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Biyetnam (Binyetnamita:Việt Nam[vîətnāːm]ⓘ), opisyal nga angSosyalistang Republika sa Biyetnam (SRB), maoy usa ka nasod sa sidlakang ngilit sa mainland Southeast Asia, uban sa usa ka dapit sa 331,700 km2 ug populasyon nga kapin sa 100milyon, naghimo niini sa kalibutan ikanapulo ug lima nga labing populasyon nga nasud. Ang Biyetnam nakigbahin sa mga utlanan sa yuta saChina sa amihanan, ugLaos ugCambodia sa kasadpan. Nag-ambit kini sa mga utlanan sa dagat uban saThailand pinaagi saGulpo sa Thailand, ug saPhilippines,Indonesia, ugMalaysia agi saSouth China Sea. Ang kapital niini mao angHanoi ug ang kinadak-ang siyudad niini mao angHo Chi Minh City (kasagarang gitawag sa kanhing ngalan niini, Saigon).
Ang Biyetnam gipuy-an sa Paleolithic nga edad, nga adunay mga estado nga gitukod sa unang milenyo BC sa Delta sa Pulang Suba sa modernong-adlaw amihanan nga Biyetnam. Ang Han dinastiya misakop sa Amihanan ug Sentral Biyetnam ubos sa pagmando sa China gikan sa 111 BC, hangtod nga mitumaw ang unang dinastiya niadtong 939. Ang sunud-sunod nga mga dinastiya sa monarkiya misuhop sa mga impluwensya sa China pinaagi sa Confucianismo ug Budhismo sa Biyetnam, ug mipalapad sa habagatan ngadto saMekong Delta, nagsakop sa Champa. Sa kadaghanan sa ika-17 ug ika-18 nga siglo, ang Biyetnam epektibong nabahin sa duha ka dominyo sa Đàng Trong ug Đàng Ngoài. Ang Nguyễn — ang kataposang imperyal nga dinastiya — misurender saPransiya niadtong 1883. Niadtong 1887, ang teritoryo niini gisagol sa Pranses nga Indochina ingong tulo ka managlahing rehiyon. Sa diha-diha nga pagkahuman saIkaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon, ang nasyonalistang koalisyonViet Minh, nga gipangulohan sa komunistang rebolusyonaryoHo Chi Minh, naglunsad sa Rebolusyong Agosto ug gideklarar Independence sa Biyenam niadtong 1945.
Ang Biyetnam miagi sa dugay nga pakiggubat sa ika-20 nga siglo. PagkahumanIkaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon, France mibalik aron bawion ang kolonyal nga gahum sa Unang Indochina Gubat, diin ang Biyetnam migawas nga madaogon niadtong 1954. Isip resulta sa mga tratado nga gipirmahan tali sa Viet Minh ug France, ang Biyetnam nabahin usab sa duha ka bahin. Ang Gubat sa Biyetnam nagsugod wala madugay pagkahuman, tali sa komunista Amihanan Biyetnam, gisuportahan saSoviet Union andChina, ug ang anti-komunista Habagatan Biyetnam, gisuportahan saUnited States. Sa kadaugan sa North Biyetnam niadtong 1975, ang Biyetnam nahiusa pag-usab isip unitary sosyalistang estado ubos sa Partido Komunista sa Biyetnam (CPV) niadtong 1976. Usa ka dili epektibo nga giplano nga ekonomiya, usa ka embargo sa pamatigayon sa Kasadpan, ug mga gubat saCambodia ugChina labi nga nakapiang sa nasud. Niadtong 1986, gisugdan sa CPV ang mga reporma sa ekonomiya ug politika nga susama sa reporma sa ekonomiya sa China, nga nagbag-o sa nasud ngadto sa usa ka ekonomiya sa merkado nga gipunting sa sosyalista. Ang mga reporma nagpadali sa Biyetnamita reintegration ngadto sa global nga ekonomiya ug politika.
Ang Biyetnam usa ka nag-uswag nga nasud nga adunay ubos-tunga-tunga nga kita nga ekonomiya. Kini adunay taas nga lebel sa korapsyon, censorship, mga isyu sa kinaiyahan ug dili maayo nga rekord sa tawhanong katungod; ang nasud nahimutang sa taliwala sa labing ubos sa internasyonal nga mga sukod sa sibil nga kagawasan, kagawasan sa prensa, ug kagawasan sa relihiyon ug etnikong minorya. Kabahin kini sa internasyonal ug intergovernmental nga mga institusyon lakip na angASEAN, angAPEC, ang CPTPP, ang NAM, ang OIF, ug ang WTO. Kaduha na kini nakalingkod sa UNSC.
