2.1.Problem Statement

Up to 2020, civil air traffic has been growing constantly at a compound rate of5.8% per year[ACI19] and despite the severe impact of theCOVID-19 pandemic, air traffic growth is expected to resume very quickly inpost-pandemic times[IAT20][IAC20]. Thus, legacysystems in air traffic management (ATM) are likely to reach their capacitylimits and the need for new aeronautical communication technologies becomesapparent. Especially problematic is the saturation of VHF band in high densityareas in Europe, the US, and Asia[KEAV20][FAA20]calling for suitable new digital approaches such as AeroMACS for airportcommunications, SatCOM for remote domains, and LDACS as long-range terrestrialaeronautical communication system. Making the frequency spectrum's usage moreefficient a transition from analog voice to digital data communication[PLA14] is necessary to cope with the expected growth of civil aviationand its supporting infrastructure. A promising candidate for long rangeterrestrial communications, already in the process of being standardized in theInternational Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), is the L-band DigitalAeronautical Communication System (LDACS)[ICAO18][I-D.ietf-raw-ldacs].¶

2.2.Specifics

During the creation process of new communication system, analog voice isreplaced by digital data communication. This sets a paradigm shift from analogto digital wireless communications and supports the related trend towardsincreased autonomous data processing that the Future CommunicationsInfrastructure (FCI) in civil aviation must provide. The FCI is depicted inFigure 1:¶

 Satellite#         ##          # ##            #   ##             #      ##               #        ##                #          ##                  #            ## Satellite-based   #              ##   Communications   #                 ##      SatCOM (#)     #                   ##                      #                    Aircraft#                       #                 %         %#                        #              %             %#                         #           %     Air-Air     %#                          #        %     Communications   %#                           #     %         LDACS A/A (%)    %#                           #   %                              %#                            Aircraft  % % % % % % % % % %  Aircraft#                                 |           Air-Ground           |#                                 |         Communications         |#                                 |           LDACS A/G (|)        |#      Communications in          |                                |#    and around airports          |                                |#         AeroMACS (-)            |                                |#                                 |                                |#         Aircraft-------------+  |                                |#                              |  |                                |#                              |  |                                |#         Ground network       |  |         Ground network         |SatCOM <---------------------> Airport <----------------------> LDACSground                          ground                          groundtransceiver                   transceiver                    transceiver

2.3.Challenges

This paradigm change brings a lot of new challenges:¶

• Efficiency: It is necessary to keep latency, time and data overhead of new aeronautical datalinks at a minimum.¶
• Modularity: Systems in avionics usually operate up to 30 years, thus solutionsmust be modular, easily adaptable and updatable.¶
• Interoperability: All 192 members of the international Civil AviationOrganization (ICAO) must be able to use these solutions.¶
• Dynamicity: the communication infrastructure needs to accomodate mobile devices (airplanes)that move extremely fast.¶

2.4.The Need for Wireless

In a high mobility environment such as aviation, the envisioned solutions toprovide worldwide coverage of data connections with in-flight aircraft require amulti-system, multi-link, multi-hop approach. Thus air, ground and space-baseddatalink providing technologies will have to operate seamlessly together to copewith the increasing needs of data exchange between aircraft, air trafficcontroller, airport infrastructure, airlines, air network service providers(ANSPs) and so forth. Thus, making use of wireless technologies is a must intackling this enormous need for a worldwide digital aeronautical datalinkinfrastructure.¶

2.5.Requirements for RAW

Different safety levels need to be supported, from extremely safety criticalones requiring low latency, such as a WAKE warning - a warning that two aircraftcome dangerously close to each other - and high resiliency, to less safetycritical ones requiring low-medium latency for services such as WXGRAPH -graphical weather data.¶

Overhead needs to be kept at a minimum since aeronautical data links providecomparatively small data rates on the order of kbit/s.¶

