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Yiɣi chaŋ yɛligu maŋamaŋa puuni
Dagbani Wikipedia
Vihima

UNESCO

Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia
UNESCO
specialized agency of the United Nations,intergovernmental organization
Di pilli ni16 Silimin gɔli November 1945 Mali niŋ
Zuliya wuhibuUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization,Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture Mali niŋ
Yu'ŋmaaUNESCO,ONUÉSC,UNESKO Mali niŋ
Binyarsi Suɣubu ShɛiUniversity of Maryland Libraries Mali niŋ
Has works in the collectionNational Museum of World Cultures,Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam,Amsab - Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis Gent,Anne Frank House Mali niŋ
Position held by head of the organizationDirector-General of UNESCO Mali niŋ
DaanboloKhaled al-Anani Mali niŋ
TiŋaFrance Mali niŋ
Tiŋgbaŋ yaɣili calinli48°50′59″N 2°18′22″E Mali niŋ
Nira zaŋtiGlobal Citizen Science Partnership,Global Academic Integrity Network Mali niŋ
Parent organization or unitTiŋgbana Naŋgban Yini Laxiŋgu Mali niŋ
Child organization or unitUNESCO Chair on Cyberspace and Culture,Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment,UNESCO Institute for Statistics,Iranian National Commission for UNESCO,Hylean Amazon Institute Mali niŋ
Fukimsi tiThe Symbolic Globe,World Heritage Centre Mali niŋ
Partnership withUnited Cities and Local Governments,Wapikoni Mobile,International Civil Aviation Organization Mali niŋ
Di duzuɣu sheeParis Mali niŋ
TaɣiInternational Committee on Intellectual Cooperation Mali niŋ
Pin' shɛŋa o ni deePeabody Awards Mali niŋ
Soli daadiresi7, place de Fontenoy 75007 Paris Mali niŋ
Zalisi zaŋ chaŋ tuma polo URLhttps://digital.archives.unesco.org/en Mali niŋ
Operating areaworldwide Mali niŋ
PiniUNESCO/Institut Pasteur Medal,UNESCO awards Mali niŋ
Related categoryCategory:UNESCO awards Mali niŋ
Official observer status in organizationWorld Intellectual Property Organization,Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence,International Organization for Migration,United Nations General Assembly Mali niŋ
Charter URLhttps://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000179478 Mali niŋ
Din yuli nyɛ Mali niŋ
Map
Specialized agency of the United NationsTɛmplet:SHORTDESC:Specialized agency of the United Nations

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
AbbreviationUNESCO
Formation16 November 1945;79 years ago (1945-11-16)
TypeUnited Nations specialized agency
Legal statusActive
HeadquartersParis, France
Director-General
Audrey Azoulay
Deputy Director-General
Xing Qu
Parent organization
United Nations Economic and Social Council
Staff(2022[1])
2,341
Websiteunesco.org

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO/jˈnɛsk/)[2][lower-alpha 1] nyɛla tuma du'zuɣu beUnited Nations (UN) ka di niya nyɛla di kpaŋsi dunia suhudoo ni gbubu ka di nyɛla di yɛn naala noli ni tiŋ'duya baŋsim lɛbu polo, baŋsim, tabiibi ni kaya ni taɣada.[3][4] Di mali di mini tingbana din laɣindi tumda din kalinli yiɣisi kɔbigu ni pihiwɔi ni anahi ka naan yi che tingbana pinaayi ban gba pahi,[5]ka naan yi che bɛ mini ʒingama zuɣunima ban laɣindi tumda, gɔmnanti ni timdi shɛba nuu mini ban kuli ʒi bɛ gama zuɣu.[6] Di tuma du'zuɣu be laParis, France, UNESCO ka mali di kpari bɔɣiri yaɣa pihinu ni ata[7]ni "national commissions" kɔbishii yini ka.[8][9]

UNESCO daa kpala yuuni1945 ka nyɛ din daa di "League of Nations' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation" fali.[10] UNESCO's kpabu niya, din daa nyɛ World War II ni daa tahi shɛli na, di bɔrila suhudoo kpaŋsibu, lɛbiginsim din za din yaa tooi yuui ni daadama fukumsi ka di nyɛla tingbana n yɛn gbaari shaawara taba sunsuuni.[11] Di kpuɣirila lala sochibisi ŋɔ yaɣa dibaa anu polo: shikuru, "natural sciences, social/human sciences", kaya ni taɣada mini lahabaya wuligibu. UNESCO tabiri mi sɔŋdi binshɛŋa din kpaɣisiri shikuru karimbu, tabiibi zaŋ tum tuma baŋsim lɛbu mini shikuru baŋsim lɛbu, tabiibi baŋsim din ti tooni, ka gu pɔhim zuɣu maŋsulinsi mini "press freedom", ka gu ka taɣi kaya ni taɣada taarihi, ka kpaŋsi kaya ni taɣada balibu.[12][13][14] Di lahi nyɛla din tabiri sɔŋdi "World Heritage Sites" din zani ti kaya ni taɣada mini Naawuni nam din pahi pahi.[15]

UNESCO nyɛla "General Conference" din nyɛ din tingbana mini tingbani shɛŋa din tabiri sɔŋdi li, ka di ʒiini laɣingu yuma ayi kam n-gbaari shaawara zaŋ chaŋ bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛm mini di laɣ'dibo polo. di lahi piiri di kpamaba, din tabiri sɔŋdi UNESCO tuma, ka piiri "Director-General" yuma anahi kam, ka o nyɛ UNESCO tuma yaɣa zaa kpɛma.