Ang ngalanViệt Nam (Vietnamese pronunciation:[viə̀tnaːm], chữ Hán:越南), literal nga "Viet Habagatan", nagpasabut nga "Viet sa Habagatan" kada han-ay sa pulong sa Vietnam o "Habagatan sa Viet" kada Klasiko nga Intsik han-ay sa pulong. Usa ka kalainan sa ngalan, Nanyue (o Nam Việt,南越), unang nadokumento sa ika-2 nga siglo BC.[9] Ang termino "Việt" (Yue) (Chinese:越;pinyin:Yuè;Cantonese Yale:Yuht;Wade–Giles:Yüeh4;Vietnamese:Việt) sa Sayo sa Middle Chinese una nga gisulat gamit ang logograph nga "戉" para sa wasay (usa ka homophone), sa bukog sa orakulo ug bronse nga mga inskripsiyon sa ulahing bahin sa Shang dinastiya (c.1200 BC), ug sa ulahi ingon "越".[10] Nianang panahona kini nagtumong sa usa ka katawhan o pangulo sa amihanan-kasadpan sa Shang.[11] Sa sayong bahin sa ika-8 nga siglo BC, usa ka tribo sa tunga-tungaYangtze gitawag ang Yangyue, usa ka termino nga gigamit sa ulahi alang sa mga tawo sa habagatan.[11] Tali sa ika-7 ug ika-4 nga siglo BC Gihisgotan ni Yue/Việt ang Estado sa Yue sa ubos nga basin sa Yangtze ug ang mga tawo niini.[10][11] Gikan sa ika-3 nga siglo BC ang termino gigamit alang sa dili-Intsik nga mga populasyon sa habagatang Tsina ug amihanang Vietnam, nga adunay partikular nga mga grupong etniko nga gitawagMinyue, Ouyue, Luoyue (Binyetnamita: Lạc Việt), ug uban pa..., kolektibo nga gitawag nga Baiyue (Bách Việt,Chinese:百越;pinyin:Bǎiyuè;Cantonese Yale:Baak Yuet;Vietnamese:Bách Việt;"Hundred Yue/Viet").[10][11][12] Ang termino nga Baiyue/Bách Việt unang migawas sa libro ngaLüshi Chunqiu nga gihugpong mga 239 BC.[13] Sa ika-17 ug ika-18 nga siglo AD, ang edukadong Vietnamese dayag nga nagtawag sa ilang kaugalingon nganguoi Viet (mga tawo sa Biyetnam) onguoi nam (mga tawo sa habagatan).[14]
Ang pormaViệt Nam (越南) unang natala sa ika-16 nga siglo nga orakular nga balak ngaSấm Trạng Trình. Ang ngalan nakit-an usab sa 12 ka estelo nga gikulit sa ika-16 ug ika-17 nga siglo, lakip ang usa sa Bao Lam Pagoda saHải Phòng nga petsa sa 1558.[15] In 1802, Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (who later became Emperor Gia Long) established the Nguyễn dynasty. In the second year of his rule, he asked the Jiaqing Emperor of the Qing dynasty to confer on him the title 'King of Nam Việt / Nanyue' (南越 in Chinese character) after seizing power in Annam. The Emperor refused because the name was related to Zhao Tuo's Nanyue, which included the regions ofGuangxi and Guangdong in southern China. The Qing Emperor, therefore, decided to call the area "Việt Nam" instead,[lower-alpha 1][17] meaning "South of the Viet" per Classical Chinese word order but the Vietnamese understood it as "Viet of the South" per Vietnamese word order. Between 1804 and 1813, the name Vietnam was used officially by Emperor Gia Long.[lower-alpha 1] It was revived in the early 20th century in Phan Bội Châu'sHistory of the Loss of Vietnam, and later by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDĐ).[18] The country was usually called Annam until 1945, when the imperial government inHuế adoptedViệt Nam.[19]
Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of humans in what is now Vietnam as early as thePaleolithic age. Stone artefacts excavated inGia Lai province have been claimed to date to 0.78 Ma,[20] based on associated find oftektites, however this claim has been challenged because tektites are often found in archaeological sites of various ages in Vietnam.[21]Homo erectus fossils dating to around 500,000 BC have been found in caves inLạng Sơn andNghệ An provinces in northern Vietnam.[22] The oldestHomo sapiens fossils from mainland Southeast Asia are ofMiddle Pleistocene provenance, and include isolated tooth fragments from Tham Om and Hang Hum.[23][24][25] Teeth attributed toHomo sapiens from theLate Pleistocene have been found at Dong Can,[26] and from the EarlyHolocene at Mai Da Dieu,[27][28] Lang Gao[29][30] and Lang Cuom.[31] Areas comprising what is now Vietnam participated in theMaritime Jade Road, as ascertained by archeological research.[32][33][34][35]