Policy needs to be supported when selecting data links. The focus of RAW hereshould be on the selectors, responsible for the track a packet takes toreach its end destination. This would minimize the amount of routing informationthat must travel inside the network because of precomputed routing tables withthe selector being responsible for choosing the most appropriate optionaccording to policy and safety.¶

3.1.Use-Case Description

The digitalization of Amusement Parks is expected to decrease significantly thecost for maintaining the attractions. Such deployment is a mix betweenindustrial automation (i.e., Smart Factories) and multimedia entertainmentapplications.¶

Attractions may rely on a large set of sensors and actuators, which react inreal time. Typical applications comprise:¶

• Emergency: safety has to be preserved, and must stop the attraction when afailure is detected.¶
• Video: augmented and virtual realities are integrated in the attraction.Wearable mobile devices (e.g., glasses, virtual reality headset) need to offloadone part of the processing tasks.¶
• Real-time interactions: visitors may interact with an attraction, like in areal-time video game. The visitors may virtually interact with their environment,triggering actions in the real world (through actuators)[KOB12].¶
• Geolocation: visitors are tracked with a personal wireless tag so that their userexperience is improved.¶
• Predictive maintenance: statistics are collected to predict the future failures,or to compute later more complex statistics about the attraction's usage, thedowntime or its popularity for example.¶

3.2.Specifics

Amusement parks comprise a variable number of attractions, mostly outdoor, overa large geographical area. The IT infrastructure is typically multi-scale:¶

• Local area: the sensors and actuators controlling the attractions are co-located.Control loops trigger only local traffic, with a small end-to-end delay,typically less than 10 ms, like classical industrial systems[IEEE80211-RT-TIG].¶
• Wearable mobile devices are free to move in the park. They exchange traffic locally(identification, personalization, multimedia) or globally (billing, childtracking).¶
• Computationally intensive applications offload some tasks. Edge computing seemsan efficient way to implement real-time applications with offloading. Somenon-time-critical tasks may rather use the cloud (predictive maintenance,marketing).¶

3.3.The Need for Wireless

Amusement parks cover large areas, and a global interconnection would require ahuge length of cables. Wireless also increases the reconfigurability, enablingto update an attraction at a lower cost. The frequent renewal helps to increasethe customer loyalty.¶

Some parts of the attraction are mobile, like trucks of a roller-coaster orrobots. Since cables are prone to frequent failures in this situation, wirelesstransmissions are recommended.¶

Wearable devices are extensively used for a user experience personalization.They typically need to support wireless transmissions. Personal tags may help toreduce the operating costs[DISNEY15] and to increase the numberof charged services provided to the audience (e.g., VIP tickets orinteractivity). Some applications rely on more sophisticated wearable devicessuch as digital glasses or Virtual Reality (VR) headsets for an immersiveexperience.¶

3.4.Requirements for RAW

The network infrastructure must support heterogeneous traffic, with verydifferent critical requirements. Thus, flow isolation must be provided.¶

The transmissions must be scheduled appropriately even in presence of mobiledevices. While the[RFC9030] already proposes an architecture forsynchronized, IEEE Std. 802.15.4 Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) networks,the industry requires a multi-technology solution, able to guarantee end-to-endrequirements across heterogeneous technologies, with strict SLA requirements.¶

Nowadays, long-range wireless transmissions are used mostly for best-efforttraffic. On the contrary,[IEEE802.1TSN] is used for criticalflows using Ethernet devices. However, IP enabled technology is required tointerconnect large areas, independent of the PHY and MAC layers.¶

It is expected that several different technologies (long vs. short range) aredeployed, which have to cohabit in the same area. Thus, we need to providelayer-3 mechanisms able to exploit multiple co-interfering technologies (i.e., different radio technologies using overlapping spectrum, and therefore, potentially interfering to each other).¶

4.1.Use-Case Description

A major use-case for networking in Industrial environments is the controlnetworks where periodic control loops operate between a collection of sensorsthat measure a physical property such as the temperature of a fluid, aProgrammable Logic Controller (PLC) that decides an action such as warm up themix, and actuators that perform the required action, such as the injection ofpower in a resistor.¶

