Create and manage users

MySQL | PostgreSQL | SQL Server

This page describes how to enable and use Cloud SQL built-in authentication.

For an overview, seeCloud SQL built-in database authentication.

Before creating users

Create a Cloud SQL instance. For more information, seeCreate instances.
Enable password policies for the instance. For more information, seeInstance password policies.
If you plan to use your database's administrative client to manage users,then do the following:
1. Connect the client to your instance.SeeConnection options for external applications.
2. Configure the default user on the instance by setting the password.SeeSet the password for the default user account.

Set the password for the default user account

When you create a new Cloud SQL instance, you must set a password for thedefault user account before you can connect to the instance.

For Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL, the default user ispostgres.

Console

In the Google Cloud console, go to theCloud SQL Instances page.
Go to Cloud SQL Instances
To open theOverview page of an instance, click the instance name.
SelectUsers from the SQL navigation menu.
Find thepostgres user and selectChange password from the more actions menu.
Provide a strong password that you can remember and clickOK.

gcloud

Use thegcloud sql users set-password command as follows to set the password for the default user.

ReplaceINSTANCE_NAME with the name of the instance before running the command.

gcloudsqlusersset-passwordpostgres\--instance=INSTANCE_NAME\--prompt-for-password

REST v1

To update the password for the default user account, use a PUT request with the users:update method.

Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

project-id: Your project ID
instance-id: The desired instance ID
user-id: The ID of the user
password: The password for the user

HTTP method and URL:

PUT https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users?name=user-id

Request JSON body:

{  "name": "user-id",  "password": "password"}

To send your request, expand one of these options:

curl (Linux, macOS, or Cloud Shell)

Note: The following command assumes that you have logged in to thegcloud CLI with your user account by running gcloud init orgcloud auth login , or by usingCloud Shell, which automatically logs you into thegcloud CLI . You can check the currently active account by runninggcloud auth list.

Save the request body in a file namedrequest.json, and execute the following command:

curl -X PUT \
     -H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8" \
     -d @request.json \
     "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users?name=user-id"

PowerShell (Windows)

Note: The following command assumes that you have logged in to thegcloud CLI with your user account by running gcloud init orgcloud auth login . You can check the currently active account by runninggcloud auth list.

Save the request body in a file namedrequest.json, and execute the following command:

$cred = gcloud auth print-access-token
$headers = @{ "Authorization" = "Bearer $cred" }

Invoke-WebRequest `
    -Method PUT `
    -Headers $headers `
    -ContentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8" `
    -InFile request.json `
    -Uri "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users?name=user-id" | Select-Object -Expand Content

You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

{  "kind": "sql#operation",  "targetLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id",  "status": "DONE",  "user": "user@example.com",  "insertTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:41.217Z",  "startTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:41.217Z",  "endTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:44.801Z",  "operationType": "UPDATE_USER",  "name": "operation-id",  "targetId": "instance-id",  "selfLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/operations/operation-id",  "targetProject": "project-id"}

REST v1beta4

To update the password for the default user account, use a PUT request with theusers:update method.

Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

project-id: Your project ID
instance-id: The desired instance ID
user-id: The ID of the user
password: The password for the user

HTTP method and URL:

PUT https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users?name=user-id

Request JSON body:

{  "name": "user-id",  "password": "password"}

To send your request, expand one of these options:

curl (Linux, macOS, or Cloud Shell)

Save the request body in a file namedrequest.json, and execute the following command:

curl -X PUT \
     -H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8" \
     -d @request.json \
     "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users?name=user-id"

PowerShell (Windows)

Save the request body in a file namedrequest.json, and execute the following command:

$cred = gcloud auth print-access-token
$headers = @{ "Authorization" = "Bearer $cred" }

Invoke-WebRequest `
    -Method PUT `
    -Headers $headers `
    -ContentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8" `
    -InFile request.json `
    -Uri "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users?name=user-id" | Select-Object -Expand Content

You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

{  "kind": "sql#operation",  "targetLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id",  "status": "DONE",  "user": "user@example.com",  "insertTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:41.217Z",  "startTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:41.217Z",  "endTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:44.801Z",  "operationType": "UPDATE_USER",  "name": "operation-id",  "targetId": "instance-id",  "selfLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/operations/operation-id",  "targetProject": "project-id"}

Create a user

Aftersetting up the default user account, you can create other users.