In AD 938, the Vietnamese lordNgô Quyền defeated the forces of the ChineseSouthern Han state atBạch Đằng River and achieved full independence for Vietnam in 939 after a millennium of Chinese domination.[54][55][56] By the 960s, the dynasticĐại Việt (Great Viet) kingdom was established, Vietnamese society enjoyed a golden era under the Lý andTrần dynasties. During the rule of the Trần Dynasty, Đại Việt repelled threeMongol invasions.[57][58] Meanwhile, theMahāyāna branch ofBuddhism flourished and became the state religion.[56][59] Following the 1406–7Ming–Hồ War, which overthrew theHồ dynasty, Vietnamese independence wasinterrupted briefly by the ChineseMing dynasty, but was restored byLê Lợi, the founder of theLê dynasty.[60] The Vietnamese polity reached their zenith in the Lê dynasty of the 15th century, especially during the reign of emperorLê Thánh Tông (1460–1497).[61][62] Between the 11th and 18th centuries, the Vietnamese polity expanded southward in a gradual process known asNam tiến ("Southward expansion"),[63] eventually conquering the kingdom ofChampa and part of theKhmer Kingdom.[64][65][66]
From the 16th century onward, civil strife and frequent political infighting engulfed much of Dai Viet. First, the Chinese-supportedMạc dynasty challenged the Lê dynasty's power.[67] After the Mạc dynasty was defeated, the Lê dynasty was nominally reinstalled. Actual power, however, was divided between the northernTrịnh lords and the southernNguyễn lords, who engaged in acivil war for more than four decades before a truce was called in the 1670s.[68] Vietnam was divided into North (Trịnh) and South (Nguyễn) from 1600 to 1777. During this period, the Nguyễn expanded southern Vietnam into theMekong Delta, annexing theCentral Highlands and the Khmer lands in the Mekong Delta.[64][66][69] The division of the country ended a century later when theTây Sơn brothers helped Trịnh to end Nguyễn, they also established new dynasty and ended Trịnh. However, their rule did not last long, and they were defeated by the remnants of the Nguyễn lords, led byNguyễn Ánh. Nguyễn Ánh unified Vietnam, and established theNguyễn dynasty, ruling under the nameGia Long.[69]
In the 1500s, thePortuguese explored the Vietnamese coast and reportedly erected astele on theChàm Islands to mark their presence.[70] By 1533, they began landing in the Vietnamese delta but were forced to leave because of local turmoil and fighting. They also had less interest in the territory than they did in China and Japan.[70] After they had settled inMacau andNagasaki to begin the profitable Macau–Japan trade route, the Portuguese began to involve themselves in trade withHội An.[70] Portuguese traders andJesuit missionaries under thePadroado system were active in both Vietnamese realms ofĐàng Trong (Cochinchina or Quinan) andĐàng Ngoài (Tonkin) in the 17th century.[71] TheDutch also tried to establish contact with Quinan in 1601 but failed to sustain a presence there after several violent encounters with the locals. TheDutch East India Company (VOC) only managed to establish official relations with Tonkin in the spring of 1637 after leavingDejima in Japan to establish trade forsilk.[72] Meanwhile, in 1613, the firstEnglish attempt to establish contact with Hội An failed following a violent incident involving theHonourable East India Company. By 1672 the English did establish relations with Tonkin and were allowed to reside inPhố Hiến.[73]
Between 1615 and 1753,French traders also engaged in trade in Vietnam.[74][75] The first French missionaries arrived in 1658, under the PortuguesePadroado. From its foundation, theParis Foreign Missions Society underPropaganda Fide actively sent missionaries to Vietnam, entering Cochinchina first in 1664 and Tonkin first in 1666.[76] SpanishDominicans joined the Tonkin mission in 1676, andFranciscans were in Cochinchina from 1719 to 1834. The Vietnamese authorities began[when?] to feel threatened by continuousChristianisation activities.[77] After several Catholic missionaries were detained, theFrench Navy intervened in 1843 to free them, as the kingdom was perceived asxenophobic.[78] In a series of conquests from 1859 to 1885,France eroded Vietnam's sovereignty.[79] At thesiege of Tourane in 1858, France was aided bySpain (with Filipino,Latin American, and Spanish troops from thePhilippines)[80] and perhaps some Tonkinese Catholics.[81] After the1862 Treaty, and especially after France completely conqueredLower Cochinchina in 1867, theVăn Thân movement of scholar-gentry class arose and committed violence againstCatholics across central and northern Vietnam.[82]
