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Internet-DraftVoucher ArtifactJanuary 2023
Watsen, et al.Expires 15 July 2023[Page]
Workgroup:
ANIMA Working Group
Internet-Draft:
draft-ietf-anima-rfc8366bis-01
Published:
Intended Status:
Standards Track
Expires:
Authors:
K. Watsen
Watsen Networks
M. Richardson
Sandelman Software
M. Pritikin
Cisco Systems
T. Eckert
Huawei
Q. Ma
Huawei

A Voucher Artifact for Bootstrapping Protocols

Abstract

This document defines a strategy to securely assign a pledge to an ownerusing an artifact signed, directly or indirectly, by the pledge's manufacturer.This artifact is known as a "voucher".

This document defines an artifact format as a YANG-defined JSON documentthat has been signed using a Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) structure.Other YANG-derived formats are possible.The voucher artifact is normally generated bythe pledge's manufacturer (i.e., the Manufacturer Authorized SigningAuthority (MASA)).

This document only defines the voucher artifact, leaving it to otherdocuments to describe specialized protocols for accessing it.

Discussion Venues

This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.

Discussion of this document takes place on the Autonomic Networking Integrated Model and Approach Working Group mailing list (anima@ietf.org), which is archived athttps://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/anima/.

Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found athttps://github.com/anima-wg/voucher.

Status of This Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is athttps://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

This Internet-Draft will expire on 15 July 2023.

Copyright Notice

Copyright (c) 2023 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.

This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

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Table of Contents

1.Introduction

This document defines a strategy to securely assign a candidate device(pledge) to an owner using an artifact signed, directly or indirectly,by the pledge's manufacturer, i.e., the Manufacturer AuthorizedSigning Authority (MASA). This artifact is known as the "voucher".

The voucher artifact is a JSON[RFC8259] document thatconforms with a data model described by YANG[RFC7950], isencoded using the rules defined in[RFC8259], andis signed using (by default) a CMS structure[RFC5652].

The primary purpose of a voucher is to securely convey acertificate, the "pinned-domain-cert", that a pledge canuse to authenticate subsequent interactions. A voucher may be usefulin several contexts, but the driving motivationherein is to support secure bootstrapping mechanisms. Assigningownership is important to bootstrapping mechanisms so that the pledgecan authenticate the network that is trying to take control of it.

The lifetimes of vouchers may vary. In some bootstrapping protocols,the vouchers may include a nonce restricting them to a single use,whereas the vouchers in other bootstrapping protocols may have anindicated lifetime. In order to support long lifetimes, this documentrecommends using short lifetimes with programmatic renewal, seeSection 7.1.

This document only defines the voucher artifact, leaving it to otherdocuments to describe specialized protocols for accessing it.Some bootstrapping protocols using the voucher artifact defined inthis document include:[ZERO-TOUCH],[SECUREJOIN], and[BRSKI].

2.Terminology

This document uses the following terms:

Artifact:

Used throughout to represent the voucher as instantiated in the formof a signed structure.

Domain:

The set of entities or infrastructure under common administrativecontrol.The goal of the bootstrapping protocol is to enable a pledge todiscover and join a domain.

Imprint:

The process where a device obtains the cryptographic key material toidentify and trust future interactions with a network. This term istaken from Konrad Lorenz's work in biology with new ducklings:"during a critical period, the duckling would assume that anythingthat looks like a mother duck is in fact their mother"[Stajano99theresurrecting]. An equivalent for a device is toobtain the fingerprint of the network's root certification authoritycertificate. A device that imprints on an attacker suffers a similarfate to a duckling that imprints on a hungry wolf. Imprinting is aterm from psychology and ethology, as described in[imprinting].

Join Registrar (and Coordinator):

A representative of the domain that is configured, perhapsautonomically, to decide whether a new device is allowed to join thedomain. The administrator of the domain interfaces with a joinregistrar (and Coordinator) to control this process.Typically, a join registrar is "inside" its domain. For simplicity,this document often refers to this as just "registrar".

MASA (Manufacturer Authorized Signing Authority):

The entity that, for the purpose of this document, signs thevouchers for a manufacturer's pledges.In some bootstrapping protocols, the MASA may have an Internetpresence and be integral to the bootstrapping process, whereas inother protocols the MASA may be an offline service that has noactive role in the bootstrapping process.

Owner:

The entity that controls the private key of the "pinned-domain-cert"certificate conveyed by the voucher.

Pledge:

The prospective device attempting to find and securely join adomain.When shipped, it only trusts authorized representatives of themanufacturer.

Registrar:

See join registrar.

TOFU (Trust on First Use):

Where a pledge device makes no security decisions but rather simplytrusts the first domain entity it is contacted by.Used similarly to[RFC7435].This is also known as the "resurrecting duckling" model.

Voucher:

A signed statement from the MASA service that indicates to a pledgethe cryptographic identity of the domain it should trust.

3.Requirements Language

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED","MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted asdescribed in BCP 14[RFC2119][RFC8174] when, and only when, theyappear in all capitals, as shown here.

4.Survey of Voucher Types

A voucher is a cryptographically protected statement to the pledgedevice authorizing a zero-touch "imprint" on the join registrar of thedomain. The specific information a voucher provides is influenced by thebootstrapping use case.

The voucher can impart the following information tothe join registrar and pledge:

Assertion Basis:

Indicates the method that protectsthe imprint (this is distinct from the voucher signature thatprotects the voucher itself). This might includemanufacturer-asserted ownership verification, assuredlogging operations, or reliance on pledge endpoint behaviorsuch as secure root of trustof measurement. The join registrar might use this information.Only some methods are normatively defined in thisdocument. Other methods are left for future work.

Authentication of Join Registrar:

Indicates how the pledgecan authenticate the join registrar. This document definesa mechanism to pin the domain certificate.Pinning a symmetric key, a raw key, or "CN-ID" or "DNS-ID"information (as defined in[RFC6125]) is left for future work.