Console

In the Google Cloud console, go to theCloud SQL Instances page.
Go to Cloud SQL Instances
To open theOverview page of an instance, click the instance name.
SelectUsers from the SQL navigation menu.
ClickAdd user account.
In theAdd a user account to instanceinstance_name page, you can choose whether the user authenticates with the built-in database method (username and password) or as anIAM user.
SelectBuilt-in authentication (the default) and add the following information:
- AUser name.
- Optional. APassword. Provide a strong password that you can remember.
ClickAdd.

Users created on instances using Cloud SQL's authentication method are granted thecloudsqlsuperuser role automatically and have the following privileges associated with this role:CREATEROLE,CREATEDB, andLOGIN.

If you need to change the attributes for these users, then use theALTER ROLE command in thepsql client. Not all attributes can be modified withALTER ROLE. Exceptions include theNOSUPERUSER andNOREPLICATION roles.

gcloud

To create a user, use thegcloud sql users create command.

Replace the following:

USER_NAME: The user name.
INSTANCE_NAME: The name of the instance.
PASSWORD: The password for the user.

gcloudsqluserscreateUSER_NAME\--instance=INSTANCE_NAME\--password=PASSWORD

User name length limits are the same for Cloud SQL as foron-premises PostgreSQL.

When you create a user, you can adduser password policy parameters.

Terraform

To create a user, use aTerraform resource.

resource "random_password" "pwd" {  length  = 16  special = false}resource "google_sql_user" "user" {  name     = "user"  instance = google_sql_database_instance.instance.name  password = random_password.pwd.result}

Apply the changes

To apply your Terraform configuration in a Google Cloud project, complete the steps in the following sections.

Prepare Cloud Shell

LaunchCloud Shell.
Set the default Google Cloud project where you want to apply your Terraform configurations.
You only need to run this command once per project, and you can run it in any directory.
```
export GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT=PROJECT_ID
```
Environment variables are overridden if you set explicit values in the Terraform configuration file.

Prepare the directory

Each Terraform configuration file must have its own directory (alsocalled aroot module).

InCloud Shell, create a directory and a new file within that directory. The filename must have the.tf extension—for examplemain.tf. In this tutorial, the file is referred to asmain.tf.
```
mkdirDIRECTORY && cdDIRECTORY && touch main.tf
```
If you are following a tutorial, you can copy the sample code in each section or step.
Copy the sample code into the newly createdmain.tf.
Optionally, copy the code from GitHub. This is recommended when the Terraform snippet is part of an end-to-end solution.
Review and modify the sample parameters to apply to your environment.
Save your changes.
Initialize Terraform. You only need to do this once per directory.
```
terraform init
```
Optionally, to use the latest Google provider version, include the-upgrade option:
```
terraform init -upgrade
```

Apply the changes

Review the configuration and verify that the resources that Terraform is going to create or update match your expectations:
```
terraform plan
```
Make corrections to the configuration as necessary.
Apply the Terraform configuration by running the following command and enteringyes at the prompt:
```
terraform apply
```
Wait until Terraform displays the "Apply complete!" message.
Open your Google Cloud project to view the results. In the Google Cloud console, navigate to your resources in the UI to make sure that Terraform has created or updated them.

Note: Terraform samples typically assume that the required APIs are enabled in your Google Cloud project.

Delete the changes

To delete your changes, do the following:

To disable deletion protection, in your Terraform configuration file set thedeletion_protection argument tofalse.
```
deletion_protection =  "false"
```
Apply the updated Terraform configuration by running the following command and enteringyes at the prompt:
```
terraform apply
```

Remove resources previously applied with your Terraform configuration by running the following command and enteringyes at the prompt:
```
terraform destroy
```

REST v1

To create a user, use a POST request with the users:insert method.

Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

project-id: Your project ID
instance-id: The desired instance ID
user-id: The ID of the user
password: The password for the user

HTTP method and URL:

POST https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users

Request JSON body:

{  "name": "user-id",  "password": "password"}

To send your request, expand one of these options:

curl (Linux, macOS, or Cloud Shell)

Save the request body in a file namedrequest.json, and execute the following command:

curl -X POST \
     -H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8" \
     -d @request.json \
     "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users"

PowerShell (Windows)

Save the request body in a file namedrequest.json, and execute the following command:

$cred = gcloud auth print-access-token
$headers = @{ "Authorization" = "Bearer $cred" }

Invoke-WebRequest `
    -Method POST `
    -Headers $headers `
    -ContentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8" `
    -InFile request.json `
    -Uri "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users" | Select-Object -Expand Content

You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

{  "kind": "sql#operation",  "targetLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id",  "status": "DONE",  "user": "user@example.com",  "insertTime": "2020-02-07T22:44:16.656Z",  "startTime": "2020-02-07T22:44:16.686Z",  "endTime": "2020-02-07T22:44:20.437Z",  "operationType": "CREATE_USER",  "name": "operation-id",  "targetId": "instance-id",  "selfLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/operations/operation-id",  "targetProject": "project-id"}

User name length limits are the same for Cloud SQL as foron-premises PostgreSQL.