Taarihi

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UNESCO yiko mini di noli naabu ni yingbana din pahi nyɛla din piliLeague of Nations saha Anashaara goli 21 September yuuni 1921, ni di pii kpamba ka lahi baŋ di ni yɛn niŋ shɛm ka kaya ni taɣada ka yɛlimuɣisira, shikuru mini tabiibi nasara dibu.[16][17] Lala yaɣ'palli ŋɔ, International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (ICIC), daa kpala yuuni 1922[10] ka kali ninvuɣ'kara kamani Henri Bergson, Albert Einstein, Marie Curie, Robert A. Millikan, ni Gonzague de Reynold m pahi bɛ niriba ni (dini n daa nyɛ din pɔri League of Nations din be Western Europe ni[18]). "International Institute for Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC)" daa nyɛla bɛ ni kpa shɛli Paris din saha Anashaara goli September yuuni 1924, ni di tabiri sɔŋdi ICIC.[19] Amaa, World War II piligu saha daa nyɛla din dam ba daa pili li.[20] Tɛha din nyɛ ʒingamazuɣu dini ŋuna, International Bureau of Education (IBE) daa pilimi ni ʒingama laɣingu din tumdi tiri "international educational development" tum Anashaara goli December yuuni 1925[21] ka daa pahi UNESCO ni yuuni 1969, di ji daa niŋ ka bɛ mini ba laɣi ni tɛhi yini yuuni 1952.[22]

Bɛ ni daa dihi gbana ni ti Atlantic Charter mini Declaration of the United Nations naai, Conference of Allied Ministers of Education (CAME) daa pili laɣingu ʒinibu London ka di daa tuɣi Anashaara goli 16 November yuuni 1942 zaŋ chaŋ Anashaara goli 5 December yuuni 1945. Anashaara goli 30 October yuuni 1943, tingbana nangban yini laɣinsi daa niŋ talahi "Moscow Declaration" ni, ka China, United Kingdom, United States ni USSR daa saɣiti li. Din daa doli di nyaaŋa na n daa nyɛ Dumbarton Oaks Conference niya Anashaara goli 9 October yuuni 1944. Di ni daa niŋ ka CAME tɛha mini United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO) wuhibu kana, din daa niŋ San Francisco bɛ ni din gbaai Anashaara goli April zaŋ chaŋ Anashaara goli June yuuni 1945, United Nations Conference ni di kpa (ECO/CONF) din daa daa niŋ London fbini din gbaai Anashaara goli 1 zaŋ chaŋ 16 November yuuni 1945 ka gɔmnanti pihinahi ji anahi daa be din ni. UNESCO tɛha daa nyɛla Rab Butler, Minister of Education zaŋti United Kingdom ni daa yɛligi shɛli, di n mali sɔŋsi pam zaŋti lɛbiginsim.[23] ECO/CONF ni, UNESCO zalisi daa nyɛla bɛ ni yina ni shɛli, ka di zalisi malizali laɣingu kpabu daa pili.[24] Di daa niŋla bini din gbaai Anashaara goli 16 November yuuni 1945, mini Anashaara goli 4 November yuuni 1946 — dabisi shɛli UNESCO's zalisi ni daa zani talahi.[25]

Tuuli "General Conference" daa niŋla Anashaara goli 19 November zaŋ chaŋ Anashaara goli 10 December yuuni 1946, ka da piigi Julian Huxley ka o niŋ Director-General.[26] "United States Army colonel", university zuɣulana mini ŋun zabiri ninsalisili zuɣu, Blake R. Van Leer gba daa nyɛla ŋun kpe li.[27] Bɛ daa labi teei di zalikpana maa Anashaara goli November yuuni 1954 di ni daa niŋ ka "General Conference" yɛli ni ban be din ni yɛn zanimi ti bɛ tiŋgbana ka leei bɛ tumdi bɛ suhuyurilim.[28] Lala zalisi ŋɔ daa be di ko ka che UNESCO di tuuli ha, ICIC, ni di tingbana ni yɛn tumdi shɛm.[29][30]

Bɛ kpaŋmaŋa shɛli n-nyɛ di bi gaŋ zuliya shɛli.[31]

Yuuni 1955, Republic of South Africa daa yiya ka che UNESCO.[32] Bɛ daa lahi labi kpe din ni yuuni 1994 Nelson Mandela toon-tali ni saha.[33][34]

UNESCO daa pilila bɛ tuma shikuru yaɣili Marbial Valley, Haiti, ka bɛ daa pili li yuuni 1947. Lala dini ŋɔ nyaaŋa, daa pahi yuuni 1949 "mission to Afghanistan" ni.[35] UNESCO daa yɛliya yuuni 1948 ni niŋmi bihi shikuru chandi yoli.[35] World Conference on Education for All, din be Jomtien, Thailand, daa pili dunia laɣinsi yuuni 1990 ni bɛ bhe ka bihi, ninsarinsi ni bikura chaŋ shikuru.[35] Yuuni 2000, World Education Forum, Dakar, Senegal,daa yijna ti kpaŋsi bihi shiikuru yuuni 2015.[35]

World Declaration on Higher Education nyɛla UNESCO's World Conference niya zaŋ chaŋ "Higher Education" Anashaara goli 9 October yuuni 1998.[36]

UNESCO's tuuli tuma zaŋ chaŋ kaya ni taɣada polo n-nyɛ International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia,ka di daa pili yuuni 1960.[37][38][39] Yuuni 1976, World Heritage Committee daa kpaya ka bɛ daa kali li pahi World Heritage List ni yuuni 1978.[40][41][42]

UNESCO daa ʒini tiŋ'duya laɣingu Paris Anashaara goli December yuuni 1951 ka daa kpa European Council for Nuclear Research, ka di zuɣu daa tahi European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)[43] kpabu na, yuuni 1954.[44]

"Arid Zone programming," 1948–1966, lahi nyɛls UNESCO tuuli tumanima puuni yini.[45]

Yuuni 1968, UNESCO gɔmnantinima daa ʒini laɣingu zaŋ chaŋ lɛbiginsim polo.Yuuni 1968 laɣingu ʒinibu niya daa nyɛla UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Programme.[46][47]

Lahabaya wuligibu yaɣili, "lahabaya wuligibu ni bachinima mini anfooni nima" nyɛla din be UNESCO Zalisi ni, "Second World War".[48][48][49][49] UNESCO daa kplala International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC), bali-bɔbigu yɛlibu laɣingu tingbana sunsuuni.[50] Yuuni 1993, UNESCO's General Conference daa saɣiti Windhoek Declaration pɔhim zuɣu maŋsulinsi ni, ka di zuɣu daa che ka UN General Assembly daa zali dabisi shɛli bɛ ni yɛn pili li, Anashaara goli 3 May, World Press Freedom Day.[51] Tum yuuni 1997, UNESCO tiri la UNESCO / Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize Anashaara goli 3 May kam.[52]