Anti-Replay Protections:

Time- or nonce-basedinformation to constrain the voucher to time periods or bootstrapattempts.

A number of bootstrapping scenarios can be met using differingcombinations of this information. All scenarios address the primarythreat of a Man-in-The-Middle (MiTM) registrar gaining control overthe pledge device. The following combinations are "types" of vouchers:

             |Assertion   |Registrar ID    | Validity    |Voucher      |Log-|Veri-  |Trust  |CN-ID or| RTC | Nonce |Type         | ged|  fied |Anchor |DNS-ID  |     |       |---------------------------------------------------------|Audit        |  X |       | X     |        |     | X     |-------------|----|-------|-------|--------|-----|-------|Nonceless    |  X |       | X     |        | X   |       |Audit        |    |       |       |        |     |       |-------------|----|-------|-------|--------|-----|-------|Owner Audit  |  X |   X   | X     |        | X   | X     |-------------|----|-------|-------|--------|-----|-------|Owner ID     |    |   X   | X     |  X     | X   |       |-------------|----|-------|----------------|-----|-------|Bearer       |  X |       |   wildcard     | optional    |out-of-scope |    |       |                |             |-------------|----|-------|----------------|-------------|NOTE: All voucher types include a 'pledge ID serial-number'      (not shown here for space reasons).(XXX - translate me to markdown table)
Audit Voucher:

An Audit Voucher is named after the logging assertion mechanismsthat the registrar then "audits" to enforce local policy. Theregistrar mitigates a MiTM registrar by auditing that an unknownMiTM registrar does not appear in the log entries. This does notdirectly prevent the MiTM but provides a response mechanism thatensures the MiTM is unsuccessful. The advantage is that actualownership knowledge is not required on the MASA service.

Nonceless Audit Voucher:

An Audit Voucher without a validity period statement. Fundamentally,it is the same as an Audit Voucher except that it can be issued inadvance to support network partitions or to provide a permanentvoucher for remote deployments.

Ownership Audit Voucher:

An Audit Voucher where the MASA service has verified the registraras the authorized owner.The MASA service mitigates a MiTM registrar by refusing to generateAudit Vouchers for unauthorized registrars. The registrar uses audittechniques to supplement the MASA. This provides an ideal sharing ofpolicy decisions and enforcement between the vendor and the owner.

Ownership ID Voucher:

Named after inclusion of the pledge's CN-ID or DNS-ID within thevoucher. The MASA service mitigates a MiTM registrar by identifyingthe specific registrar (via WebPKI) authorized to own the pledge.

Bearer Voucher:

A Bearer Voucher is named after the inclusion of a registrar IDwildcard. Because the registrar identity is not indicated, thisvoucher type must be treated as a secret and protected from exposureas any 'bearer' of the voucher can claim the pledgedevice. Publishing a nonceless bearer voucher effectively turns thespecified pledge into a "TOFU" device with minimal mitigationagainst MiTM registrars. Bearer vouchers are out of scope.

5.Voucher Artifact

The voucher's primary purpose is to securely assign a pledge to anowner.The voucher informs the pledge which entity it should consider to beits owner.

This document defines a voucher that is a JSON-encoded instance of theYANG module defined inSection 5.3 that has been, bydefault, CMS signed.

This format is described here as a practical basis for some uses (suchas in NETCONF), but more to clearly indicate what vouchers look likein practice.This description also serves to validate the YANG data model.

Future work is expected to define new mappings of the voucher toConcise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) (from JSON) and to changethe signature container from CMS to JSON Object Signing and Encryption(JOSE) or CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE).XML or ASN.1 formats are also conceivable.

This document defines a media type and a filename extension for theCMS-encoded JSON type. Future documents on additional formatswould define additional media types. Signaling is in the form of a MIMEContent-Type, an HTTP Accept: header, or more mundane methods likeuse of a filename extension when a voucher is transferred on a USBkey.

5.1.Tree Diagram

The following tree diagram illustrates a high-level view of a voucherdocument.The notation used in this diagram is described in[RFC8340].Each node in the diagram is fully described by the YANG module inSection 5.3.Please review the YANG module for a detailed description of thevoucher format.

module: ietf-voucher  grouping voucher-artifact-grouping:    +-- voucher       +-- created-on                       yang:date-and-time       +-- expires-on?                      yang:date-and-time       +-- assertion                        ianavat:voucher-assertion       +-- serial-number                    string       +-- idevid-issuer?                   binary       +-- pinned-domain-cert               binary       +-- domain-cert-revocation-checks?   boolean       +-- nonce?                           binary       +-- last-renewal-date?               yang:date-and-time

5.2.Examples

This section provides voucher examples for illustrationpurposes. These examples conform to the encoding rulesdefined in[RFC8259].

The following example illustrates an ephemeral voucher (uses a nonce).The MASA generated this voucher using the 'logged' assertion type, knowingthat it would be suitable for the pledge making the request.

{  "ietf-voucher:voucher": {    "created-on": "2016-10-07T19:31:42Z",    "assertion": "logged",    "serial-number": "JADA123456789",    "idevid-issuer": "base64encodedvalue==",    "pinned-domain-cert": "base64encodedvalue==",    "nonce": "base64encodedvalue=="  }}

The following example illustrates a non-ephemeral voucher (no nonce).While the voucher itself expires after two weeks, it presumably canbe renewed for up to a year. The MASA generated this voucherusing the 'verified' assertion type, which should satisfy all pledges.

{  "ietf-voucher:voucher": {    "created-on": "2016-10-07T19:31:42Z",    "expires-on": "2016-10-21T19:31:42Z",    "assertion": "verified",    "serial-number": "JADA123456789",    "idevid-issuer": "base64encodedvalue==",    "pinned-domain-cert": "base64encodedvalue==",    "domain-cert-revocation-checks": "true",    "last-renewal-date": "2017-10-07T19:31:42Z"  }}

5.3.YANG Module

5.3.1."iana-voucher-assertion-type" Module

Following is a YANG[RFC7950] module formallydescribing the voucher's assertion type.