4.3.The Need for Wireless

Ethernet cables used on a robot arm are prone to breakage after a few thousandsof flexions, a lot faster than a power cable that is wider in diameter, and moreresilient. In general, wired networking and mobile parts are not a good match,mostly in the case of fast and recurrent activities, as well as rotation.¶

When refurbishing older premises that were built before the Internet age, poweris usually available everywhere, but data is not. It is often impractical, timeconsuming and expensive to deploy an Ethernet fabric across walls and betweenbuildings. Deploying a wire may take months and cost tens of thousands of USDollars.¶

Even when wiring exists, like in the case of an existing control network,asynchronous IP packets such as diagnostics may not be welcome for operationaland security reasons. For those packets, the option to create a parallelwireless network offers a credible solution that can scale with the many sensorsand actuators that equip every robot, every valve and fan that are deployed onthe factory floor. It may also help detect and prevent a failure that couldimpact the production, like the degradation (vibration) of a cooling fan on theceiling. IEEE Std. 802.15.4 Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH)[RFC7554] is a promising technology for that purpose, mostly if thescheduled operations enable to use the same network by asynchronous anddeterministic flows in parallel.¶

4.4.Requirements for RAW

As stated by the"Deterministic Networking ProblemStatement" [RFC8557], a Deterministic Network is backwards compatible with(capable of transporting) statistically multiplexed traffic while preserving theproperties of the accepted deterministic flows. While the6TiSCH Architecture [RFC9030] serves that requirement, the work at6TiSCH was focused on best-effort IPv6 packet flows. RAW should be able to lockso-called hard cells (i.e., scheduled cells[I-D.ietf-6tisch-terminology]) for use by a centralized scheduler, andleverage time and spatial diversity over a graph of end-to-end paths called aTrack that is based on those cells.¶

Over the course of the recent years, major Industrial Protocols (e.g.,[ODVA] with EtherNet/IP[EIP] and[PROFINET]) have been migrating towards Ethernet and IP. In order tounleash the full power of the IP hourglass model, it should be possible todeploy any application over any network that has the physical capacity totransport the industrial flow, regardless of the MAC/PHY technology, wired orwireless, and across technologies. RAW mechanisms should be able to setup aTrack over a wireless access segment and a wired or wireless backbone to reportboth sensor data and critical monitoring within a bounded latency and maintainthe high reliability of the flows over time. It is also important to ensure thatRAW solutions are interoperable with existing wireless solutions in place, andwith legacy equipment whose capabilities can be extended using retrofitting.Maintainability, as a broader concept than reliability is also important inindustrial scenarios[MAR19].¶

5.1.Use-Case Description

Many devices support audio and video streaming by employing 802.11 wireless LAN.Some of these applications require low latency capability. For instance, whenthe application provides interactive play, or when the audio plays in realtime - meaning live for public addresses in train stations or in theme parks.¶

The professional audio and video industry ("ProAV") includes:¶

• Virtual Reality / Augmented Reality (VR/AR)¶
• Production and post-production systems such as CD and Blu-ray disk mastering.¶
• Public address, media and emergency systems at large venues (e.g., airports,train stations, stadiums, and theme parks).¶

5.2.Specifics

5.3.The Need for Wireless

The devices need the wireless communication to support video streaming via IEEE802.11 wireless LAN for instance. Wireless communications provide hugeadvantages in terms of simpler deployments in many scenarios, where the use of awired alternative would not be feasible. Similarly, in live events, mobilitysupport makes wireless communications the only viable approach.¶

Deployed announcement speakers, for instancealong the platforms of the train stations, need the wireless communication toforward the audio traffic in real time.¶

5.4.Requirements for RAW

The network infrastructure needs to support heterogeneous types of traffic(including QoS).¶

