Simli[1]nyɛla binbela bee bimbila bal'shɛli, ka di kɔri ŋa dunia bɔba ni di yaɣa.[2] Di boonila di zaɣ' yini simli ka di zaɣ' bɔbigu mi nyɛ sima.[3][4][5][4] Sima nyɛla bimbili shɛli ninsali nima ni kɔra dira. Di nyɛla bimbili shɛli bɛ ni kɔri pam mini bela bela bɔba ni yaɣa zaa[6] ka nyɛ bɛ ni lahi mali shɛli niŋdi kpam.[7] Di binwɔlli nyɛla din niŋdi tiŋgbani ni ka di zuɣu che ka tabibi baŋda Carl Linnaeus daa bolihypogaea ka di gbuuni nyɛ tiŋgbani gbunni.
Simli ŋɔ nyɛla din be tabibi daŋ yuli booni Fabaceae bee Leguminosae ka pirigili tooi booni "pea" daŋ.[8] Kamani bimbila kam din be di daŋ ŋɔ ni, di nyɛla din mali binshɛli di puuni ka di pahiri tam,[9] ka di che ka niriba pam kpaŋsi bimbilima kɔri ka taɣara
Pirimila di bi lu zahim di tabibi yuli ŋɔ zuɣu, di binwɔlli maa nyɛla din kpɛma pam di yi ti niŋ ka di bi.[10]
Bɛ ni daa na mi li shɛm "archeological" zaŋ n-ti sim'bilim nyɛla[14] din daa piligi kamani yuun 7,600 nyaaŋa beeA. hypogaea nyɛ bɛ ni daa tuui kɔri shɛli .[15] Di nyɛla din daa be Peru, ni ka tulim daa bi galisi.[16] Di kɔbu nyɛla din daa piligi Mesoamerica pɔi ka daa paai Spanish. Ni ka "conquistadors" daa nyatlālcacahuatl. Bɛ daa piligi li kɔbu Europe tum 19th century ka bɛ ni daa nya li luɣishɛli nyɛ Spain, di gbaai bahindiValencia ni ka bɛ daa kɔri li.[17] Europenima daabihi nyɛla ban daa wuligi simli ŋɔ gili duniya zaa ka di kɔbu gba nyɛ din daa yɛligi pahi. Bɛ daa zaŋ la sima ŋɔ zali di bimbiri kpee din be daŋ yini ni "Bambara groundnut"West Africa ka di gba sim'bilim nyɛ din niŋdi tiŋgbani.[18] Asia pukpariba nyɛla ban daa piligi li kɔbu ka ni pa nyɛ luɣishɛli ban kɔri sima ŋɔ pam duniya zaa.[19]
Sima nyɛla din daa kpɛ US saha shɛli bɛ ni daa na be deei bɛ maŋsulinsi ka nyɛ bɛ ni daa kɔri gariche ni. Lahabali din yina Bernard Romans wuhiya ni, sima nyɛla gbaŋsabila zaŋ n-ti Guinea ni daa zaŋ shɛli kpɛhina East Florida ka di daa piligi yɛligibu di ni.[20] Bin din gbaai yuuni 1870 bɛ daa na mali limi n-tiri binkɔbiri hali ka ninsalinima ni daa ti piligi li dibu yuuni1930s.[21]George Washington Carver (1864-1943) nyɛla ŋun daa kpaŋsiri niriba sima kɔbu American South din daa niŋ ka ni tam daa gbarigi din daa niŋ ka bɛ zaŋ di tam ŋɔ kɔ gumdi yuma ashɛm nyaaŋa.[22]
United States tuma duu zaŋ n-tipukparilim nyɛla ban daa piligi tun'shɛli din yɛn kpaŋsi pukparilim mini ninsalinima sima zaŋ tum tuma 19th bahigu mini 20th cɛnturi piligu.[21] Sima kpam nyɛla bɛ ni daa piligi shɛli niŋbu United States tum yuuni 1890s. Di nyɛla din daa niŋ bayana din daa niŋ ka Beech-Nut kompani daa piligi li kɔhibu St. Louis World's Fair yuuni 1904.[23]
Simli ŋɔ nyɛla bimbili shɛli din niŋdi yuun yini puuni ka nyɛ din waɣilim paai kamani cɛntimita pihita zaŋ chaŋ cɛntimita pihinu.[21] Di nyɛla din be tabibi daŋ yuli booni Fabaceae ka shɛba lahi booni Leguminosae, niriba pam nyɛla ban booni "pea" daŋ.[8] Kamani lala bimbila daŋ ŋɔ, simli din nyɛla din niŋdi di bimwalla tiŋgbani gbunni.[9]