<CODE BEGINS>=============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================module iana-voucher-assertion-type {  namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:"          + "iana-voucher-assertion-type";  prefix ianavat;  organization    "IANA";  contact    "Internet Assigned Numbers Authority     Postal: ICANN             12025 Waterfront Drive, Suite 300             Los Angeles, CA 90094-2536             United States of America     Tel:    +1 310 301 5800     <mailto:iana@iana.org>";  description    "This YANG module defines a YANG enumeration type for     IANA-registered voucher assertion type. This YANG     module is maintained by IANA and reflects the     'voucher assertion types' registry.     The lastest revision of this YANG module can be     obtained from the IANA web site.  Request for new     enumerations should be made to IANA via email(iana@iana.org).     The key words 'MUST', 'MUST NOT', 'REQUIRED', 'SHALL', 'SHALL     NOT', 'SHOULD', 'SHOULD NOT', 'RECOMMENDED', 'NOT RECOMMENDED',     'MAY', and 'OPTIONAL' in this document are to be interpreted as     described in BCP 14 (RFC 2119) (RFC 8174) when, and only when,     they appear in all capitals, as shown here.     Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as     authors of the code.  All rights reserved.     Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or     without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject to     the license terms contained in, the Simplified BSD License set     forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions     Relating to IETF Documents     (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).     This version of this YANG module is part of RFC XXX; see the     RFC itself for full legal notices.";  revision 2023-01-10 {    description      "Initial version";    reference "RFC XXXX: Voucher Artifact for"            + "Bootstrapping Protocols";  }  typedef voucher-assertion {    type enumeration {      enum verified {        value 0;        description          "Indicates that the ownership has been positively verified           by the MASA (e.g., through sales channel integration).";      }      enum logged {        value 1;        description          "Indicates that the voucher has been issued after           minimal verification of ownership or control.  The           issuance has been logged for detection of           potential security issues (e.g., recipients of           vouchers might verify for themselves that unexpected           vouchers are not in the log).  This is similar to           unsecured trust-on-first-use principles but with the           logging providing a basis for detecting unexpected           events.";      }      enum proximity {        value 2;        description          "Indicates that the voucher has been issued after           the MASA verified a proximity proof provided by the           device and target domain.  The issuance has been logged           for detection of potential security issues.  This is           stronger than just logging, because it requires some           verification that the pledge and owner are           in communication but is still dependent on analysis of           the logs to detect unexpected events.";      }      enum agent-proximity {        value 3;        description          "Indicates that the voucher has been issued after the           MASA...support of asynchronous enrollment in BRSKI";      }    }    description      "Indicates what kind of ownership is being asserted by voucher\                                                                   ";  }}<CODE ENDS>

5.3.2."ietf-voucher" Module

The revised ietf-voucher YANG module imports the typedef defined in"iana-voucher-assertion-type" YANG module specified in this document.