Content delivery with bounded (lowest possible) latency.¶

The deployed network topology should allow for multipath. This will enable formultiple streams to have different (and multiple) paths (tracks) through thenetwork to support redundancy.¶

6.1.Use-Case Description

The gaming industry includes[IEEE80211RTA] real-time mobilegaming, wireless console gaming and cloud gaming. For RAW, wireless consolegaming is the most relevant one. We next summarize the three:¶

• Real-time Mobile Gaming: Different from traditional games, real time mobilegaming is very sensitive to network latency and stability. The mobile game canconnect multiple players together in a single game session and exchange datamessages between game server and connected players. Real-time means the feedbackshould present on screen as users operate in game. For good game experience, theend-to-end (E2E) latency plus game servers processing time must be the same forall players and should not be noticeable as the game is played.¶
• Wireless Console Gaming: Playing online on a console has 2 types of internetconnectivity, which is either wired or Wi-Fi. Most of the gaming consoles todaysupport Wi-Fi 5. But Wi-Fi has an especially bad reputation among the gamingcommunity. The main reasons are high latency, lag spikes, and jitter.¶
• Cloud Gaming: The cloud gaming requires low latency capability as the usercommands in a game session need to be sent back to the cloud server, the cloudserver would update game context depending on the received commands, and thecloud server would render the picture/video to be displayed at user devices andstream the picture/video content to the user devices. User devices might verylikely be connected wirelessly.¶

6.2.Specifics

While a lot of details can be found on[IEEE80211RTA], we nextsummarize the main requirements in terms of latency, jitter and packet loss:¶

• Intra Basic Service Set (BSS) latency is less than 5 ms.¶
• Jitter variance is less than 2 ms.¶
• Packet loss is less than 0.1 percent.¶

6.3.The Need for Wireless

Gaming is evolving towards wireless, as players demand beingable to play anywhere, and the game requires a more immersive experienceincluding body movements. Besides, the industry is changing towards playing frommobile phones, which are inherently connected via wireless technologies.Wireless controllers are the rule in modern gaming, with increasingly sophisticatedinteractions (e.g., haptic feedback, augmented reality).¶

6.4.Requirements for RAW

• Time sensitive networking extensions: extensions, such as time-aware shaping andredundancy can be explored to address congestion and reliability problemspresent in wireless networks. As an example, in haptics it is very importan to minimize latency failures.¶
• Priority tagging (Stream identification): one basic requirement to providebetter QoS for time-sensitive traffic is the capability to identify anddifferentiate time-sensitive packets from other (like best-effort) traffic.¶
• Time-aware shaping: this capability (defined in IEEE 802.1Qbv) consists of gatesto control the opening/closing of queues that share a common egress port withinan Ethernet switch. A scheduler defines the times when each queue opens orclose, therefore eliminating congestion and ensuring that frames are deliveredwithin the expected latency bounds. Note though, that while this requirementneeds to be signalled by RAW mechanisms, it would be actually served by thelower layer.¶
• Dual/multiple link: due to the fact that competitions and interference are common andhardly in control under wireless network, to improve the latency stability,dual/multiple link proposal is brought up to address this issue.¶
• Admission Control: congestion is a major cause of high/variable latency and itis well known that if the traffic load exceeds the capability of the link, QoSwill be degraded. QoS degradation may be acceptable for many applications today,however emerging time-sensitive applications are highly susceptible to increasedlatency and jitter. To better control QoS, it is important to controlaccess to the network resources.¶

7.1.Use-Case Description

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are becoming very popular for many differentapplications, including military and civil use-cases. The term drone is commonlyused to refer to a UAV.¶

UAVs can be used to perform aerial surveillance activities, traffic monitoring(i.e., the Spanish traffic control has recently introduced a fleet of drones forquicker reactions upon traffic congestion related events), support of emergencysituations, and even transportation of small goods (e.g., medicine in ruralareas).¶

Many types of vehicles, including UAVs but also others, such as cars, can travelin platoons, driving together with shorter distances between vehicles toincrease efficiency. Platooning imposes certain vehicle-to-vehicleconsiderations, most of these are applicable to both UAVs and other vehicletypes.¶