UNESCOdaa deei Palestine pahi bɛ ni yuuni 2011.[53][54]

Zalisi din daa zali United States sahashɛli Palestine ni daa bɔri ni bɛ kpe UNESCO miniWHO Anashaara goli April yuuni 1989.[55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62] Yuuni 2019, Israel daa yi UNESCO di ni daa kpe din ni yuun pisopɔin yini ka nyaaŋa, Israel "ambassador" tali zaŋ ti UN Danny Danon sabbu: "UNESCO nyɛla din ;labiri sabiri taarihi, ka lahi nyahiri Jewish biɛhigu ni Jerusalem.[63][64] United States daa yɛli bɛ niya zaŋ chaŋ UNESCO labi-kpe ni yuuni 2023, bɛ ni daa yi din ni yuma anu nyaaŋa, ka yɛn yo di "$600 million" farigu labisi.[65] United States nyɛla UNESCO General Conference ni daa saɣiti shɛli Anashaara goli July.[66]

Tuma

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UNESCO offices inBrasília

UNESCO tumdil bɛ tuma yaɣa dibaa anu: shikuru, "natural sciences", "social and human sciences", kaya ni taɣada, ni lahabaya wuligibu ,mini alizama dibu.[67]

UNESCO tabirimi sɔŋdi vihibu-vihibu din nyɛ "comparative education."

UNESCO Chairs, 644 UNESCO kpamba shaawara gbaabu, ka yaɣa din be din ni nyɛ kɔbisiyopɔin ni pisopɔin din yina tingbana kɔbiga ni pihiyɔbu ni anahi ni

  • Environmental Conservation Organization
  • Convention against Discrimination in Education bɛ ni daa piigi shɛli yuuni1960
  • Organization of the International Conference din jendi Adult Education (CONFINTEA) yuun pinaayi sunsuuni
  • Publication of the Education for All Global Monitoring Report
  • Publication of theFour Pillars of Learning seminal document
  • UNESCO ASPNet, tingbana shikuruti din gari 12,000 ka be tingbana kɔbiga ni pihinii ni ayi sunsuuni.[68]
  • UNESCO lahi lɛti salo baŋsim:
    • Seville Statement on Violence:
    • Global Geoparks Network
    • Biosphere reserves, zaŋ gbaai Programme on Man and the Biosphere (MAB), tum yuuni 1971
    • City of Literature; yuuni 2007, Ŋun daa deei kpamli tuuli n daa nyɛ Edinburgh, Scotland's tuuli "circulating library" biɛhigu shee.[69] Yuuni 2008, Iowa City, Iowa, daa lee City of Literature.[70][71]

Bala din bɔri kpihimbu mini bali-bɔbigu tumanima (UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger)

    • Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
    • Memory of the World International Register, tum yuuni 1997
    • Water resources management, zaŋ chaŋ International Hydrological Programme (IHP), tum yuuni 1965
    • World Heritage Sites
    • World Digital Library
  • Lahabaya wuligi ni anfooninima mini bachinima kpaŋsibu:
  • Sokam yɛltɔɣa wumti kpaŋsibu,[72]ni International Programme for the Development of Communication[73]
    • Lahabali wuligiriba gu ka taɣi,[74][75]
    • Lahabali gu ka taɣi zali,[76] ni Memory of the World Programme[77] mini Information for All Programme[78]
  • Kaya ni taɣada saɣiti pɔhim zuɣu

Salo sunsuuni biɛhisi saɣiti (I)human Rights-based, (ii) Open, (iii) Accessible to all, ni (iv) Multi-stakeholder participation (ka bɛ ŋmaai li jia R.O.A.M.)[79]

    • Baŋsim deebu kundunima ni kamani "World Trends in Freedom of Expression" mini "Media Development,"[80] "UNESCO Series" din jendi Internet Freedom,[81] mini Media Development Indicators.[82]
  • Binyɛra kpaŋsibu kamani:
    • International Decade for the Promotion of a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World: 2001–2010,UN yuuni 1998[83]
    • World Press Freedom Day, 3 May yuuni kam, ni di kpaŋsi "freedom of expression" mini "freedom of the press."[84]
    • Criança Esperança, Brazil.[85]
    • International Literacy Day, 8 September yuuni ka
    • International Year for the Culture of Peace, 2000[86]
    • World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development 21 May yuuni kam
  • Tuma tumbu kamani:
    • Migration Museums Initiative:[87]
    • UNESCO-CEPES, European Centre for Higher Education: din daa kpa yuuni 1972, Bucharest, Romania
    • Free Software Directory: tum yuuni 1998 UNESCO mini Free Software Foundation nyɛla ban laɣim kpa free software.
    • FRESH, Focusing Resources on Effective School Health[88]
    • OANA, Organization of Asia-Pacific News Agencies
    • International Council of Science
    • UNESCO Goodwill Ambassadors
    • ASOMPS
    • Botany 2000
    • UNESCO Collection of Representative Works, sabbunima bali-bɔbigu ni lɛbigibu yuuni 1948 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 2005
    • GoUNESCO[89]
    • UNESCO-CHIC BIRUP, UNESCO-CHIC Group (China) Biosphere Rural and Urbanization Programme[90][91]

Niya beni ni bɛ yina ni UNESCO yuya dibaa ayi. tuuli dini maa yɛn kalila kaya ni taɣada. Din yɛn be din ni shɛŋa ni tooi nyɛ Jōmon Venus of Japan,Mona Lisa of France, Gebel el-Arak Knife ofEgypt,The Ninth Wave of Russia, Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük of Turkey,David (Michelangelo) of Italy, Mathura Herakles of India, Manunggul Jar of the Philippines, Crown of Baekje of South Korea,The Hay Wain of the United Kingdom miniBenin Bronzes of Nigeria. Yuya din pahi buyi maa yɛn nyɛla binnɛma[92][93]

Official UNESCO NGOs

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UNESCO malila biɛhigu ni 322 international non-governmental organizations (NGOs).[94] Di pam n-nyɛ UNESCO ni booni shɛli "operational"; di bela "formal".[95] UNESCO din galisi pam n-nyɛ "formal associate", ni 22 NGOs[96] ni (ASC) biɛhigu ni UNESCO n-nyɛ:

AbbrOrganization
IBInternational Baccalaureate
CCIVSCo-ordinating Committee for International Voluntary Service
CIPSHInternational Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies (Conseil International de Philosophie et des Sciences Humaines; publishesDiogenes)
CIOFFInternational Council of Organizations of Folklore Festivals and Folk Arts (Conseil International des Organisations de Festivals de Folklore et d'Arts Traditionnels)
EIEducation International
IAUInternational Association of Universities
IFTCInternational Council for Film, Television and Audiovisual Communication
ICOMInternational Council of Museums
ICSSPEInternational Council of Sport Science and Physical Education
ICAInternational Council on Archives
ICOMOSInternational Council on Monuments and Sites
IFJInternational Federation of Journalists
IFLAInternational Federation of Library Associations and Institutions
IFPAInternational Federation of Poetry Associations
IMCInternational Music Council
IPAInternational Police Association
INSULAInternational Scientific Council for Island Development
ISCInternational Science Council (formerlyICSU andISSC)
ITIInternational Theatre Institute
IUCNInternational Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
IUTAOInternational Union of Technical Associations and Organizations
UIAUnion of International Associations
WANWorld Association of Newspapers
WFEOWorld Federation of Engineering Organizations
WFUCAWorld Federation of UNESCO Clubs, Centres and Associations
UNESCO Institute for Water Education inDelft

Institutes and centres

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AbbrNameLocation
IBEInternational Bureau of EducationGeneva[97]
UILUNESCO Institute for Lifelong LearningHamburg[98]
IIEPUNESCO International Institute for Educational PlanningParis (headquarters) andBuenos Aires andDakar (regional offices)[99]
IITEUNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in EducationMoscow[100]
IICBAUNESCO International Institute forCapacity Building in AfricaAddis Ababa[101]
IESALCUNESCO International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the CaribbeanCaracas[102]
MGIEPMahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable DevelopmentNew Delhi[103]
UNESCO-UNEVOCUNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingBonn[104]
ICWRGCInternational Centre for Water Resources and Global ChangeKoblenz[105]
IHEIHE-Delft Institute for Water EducationDelft[106]
ICTPInternational Centre for Theoretical PhysicsTrieste[107]
UISUNESCO Institute for StatisticsMontreal[108]

Prizes

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UNESCO tirila pina pishi ni ayɔbu[109] shikuru baŋsi ni, "natural sciences, social and human sciences," kaya ni taɣada, lahabaya wuligibu ni suhudoo polo:


  • UNESCO/King Sejong Literacy Prize
  • UNESCO/Confucius Prize for Literacy
  • UNESCO-Japan Prize on Education for Sustainable Development
  • UNESCO Prize for Girls' and Women's Education
  • UNESCO/Hamdan Bin Rashid Al-Maktoum Prize for Outstanding Practice and Performance in Enhancing the Effectiveness of Teachers
  • UNESCO King Hamad Bin Isa Al-Khalifa Prize for the Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Education
  • L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science[110][111]
  • UNESCO/Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science
  • UNESCO-Equatorial Guinea International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences
  • Carlos J. Finlay Prize for Microbiology
  • UNESCO/Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environmental Preservation
  • UNESCO-Russia Mendeleev International Prize in the Basic Sciences
  • UNESCO-Al Fozan International Prize for the Promotion of Young Scientists in STEM
  • Michel Batisse Award for Biosphere Reserve Management

Social and Human Sciences

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  • UNESCO Avicenna Prize for Ethics in Science
  • UNESCO/Juan Bosch Prize for the Promotion of Social Science Research in Latin America and the Caribbean
  • UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize for the Promotion of Tolerance and Non-Violence
  • UNESCO-Sharjah Prize for Arab Culture
  • UNESCO/International José Martí Prize
  • UNESCO-UNAM / Jaime Torres Bodet Prize in social sciences, humanities and arts
  • Melina Mercouri International Prize for the Safeguarding and Management of Cultural Landscapes (UNESCO-Greece)

Communication and Information

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  • UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize
  • UNESCO/Emir Jaber al-Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah Prize to promote Quality Education for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities
  • UNESCO/Jikji Memory of the World Prize
  • Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize
  • International Simón Bolívar Prize (inactive since 2004)
  • UNESCO Prize for Human Rights Education
  • UNESCO/Obiang Nguema Mbasogo International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences (inactive since 2010)
  • UNESCO Prize for the Promotion of the Arts

International Days observed at UNESCO

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International Days din niŋdi UNESCOn doli ŋɔ na:[112]

DateName
14 JanuaryWorld Logic Day
24 JanuaryWorld Day for African andAfrodescendantCulture[113]
24 JanuaryInternational Day of Education
25 JanuaryInternational Day of Women in Multilateralism[114]
27 JanuaryInternational Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust
11 FebruaryInternational Day of Women and Girls in Science
13 FebruaryWorld Radio Day
21 FebruaryInternational Mother Language Day
4 MarchUNESCO World Engineering Day for Sustainable Development
8 MarchInternational Women's Day
14 MarchInternational Day of Mathematics
20 MarchInternational Francophonie Day
21 MarchInternational Day ofNowruz
21 MarchWorld Poetry Day
21 MarchInternational Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
22 MarchWorld Water Day
5 AprilInternational Day of Conscience
6 AprilInternational Day of Sport for Development and Peace
15 AprilWorld Art Day
23 AprilWorld Book and Copyright Day
30 AprilInternational Jazz Day
3 MayWorld Press Freedom Day
5 MayAfrican World Heritage Day
5 MayWorld Portuguese Language Day
16 MayInternational Day of Light
21 MayWorld Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development
22 MayInternational Day for Biological Diversity
5 JuneWorld Environment Day
8 JuneWorld Oceans Day
17 JuneWorld Day to Combat Desertification and Drought
7 JulyKiswahili Language Day
18 JulyNelson Mandela International Day
26 JulyInternational Day for the Conservation of the Mangrove Ecosystem
9 AugustInternational Day of the World's Indigenous People
12 AugustInternational Youth Day
23 AugustInternational Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition
8 SeptemberInternational Literacy Day
9 SeptemberInternational Day to Protect Education from Attack
15 SeptemberInternational Day of Democracy
20 SeptemberInternational Day for University Sport
21 SeptemberInternational Day of Peace
28 SeptemberInternational Day for the Universal Access to Information
5 OctoberWorld Teachers' Day
6 OctoberInternational Geodiversity Day[115]
11 OctoberInternational Day of the Girl Child
13 OctoberInternational Day for Disaster Reduction
17 OctoberInternational Day for the Eradication of Poverty
24 OctoberUnited Nations Day
27 OctoberWorld Day for Audiovisual Heritage
2 NovemberInternational Day to End Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists[116]
3 NovemberInternational Day for Biosphere Reserves[117]
First Thursday of NovemberInternational day against violence and bullying at school including cyberbullying[118]
5 NovemberWorld Day of Romani Language
5 NovemberWorld Tsunami Awareness Day
10 NovemberWorld Science Day for Peace and Development
14 NovemberInternational Day against Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Property[119]
Third Thursday of NovemberWorld Philosophy Day
16 NovemberInternational Day for Tolerance
18 NovemberInternational International Day of Islamic Art[120]
25 NovemberInternational Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women
26 NovemberWorld Olive Tree Day[121]
29 NovemberInternational Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People
1 DecemberWorld AIDS Day
2 DecemberWorld Futures Day[122]
3 DecemberInternational Day of Persons with Disabilities
10 DecemberHuman Rights Day
18 DecemberInternational Migrants Day
18 DecemberWorld Arabic Language Day