Di puma maa nyɛla din waɣilim be kamani cɛntimita zaɣ'yini zaŋ chaŋ zaɣ'yini ni pirigili ka di puma maa kom nyɛ dɔzim.[13][21] Di nyɛla din be simli ŋɔ zuɣuzaa ka nyɛ din be di ni kamani dabisi yini zuɣu.[24]
Vihigu shɛŋa wuhiya ni sima ŋubbu pam nyɛla din taɣiri dɔri shɛŋa.[25][26] Amaa, vihigu maa bi ti shɛhiranima din yɛn niŋ ŋmahinli. US "Bindira mini tima baŋsim yaɣili", "Tabiibi shɛhira wuhiya amaa ka bi ti shɛhira ni di 1.5 dibu dabisili puli ni nyɛla din filimdi kpam ka ni tooi taɣi suhuni doro."[27]
Daadamanima shɛba (vaabu 0.6%[33] ban nyɛ United States nima) lahabali wuhiya ni sima nyɛla din tahiri nina kumbu na. Pirimla bɛ ni mali sima pahiri m-maani bindira pam la, sima dibu yi yɛn che din niŋ tɔm pam. Bindiri shɛŋa bɛ ni mali su binyɛra ni lahabaya karimbu nyɛla din ni tooi sɔŋsi gu di dibu.[34]
Vihigu din jendi sima ni kpe Great Britain saha shɛli mini di ni kpe Israel sahashɛli wuhiya ni nira yi bi daŋ sima dibu o bilim ni nyɛla din ni tooi mali barina.[35][36]
Sima nyɛla bɛ ni lahi mali shɛli m-maani bihi kpaʒerima.[37] Sima doriti ni tooi lahi yina binwɔla din tiri kpama ni.[37]
United States shikuru shɛŋa mini luɣ'shɛŋa zaɣisila sima mini bɛ ni mali sim m-maani binyɛri shɛŋa zaa.[38][39][40] Amaa, dihitabili kani ni lala zaɣisibu ŋɔ kari di ni tiri dɔri shɛŋa. Yuuni 2015 vihigu din niŋ Canada bɛ nya waliginsim din be shikuru shɛŋa din zaɣisili mini ban saɣiti li sunsuuni.[41][42][43][44]
Sima shɛbu n-nyɛ din niŋ bayana. Simkuma ni tooi she di wɔɣu ni be ka bɛ zaŋli pɔbi binshɛɣuni ka zaŋ tulim kamani177°C (351°F) n-sheli kamani minti pinaanu zaŋ chaŋ minti pishi sunsuuni (di wɔɣu ni).
Sim'waara tooi be India, China, West Africa, ni southern United States.
Sim'kaha mini sim'maha mali waliginsim. Sim'maha nyɛla sima din yi puuni na ka na bi dɛli kuui. Sim'kaha bi duɣi amaa ka leei kuui.[45]
Sim'moli nyɛla bindirgu ka bɛ mali sima maani li. Bɛ tooi mali binshɛŋa gabiri din ni ka di pahirili nyaɣisim. Tuma du'zuɣuri pam mali li m-maani binyɛri shɛŋa pahiri kamani chokileeti.[47] Shɛba ŋmaari sim'moli niŋdi paanu ni n-ŋubira.[48][49]
Sima niŋ bayana pam Peruvian mini co bindira ni. Kamani shɛhira, di be Peru bindirigu yuli booni "picante de cuy" puuni.[51]. Yaha di lahi be Peruvian tiŋgbani yuli booni Arequipa bindirigu yuli booni "ocopa" puuni.[52] Bɛ boonila lala bindira ŋɔ zaa "ajíes", din gbunni nyɛ "naanzu tula", kamani "ají de pollo" ni "ají de mariscos".[53]
Bɛ lahi mali sima maani toofiinima pam. Mexico tiŋgbani ni, di zooya pam ka bɛ mali li m-maani bindira balibu pam.[54]
Sima zooya pam Southeast Asia bindira ni, kamaniMalaysia,Vietnam, niIndonesia, ka bɛ mali li m-pahiri bindira viɛlim. Sima ni yɛn kpe Indonesia di yilaPhilippines kpe ni, luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni daa yihi di belim Mexico kuli bɛ ni daa be Spanish sulinsi ni.