When you create a user, you can adduser password policy parameters.

REST v1beta4

To create a user, use a POST request with theusers:insert method.

Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

project-id: Your project ID
instance-id: The desired instance ID
user-id: The ID of the user
password: The password for the user

HTTP method and URL:

POST https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users

Request JSON body:

{  "name": "user-id",  "password": "password"}

To send your request, expand one of these options:

curl (Linux, macOS, or Cloud Shell)

Save the request body in a file namedrequest.json, and execute the following command:

curl -X POST \
     -H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8" \
     -d @request.json \
     "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users"

PowerShell (Windows)

Save the request body in a file namedrequest.json, and execute the following command:

$cred = gcloud auth print-access-token
$headers = @{ "Authorization" = "Bearer $cred" }

Invoke-WebRequest `
    -Method POST `
    -Headers $headers `
    -ContentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8" `
    -InFile request.json `
    -Uri "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users" | Select-Object -Expand Content

You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

{  "kind": "sql#operation",  "targetLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id",  "status": "DONE",  "user": "user@example.com",  "insertTime": "2020-02-07T22:44:16.656Z",  "startTime": "2020-02-07T22:44:16.686Z",  "endTime": "2020-02-07T22:44:20.437Z",  "operationType": "CREATE_USER",  "name": "operation-id",  "targetId": "instance-id",  "selfLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/operations/operation-id",  "targetProject": "project-id"}

User name length limits are the same for Cloud SQL as foron-premises PostgreSQL.

When you create a user, you can adduser password policy parameters.

psql Client

At thepsql prompt, create the user:
```
CREATEUSERUSER_NAMEWITHPASSWORDPASSWORDATTRIBUTE1ATTRIBUTE2...;
```
Enter the password when prompted.
For more information about role attributes, see the PostgreSQL documentation.
NOTE: When using EXTENSIONpg_stat_statements, SQL statements from all users are visible to users with thecloudsqlsuperuser ROLE (in PostgreSQL version 10 and higher). Don't use plain text passwords in queries.
You can confirm the user creation by displaying the user table:
```
SELECT*FROMpg_roles;
```

Set a user password policy

You can set a password policy with thebuilt-in authentication type.

Note: Password policies don't apply to encrypted passwords. If you set user password policies, and you want to deactivate the password policy for the instance, then you must first remove all user password policies.

gcloud

To set the user password policy, use thegcloud sql users set-password-policy command.

Replace the following:

USER_NAME: The user name.
INSTANCE_NAME: The name of the instance.
HOST: The user's host name as a specific IP address, address range, or any host (%).
PASSWORD_POLICY_ALLOWED_FAILED_ATTEMPTS: Optional: The number of times that a user can try the password incorrectly before the account is locked. Use--password-policy-enable-failed-attempts-check to enable and--no-password-policy-enable-failed-attempts-check to disable the check.
PASSWORD_POLICY_PASSWORD_EXPIRATION_DURATION: Optional: Specifies the number of days after which the password expires and the user needs to create a new one.

gcloudsqlusersset-password-policyUSER_NAME\--instance=INSTANCE_NAME\--host=HOST\--password-policy-enable-failed-attempts-check\--password-policy-allowed-failed-attempts=PASSWORD_POLICY_ALLOWED_FAILED_ATTEMPTS\--password-policy-password-expiration-duration=PASSWORD_POLICY_PASSWORD_EXPIRATION_DURATION

To remove a user password policy, use the--clear-password-policy parameter.

gcloudsqlusersset-password-policyUSER_NAME\--instance=INSTANCE_NAME\--host=HOST\--clear-password-policy

To view the user password policy, see List users.

REST v1

To set a user password policy, use a PUT request with theusers:update method.

Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

PROJECT_ID: your project ID
INSTANCE_ID: the instance ID
USER_ID: the ID of the user
PASSWORD: the password of the user
FAILED_ATTEMPTS_CHECK: set totrue to enable a check for the number of failed attempts to log in after which the account is locked
NUMBER_OF_ATTEMPTS: the number of failed attempts to log in after which the account is locked
PASSWORD_EXPIRATION_DURATION: the number of days after which the password expires and the user needs to create a new one

HTTP method and URL:

PUT https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?name=USER_ID

Request JSON body:

{  "name": "USER_ID",  "password": "PASSWORD",  "data":  {    "passwordValidationUserPolicy" : {      {        "enableFailedAttemptsCheck" : "FAILED_ATTEMPTS_CHECK",        "allowedFailedAttempts" : "NUMBER_OF_ATTEMPTS",        "passwordExpirationDuration" : "PASSWORD_EXPIRATION_DURATION"      }    },  }}

To send your request, expand one of these options:

curl (Linux, macOS, or Cloud Shell)

Save the request body in a file namedrequest.json, and execute the following command:

curl -X PUT \
     -H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8" \
     -d @request.json \
     "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?name=USER_ID"

PowerShell (Windows)

Save the request body in a file namedrequest.json, and execute the following command:

$cred = gcloud auth print-access-token
$headers = @{ "Authorization" = "Bearer $cred" }

Invoke-WebRequest `
    -Method PUT `
    -Headers $headers `
    -ContentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8" `
    -InFile request.json `
    -Uri "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?name=USER_ID" | Select-Object -Expand Content

You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

Response

{  "kind": "sql#operation",  "targetLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID",  "status": "DONE",  "user": "user@example.com",  "insertTime": "2021-11-02T19:12:08.132Z",  "startTime": "2021-11-02T19:12:08.132Z",  "endTime": "2021-11-02T19:12:09.125Z",  "operationType": "UPDATE_USER",  "name": "OPERATION_ID",  "targetId": "INSTANCE_ID",  "selfLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/operations/OPERATION_ID",  "targetProject": "PROJECT_ID"}

To view the user password policy, see List users.

REST v1beta4

To set a user password policy, use a PUT request with theusers:update method.

Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

PROJECT_ID: your project ID
INSTANCE_ID: the instance ID
USER_ID: the ID of the user
PASSWORD: the password of the user
FAILED_ATTEMPTS_CHECK: set totrue to enable a check for the number of failed attempts to log in after which the account is locked
NUMBER_OF_ATTEMPTS: the number of failed attempts to log in after which the account is locked
PASSWORD_EXPIRATION_DURATION: the number of days after which the password expires and the user needs to create a new one

HTTP method and URL:

PUT https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?name=USER_ID

Request JSON body:

{  "name": "USER_ID",  "password": "PASSWORD",  "data":  {    "passwordValidationUserPolicy" : {      {        "enableFailedAttemptsCheck" : "FAILED_ATTEMPTS_CHECK",        "allowedFailedAttempts" : "NUMBER_OF_ATTEMPTS",        "passwordExpirationDuration" : "PASSWORD_EXPIRATION_DURATION"      }    },  }}

To send your request, expand one of these options:

curl (Linux, macOS, or Cloud Shell)

Save the request body in a file namedrequest.json, and execute the following command:

curl -X PUT \
     -H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8" \
     -d @request.json \
     "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?name=USER_ID"

PowerShell (Windows)

Save the request body in a file namedrequest.json, and execute the following command:

$cred = gcloud auth print-access-token
$headers = @{ "Authorization" = "Bearer $cred" }

Invoke-WebRequest `
    -Method PUT `
    -Headers $headers `
    -ContentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8" `
    -InFile request.json `
    -Uri "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?name=USER_ID" | Select-Object -Expand Content

You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

Response

{  "kind": "sql#operation",  "targetLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID",  "status": "DONE",  "user": "user@example.com",  "insertTime": "2021-11-02T19:12:08.132Z",  "startTime": "2021-11-02T19:12:08.132Z",  "endTime": "2021-11-02T19:12:09.125Z",  "operationType": "UPDATE_USER",  "name": "OPERATION_ID",  "targetId": "INSTANCE_ID",  "selfLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/PROJECT_ID/operations/OPERATION_ID",  "targetProject": "PROJECT_ID"}

To view the user password policy, see List users.

List users

Console

In the Google Cloud console, go to theCloud SQL Instances page.
Go to Cloud SQL Instances
To open theOverview page of an instance, click the instance name.
SelectUsers from the SQL navigation menu.

gcloud

Use thegcloud sql users list command to list the users for this instance:

gcloudsqluserslist\--instance=INSTANCE_NAME

The command returns theName,Host, andauthenticationType for each user.