Tingbana din be din ni

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Main article:Member states of UNESCO
  UNESCO member states
  UNESCO member state dependent territory with separate NOC
  UNESCO associates
  UNESCO observers

Zaŋ kana Anshaara goli July yuuni 2003, UNESCO daa malila tingbana kɔbigu ni piwɔi ni anahi nin ban pahi pinaayi.[123] Shɛba bi ʒi bɛ gama zuɣu ka shɛba mi lahi be National Organizing Committees din be tingbana ban ʒi bɛ gama zuɣu ni.[124] UNESCO ni naai noya ni shɛba n-nyɛ United Nations member states (gbaa yihi Israel[125] miniLiechtenstein), ni Cook Islands, Niue mini Palestine.[126][127] United States mini Israel yila UNESCO Anashaara goli 31 December yuuni 2018,[128][129]amaa United States daa labi kpe yuuni 2023.[65][66]

Governing bodies

[mali niŋ |mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Zaŋ kana Anashaara goli June yuuni 2023 11 Directors-General n zani ti UNESCO tum di ni kpa dobba awɔi ni paɣaba ayi. 11 Directors-General zaŋti UNESCO yila yaɣa ayɔbu na: West Europe (5), Central America (1), North America (2), West Africa (1), East Asia (1), ni East Europe (1).

Zaŋ kana zuŋɔ, bɛ bi piigi Director-General yaɣa pia din pahi be UNESCO maa ni: Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central ni North Asia, Middle East, North Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, South Africa, Australia-Oceania, ni South America.

Directors-General zaŋti UNESCO tum di kpabu ni yuuni 1946 n doli ŋɔ na:[130]

Directors-General of UNESCO
OrderImageNameCountryTerm
1stJulian Huxley United Kingdom1946–1948
2ndJaime Torres Bodet Mexico1948–1952
John Wilkinson Taylor United Statesacting 1952–1953
3rdLuther Evans United States1953–1958
4thVittorino Veronese Italy1958–1961
5thRené Maheu Franceacting 1961; 1961–1974
6thAmadou-Mahtar M'Bow Senegal1974–1987
7thFederico Mayor Zaragoza Spain1987–1999
8thKoïchiro Matsuura Japan1999–2009
9thIrina Bokova Bulgaria2009–2017
10thAudrey Azoulay France2017–Incumbent

UNESCO General Conference din ʒini tum yuuni 1946:[131]

SessionLocationYearChaired byfrom
1stParis1946Léon Blum France
2ndMexico City1947Manuel Gual Vidal Mexico
3rdBeirut1948Hamid Bey FrangieTɛmplet:Country data LBN
1st extraordinaryParis1948
4thParis1949Edward Ronald Walker Australia
5thFlorence1950Stefano Jacini Italy
6thParis1951Howland H. Sargeant United States
7thParis1952Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan India
2nd extraordinaryParis1953
8thMontevideo1954Justino Zavala MunizTɛmplet:Country data URY
9thNew Delhi1956Abul Kalam Azad India
10thParis1958Jean Berthoin France
11thParis1960Akale-Work Abte-Wold Ethiopia
12thParis1962Paulo de Berrêdo Carneiro Brazil
13thParis1964Norair Sisakian Soviet Union
14thParis1966Bedrettin Tuncel Turkey
15thParis1968William Eteki Mboumoua Cameroon
16thParis1970Atilio Dell'Oro Maini Argentina
17thParis1972Toru Haguiwara Japan
3rd extraordinaryParis1973
18thParis1974Magda Jóború Hungary
19thNairobi1976Taaita Toweett Kenya
20thParis1978Napoléon LeBlancTɛmplet:Country data CAN
21stBelgrade1980Ivo Margan Yugoslavia
4th extraordinaryParis1982
22ndParis1983Saïd Tell Jordan
23rdSofia1985Nikolai TodorovTɛmplet:Country data BGR
24thParis1987Guillermo Putzeys Alvarez Guatemala
25thParis1989Anwar IbrahimTɛmplet:Country data MYS
26thParis1991Bethwell Allan Ogot Kenya
27thParis1993Ahmed Saleh SayyadTɛmplet:Country data YEM
28thParis1995Torben Krogh Denmark
29thParis1997Eduardo Portella Brazil
30thParis1999Jaroslava Moserová Czech Republic
31stParis2001Ahmad JalaliTɛmplet:Country data IRN
32ndParis2003Michael Omolewa Nigeria
33rdParis2005Musa Bin Jaafar Bin HassanTɛmplet:Country data OMN
34thParis2007Georgios AnastassopoulosTɛmplet:Country data GRC
35thParis2009Davidson HepburnTɛmplet:Country data BHS
36thParis2011Katalin Bogyay Hungary
37th[132]Paris2013Hao Ping China
38thParis2015Stanley Mutumba Simataa[133]Tɛmplet:Country data Namibia
39thParis2017Zohour Alaoui[134] Morocco
40thParis2019Ahmet Altay Cengizer[135] Turkey
41st[136]Paris2021Santiago Irazabal Mourão Brazil
42nd[137]Paris2023Simona Miculescu Romania
TermGroup I