UAVs/vehicles typically have various forms of wireless connectivity:¶

• Cellular: for communication with the control center, for remotemaneuvering as well as monitoring of the drone;¶
• IEEE 802.11: for inter-drone communications (i.e., platooning)and providing connectivity to other devices (i.e., acting as Access Point).¶

Note that autonomous cars share many of the characteristics of the aforementionUAV case, and therefore it is of interest for RAW.¶

7.2.Specifics

Some of the use-cases/tasks involving UAVs require coordination among UAVs.Others involve complex compute tasks that might not be performed using thelimited computing resources that a drone typically has. These two aspectsrequire continuous connectivity with the control center and among UAVs.¶

Remote maneuvering of a drone might be performed over a cellular network in somecases, however, there are situations that need very low latency anddeterministic behavior of the connectivity. Examples involve platooning ofdrones or sharing of computing resources among drones (like, a drone offload somefunction to a neighboring drone).¶

7.3.The Need for Wireless

UAVs cannot be connected through any type of wired media, so it is obvious thatwireless is needed.¶

7.4.Requirements for RAW

The network infrastructure is composed by the UAVs themselves, requiringself-configuration capabilities.¶

Heterogeneous types of traffic need to be supported, from extremely criticalones requiring ultra-low latency and high resiliency, to traffic requiringlow-medium latency.¶

When a given service is decomposed into functions -- hosted at different UAVs --chained, each link connecting two given functions would have a well-defined setof requirements (e.g., latency, bandwidth and jitter) that must be met.¶

8.1.Use-Case Description

The Edge Robotics scenario consists of several robots, deployed in a given area(like a shopping mall), inter-connected via an access network to anetwork edge device or a data center. The robots are connected to the edge socomplex computational activities are not executed locally at the robots butoffloaded to the edge. This brings additional flexibility in the type of tasksthat the robots do, as well as reducing the costs of robot manufacturing (due totheir lower complexity), and enabling complex tasks involving coordination amongrobots (that can be more easily performed if robots are centrally controlled).¶

Simple examples of the use of multiple robots are cleaning, video surveillance,search and rescue operations, and delivering of goods from warehouses to shops.Multiple robots are simultaneously instructed to perform individual tasks bymoving the robotic intelligence from the robots to the network's edge. Thatenables easy synchronization, scalable solution, and on-demand option to createflexible fleet of robots.¶

Robots would have various forms of wireless connectivity:¶

• IEEE 802.11: for connection to the edge and also inter-robot communications(i.e., for coordinated actions).¶
• Cellular: as an additional communication link to the edge, though primarily asbackup, since ultra-low latency is needed.¶

8.2.Specifics

Some of the use-cases/tasks involving robots might benefit from decomposition ofa service in small functions that are distributed and chained among robots andthe edge. These require continuous connectivity with the control center andamong drones.¶

Robot control is an activity requiring very low latency between the robot andthe location where the control intelligence resides (which might be the edge oranother robot).¶

8.3.The Need for Wireless

Deploying robots in scenarios such as shopping malls for the applicationsmentioned cannot be done via wired connectivity.¶

8.4.Requirements for RAW

The network infrastructure needs to support heterogeneous types of traffic, fromrobot control to video streaming.¶

When a given service is decomposed into functions -- hosted at different robots-- chained, each link connecting two given functions would have a well-definedset of requirements (latency, bandwidth and jitter) that must be met.¶

9.1.Use-Case Description

An instrumented ambulance would be one that has a LAN to which are connectedthese end systems such as:¶

• vital signs sensors attached to the casualty in the ambulance. Relay medicaldata to hospital emergency room,¶
• radio-navigation sensor to relay position data to various destinations includingdispatcher,¶
• voice communication for ambulance attendant (like to consult with ER doctor), and¶
• voice communication between driver and dispatcher.¶