<CODE BEGINS>=============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================module ietf-voucher {  yang-version 1.1;  namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-voucher";  prefix vch;  import ietf-yang-types {    prefix yang;    reference      "RFC 6991: Common YANG Data Types";  }  import ietf-yang-structure-ext {    prefix sx;  }  import iana-voucher-assertion-type {    prefix ianavat;    reference      "RFCZZZZ: Voucher Profile for Bootstrapping Protocols";  }  organization    "IETF ANIMA Working Group";  contact    "WG Web:   <https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/anima/>     WG List:  <mailto:anima@ietf.org>     Author:   Kent Watsen               <mailto:kwatsen@juniper.net>     Author:   Max Pritikin               <mailto:pritikin@cisco.com>     Author:   Michael Richardson               <mailto:mcr+ietf@sandelman.ca>     Author:   Toerless Eckert               <mailto:tte+ietf@cs.fau.de>";  description    "This module defines the format for a voucher, which is \                                                          produced by     a pledge's manufacturer or delegate (MASA) to securely assign a     pledge to an 'owner', so that the pledge may establish a secure     connection to the owner's network infrastructure.     The key words 'MUST', 'MUST NOT', 'REQUIRED', 'SHALL', 'SHALL     NOT', 'SHOULD', 'SHOULD NOT', 'RECOMMENDED', 'NOT RECOMMENDED',     'MAY', and 'OPTIONAL' in this document are to be interpreted as     described in BCP 14 (RFC 2119) (RFC 8174) when, and only when, \                                                                 they     appear in all capitals, as shown here.     Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as     authors of the code.  All rights reserved.     Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or \                                                              without     modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject to the \                                                              license     terms contained in, the Simplified BSD License set forth in \                                                              Section     4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF \                                                            Documents     (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).     This version of this YANG module is part of RFC 8366; see the \                                                                  RFC     itself for full legal notices.";  revision 2023-01-10 {    description      "updated to support new assertion enumerated type";    reference      "RFC ZZZZ Voucher Profile for Bootstrapping Protocols";  }  // Top-level statement  sx:structure voucher-artifact {    uses voucher-artifact-grouping;  }  // Grouping defined for future augmentations  grouping voucher-artifact-grouping {    description      "Grouping to allow reuse/extensions in future work.";    container voucher {      description        "A voucher assigns a pledge to an owner (pinned-domain-cert)\                                                                  .";      leaf created-on {        type yang:date-and-time;        mandatory true;        description          "A value indicating the date this voucher was created.  \                                                                 This           node is primarily for human consumption and auditing. \                                                               Future           work MAY create verification requirements based on this           node.";      }      leaf expires-on {        type yang:date-and-time;        must 'not(../nonce)';        description          "A value indicating when this voucher expires.  The node is           optional as not all pledges support expirations, such as           pledges lacking a reliable clock.           If this field exists, then the pledges MUST ensure that           the expires-on time has not yet passed. A pledge without           an accurate clock cannot meet this requirement.           The expires-on value MUST NOT exceed the expiration date           of any of the listed 'pinned-domain-cert' certificates.";      }      leaf assertion {        type ianavat:voucher-assertion;        mandatory true;        description          "The assertion is a statement from the MASA regarding how           the owner was verified.  This statement enables pledges           to support more detailed policy checks.  Pledges MUST           ensure that the assertion provided is acceptable, per           local policy, before processing the voucher.";      }      leaf serial-number {        type string;        mandatory true;        description          "The serial-number of the hardware.  When processing a           voucher, a pledge MUST ensure that its serial-number           matches this value.  If no match occurs, then the           pledge MUST NOT process this voucher.";      }      leaf idevid-issuer {        type binary;        description          "The Authority Key Identifier OCTET STRING (as defined in           Section 4.2.1.1 of RFC 5280) from the pledge's IDevID           certificate.  Optional since some serial-numbers are           already unique within the scope of a MASA.           Inclusion of the statistically unique key identifier           ensures statistically unique identification of the \                                                            hardware.           When processing a voucher, a pledge MUST ensure that its           IDevID Authority Key Identifier matches this value.  If no           match occurs, then the pledge MUST NOT process this \                                                             voucher.           When issuing a voucher, the MASA MUST ensure that this \                                                                field           is populated for serial-numbers that are not otherwise \                                                               unique           within the scope of the MASA.";      }      leaf pinned-domain-cert {        type binary;        mandatory true;        description          "An X.509 v3 certificate structure, as specified by RFC \                                                                5280,           using Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER) encoding, as \                                                              defined           in ITU-T X.690.           This certificate is used by a pledge to trust a Public Key           Infrastructure in order to verify a domain certificate           supplied to the pledge separately by the bootstrapping           protocol.  The domain certificate MUST have this \                                                          certificate           somewhere in its chain of certificates.  This certificate           MAY be an end-entity certificate, including a self-signed           entity.";        reference          "RFC 5280:             Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate             and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile.           ITU-T X.690:              Information technology - ASN.1 encoding rules:              Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER),              Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished              Encoding Rules (DER).";      }      leaf domain-cert-revocation-checks {        type boolean;        description          "A processing instruction to the pledge that it MUST (true)           or MUST NOT (false) verify the revocation status for the           pinned domain certificate.  If this field is not set, then           normal PKIX behavior applies to validation of the domain           certificate.";      }      leaf nonce {        type binary {          length "8..32";        }        must 'not(../expires-on)';        description          "A value that can be used by a pledge in some bootstrapping           protocols to enable anti-replay protection.  This node is           optional because it is not used by all bootstrapping           protocols.           When present, the pledge MUST compare the provided nonce           value with another value that the pledge randomly \                                                            generated           and sent to a bootstrap server in an earlier bootstrapping           message.  If the values do not match, then the pledge MUST           NOT process this voucher.";      }      leaf last-renewal-date {        type yang:date-and-time;        must '../expires-on';        description          "The date that the MASA projects to be the last date it           will renew a voucher on. This field is merely informative\                                                                 ; it           is not processed by pledges.           Circumstances may occur after a voucher is generated that           may alter a voucher's validity period.  For instance,           a vendor may associate validity periods with support           contracts, which may be terminated or extended           over time.";      }    } // end voucher  } // end voucher-grouping}<CODE ENDS>

5.3.3.ietf-voucher SID definitions

[RFC9148] explains how to serialize YANG into CBOR, and for this a series of SID values are required.While[I-D.ietf-core-sid] defines the management process for these values, due to the immaturity of the tooling around this YANG-SID mechanisms, the following values are considered normative.It is believed, however, that they will not change.

      SID Assigned to--------- --------------------------------------------------     2451 data /ietf-voucher-constrained:voucher     2452 data /ietf-voucher-constrained:voucher/assertion     2453 data /ietf-voucher-constrained:voucher/created-on     2454 data .../domain-cert-revocation-checks     2455 data /ietf-voucher-constrained:voucher/expires-on     2456 data /ietf-voucher-constrained:voucher/idevid-issuer     2457 data .../last-renewal-date     2458 data /ietf-voucher-constrained:voucher/nonce     2459 data .../pinned-domain-cert     2460 data .../pinned-domain-pubk     2461 data .../pinned-domain-pubk-sha256     2462 data /ietf-voucher-constrained:voucher/serial-number WARNING, obsolete definitions

The "assertion" attribute is an enumerated type[RFC8366], and the current PYANG tooling does not document the valid values for this attribute.In the JSON serialization, the literal strings from the enumerated types are used so there is no ambiguity.In the CBOR serialization, a small integer is used.This following values are documented here, but the YANG module should be considered authoritative. No IANA registry is provided or necessary because the YANG module provides for extensions.

Table 1:CBOR integers for the "assertion" attribute enum
IntegerAssertion Type
0verified
1logged
2proximity

5.4.CMS Format Voucher Artifact

The IETF evolution of PKCS#7 is CMS[RFC5652].A CMS-signed voucher, the default type, contains a ContentInfostructure with the voucher content. An eContentType of 40indicates that the content is a JSON-encoded voucher.

The signing structure is a CMS SignedData structure, as specified bySection 5.1 of[RFC5652], encoded using ASN.1 Distinguished EncodingRules (DER), as specified in ITU-T X.690[ITU-T.X690.2015].

To facilitate interoperability,Section 9.3 in this document registers themedia type "application/voucher-cms+json" and the filename extension".vcj".