(9 seats)

Group II

(7 seats)

Group III

(10 seats)

Group IV

(12 seats)

Group V(a)

(13 seats)

Group V(b)

(7 seats)

2017–

2021

Tɛmplet:Country data Finland

 Portugal

 Turkey

 Albania

Tɛmplet:Country data Belarus

 Bulgaria

 Cuba

Tɛmplet:Country data Grenada

Tɛmplet:Country data Jamaica

Tɛmplet:Country data Saint Lucia

Tɛmplet:Country data Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

 Venezuela

Tɛmplet:Country data Bangladesh
 China
 India
 Indonesia
 Japan
 Philippines

Tɛmplet:Country data Burundi

Tɛmplet:Country data Equatorial Guinea

 Ethiopia

Tɛmplet:Country data Madagascar

Tɛmplet:Country data Zambia

 Zimbabwe

 Egypt

Tɛmplet:Country data Jordan

 Morocco

2019–2023[138] France

 Germany

 Italy

 Netherlands

 Spain

 Switzerland

 Hungary

 Poland

Tɛmplet:Country data Russia

 Serbia

 Argentina

 Brazil

 Dominican Republic

 Uruguay

 Afghanistan
Tɛmplet:Country data Kyrgyzstan
 Philippines


Tɛmplet:Country data Pakistan
Tɛmplet:Country data Republic of Korea
Tɛmplet:Country data Thailand

 Benin

Tɛmplet:Country data Congo

 Guinea

 Ghana

 Kenya

Tɛmplet:Country data Namibia

 Senegal

Tɛmplet:Country data Togo

Tɛmplet:Country data Saudi Arabia

 UAE

 Tunisia

2021–2025[139] Austria

Tɛmplet:Country data Iceland

 Turkey

 Armenia

 Azerbaijan

 Lithuania

 Chile

Tɛmplet:Country data Grenada

Tɛmplet:Country data Haiti

 Mexico

 Paraguay

Tɛmplet:Country data Saint Lucia

 China
Tɛmplet:Country data Cook Islands
 India
 Japan
 Philippines


 Vietnam

 Angola

Tɛmplet:Country data Botswana

Tɛmplet:Country data Congo

Tɛmplet:Country data Djibouti

 South Africa

Tɛmplet:Country data Tanzania

 Egypt

Tɛmplet:Country data Jordan

Tɛmplet:Country data Kuwait

2023–2027[140] France

 Germany

 Italy

 Spain

 United Kingdom

 United States

 Albania

 Czech Republic

 Serbia

Tɛmplet:Country data Slovakia

 Argentina

 Brazil

 Cuba

 Dominican Republic

 Australia

Tɛmplet:Country data Bangladesh

 Indonesia

Tɛmplet:Country data Pakistan

Tɛmplet:Country data Republic of Korea

Tɛmplet:Country data Sri Lanka

Tɛmplet:Country data Burkina Faso

 Côte d'Ivoire

Tɛmplet:Country data Gabon

 Liberia

Tɛmplet:Country data Mauritius

 Mozambique

 Nigeria

 Iraq

 Oman

Tɛmplet:Country data Qatar

Tɛmplet:Country data Saudi Arabia

Offices and headquarters

[mali niŋ |mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Main article:World Heritage Centre
Lahabali kɔligu:April 2010, UNESCO Headquarters in Paris - The Garden of Peace (or Japanese Garden) in Spring.jpg
The Garden of Peace at UNESCO headquarters

UNESCO tiuma du'zuɣu bela Place de Fontenoy din be Paris, France. Tanmɛriba pam n daa laɣim mɛ li, ban nima n-nyɛBernard Zehrfuss, Marcel Breuer ni Luigi Nervi.[141]Di shɛli n-nyɛGarden of Peace din nyɛ Government of Japan ni daa ti shɛli.[142] American-Japanese yaɣ'mɛra Isamu Noguchi n daa dizaani li yuuni 1958 ka Japan nira, Toemon Sano daa bahi naai li. Yuuma 1994–1995, UNESCO yuun pihinu chuɣu puhibu ni, Tadao Ando daa mɛ du'shɛli.[143]


Field offices by region

[mali niŋ |mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

UNESCO Field Offices din doli ŋɔ na zaa nyɛla UNESCO ni bo shɛŋa zali tingbana yaɣa ka UNESCO lahi boi niriba ka bɛ tumdi di yini kam ni.[144]

Europe and North America

[mali niŋ |mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
  • Brussels – Liaison Office to the European Union and its subsidiary bodies in Brussels
  • Geneva – Liaison Office to the United Nations in Geneva
  • New York City – Liaison Office to the United Nations in New York
  • Venice – Regional Bureau for Sciences and Culture in Europe

Latin America and the Caribbean

[mali niŋ |mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Carondelet Palace, Presidential Palace – with changing of the guards. TheHistoric Center of Quito, Ecuador, is one of the largest, least-altered and best-preserved historic centres inthe Americas.[145] This centre was, together with the historic centre ofKraków in Poland, the first to be declaredWorld Heritage Site by UNESCO on 18 September 1978.
  • International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
  • Blue Shield International (BSI)
  • International Council of Museums (ICOM)
  • International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS)
  • International Institute of Humanitarian Law (IIHL)

Yɛl'gɔla

[mali niŋ |mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

New World Information and Communication Order

[mali niŋ |mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

UNESCO nyɛla yɛl'gɔla ni paai shɛba saha din gari, di bahi bahindi bɛ biɛhigu ni United States, United Kingdom, Singapore ni Soviet Union. 1970s mini 1980s saha, UNESCO's sɔŋsim zaŋti "New World Information and Communication Order" mini di MacBride report daa ti bɔri ni di mɔŋla "freedom of the press" zaŋm chaŋ lahabaya wuligibu polo.[148] Yuuni 1984, United States daa che bɛ tɔhibu laɣingu maa ni ka daa yi din ni, ka United Kingdom daa doli yuuni 1985.[149] Singapore gba daa yiya yuuni 1985 naabu ni, ka bɛ daliri daa nyɛla farigu ni pahi zuɣu.[150]Bɛ ni daa taɣi gɔmnanti yuuni 1997 UK daa labi kpe. United States daa labi kpe yuuni 2003, ka Singapore daa doli Anashaara goli 8 October yuuni 2007.[151]