The LAN needs to be routed through radio-WANs to complete the networklinkage.¶

9.2.Specifics

What we have today is multiple communication systems to reach the vehicle via:¶

• A dispatching system,¶
• a cellphone for the attendant,¶
• a special purpose telemetering system for medical data,¶
• etc.¶

This redundancy of systems does not contribute to availability.¶

Most of the scenarios involving the use of an instrumented ambulance arecomposed of many different flows, each of them with slightly differentrequirements in terms of reliability and latency. Destinations might be eitherat the ambulance itself (local traffic), at a near edge cloud or at the generalInternet/cloud.¶

9.3.The Need for Wireless

Local traffic between the first responders/ambulance staff and the ambulanceequipment cannot be done via wired connectivity as the responders performinitial treatment outside of the ambulance. The communications from theambulance to external services must be wireless as well.¶

9.4.Requirements for RAW

We can derive some pertinent requirements from this scenario:¶

• High availability of the inter-network is required.¶
• The inter-network needs to operate in damaged state (e.g. during an earthquakeaftermath, heavy weather, wildfire, etc.). In addition to continuity ofoperations, rapid restore is a needed characteristic.¶
• The radio-WAN has characteristics similar to cellphone -- the vehicle willtravel from one radio footprint to another.¶

14.1.Normative References

[I-D.ietf-raw-technologies]

Thubert, P.,Cavalcanti, D.,Vilajosana, X.,Schmitt, C., andJ. Farkas,"Reliable and Available Wireless Technologies",Work in Progress,Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-raw-technologies-05,2 February 2022,<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-raw-technologies-05.txt>.

14.2.Informative References

[ACI19]

Airports Council International (ACI),"Annual World Aitport Traffic Report 2019",November 2019,<https://store.aci.aero/product/annual-world-airport-traffic-report-2019/>.

[DISNEY15]

Wired,"Disney's $1 Billion Bet on a Magical Wristband",March 2015,<https://www.wired.com/2015/03/disney-magicband/>.

[EIP]

http://www.odva.org/,"EtherNet/IP provides users with the network tools to deploy standard Ethernet technology (IEEE 802.3 combined with the TCP/IP Suite) for industrial automation applications while enabling Internet and enterprise connectivity data anytime, anywhere.",<http://www.odva.org/Portals/0/Library/Publications_Numbered/PUB00138R3_CIP_Adv_Tech_Series_EtherNetIP.pdf>.

[FAA20]

U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration (FAA),"Next Generation Air Transportation System",2019,<https://www.faa.gov/nextgen/>.

[I-D.ietf-6tisch-terminology]

Palattella, M. R.,Thubert, P.,Watteyne, T., andQ. Wang,"Terms Used in IPv6 over the TSCH mode of IEEE 802.15.4e",Work in Progress,Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-6tisch-terminology-10,2 March 2018,<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-6tisch-terminology-10.txt>.

[I-D.ietf-raw-industrial-requirements]

Rute Sofia, C.,Kovatsch, M., andP. M. Mendes,"Requirements for Reliable Wireless Industrial Services",Work in Progress,Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-raw-industrial-requirements-00,10 December 2021,<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-raw-industrial-requirements-00.txt>.

[I-D.ietf-raw-ldacs]

Mäurer, N.,Gräupl, T., andC. Schmitt,"L-band Digital Aeronautical Communications System (LDACS)",Work in Progress,Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-raw-ldacs-13,21 October 2022,<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-raw-ldacs-13.txt>.

[IAC20]

Iacus, S.M.,Natale, F.,Santamaria, C.,Spyratos, S., andV. Michele,"Estimating and projecting air passenger traffic during the COVID-19 coronavirus outbreak and its socio- economic impact",Safety Science 129 (2020) 104791,2020.

[IAT20]

International Air Transport Association (IATA),"Economic Performance of the Airline Industry",November 2020,<https://www.iata.org/en/iata-repository/publications/economic-reports/airline-industry-economic-performance---november-2020---report/>.

