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MySQL 8.4 supports generated invisible primary keys for anyInnoDB table that is created without an explicit primary key. When thesql_generate_invisible_primary_key server system variable is set toON, the MySQL server automatically adds a generated invisible primary key (GIPK) to any such table. This setting has no effect on tables created using any other storage engine thanInnoDB.

By default, the value ofsql_generate_invisible_primary_key isOFF, meaning that the automatic addition of GIPKs is disabled. To illustrate how this affects table creation, we begin by creating two identical tables, neither having a primary key, the only difference being that the first (tableauto_0) is created withsql_generate_invisible_primary_key set toOFF, and the second (auto_1) after setting it toON, as shown here:

mysql> SELECT @@sql_generate_invisible_primary_key;+--------------------------------------+| @@sql_generate_invisible_primary_key |+--------------------------------------+|                                    0 |+--------------------------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> CREATE TABLE auto_0 (c1 VARCHAR(50), c2 INT);Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)mysql> SET sql_generate_invisible_primary_key=ON;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> SELECT @@sql_generate_invisible_primary_key;+--------------------------------------+| @@sql_generate_invisible_primary_key |+--------------------------------------+|                                    1 |+--------------------------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> CREATE TABLE auto_1 (c1 VARCHAR(50), c2 INT);Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)

Compare the output of theseSHOW CREATE TABLE statements to see the difference in how the tables were actually created:

mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE auto_0\G*************************** 1. row ***************************       Table: auto_0Create Table: CREATE TABLE `auto_0` (  `c1` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,  `c2` int DEFAULT NULL) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE auto_1\G*************************** 1. row ***************************       Table: auto_1Create Table: CREATE TABLE `auto_1` (  `my_row_id` bigint unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT /*!80023 INVISIBLE */,  `c1` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,  `c2` int DEFAULT NULL,  PRIMARY KEY (`my_row_id`)) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Sinceauto_1 had no primary key specified by theCREATE TABLE statement used to create it, settingsql_generate_invisible_primary_key = ON causes MySQL to add both the invisible columnmy_row_id to this table and a primary key on that column. Sincesql_generate_invisible_primary_key wasOFF at the time thatauto_0 was created, no such additions were performed on that table.

When a primary key is added to a table by the server, the column and key name is alwaysmy_row_id. For this reason, when enabling generated invisible primary keys in this way, you cannot create a table having a column namedmy_row_id unless the table creation statement also specifies an explicit primary key. (You are not required to name the column or keymy_row_id in such cases.)

my_row_id is an invisible column, which means it is not shown in the output ofSELECT * orTABLE; the column must be selected explicitly by name. SeeSection 15.1.20.10, “Invisible Columns”.

When GIPKs are enabled, a generated primary key cannot be altered other than to switch it betweenVISIBLE andINVISIBLE. To make the generated invisible primary key onauto_1 visible, execute thisALTER TABLE statement:

mysql> ALTER TABLE auto_1 ALTER COLUMN my_row_id SET VISIBLE;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE auto_1\G*************************** 1. row ***************************       Table: auto_1Create Table: CREATE TABLE `auto_1` (  `my_row_id` bigint unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,  `c1` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,  `c2` int DEFAULT NULL,  PRIMARY KEY (`my_row_id`)) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci1 row in set (0.01 sec)

To make this generated primary key invisible again, issueALTER TABLE auto_1 ALTER COLUMN my_row_id SET INVISIBLE.

A generated invisible primary key is always invisible by default.

Whenever GIPKs are enabled, you cannot drop a generated primary key if either of the following 2 conditions would result:

The effects ofsql_generate_invisible_primary_key apply to tables using theInnoDB storage engine only. You can use anALTER TABLE statement to change the storage engine used by a table that has a generated invisible primary key; in this case, the primary key and column remain in place, but the table and key no longer receive any special treatment.

By default, GIPKs are shown in the output ofSHOW CREATE TABLE,SHOW COLUMNS, andSHOW INDEX, and are visible in the Information SchemaCOLUMNS andSTATISTICS tables. You can cause generated invisible primary keys to be hidden instead in such cases by setting theshow_gipk_in_create_table_and_information_schema system variable toOFF. By default, this variable isON, as shown here:

mysql> SELECT @@show_gipk_in_create_table_and_information_schema;+----------------------------------------------------+| @@show_gipk_in_create_table_and_information_schema |+----------------------------------------------------+|                                                  1 |+----------------------------------------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)

As can be seen from the following query against theCOLUMNS table,my_row_id is visible among the columns ofauto_1:

mysql> SELECT COLUMN_NAME, ORDINAL_POSITION, DATA_TYPE, COLUMN_KEY    -> FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS    -> WHERE TABLE_NAME = "auto_1";+-------------+------------------+-----------+------------+| COLUMN_NAME | ORDINAL_POSITION | DATA_TYPE | COLUMN_KEY |+-------------+------------------+-----------+------------+| my_row_id   |                1 | bigint    | PRI        || c1          |                2 | varchar   |            || c2          |                3 | int       |            |+-------------+------------------+-----------+------------+3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

Aftershow_gipk_in_create_table_and_information_schema is set toOFF,my_row_id can no longer be seen in theCOLUMNS table, as shown here:

mysql> SET show_gipk_in_create_table_and_information_schema = OFF;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> SELECT @@show_gipk_in_create_table_and_information_schema;+----------------------------------------------------+| @@show_gipk_in_create_table_and_information_schema |+----------------------------------------------------+|                                                  0 |+----------------------------------------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> SELECT COLUMN_NAME, ORDINAL_POSITION, DATA_TYPE, COLUMN_KEY    -> FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS    -> WHERE TABLE_NAME = "auto_1";+-------------+------------------+-----------+------------+| COLUMN_NAME | ORDINAL_POSITION | DATA_TYPE | COLUMN_KEY |+-------------+------------------+-----------+------------+| c1          |                2 | varchar   |            || c2          |                3 | int       |            |+-------------+------------------+-----------+------------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

The setting forsql_generate_invisible_primary_key is not replicated, and is ignored by replication applier threads. This means that the setting of this variable on the source has no effect on the replica. You can cause the replica to add a GIPK for tables replicated without primary keys on a given replication channel usingREQUIRE_TABLE_PRIMARY_KEY_CHECK = GENERATE as part of aCHANGE REPLICATION SOURCE TO statement.

GIPKs work with row-based replication ofCREATE TABLE ... SELECT; the information written to the binary log for this statement in such cases includes the GIPK definition, and thus is replicated correctly. Statement-based replication ofCREATE TABLE ... SELECT is not supported withsql_generate_invisible_primary_key = ON.

When creating or importing backups of installations where GIPKs are in use, it is possible to exclude generated invisible primary key columns and values. The--skip-generated-invisible-primary-key option formysqldump causes GIPK information to be excluded in the program's output.