we use these:

$> type a command here#> type a command asroot hereC:\> type a command here (Windows only)mysql> type a mysql statement here

Commands are issued in your command interpreter. On Unix, this is typically a program such assh,csh, orbash. On Windows, the equivalent program iscommand.com orcmd.exe, typically run in a console window. Statements prefixed bymysql are issued in themysql command-line client.

In some areas different systems may be distinguished from each other to show that commands should be executed in two different environments. For example, while working with replication the commands might be prefixed withsource andreplica:

source> type a mysql statement on the replication source herereplica> type a mysql statement on the replica here

Database, table, and column names must often be substituted into statements. To indicate that such substitution is necessary, this manual usesdb_name,tbl_name, andcol_name. For example, you might see a statement like this:

mysql> SELECTcol_name FROMdb_name.tbl_name;

This means that if you were to enter a similar statement, you would supply your own database, table, and column names, perhaps like this:

mysql> SELECT author_name FROM biblio_db.author_list;

SQL keywords are not case-sensitive and may be written in any lettercase. This manual uses uppercase.

In syntax descriptions, square brackets (“[” and“]”) indicate optional words or clauses. For example, in the following statement,IF EXISTS is optional:

DROP TABLE [IF EXISTS]tbl_name

When a syntax element consists of a number of alternatives, the alternatives are separated by vertical bars (“|”). When one member from a set of choicesmay be chosen, the alternatives are listed within square brackets (“[” and“]”):

TRIM([[BOTH | LEADING | TRAILING] [remstr] FROM]str)

When one member from a set of choicesmust be chosen, the alternatives are listed within braces (“{” and“}”):

{DESCRIBE | DESC}tbl_name [col_name |wild]

An ellipsis (...) indicates the omission of a section of a statement, typically to provide a shorter version of more complex syntax. For example,SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE is shorthand for the form ofSELECT statement that has anINTO OUTFILE clause following other parts of the statement.

An ellipsis can also indicate that the preceding syntax element of a statement may be repeated. In the following example, multiplereset_option values may be given, with each of those after the first preceded by commas:

RESETreset_option [,reset_option] ...

Commands for setting shell variables are shown using Bourne shell syntax. For example, the sequence to set theCC environment variable and run theconfigure command looks like this in Bourne shell syntax:

$> CC=gcc ./configure

If you are usingcsh ortcsh, you must issue commands somewhat differently:

$> setenv CC gcc$> ./configure

The Reference Manual source files are written in DocBook XML format. The HTML version and other formats are produced automatically, primarily using the DocBook XSL stylesheets. For information about DocBook, seehttp://docbook.org/

This manual was originally written by David Axmark and Michael“Monty” Widenius. It is maintained by the MySQL Documentation Team, consisting of Edward Gilmore, Sudharsana Gomadam, Kim seong Loh, Garima Sharma, Carlos Ortiz, Daniel So, and Jon Stephens.