Indonesia bindiri shɛŋa ni sima ni be n-nyɛgado-gado,pecel,karedok, niketoprak.
Sima pahirilaMalawi bindira pam ni, niZambia yaɣ'shɛŋa polo, ka lala bindira ŋɔ ŋmani taba pam lala tiŋgban ŋɔ ni. Bɛ lahi maani sim'moli din gburisiUganda ka mali li n-diri shinkaafa.[56]
Georgia tiŋgbani m-be tooni ni sima kɔbu polo United States tiŋgbani ni, di sula vaabu pihinu yini ka tiŋgbani maa zaa sima ni. Yuuni 2014, pukpariba daa komi kpuɣi sima yiika tuhi kɔbisini ni pihiwɔi ni yini sima, ka di yihi liɣiri "2.4 billion pounds" na. Pukpari ŋun yuli daa du pam n-daa nyɛ Jimmy Carter ŋun yinaSumter County, Georgia ŋun daa niŋ tiŋgbani maa tiŋgbani zuɣulana U.S. yuuni 1976.[57]
United States mini Canada tiŋgbani ni, bɛ malila sima maani toofinima mini binmalisi shɛŋa.[58] United States tiŋgbani ni, sima bindira nyɛla niriba ni yuri shɛli pam.[59][60] Sim'moli n-nyɛ sima bindirgu din niŋ bayana.[61] Sima ʒeri nyɛla din be bindira kɔhibu shee.[62][63]Amerika tiŋgbani ni, ninsali yini kam diri sima paari kamani "2.7kg (6lb)" yuuni puli ni.[61]
Yuuni 2020, dunia zaa ni daa ko n-kpuɣi sim'shɛli daa yiɣisi la kpalinsi miliyɔŋ pihinu ni anahi, vaabu dibaa anii pahibu yuuni 2019 dini zuɣu.[19] China daa sula vaabu pihita ni anahi dunia zaa dini maa ni, ka India paya ni vaabu pishi yinika . Tiŋgbani shɛŋa ban gba daa kpaŋ bi maŋa n-nyɛNigeria,United States, ni Sudan.[19]
Dini mali afee yɛlibɔra pam la zuɣu, sima tooi sɔŋdi tuhiri dɔriti din yirina bindiri di m-pooi dɔriti ni. "Plumpy Nut", "MANA Nutrition",[64] ni "Medika Mamba"[65] nyɛla din mali alaafee ka tiri yaa ka lahi tibiri dɔriti pam."World Health Organization,UNICEF, Project Peanut Butter, ni Doctors Without Borders" nyɛla ban mali lala binyɛra ŋɔ n-sɔŋdi tiŋgbana din na bɔri sɔŋsim bihi.
Simli bimbili zuɣuzaa maa nyɛla bɛ ni tooi yunsi shɛli leei "silage".[66]
Di vari ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli tiri binkɔbiri ka bɛ ŋubira ka lahi mali pahiri tam. "Groundnut cake" nyɛla bindirigu zaŋ n-ti niɣi.[67] Di nyɛla bindiri shɛŋa din mali anfaani zaŋ n-ti binkɔbiri zaɣ'yini ka tiriba alaafee.[68] Di yi niŋ ka lala bindirigu ŋɔ bi nya zani suŋ di nyɛla binshɛli dɔro booni "aflatoxin" ni tooi kpɛ shɛli ni ka di nyɛ di ni tooi tahi "Aspergilus flavus" mini "Aspergilus parasiticus".[69] Lala bindirigu ŋɔ nyɛla din sɔŋdi binkɔbiri ka bɛ zoora ka nyɛ din mali kpam gba di puuni.[citation needed]
Sim'shɛŋa gba nyɛla bɛ ni tooi zaŋ shɛli leei bindirigu zaŋ n-ti binkɔbiri.[70]
Saha shɛŋa bɛ nyɛla ban nimdi sima ŋɔ ka di leeri zim pɔi ka bɛ mali li n-tiri binkɔbiri di gbaai bahindi binkɔbi shɛba ban puya anahinahi.[71]
Peanut pegs growing into the soil. The tip of the peg, once buried, swells and develops into a peanut fruit.