The CMS structureMUST contain a 'signerInfo' structure, asdescribed in Section 5.1 of[RFC5652], containing thesignature generated over the content using a private keytrusted by the recipient. Normally, the recipient is the pledge and thesigner is the MASA. Another possible use could be as a "signedvoucher request" format originating from the pledge or registrartoward the MASA.Within this document, the signer is assumed to be the MASA.

Note that Section 5.1 of[RFC5652] includes adiscussion about how to validate a CMS object, which is really aPKCS7 object (cmsVersion=1). Intermediate systems (such theBootstrapping Remote Secure Key Infrastructures[BRSKI] registrar)that might need to evaluate the voucher in flightMUST be prepared forsuch an older format.No signaling is necessary, as the manufacturer knows the capabilitiesof the pledge and will use an appropriate format voucher for eachpledge.

The CMS structureSHOULD also contain all of the certificatesleading up to and including the signer's trust anchor certificateknown to the recipient. The inclusion of the trust anchor isunusual in many applications, but third parties cannot accuratelyaudit the transaction without it.

The CMS structureMAY also contain revocation objects for anyintermediate certificate authorities (CAs) between thevoucher issuer and the trust anchor known to the recipient.However, the use of CRLs and other validity mechanisms isdiscouraged, as the pledge is unlikely to be able to performonline checks and is unlikely to have a trusted clock source.As described below, the use of short-lived vouchers and/or apledge-provided nonce provides a freshness guarantee.

6.Voucher Request Artifact

[BRSKI],Section 3 defined a Voucher-Request Artifact as an augmented artifact from the Voucher Artifact originally defined in[RFC8366].That definition has been moved to this document, and translated from YANG-DATA[RFC8040] to the SX:STRUCTURE extension[RFC8971].

6.1.Tree Diagram

The following tree diagram illustrates a high-level view of a voucherrequest document.The notation used in this diagram is described in[RFC8340].Each node in the diagram is fully described by the YANG module inSection 6.2.

module: ietf-voucher-request  grouping voucher-request-grouping:    +-- voucher       +-- created-on?                      yang:date-and-time       +-- expires-on?                      yang:date-and-time       +-- assertion?                       ianavat:voucher-assertion       +-- serial-number                    string       +-- idevid-issuer?                   binary       +-- pinned-domain-cert?              binary       +-- domain-cert-revocation-checks?   boolean       +-- nonce?                           binary       +-- last-renewal-date?               yang:date-and-time       +-- prior-signed-voucher-request?    binary       +-- proximity-registrar-cert?        binary

6.2."ietf-voucher-request" Module

The ietf-voucher-request YANG module is derived from the ietf-voucher module.

<CODE BEGINS>=============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================module ietf-voucher-request {  yang-version 1.1;  namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-voucher-request";  prefix vcr;  import ietf-restconf {    prefix rc;    description      "This import statement is only present to access       the yang-data extension defined in RFC 8040.";    reference      "RFC 8040: RESTCONF Protocol";  }  import ietf-voucher {    prefix vch;    description      "This module defines the format for a voucher,       which is produced by a pledge's manufacturer or       delegate (MASA) to securely assign a pledge to       an 'owner', so that the pledge may establish a secure       connection to the owner's network infrastructure";    reference      "RFC 8366: Voucher Artifact for       Bootstrapping Protocols";  }  organization    "IETF ANIMA Working Group";  contact    "WG Web:   <https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/anima/>     WG List:  <mailto:anima@ietf.org>     Author:   Kent Watsen               <mailto:kent+ietf@watsen.net>     Author:   Michael H. Behringer               <mailto:Michael.H.Behringer@gmail.com>     Author:   Toerless Eckert               <mailto:tte+ietf@cs.fau.de>     Author:   Max Pritikin               <mailto:pritikin@cisco.com>     Author:   Michael Richardson               <mailto:mcr+ietf@sandelman.ca>";  description    "This module defines the format for a voucher request.     It is a superset of the voucher itself.     It provides content to the MASA for consideration     during a voucher request.     The key words 'MUST', 'MUST NOT', 'REQUIRED', 'SHALL', 'SHALL     NOT', 'SHOULD', 'SHOULD NOT', 'RECOMMENDED', 'NOT RECOMMENDED',     'MAY', and 'OPTIONAL' in this document are to be interpreted as     described in BCP 14 (RFC 2119) (RFC 8174) when, and only when,     they appear in all capitals, as shown here.     Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as     authors of the code. All rights reserved.     Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or     without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject     to the license terms contained in, the Simplified BSD License     set forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions     Relating to IETF Documents     (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).     This version of this YANG module is part of RFC XXXX; see the \                                                                  RFC     itself for full legal notices.";  revision 2023-01-10 {    description      "Initial version";    reference      "RFC XXXX: Bootstrapping Remote Secure Key Infrastructure";  }  // Top-level statement  rc:yang-data voucher-request-artifact {    uses voucher-request-grouping;  }  // Grouping defined for future usage  grouping voucher-request-grouping {    description      "Grouping to allow reuse/extensions in future work.";    uses vch:voucher-artifact-grouping {      refine "voucher/created-on" {        mandatory false;      }      refine "voucher/pinned-domain-cert" {        mandatory false;        description          "A pinned-domain-cert field           is not valid in a voucher request, and           any occurrence MUST be ignored";      }      refine "voucher/last-renewal-date" {        description          "A last-renewal-date field           is not valid in a voucher request, and           any occurrence MUST be ignored";      }      refine "voucher/domain-cert-revocation-checks" {        description          "The domain-cert-revocation-checks field           is not valid in a voucher request, and           any occurrence MUST be ignored";      }      refine "voucher/assertion" {        mandatory false;        description          "Any assertion included in registrar voucher           requests SHOULD be ignored by the MASA.";      }      augment "voucher" {        description          "Adds leaf nodes appropriate for requesting vouchers.";        leaf prior-signed-voucher-request {          type binary;          description            "If it is necessary to change a voucher, or re-sign and             forward a voucher that was previously provided along a             protocol path, then the previously signed voucher SHOULD             be included in this field.             For example, a pledge might sign a voucher request             with a proximity-registrar-cert, and the registrar             then includes it as the prior-signed-voucher-request             field.  This is a simple mechanism for a chain of             trusted parties to change a voucher request, while             maintaining the prior signature information.             The Registrar and MASA MAY examine the prior signed             voucher information for the             purposes of policy decisions. For example this             information could be useful to a MASA to determine             that both pledge and registrar agree on proximity             assertions. The MASA SHOULD remove all             prior-signed-voucher-request information when             signing a voucher for imprinting so as to minimize             the final voucher size.";        }        leaf proximity-registrar-cert {          type binary;          description            "An X.509 v3 certificate structure as specified by             RFC 5280, Section 4 encoded using the ASN.1             distinguished encoding rules (DER), as specified             in [ITU.X690.1994].             The first certificate in the Registrar TLS server             certificate_list sequence  (the end-entity TLS             certificate, see [RFC8446]) presented by the Registrar             to the Pledge.             This MUST be populated in a Pledge's voucher request             when a proximity assertion is requested.";        }      }    }  }}<CODE ENDS>