[ICAO18]

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO),"L-Band Digital Aeronautical Communication System (LDACS)",International Standards and Recommended Practices Annex 10 - Aeronautical Telecommunications, Vol. III - Communication Systems,2018.

[IEEE802.1TSN]

IEEE standard for Information Technology,"IEEE 802.1AS-2011 - IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks - Timing and Synchronization for Time-Sensitive Applications in Bridged Local Area Networks".

[IEEE80211-RT-TIG]

IEEE,"IEEE 802.11 Real Time Applications TIG Report",November 2018,<http://www.ieee802.org/11/Reports/rtatig_update.htm>.

[IEEE80211BE]

Cavalcanti, D. andG. Venkatesan,"802.1 TSN over 802.11 with updates from developments in 802.11be",IEEE plenary meeting,November 2020,<https://www.ieee802.org/1/files/public/docs2020/new-Cavalcanti-802-1TSN-over-802-11-1120-v02.pdf>.

[IEEE80211RTA]

IEEE standard for Information Technology,"IEEE 802.11 Real Time Applications TIG Report",November 2018.

[ISA100]

ISA/ANSI,"ISA100, Wireless Systems for Automation",<https://www.isa.org/isa100/>.

[KEAV20]

T. Keaveney and C. Stewart,"Single European Sky ATM Research Joint Undertaking",2019,<https://www.sesarju.eu/>.

[KOB12]

Kober, J.,Glisson, M., andM. Mistry,"Playing catch and juggling with a humanoid robot.",2012,<https://doi.org/10.1109/HUMANOIDS.2012.6651623>.

[MAR19]

Martinez, B.,Cano, C., andX. Vilajosana,"A Square Peg in a Round Hole: The Complex Path for Wireless in the Manufacturing Industry",2019,<https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8703476>.

[ODVA]

http://www.odva.org/,"The organization that supports network technologies built on the Common Industrial Protocol (CIP) including EtherNet/IP.".

[PLA14]

Plass, S.,Hermenier, R.,Luecke, O.,Gomez Depoorter, D.,Tordjman, T.,Chatterton, M.,Amirfeiz, M.,Scotti, S.,Cheng, Y.J.,Pillai, P.,Graeupl, T.,Durand, F.,Murphy, K.,Marriott, A., andA. Zaytsev,"Flight Trial Demonstration of Seamless Aeronautical Networking",IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 52, no. 5,May 2014.

[PROFINET]

http://us.profinet.com/technology/profinet/,"PROFINET is a standard for industrial networking in automation.",<http://us.profinet.com/technology/profinet/>.

[RFC7554]

Watteyne, T., Ed.,Palattella, M., andL. Grieco,"Using IEEE 802.15.4e Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) in the Internet of Things (IoT): Problem Statement",RFC 7554,DOI 10.17487/RFC7554,May 2015,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7554>.

[RFC8557]

Finn, N. andP. Thubert,"Deterministic Networking Problem Statement",RFC 8557,DOI 10.17487/RFC8557,May 2019,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8557>.

[RFC8578]

Grossman, E., Ed.,"Deterministic Networking Use Cases",RFC 8578,DOI 10.17487/RFC8578,May 2019,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8578>.

[RFC8655]

Finn, N.,Thubert, P.,Varga, B., andJ. Farkas,"Deterministic Networking Architecture",RFC 8655,DOI 10.17487/RFC8655,October 2019,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8655>.

[RFC9030]

Thubert, P., Ed.,"An Architecture for IPv6 over the Time-Slotted Channel Hopping Mode of IEEE 802.15.4 (6TiSCH)",RFC 9030,DOI 10.17487/RFC9030,May 2021,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9030>.

[RFC9055]

Grossman, E., Ed.,Mizrahi, T., andA. Hacker,"Deterministic Networking (DetNet) Security Considerations",RFC 9055,DOI 10.17487/RFC9055,June 2021,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9055>.