Sima nyɛla bɛ ni tooi kɔri shɛli tamkpaɣu zim ni din tam nyɛ pH zaŋ n-ti 5.9–7. Sima nyɛla din sɔŋdi tamkpaɣu kulim.[72] Lala zuɣu di nyɛla din kpa talahi bimbira taɣi gili biri ni. Yaha sima yam gba nyɛla din pahiri tam kulim ka boori dɔriti mini mɔri yɛligibu. ŊmahinliTexas, sima din be yuma ata bimbila kɔn taɣi ni kawaana nyɛla din yɛn niŋ viɛnyɛla kamani kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihinu gari sim'shɛŋa din bi kɔri ka taɣiri ni kawaana.[72] Tabibi binyɛri shɛŋa mini tiŋgbani binneen bihi nyɛla din sɔŋ sima viɛnyɛla niŋbu .[72] Sima nyɛla din bori tulim bela di piligu zaŋ hali ni di niŋbu ni din yɛn che ka di tooi niŋ viɛnyɛla. Di nyɛla niri ni tooi kɔ shɛli ni kom din nyɛ350mm (14in) ,[73] amaa di viɛnyɛla zaa nyɛla500mm (20in).[74] Di doli la simli maa ni nya kom shɛm sanzali, lala tiŋgbani maa tam ni din kam pahi, sima ni tooi kɔn kpuɣi biɛɣ'pihiwɔi zaŋ chaŋ biɛɣ'kɔbigi ni pihita niri yi biri li nyaaŋa ka sim'shɛŋa din mabiligu nyɛA. h. hypogaea nyɛ din zaŋdi biɛɣ'kɔbigi ni pishi zaŋ chaŋ biɛɣ'kɔbigi ni pihinu sunsuun .[73][75][76] Di mabiligu din nyɛA. h. hypogaea nyɛ din niŋdi pam ka bɛ tooi kpaŋsiri niriba di kɔbu luɣishɛŋa saa ni miri yuura.
Simli bimbili nyɛla din kuli niŋdi puma saha kam saha shɛli di yi ti piligi walla niŋbu ka lala zuɣu che ka sima ŋɔ shɛŋa bɛ bira hali di kpuɣibu saha yi ti paagi. Niri yi bori ni a kɔ sima nya pam di kpuɣibu saha ŋɔ nyɛ din kpa talahi. Di yi niŋ ka niri kɔ sima ka daŋli kpuɣibu pɔi ni di saha sima maa nyɛla din na bɛn bii, nirimi yi lahi yuugi di kpuɣibu din bili yaha.[77] Niri yi yɛn kɔn kpuɣi sima di bimbili maa zaa mini di gbunni wɔla maa zaa nyɛla bɛ ni yihiri shɛli na tankpaɣu ni.[77] Sim'pɔɣiri nyɛ pɔbi sim'bilim ŋɔ.
Bin'shɛŋa din tooi che ka sima bi niŋdi pam nyɛ sanzali mini tulim pam ti yaɣi .[78]
Sima kɔn kpuɣi nyɛla ʒibuyi.[79] Lɛbiginsim ni be luɣishɛŋa maa bɛ mali la maʒini nima sibiri sima ŋɔ. Maʒini ŋɔ nyɛla din yɛn ŋmaai din gbunni jila maa tariga ka yihi di mini tankpaɣu na. Di nyaaŋa bɛ yɛn che la sima ŋɔ sɔŋ dabaa ata zaŋ chaŋ dabaa anahi sunsuun ka di kuui pɔi ka bɛ naayi pɛli. Luɣishɛŋa lɛbiginsim ni na kani nuhi ka bɛ mali sibiri sima ŋɔ.[77] .
Di yi ti niŋ ka simli bimbila nya sanzali saha shɛli di wɔla ŋɔ niŋda bee ka di bi niŋ naai, di nyɛla din yɛn gbaai dɔri shɛli beni bɛ booni li "mold Aspergilus flavours" ka di ni tooi che ka di bi niŋ viɛnyɛlla. Sim' shɛli sanzali ni zabi pam ni dɔro ni gbaai nyɛla din bi niŋ di paari dini di yɛn niŋ shɛm.[80] United States tuma duu zaŋ n-ti pukparilim nyɛla ban daa niŋ vihigu zaŋ chaŋ dɔro yi gbaai simli yaɣa kamani pinaanu nyɛla di ni yɛn saɣim simli maa zaa. Lala tuma duu ŋɔ nyɛla ban m-bo so shɛŋa bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛm gu ka taɣi lala sima dɔriti ŋɔ.[81]Sim' shɛŋa bɛ ni nya ka dɔro mali nyɛla bɛ ni tooi mali shɛli niŋdi kpam din yɛn che ka bɛ yihi lala dɔro ŋɔ.[82]
Bimbili ŋɔ vari gba nyɛla dɔri shɛli beni ka bɛ booni li "Alternaria arachidis' ni tooi gbaai.[83]
↑Beattie, H. R.(1911).Farmer's Bulletin No. 431. "The peanut is known under the local names of "goober," "goober pea," "pindar," "ground pea," and "groundnut." The names "goober" and "goober pea" are more properly applied to an allied species having no true stem and only one pea in each pod which has been introduced and is frequently found growing wild in the Gulf Coast States."