6.3.ietf-voucher-request SID values

[RFC9148] explains how to serialize YANG into CBOR, and for this a series of SID values are required.While[I-D.ietf-core-sid] defines the management process for these values, due to the immaturity of the tooling around this YANG-SID mechanisms, the following values are considered normative.It is believed, however, that they will not change.

      SID Assigned to--------- --------------------------------------------------     2501 data /ietf-voucher-request-constrained:voucher     2502 data .../assertion     2503 data .../created-on     2504 data .../domain-cert-revocation-checks     2505 data .../expires-on     2506 data .../idevid-issuer     2507 data .../last-renewal-date     2508 data /ietf-voucher-request-constrained:voucher/nonce     2509 data .../pinned-domain-cert     2510 data .../prior-signed-voucher-request     2511 data .../proximity-registrar-cert     2513 data .../proximity-registrar-pubk     2512 data .../proximity-registrar-pubk-sha256     2514 data .../serial-number     2519 data /ietf-voucher-request:voucher     2520 data /ietf-voucher-request:voucher/assertion     2521 data /ietf-voucher-request:voucher/created-on     2522 data .../domain-cert-revocation-checks     2523 data /ietf-voucher-request:voucher/expires-on     2524 data /ietf-voucher-request:voucher/idevid-issuer     2525 data /ietf-voucher-request:voucher/last-renewal-date     2526 data /ietf-voucher-request:voucher/nonce     2527 data /ietf-voucher-request:voucher/pinned-domain-cert     2528 data .../prior-signed-voucher-request     2529 data .../proximity-registrar-cert     2530 data /ietf-voucher-request:voucher/serial-number WARNING, obsolete definitions

The "assertion" attribute is an enumerated type, and has values as defined above inTable 1.

7.Design Considerations

7.1.Renewals Instead of Revocations

The lifetimes of vouchers may vary. In some bootstrapping protocols,the vouchers may be created and consumed immediately, whereas in otherbootstrapping solutions, there may be a significant time delay betweenwhen a voucher is created and when it is consumed.In cases when there is a time delay, there is a need for the pledgeto ensure that the assertions made when the voucher was created arestill valid.

A revocation artifact is generally used to verify the continued validityof an assertion such as a PKIX certificate, web token, or a "voucher". Withthis approach, a potentially long-lived assertion is paired with a reasonablyfresh revocation status check to ensure that the assertion is still valid.However, this approach increases solution complexity, as it introduces theneed for additional protocols and code paths to distribute and process therevocations.

Addressing the shortcomings of revocations, this document recommendsinstead the use of lightweight renewals of short-lived non-revocablevouchers. That is, rather than issue a long-lived voucher, where the'expires-on' leaf is set to some distant date, the expectationis for the MASA to instead issue a short-lived voucher, where the'expires-on' leaf is set to a relatively near date, along with a promise(reflected in the 'last-renewal-date' field) to reissue the voucher againwhen needed. Importantly, while issuing the initial voucher may incurheavyweight verification checks ("Are you who you say you are?" "Does thepledge actually belong to you?"), reissuing the voucher should be alightweight process, as it ostensibly only updates the voucher'svalidity period.With this approach, there isonly the one artifact, and only one code path is needed to processit; there is no possibility of a pledge choosing to skip therevocation status check because, for instance, the OCSP Responder isnot reachable.

While this document recommends issuing short-lived vouchers, thevoucher artifact does not restrict the ability to create long-livedvoucher, if required; however, no revocation method is described.

Note that a voucher may be signed by a chain of intermediate CAsleading up to the trust anchor certificate known by the pledge. Eventhough the voucher itself is not revocable, it may still be revoked,per se, if one of the intermediate CA certificates is revoked.

7.2.Voucher Per Pledge

The solution described herein originally enabled a single voucher toapply to many pledges, using lists of regular expressions to representranges of serial-numbers. However, it was determined that blocking therenewal of a voucher that applied to many devices would be excessivewhen only the ownership for a single pledge needed to be blocked.Thus, the voucher format now only supports a single serial-numberto be listed.

8.Security Considerations

8.1.Clock Sensitivity

An attacker could use an expired voucher to gain control overa device that has no understanding of time. The device cannottrust NTP as a time reference, as an attacker could controlthe NTP stream.

There are three things to defend against this: 1) devices arerequired to verify that the expires-on field has not yet passed,2) devices without access to time can use nonces toget ephemeral vouchers, and 3) vouchers without expiration timesmay be used, which will appear in the audit log, informing thesecurity decision.

This document defines a voucher format that contains time valuesfor expirations, which require an accurate clockin order to be processed correctly. Vendors planning onissuing vouchers with expiration values must ensure that deviceshave an accurate clock when shipped from manufacturingfacilities and take steps to prevent clock tampering.If it is not possible to ensure clock accuracy, thenvouchers with expirations should not be issued.