UNESCO nyɛla bɛ ni gali shɛba ka di nyɛla ni People's Republic of China zaŋ ba mi ka bɛ zaani tiri Chinese Communist Party tɔhibu ni "ethnic minorities in China" kamani Uyghurs mini Tibetans.[152][153][154]

Israel nyɛla UNESCO ni daa deei shɛba yuuni 1949, din nambu yuun yini nyaaŋa. Israel kuli nyɛla ban be din ni tum din saha. Yuuni 2010, Israel daa dizaani Cave of the Patriarchs din be Hebron mini Rachel's Tomb din beBethlehem –din zaa be West Bank – ka nyɛ National Heritage Sites.[155] Aanshaara goli October yuuni 2010, UNESCO's daa vooti ya ni bɛ moli "al-Haram al-Ibrahimi/Tomb of the Patriarchs" mini "Bilal bin Rabah Mosque/Rachel's Tomb" ka daa yɛli ni bɛ pahila " occupied Palestinian Territories" ni.[156] UNESCO buɣisili mi ka di zani ti "Muslinima, Dolodolo ni Jewish nima kaya ni taɣada".[157][158] Rabbi of the Western Wall yɛliya ni Rachel's tomb pa bɛ ni zaŋ shɛli leei Muslinima syaɣili.[159][160][161]

Anashaara goli 28 June yuuni 2011, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee, din beJordan's insistence, daa labi mɛ Mughrabi Gate Bridge din be Jerusalem. Israel daa yɛliya ni Jordan gbaala shaawara ni Israel ka di nyɛla bɛ wurim di kodoriko ka gu ka taɣi sarati; Jordan daa bɛ saɣiti li. Israel gba daa bi tooi mali NESCO committee ni zaɣisibu shɛliEgypt gba ni daa zaŋ na.[162]

Anashaara goli January yuuni 2014, pɔi ka bɛ daa zali di yoobu dabisa, UNESCO Director-General, Irina Bokova, "daa tirisi li tooni din ka dali" ka daa nyahi ibushee din daa nyɛ Simon Wiesenthal Centre ni daa niŋ shɛli ka di sabi "The People, The Book, The Land: The 3,500-year relationship between the Jewish people and the Land of Israel".[163][164]

Anashaara goli 1 January yuuni 2019, Israel daa yiya ka che UNESCO.[165]

Occupied Palestine Resolution

[mali niŋ |mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Anashaara goli 13 October yuuni 2016, UNESCO daa zali zaligu ti East Jerusalem dinm galindi Israel ni "girigiri" niŋbu Israeli pirinsi ni linjimanima sunsuuni.[166][166][167] Israeli soiyaasanima pam ni daa galim ba naai nyaaŋa, n-ti tabili Benjamin Netanyahu mini Ayelet Shaked, Israel daa kahi bɛ ŋmangura ka che laɣingu maa.[168][169][170] Czech jintɔri duu gba daa zaɣisili ka yɛli ni gbaabu maa nyɛla "hateful anti-Israel sentiment".[171][171] Anashaara goli 26 October, UNESCO daa labi teei bɛ gbaabu maa.[172][173][174]

Anashaara goli October yuuni 2017, United States mini Israel daa yɛliya ni bɛ ni yi laɣingu maa ni.[175][176]

Palestinian youth magazine controversy

[mali niŋ |mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Anashaara goli February yuuni 2011, lahabali daa yina "Palestinian youth magazine" ni ka bipuɣinbili daa buɣisi o ni lihiri ni o sa be ka so soha-biɛɣu ni, Adolf Hitler. Anashaara goli December yuuni 2011, UNESCO, ban daa tabiri sɔŋdi lala lahabali wuligibu yaɣili ŋɔ daa galim lalal lahabali maa ka daa yihi bɛ nuu bɛ sɔŋbu ni.[177]

Islamic University of Gaza controversy

[mali niŋ |mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Yuuni 2012, UNESCO daa gkpuɣi niya ni bɛ pii daanbalo Islamic University of Gaza ka o zani ti "astronomy, astrophysics," ni "space sciences",[178] ka di daa tahi galimbi ni yɛl'gola na.[179][180]

Di kpɛma, Kamalain Shaath, daa pahi UNESCO zuɣu, ka yari ni "the Islamic University nyɛla shikuru din nyɛ baŋsim yɛligibu ni lɛbiginsim dini".[181][182][183] Israeli "ambassador" zaŋti UNESCO Nimrod Barkan daa kpuɣi niya ni bɛ sabi washiika ti Hamas zaŋ chaŋ shikuru ŋɔ yɛltɔƔa polo, di bahi bahindi bɛ suhuri ni yiɣisi ka di nyɛla dini n-nyɛ Palestinian university tuuli ka UNESCO pii ni bɛ laɣim tum.[184] Jewish laɣingu B'nai B'rith gba daa galim li.[185]

Listing Nanjing Massacre documents

[mali niŋ |mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Yuuni 2015, Japan da ti varisigu ni UNESCO ni daa mali niya ni bɛ pahi 1937 Nanjing massacre bɛ ni yɛn ti kali binshɛŋa pahi "Memory of the World" ni.[186][187]

United States yila UNESCO yuuni 1984.[188][188]

Anashaara goli 12 October yuuni 2017, United States daa ti UNESCO lahabali ni bɛ ni labi yi laɣingu maa ni, Anashaara goli 31 December yuuni 2018; Israel gba daa kpuɣi lala napɔŋ.[189][175]

United States bɛ yo kamani $600 million farigu[190] tum di ni che di $80 million yɔbu yuuni-yuuni UNESCO farigu di ni daa niŋ ka Palestine daa kpe din ni zaa yuuni 2011. Israel mini United States daa pahila ninvuɣ'pinaanahi ban daa zaɣisirili ni tingnana kɔbigu ni pihiwɔi ni anahi puuni.[191] di ni daa niŋ ka United States daa moli ni bɛ ni lahi labi kpe yuuni 2023, ka bɛ daa ʒiya ni bɛ ni yo farigu din doli ba zaa.[65]