↑Hymowitz, Theodore . (1990)."Grain Legumes". In Janick, J.; Simon, J.E. (eds.).Advances in new crops. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. pp.54–57.
12(October 1, 1996)"RFLP and Cytogenetic Evidence on the Origin and Evolution of Allotetraploid Domesticated Peanut,Arachis hypogaea (Leguminosae)".American Journal of Botany83(10): 1282–1291.DOI:10.2307/2446112.
↑(January 1, 2013)"A study of the relationships of cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea) and its most closely related wild species using intron sequences and microsatellite markers".Annals of Botany111(1): 113–126.DOI:10.1093/aob/mcs237.ISSN0305-7364.PMID 23131301.
↑Romans, B. (1775).A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida (in English). New York: Printed for the author. p.131.OCLC745317190.
1234Putnam, D.H., et al. (1991)PeanutArchived Silimin gɔli August 10, 2006, at theWayback Machine. University of Wisconsin-Extension Cooperative Extension: Alternative Field Crops Manual.
↑McMurry, Linda O. (1982).George Washington Carver: scientist and symbol. Galaxy books (1. issued as an Oxford Univ. Pr. paperbacked.). New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-503205-5.
↑Smith, Ben W.(January 1, 1950)."Arachis hypogaea. Aerial Flower and Subterranean Fruit".American Journal of Botany37(10): 802–815.DOI:10.2307/2437758.
12(2003)"Factors Associated with the Development of Peanut Allergy in Childhood".New England Journal of Medicine348(11): 977–85.DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa013536.PMID 12637607.
↑(1997)"Randomised, double blind, crossover challenge study of allergenicity of peanut oils in subjects allergic to peanuts".BMJ314(7087): 1084–8.DOI:10.1136/bmj.314.7087.1084.PMID 9133891.
↑Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Edouard N., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2017. Peanut hulls. Feedipedia, a program by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ, and FAO.https://www.feedipedia.org/node/696Archived Silimin gɔli August 24, 2017, at theWayback Machine
↑(August 2001)"[Proportion of aflatoxin B1 contaminated kernels and its concentration in imported peanut samples]".Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi42(4): 237–42.DOI:10.3358/shokueishi.42.237.PMID 11817138.
Beasley, John. "Peanuts."New Georgia Encyclopedia (2019)online; 49% of the American peanut crop is grown in the state of Georgia.
Cumo, Christopher, ed.Foods That Changed History: How Foods Shaped Civilization from the Ancient World to the Present (Facts on File, 2015)online
Hammons, R. O. "The origin and history of the groundnut" inThe groundnut crop: a scientific basis for improvement (Springer Netherlands, 1994) pp. 24-42.
Hughes, Meredith Sayles.Spill the Beans and Pass the Peanuts: Legumes (Lerner, 1999).
Johnson, Sylvia A.Tomatoes, Potatoes, Corn, and Beans: How the Foods of the Americas Changed Eating around the World (Atheneum Books, 1997).online
Krampner, Jon.Creamy and Crunchy: An Informal History of Peanut Butter, the All-American Food (Columbia University Press, 2013).
Singh, B., and U. Singh. "Peanut as a source of protein for human foods."Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 41 (1991): 165-177.online
Skolnick, Helen S., et al. "The natural history of peanut allergy."Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 107.2 (2001): 367-374.online
Smart, J.The Groundnut Crop: A Scientific Basis for Improvement (Chapman and Hall, 1994)
Smith, Andrew F.Peanuts: The illustrious history of the goober pea (University of Illinois Press, 2002).
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Variath, Murali T., and P. Janila. "Economic and academic importance of peanut." inThe peanut genome (2017): 7-26.online
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