8.2.Protect Voucher PKI in HSM

Pursuant the recommendation made in Section 6.1 for the MASA to bedeployed as an online voucher signing service, it isRECOMMENDED thatthe MASA's private key used for signing vouchers is protected bya hardware security module (HSM).

8.3.Test Domain Certificate Validity When Signing

If a domain certificate is compromised, then any outstandingvouchers for that domain could be used by the attacker. The domainadministrator is clearly expected to initiate revocation of anydomain identity certificates (as is normal in PKI solutions).

Similarly, they are expected to contact the MASA to indicate thatan outstanding (presumably short lifetime) voucher should be blocked fromautomated renewal.Protocols for voucher distribution areRECOMMENDED to check for revocation of domain identity certificatesbefore the signing of vouchers.

8.4.YANG Module Security Considerations

The YANG module specified in this document defines the schemafor data that is subsequently encapsulated by a CMS signed-datacontent type, as described in Section 5 of[RFC5652]. As such,all of the YANG modeled data is protected from modification.

Implementations should be aware that the signed data is onlyprotected from external modification; the data is still visible.This potential disclosure of information doesn't affect securityso much as privacy. In particular, adversaries can gleaninformation such as which devices belong to which organizationsand which CRL Distribution Point and/or OCSP Responder URLs areaccessed to validate the vouchers. When privacy is important,the CMS signed-data content typeSHOULD be encrypted, either byconveying it via a mutually authenticated secure transport protocol(e.g., TLS[RFC5246]) or by encapsulating the signed-datacontent type with an enveloped-data content type (Section 6of[RFC5652]), though details for how to do this are outsidethe scope of this document.

The use of YANG to define data structures, via the 'yang-data'statement, is relatively new and distinct from the traditional use ofYANG to define an API accessed by network management protocols such asNETCONF[RFC6241] and RESTCONF[RFC8040]. For this reason, theseguidelines do not follow template described by Section 3.7 of[YANG-GUIDE].

9.IANA Considerations

This section deals with actions and processes necessary for IANA to undertake to maintainthe "iana-voucher-assertion-type" YANG module.The iana-voucher-assertion-type YANG module is intended to reflect the "voucher assertion types" registry in [TBD].

IANA is asked to create the "iana-voucher-assertion-type YANG module" registry.

Voucher assertion types must not be directly added to the iana-voucher-type YANG module.They must instead be added to the "voucher assertion types" registry.

Whenever a new enumerated type is added to the "voucher assertion types" registry, IANAmust also update the "ietf-voucher-assertion-type" YANG module and add a new "enum"statement to the "voucher-assertion-type" type.The assigned name defined by the "enum" statementSHALL be the same as the mnemonic name of the new assertion type.The following substatements to the "enum" statementSHALL be defined:

  • "value":

    Use the decimal value from the registry.

    "status":

    Include only if a class or type registration has been deprecated or obsoleted.IANA "deprecated" maps to YANG status "deprecated", and IANA "obsolete" maps to YANG status "obsolete".

    "description":

    Replicate the corresponding information from the registry, namely the full name of the new assertion type.

    "reference":

    Replicate the reference(s) from the registry.

Each time the "iana-voucher-assertion-type" YANG module is updated, a new "revision" statementSHALL be added before the existing "revision" statements.IANA has added this note to the "voucher assertion types" registries:

When this registry is modified, the YANG module "iana-voucher-assertion-type" mustbe updated as defined in [RFCXXXX].The "Reference" text in the "voucher assertion types" registry has been updatedas follows:OLD:|[RFC8366]NEW:| [RFC8366][RFCXXX]

9.1.The IETF XML Registry

This document registers two URIs in the "IETF XML Registry"[RFC3688].

IANA has registered the following:

  • URI:

    urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-voucher

    Registrant Contact:

    The ANIMA WG of the IETF.

    XML:

    N/A, the requested URI is an XML namespace.

IANA is asked to register a second URI as follows:

  • URI:

    urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:iana-voucher-assertion-type

    Registrant Contact:

    The ANIMA WG of the IETF.

    XML:

    N/A, the requested URI is an XML namespace.

9.2.The YANG Module Names Registry

This document registers two YANG module in the "YANG Module Names"registry[RFC6020].

IANA is asked to registrar the following:

  • name:

    ietf-voucher

    namespace:

    urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-voucher

    prefix:

    vch

    reference: :RFC 8366

IANA is asked to register a second YANG module as follows:

  • name:

    iana-voucher-assertion-type

    namespace:

    urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:iana-voucher-assertion-type

    prefix:

    ianavat

    reference:

    RFC XXXX

9.3.The Media Types Registry

This document requests IANA to update the following "Media Types" entry to point to the RFC number that will be assigned to this document:

Type name:

application

Subtype name:

voucher-cms+json

Required parameters:

none

Optional parameters:

none

Encoding considerations:

CMS-signed JSON vouchers are ASN.1/DER encoded.

Security considerations:

SeeSection 8

Interoperability considerations:

The format is designed to be broadly interoperable.

Published specification:

RFC 8366

Applications that use this media type:

ANIMA, 6tisch, and NETCONF zero-touch imprinting systems.