Additionally, for the built-in authentication type, the password policy settings and status are returned. For example:

    NAME    HOST    TYPE        PASSWORD_POLICY    user1           BUILT_IN    {'allowedFailedAttempts': 2,                                 'enableFailedAttemptsCheck': True,                                 'passwordExpirationDuration': '7d',                                 'status': {                                   'locked': True,                                   'passwordExpirationTime': '2022-07-01T19:53:45.822742904Z'                                 }                                }

REST v1

To list the users defined for an instance, use a GET request with theusers:list method.

Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

project-id: Your project ID
instance-id: The desired instance ID

HTTP method and URL:

GET https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users

To send your request, expand one of these options:

curl (Linux, macOS, or Cloud Shell)

Execute the following command:

curl -X GET \
     -H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
     "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users"

PowerShell (Windows)

Execute the following command:

$cred = gcloud auth print-access-token
$headers = @{ "Authorization" = "Bearer $cred" }

Invoke-WebRequest `
    -Method GET `
    -Headers $headers `
    -Uri "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users" | Select-Object -Expand Content

You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

{  "kind": "sql#usersList",  "items": [    {      "kind": "sql#user",      "etag": "--redacted--",      "name": "sqlserver",      "host": "",      "instance": "instance-id",      "project": "project-id",      "sqlserverUserDetails": {        "serverRoles": [          "CustomerDbRootRole"        ]      }    },    {      "kind": "sql#user",      "etag": "--redacted--",      "name": "user-id-1",      "host": "",      "instance": "instance-id",      "project": "project-id",      "sqlserverUserDetails": {        "serverRoles": [          "CustomerDbRootRole"        ]      }    },    {      "kind": "sql#user",      "etag": "--redacted--",      "name": "user-id-2",      "host": "",      "instance": "instance-id",      "project": "project-id",      "sqlserverUserDetails": {        "serverRoles": [          "CustomerDbRootRole"        ]      }    },    {      ...    },    {      ...    }  ]}

If auser password policy was set, theitems section of the response includes apasswordPolicy section. The following code sample shows thepasswordPolicy section.

  {  ...  "passwordValidationUserPolicy" : {    {      "enableFailedAttemptsCheck" : true,      "allowedFailedAttempts" : 8,      "passwordExpirationDuration" : "7d"    }  },  ...}

Note: The users.list API supports only response payloads thatinclude up to 4 MB of text or roughly 16,000 users.

If your database hasa large number of users that exceeds these limits, then a request to list usersmight result in an error. If this occurs, then to get the list of users, werecommend that you run the request directly from the database.

REST v1beta4

To list the users defined for an instance, use a GET request with theusers:list method.

Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

project-id: Your project ID
instance-id: The desired instance ID

HTTP method and URL:

GET https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users

To send your request, expand one of these options:

curl (Linux, macOS, or Cloud Shell)

Execute the following command:

curl -X GET \
     -H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
     "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users"

PowerShell (Windows)

Execute the following command:

$cred = gcloud auth print-access-token
$headers = @{ "Authorization" = "Bearer $cred" }

Invoke-WebRequest `
    -Method GET `
    -Headers $headers `
    -Uri "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users" | Select-Object -Expand Content

You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

{  "kind": "sql#usersList",  "items": [    {      "kind": "sql#user",      "etag": "--redacted--",      "name": "sqlserver",      "host": "",      "instance": "instance-id",      "project": "project-id",      "sqlserverUserDetails": {        "serverRoles": [          "CustomerDbRootRole"        ]      }    },    {      "kind": "sql#user",      "etag": "--redacted--",      "name": "user-id-1",      "host": "",      "instance": "instance-id",      "project": "project-id",      "sqlserverUserDetails": {        "serverRoles": [          "CustomerDbRootRole"        ]      }    },    {      "kind": "sql#user",      "etag": "--redacted--",      "name": "user-id-2",      "host": "",      "instance": "instance-id",      "project": "project-id",      "sqlserverUserDetails": {        "serverRoles": [          "CustomerDbRootRole"        ]      }    },    {      ...    },    {      ...    }  ]}

If auser password policy was set, theitems section of the response includes apasswordPolicy section. The following code sample shows thepasswordPolicy section.

  {  ...  "passwordValidationUserPolicy" : {    {      "enableFailedAttemptsCheck" : true,      "allowedFailedAttempts" : 8,      "passwordExpirationDuration" : "7d"    }  },  ...}

Note: The users.list API supports only response payloads thatinclude up to 4 MB of text or roughly 16,000 users.

psql Client

At thepsql prompt, list the PostgreSQL users:

SELECT*FROMpg_roles;

Note: You can't use the Google Cloud console orgcloud to display system users.

