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Preterm labor is contributor to a significant escalation in neonatal morbidity, mortality, and long - term complications. This thesis explores the causes, diagnosis, prevention, and pharmacological management of preterm birth. It emphasizes the role of drugs like Progesterone, Corticosteroids, Magnesium sulfate, and Tocolytics in delaying labor and improving fetal outcomes. Novel agents such as Atosiban, Anoctamin antagonists, and Stem cell therapies are also discussed for their potential in targeted, safer interventions. The study highlights the importance of early detection and combined therapeutic strategies. Overall, it highlights the need for continued research to enhances survival rates and long-term health prognoses for preterm newborns and mother.