Fragment identifier considerations:

none

Additional information:
Deprecated alias names for this type:

none

Magic number(s):

None

File extension(s):

.vcj

Macintosh file type code(s):

none

Person and email address to contact for further information:

IETF ANIMA WG

Intended usage:

LIMITED

Restrictions on usage:

NONE

Author:

ANIMA WG

Change controller:

IETF

Provisional registration? (standards tree only):

NO

9.4.The SMI Security for S/MIME CMS Content Type Registry

This document requests IANA to update this registered OID in the "SMI Security for S/MIME CMS Content Type (1.2.840.113549.1.9.16.1)" registry to point to the RFC number to be assigned to this document:

Table 2
DecimalDescriptionReferences
40id-ct-animaJSONVoucherRFC 8366

10.References

10.1.Normative References

[I-D.ietf-core-sid]
Veillette, M.,Pelov, A.,Petrov, I.,Bormann, C., andM. Richardson,"YANG Schema Item iDentifier (YANG SID)",Work in Progress,Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-core-sid-19,,<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-core-sid-19>.
[ITU-T.X690.2015]
International Telecommunication Union,"Information Technology - ASN.1 encoding rules: Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER)",ITU-T Recommendation X.690, ISO/IEC 8825-1,,<https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.690/>.
[RFC2119]
Bradner, S.,"Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels",BCP 14,RFC 2119,DOI 10.17487/RFC2119,,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119>.
[RFC5652]
Housley, R.,"Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)",STD 70,RFC 5652,DOI 10.17487/RFC5652,,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5652>.
[RFC6020]
Bjorklund, M., Ed.,"YANG - A Data Modeling Language for the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)",RFC 6020,DOI 10.17487/RFC6020,,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6020>.
[RFC7950]
Bjorklund, M., Ed.,"The YANG 1.1 Data Modeling Language",RFC 7950,DOI 10.17487/RFC7950,,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7950>.
[RFC8174]
Leiba, B.,"Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words",BCP 14,RFC 8174,DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174>.
[RFC8259]
Bray, T., Ed.,"The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format",STD 90,RFC 8259,DOI 10.17487/RFC8259,,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8259>.
[RFC9148]
van der Stok, P.,Kampanakis, P.,Richardson, M., andS. Raza,"EST-coaps: Enrollment over Secure Transport with the Secure Constrained Application Protocol",RFC 9148,DOI 10.17487/RFC9148,,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9148>.

10.2.Informative References

[BRSKI]
Pritikin, M.,Richardson, M.,Eckert, T.,Behringer, M., andK. Watsen,"Bootstrapping Remote Secure Key Infrastructure (BRSKI)",RFC 8995,DOI 10.17487/RFC8995,,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8995>.
[imprinting]
Wikipedia,"Wikipedia article: Imprinting",,<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imprinting_(psychology)&oldid=825757556>.
[RFC3688]
Mealling, M.,"The IETF XML Registry",BCP 81,RFC 3688,DOI 10.17487/RFC3688,,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3688>.
[RFC5246]
Dierks, T. andE. Rescorla,"The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2",RFC 5246,DOI 10.17487/RFC5246,,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5246>.
[RFC6125]
Saint-Andre, P. andJ. Hodges,"Representation and Verification of Domain-Based Application Service Identity within Internet Public Key Infrastructure Using X.509 (PKIX) Certificates in the Context of Transport Layer Security (TLS)",RFC 6125,DOI 10.17487/RFC6125,,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6125>.
[RFC6241]
Enns, R., Ed.,Bjorklund, M., Ed.,Schoenwaelder, J., Ed., andA. Bierman, Ed.,"Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)",RFC 6241,DOI 10.17487/RFC6241,,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6241>.
[RFC6838]
Freed, N.,Klensin, J., andT. Hansen,"Media Type Specifications and Registration Procedures",BCP 13,RFC 6838,DOI 10.17487/RFC6838,,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6838>.
[RFC7435]
Dukhovni, V.,"Opportunistic Security: Some Protection Most of the Time",RFC 7435,DOI 10.17487/RFC7435,,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7435>.
[RFC8040]
Bierman, A.,Bjorklund, M., andK. Watsen,"RESTCONF Protocol",RFC 8040,DOI 10.17487/RFC8040,,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8040>.
[RFC8340]
Bjorklund, M. andL. Berger, Ed.,"YANG Tree Diagrams",BCP 215,RFC 8340,DOI 10.17487/RFC8340,,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8340>.
[RFC8366]
Watsen, K.,Richardson, M.,Pritikin, M., andT. Eckert,"A Voucher Artifact for Bootstrapping Protocols",RFC 8366,DOI 10.17487/RFC8366,,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8366>.
[RFC8971]
Pallagatti, S., Ed.,Mirsky, G., Ed.,Paragiri, S.,Govindan, V., andM. Mudigonda,"Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) for Virtual eXtensible Local Area Network (VXLAN)",RFC 8971,DOI 10.17487/RFC8971,,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8971>.
[SECUREJOIN]
Richardson, M.,"6tisch Secure Join protocol",Work in Progress,Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-6tisch-dtsecurity-secure-join-01,,<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-6tisch-dtsecurity-secure-join-01>.
[Stajano99theresurrecting]
Stajano, F. andR. Anderson,"The Resurrecting Duckling: Security Issues for Ad-Hoc Wireless Networks",,<https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/dtg/www/files/publications/public/files/tr.1999.2.pdf>.
[YANG-GUIDE]
Bierman, A.,"Guidelines for Authors and Reviewers of Documents Containing YANG Data Models",BCP 216,RFC 8407,DOI 10.17487/RFC8407,,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8407>.
[ZERO-TOUCH]
Watsen, K.,Farrer, I., andM. Abrahamsson,"Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP)",RFC 8572,DOI 10.17487/RFC8572,,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8572>.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank for following forlively discussions on list and in the halls (orderedby last name): William Atwood, Toerless Eckert, and Sheng Jiang.

Russ Housley provided the upgrade from PKCS7 to CMS (RFC 5652) alongwith the detailed CMS structure diagram.

Authors' Addresses

Kent Watsen
Watsen Networks
Michael C. Richardson
Sandelman Software
Max Pritikin
Cisco Systems
Toerless Eckert
Futurewei Technologies Inc.
2330 Central Expy
Santa Clara,95050
United States of America
Qiufang Ma
Huawei
101 Software Avenue, Yuhua District
Nanjing
210012
China
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