Kurdish–Turkish conflict

[mali niŋ |mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Anashaara goli 25 May yuuni 2016, Turkish yɛltɔɣataɣamalisi niŋda Zülfü Livaneli daa wuɣi nuu kaTurkey UNESCO "goodwill ambassador" tali.[192]

Campaigns against illicit art trading

[mali niŋ |mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Yuuni 2020 UNESCO daa yɛliya ni bɛ ni kuri ariziki shɛli niŋdi kaya ni taɣada ni paai 10 billion dollars yuuni zuɣu ni.[193][194]

Products and services

[mali niŋ |mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
  • UNESDOC Database[195] – di mali UNESCO gban gari 146,000 ka bɛ yihili polotum yuuni 1945 n-ti pahi "metadata" din yina UNESCO Library mini luɣa din pahi pahi.

Information processing tools

[mali niŋ |mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

UNESCO daa yina ni binshɛŋa din yɛn tabiri sɔŋdi "database management" (CDS/ISIS (IDAMS).[196]

Lihi pahi

[mali niŋ |mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
  • Academic mobility network
  • League of Nations archives
  • UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists
  • UNESCO Reclining Figure 1957–58, sculpture by Henry Moore
  • UniRef
  • National Commissions for UNESCO
  • International Charter of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Sport

Notes

[mali niŋ |mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
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  6. Partnerships(en)(25 June 2013).
  7. Field offices(en).
  8. National Commissions(en)(28 September 2012).
  9. About UNESCO Office for the Pacific States(en)(1 August 2019).
  10. 12Grandjean, Martin (2018).Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres[The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period]. Lausanne: Université de Lausanne.Archived from the original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved5 April 2019. (English summaryArchived 22 Silimin gɔli March 2019 at theWayback Machine).
  11. UNESCO. General Conference, 39th, 2017 [892].
  12. MOFA: Project list of The UNESCO Japanese Funds-in-Trust for the Capacity-building of Human Resources.
  13. Sponsors.
  14. Sponsors and Contributors.
  15. UNESCO • General Conference; 34th; Medium-term Strategy, 2008–2013; 2007.
  16. Plenary Meetings, Records of the Second Assembly, Geneva: League of Nations, 5 September – 5 October 1921
  17. A Chronology of UNESCO: 1945–1987(PDF), UNESDOC database, Paris, December 1987, LAD.85/WS/4 Rev,archived(PDF) from the original on 2 February 2011, retrieved13 December 2010,TheInternational Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (ICIC) was created on 4 January 1922, as a consultative organ composed of individuals elected based on their personal qualifications..
  18. Grandjean, Martin(2020)."A Representative Organization? Ibero-American Networks in the Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations (1922–1939)".Cultural Organizations, Networks and Mediators in Contemporary Ibero-America: 65–89.DOI:10.4324/9780429299407-4.
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  20. Hamen, Susan E; Wilson, Theodore A (2014).The Great Depression and World War II : 1929–1945. ABDO Publishing Company.ISBN 978-1-62403-178-6.OCLC 870724668.
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  22. IBE — Digital Collections — IBE History, 1925-1969(en-GB).
  23. The work of U.N.E.S.C.O. (Hansard, 26 January 1949)Archived 19 Silimin gɔli October 2017 at theWayback Machine. Millbank systems. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
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  29. "Peacekeeping in the Cold War/Post-Cold War",United Nations Peacekeeping in the Post-Cold War Era, Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis, pp. 23–45, 2005,doi:10.4324/9780203307434_chapter_2,ISBN 978-0-203-30743-4,archived from the original on 12 March 2021, retrieved17 September 2020
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  31. Stoczkowski, Wiktor (2008)."Claude Lévi-Strauss and UNESCO".The UNESCO Courier. No. 5. Paris, France: UNESCO.ISSN 1993-8616. Retrieved26 July 2024.
  32. Apartheid: its effects on education, science, culture and information.UNESCO(1967).
  33. Thompson, Leonard Monteath (January 2001).A history of South Africa (Third ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press.ISBN 978-0-300-12806-2.OCLC 560542020.
  34. Nygren, Thomas (2016),"UNESCO Teaches History: Implementing International Understanding in Sweden",A History of UNESCO, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 201–230,doi:10.1007/978-1-137-58120-4_11,ISBN 978-1-349-84528-6,archived from the original on 9 February 2022, retrieved17 September 2020
  35. 1234UNESCO at 74: An overview of its laudable progress.
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  50. International Programme for the Development of Communication – About.UNESCO.
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  53. General Conference admits Palestine as UNESCO Member(31 October 2011).
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  56. Request for the admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO as a Member StateArchived 13 Silimin gɔli April 2020 at theWayback Machine, UNESCO Executive Board, 131st, 1989
  57. The laws originated inTɛmplet:USBill andTɛmplet:USBill; for further details, see committee discussions at:United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations (1989).The PLO's Efforts to Obtain Statehood Status at the World Health Organization and Other International Organizations: Hearing and Markup Before the Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, First Session, on H.R. 2145, May 4, 1989. U.S. Government Printing Office.Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved27 February 2020.. The texts of the House and Senate resolutions were subsequently put into the following laws:Tɛmplet:USBill (which producedTɛmplet:USPL),Tɛmplet:USBill,Tɛmplet:USBill and finallyTɛmplet:USBill (which producedTɛmplet:USPL). See also:Beattie, Kirk (3 May 2016).Congress and the Shaping of the Middle East. Seven Stories Press. p. 287 online.ISBN 978-1-60980-562-3.Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved27 February 2020....1989 Senate and House efforts like... Senate Resolution 875 and House Resolution 2145, both of which contained language similar to that found in the public laws of 1990 and 1994. Sen.Robert Kasten, Jr. (R-WI) was the primary sponsor of S 875, and Rep.Tom Lantos sponsored HR 2145. In a nutshell, recognition by any UN body of the Palestinians' right to statehood or its achievement of statehood status would trigger a suspension of US funding to the "offending" UN body under these laws.
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