Change a user password

User passwords can be changed in one of the following ways.

Console

In the Google Cloud console, go to theCloud SQL Instances page.
Go to Cloud SQL Instances
To open theOverview page of an instance, click the instance name.
SelectUsers from the SQL navigation menu.
Click more actions for the user you want to update.
SelectChange password.
Specify a new password.
ClickOK.

gcloud

Use thegcloud sql users set-password command to change a password.

Replace the following:

USER_NAME: The user name.
INSTANCE_NAME: The name of the instance.

gcloudsqlusersset-passwordUSER_NAME\--instance=INSTANCE_NAME\--prompt-for-password

REST v1

To change a user password, use a PUT request with theusers:update method.

The following request updates the password for the user accountuser_name.

Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

project-id: Your project ID
instance-id: The desired instance ID
user-id: The ID of the user
password: The new password for the user

HTTP method and URL:

PUT https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users?name=user-id

Request JSON body:

{  "name": "user-id",  "password": "password"}

To send your request, expand one of these options:

curl (Linux, macOS, or Cloud Shell)

Save the request body in a file namedrequest.json, and execute the following command:

curl -X PUT \
     -H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8" \
     -d @request.json \
     "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users?name=user-id"

PowerShell (Windows)

Save the request body in a file namedrequest.json, and execute the following command:

$cred = gcloud auth print-access-token
$headers = @{ "Authorization" = "Bearer $cred" }

Invoke-WebRequest `
    -Method PUT `
    -Headers $headers `
    -ContentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8" `
    -InFile request.json `
    -Uri "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users?name=user-id" | Select-Object -Expand Content

You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

{  "kind": "sql#operation",  "targetLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id",  "status": "DONE",  "user": "user@example.com",  "insertTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:41.217Z",  "startTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:41.217Z",  "endTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:44.801Z",  "operationType": "UPDATE_USER",  "name": "operation-id",  "targetId": "instance-id",  "selfLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/operations/operation-id",  "targetProject": "project-id"}

REST v1beta4

To change a user password, use a PUT request with theusers:update method.

The following request updates the password for the user accountuser_name.

Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

project-id: Your project ID
instance-id: The desired instance ID
user-id: The ID of the user
password: The new password for the user

HTTP method and URL:

PUT https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users?name=user-id

Request JSON body:

{  "name": "user-id",  "password": "password"}

To send your request, expand one of these options:

curl (Linux, macOS, or Cloud Shell)

Save the request body in a file namedrequest.json, and execute the following command:

curl -X PUT \
     -H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8" \
     -d @request.json \
     "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users?name=user-id"

PowerShell (Windows)

Save the request body in a file namedrequest.json, and execute the following command:

$cred = gcloud auth print-access-token
$headers = @{ "Authorization" = "Bearer $cred" }

Invoke-WebRequest `
    -Method PUT `
    -Headers $headers `
    -ContentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8" `
    -InFile request.json `
    -Uri "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users?name=user-id" | Select-Object -Expand Content

You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

{  "kind": "sql#operation",  "targetLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id",  "status": "DONE",  "user": "user@example.com",  "insertTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:41.217Z",  "startTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:41.217Z",  "endTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:44.801Z",  "operationType": "UPDATE_USER",  "name": "operation-id",  "targetId": "instance-id",  "selfLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/operations/operation-id",  "targetProject": "project-id"}

psql Client

At thepsql prompt, run theALTER USER command.

Unlock the user.
```
ALTERUSERUSER_NAMEWITHLOGIN;
```
Change the password and enter the password when prompted.
```
ALTERUSERUSER_NAMEWITHPASSWORDPASSWORD;
```
NOTE: When using EXTENSIONpg_stat_statements, SQL statements from all users are visible to users with thecloudsqlsuperuser ROLE (in PostgreSQL version 10 and higher). Don't use plain text passwords in queries.

If a user is locked out due to password policy settings,change the passwordto unlock them. Ensure that passwords, when changed, adhere to the password policy.

Remove a user password policy

You can remove a password policy from a user that has thebuilt-in authentication type.

gcloud

To remove the user password policy, use thegcloud sql users set-password-policy command and the--clear-password-policy parameter.

Replace the following:

USER_NAME: the user name
INSTANCE_NAME: the name of the instance
HOST: the user's host name as a specific IP address, address range, or any host (%)

gcloudsqlusersset-password-policyUSER_NAME\--instance=INSTANCE_NAME\--host=HOST\--clear-password-policy

REST v1

To remove a user password policy, use a PUT request with theusers:update method.

Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

PROJECT_ID: your project ID
INSTANCE_ID: the instance ID
USER_ID: the ID of the user
PASSWORD: the password of the user

HTTP method and URL:

PUT https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?name=USER_ID

Request JSON body:

{  "name": "USER_ID",  "password": "PASSWORD",  "data":  {    "passwordValidationUserPolicy" : {}  }}

To send your request, expand one of these options:

curl (Linux, macOS, or Cloud Shell)

Save the request body in a file namedrequest.json, and execute the following command:

curl -X PUT \
     -H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8" \
     -d @request.json \
     "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?name=USER_ID"

PowerShell (Windows)

Save the request body in a file namedrequest.json, and execute the following command:

$cred = gcloud auth print-access-token
$headers = @{ "Authorization" = "Bearer $cred" }

Invoke-WebRequest `
    -Method PUT `
    -Headers $headers `
    -ContentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8" `
    -InFile request.json `
    -Uri "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?name=USER_ID" | Select-Object -Expand Content

You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

Response

{  "kind": "sql#operation",  "targetLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID",  "status": "DONE",  "user": "user@example.com",  "insertTime": "2021-11-02T19:12:08.132Z",  "startTime": "2021-11-02T19:12:08.132Z",  "endTime": "2021-11-02T19:12:09.125Z",  "operationType": "UPDATE_USER",  "name": "OPERATION_ID",  "targetId": "INSTANCE_ID",  "selfLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/operations/OPERATION_ID",  "targetProject": "PROJECT_ID"}

REST v1beta4

To remove a user password policy, use a PUT request with theusers:update method.

Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

PROJECT_ID: your project ID
INSTANCE_ID: the instance ID
USER_ID: the ID of the user
PASSWORD: the password of the user

HTTP method and URL:

PUT https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?name=USER_ID

Request JSON body:

{  "name": "USER_ID",  "password": "PASSWORD",  "data":  {    "passwordValidationUserPolicy" : {}  }}

To send your request, expand one of these options:

curl (Linux, macOS, or Cloud Shell)

Save the request body in a file namedrequest.json, and execute the following command:

curl -X PUT \
     -H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8" \
     -d @request.json \
     "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?name=USER_ID"

PowerShell (Windows)

Save the request body in a file namedrequest.json, and execute the following command:

$cred = gcloud auth print-access-token
$headers = @{ "Authorization" = "Bearer $cred" }

Invoke-WebRequest `
    -Method PUT `
    -Headers $headers `
    -ContentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8" `
    -InFile request.json `
    -Uri "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?name=USER_ID" | Select-Object -Expand Content

You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

Response

{  "kind": "sql#operation",  "targetLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID",  "status": "DONE",  "user": "user@example.com",  "insertTime": "2021-11-02T19:12:08.132Z",  "startTime": "2021-11-02T19:12:08.132Z",  "endTime": "2021-11-02T19:12:09.125Z",  "operationType": "UPDATE_USER",  "name": "OPERATION_ID",  "targetId": "INSTANCE_ID",  "selfLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/PROJECT_ID/operations/OPERATION_ID",  "targetProject": "PROJECT_ID"}

Remove a user

The default user can remove users.

Before removing a user, you must drop all the objects it owns or reassign theirownership, and revoke any privileges the role has been granted on other objects.

Console

In the Google Cloud console, go to theCloud SQL Instances page.
Go to Cloud SQL Instances
To open theOverview page of an instance, click the instance name.
SelectUsers from the SQL navigation menu.
Click more actions for the user you want to remove.
SelectRemove and then selectRemove again.

gcloud

Use thegcloud sql users delete command to remove a user.

Replace the following:

USER_NAME: The user name.
INSTANCE_NAME: The name of the instance.

gcloudsqlusersdeleteUSER_NAME\--instance=INSTANCE_NAME

REST v1

The request below uses theusers:delete method to delete the specified user account.

Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

PROJECT_ID: Your project ID
INSTANCE_ID: The desired instance ID
USERNAME: The email address for the user or service account

HTTP method and URL:

DELETE https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?host=&name=USERNAME

To send your request, expand one of these options:

curl (Linux, macOS, or Cloud Shell)

Execute the following command:

curl -X DELETE \
     -H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
     "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?host=&name=USERNAME"

PowerShell (Windows)

Execute the following command:

$cred = gcloud auth print-access-token
$headers = @{ "Authorization" = "Bearer $cred" }

Invoke-WebRequest `
    -Method DELETE `
    -Headers $headers `
    -Uri "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?host=&name=USERNAME" | Select-Object -Expand Content

You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

{  "kind": "sql#operation",  "targetLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID",  "status": "DONE",  "user": "user@example.com",  "insertTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:41.217Z",  "startTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:41.217Z",  "endTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:44.801Z",  "operationType": "DELETE_USER",  "name": "OPERATION_ID",  "targetId": "INSTANCE_ID",  "selfLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/operations/OPERATION_ID",  "targetProject": "PROJECT_ID"}

REST v1beta4

The request below uses theusers:delete method to delete the specified user account.

Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

PROJECT_ID: Your project ID
INSTANCE_ID: The desired instance ID
USERNAME: The email address for the user or service account

HTTP method and URL:

DELETE https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?host=&name=USERNAME

To send your request, expand one of these options:

curl (Linux, macOS, or Cloud Shell)

Execute the following command:

curl -X DELETE \
     -H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
     "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?host=&name=USERNAME"

PowerShell (Windows)

Execute the following command:

$cred = gcloud auth print-access-token
$headers = @{ "Authorization" = "Bearer $cred" }

Invoke-WebRequest `
    -Method DELETE `
    -Headers $headers `
    -Uri "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?host=&name=USERNAME" | Select-Object -Expand Content

You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

{  "kind": "sql#operation",  "targetLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID",  "status": "DONE",  "user": "user@example.com",  "insertTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:41.217Z",  "startTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:41.217Z",  "endTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:44.801Z",  "operationType": "DELETE_USER",  "name": "OPERATION_ID",  "targetId": "INSTANCE_ID",  "selfLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/PROJECT_ID/operations/OPERATION_ID",  "targetProject": "PROJECT_ID"}

psql Client

At thepsql prompt, delete the user:
```
DROPROLEUSER_NAME;
```
For more information about theDROP ROLE statement, seethe PostgreSQL documentation.

Update user properties

To update user properties such as attributes, you must use thepsql client.For more information, seeDatabase Roles in thePostgreSQL documentation.NOTE: When using EXTENSION pg_stat_statements, SQL statements from all users are visible to users with thecloudsqlsuperuser ROLE (in PostgreSQL version 10 and higher). Don't use plain text passwords in queries.

What's next

Learn more abouthow Cloud SQL works with users.
Read thePostgreSQL documentation about role creation.
Learn aboutconnecting to instances.

Except as otherwise noted, the content of this page is licensed under theCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 License, and code samples are licensed under theApache 2.0 License. For details, see theGoogle Developers Site Policies. Java is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Last updated 2025-07-16 UTC.

Movatterモバイル変換

Create and manage users Stay organized with collections Save and categorize content based on your preferences.

Before creating users

Set the password for the default user account

Console

gcloud

REST v1

curl (Linux, macOS, or Cloud Shell)

PowerShell (Windows)

REST v1beta4

curl (Linux, macOS, or Cloud Shell)

PowerShell (Windows)

Create a user

Console

gcloud

Terraform

Apply the changes

Prepare Cloud Shell

Prepare the directory

Apply the changes

Delete the changes

REST v1

curl (Linux, macOS, or Cloud Shell)

PowerShell (Windows)

REST v1beta4

curl (Linux, macOS, or Cloud Shell)

PowerShell (Windows)

psql Client

Set a user password policy

gcloud

REST v1

curl (Linux, macOS, or Cloud Shell)

PowerShell (Windows)

Response

REST v1beta4

curl (Linux, macOS, or Cloud Shell)

PowerShell (Windows)

Response

List users

Console

gcloud

REST v1

curl (Linux, macOS, or Cloud Shell)

PowerShell (Windows)

REST v1beta4

curl (Linux, macOS, or Cloud Shell)

PowerShell (Windows)

psql Client

Change a user password

Console

gcloud

REST v1

curl (Linux, macOS, or Cloud Shell)

PowerShell (Windows)

REST v1beta4

curl (Linux, macOS, or Cloud Shell)

PowerShell (Windows)

psql Client

Remove a user password policy

gcloud

REST v1

curl (Linux, macOS, or Cloud Shell)

PowerShell (Windows)

Response

REST v1beta4

curl (Linux, macOS, or Cloud Shell)

PowerShell (Windows)

Response

Remove a user

Console

gcloud

REST v1

curl (Linux, macOS, or Cloud Shell)

PowerShell (Windows)

REST v1beta4

curl (Linux, macOS, or Cloud Shell)

PowerShell (Windows)

psql Client

Update user properties

What's next

Create and manage users