Between 1862 and 1867, the southern third of the country became theFrench colony of Cochinchina.[83] By 1884, the entire country was under French rule, with the central and northern parts of Vietnam separated into the two protectorates ofAnnam andTonkin. The three entities were formally integrated into the union ofFrench Indochina in 1887.[84][85] The French administration imposed significant political and cultural changes on Vietnamese society.[86] A Western-style system of modern education introduced newhumanist values.[87] Most French settlers in Indochina were concentrated in Cochinchina, particularly inSaigon, and inHanoi, the colony's capital.[88]
During the colonial period, guerrillas of the royalistCần Vương movement rebelled against French rule and massacred around a third ofVietnam's Christian population.[89][90] After a decade of resistance, they were defeated in the 1890s by the Catholics in reprisal for their earlier massacres.[91][92] Another large-scale rebellion, theThái Nguyên uprising, was also suppressed heavily.[93] The French developed aplantation economy to promote export oftobacco,indigo,tea andcoffee.[94] However, they largely ignored the increasing demands for civil rights andself-government. An increasing dissatisfaction, even led to half-hearted, badly co-ordinated, and still worsely executed plots to oust the French, like the infamousHanoi Poison Plot of 1908.
In 1941, theViệt Minh, a nationalist liberation movement based on acommunist ideology, emerged under the Vietnamese revolutionary leaderHồ Chí Minh. The Việt Minh sought independence for Vietnam from France and the end of theJapanese occupation.[103][104] After the military defeat of Japan inWorld War II and the fall of its puppet governmentEmpire of Vietnam in August 1945, Saigon's administrative services collapsed and chaos, riots, and murder were widespread.[105] The Việt Minh occupiedHanoi and proclaimed a provisional government, which asserted national independence on 2 September.[104]
The colonial administration was thereby ended and French Indochina was dissolved under the Geneva Accords of 21 July 1954 into three countries—Vietnam, and the kingdoms ofCambodia andLaos. Vietnam was further divided into North and South administrative regions at theDemilitarised Zone, roughly along the17th parallel north (pending elections scheduled for July 1956[lower-alpha 2]). A 300-day period of free movement was permitted, during which almost a million northerners, mainly Catholics, moved south, fearing persecution by the communists. This migration was in large part aided by the United States military throughOperation Passage to Freedom.[115][116] Thepartition of Vietnam by the Geneva Accords was not intended to be permanent, and stipulated that Vietnam would be reunited after the elections.[117] But in 1955, the southern State of Vietnam's prime minister,Ngô Đình Diệm, toppledBảo Đại in a fraudulentreferendum organised by his brotherNgô Đình Nhu, and proclaimed himself president of theRepublic of Vietnam.[117] This effectively replaced the internationally recognisedState of Vietnam by theRepublic of Vietnam in the south—supported by the United States, France,Laos,Republic of China and Thailand—and Hồ'sDemocratic Republic of Vietnam in the north, supported by theSoviet Union, Sweden,[118]Khmer Rouge, and thePeople's Republic of China.[117]
From 1953 to 1956, theNorth Vietnamese government institutedagrarian reforms including "rent reduction" and "land reform", which resulted in significantpolitical repression.[119] This included 13,500 to as many as 100,000 executions.[120][121] In the South, Diệm countered North Vietnamese subversion (including the assassination of over 450 South Vietnamese officials in 1956) by detaining tens of thousands of suspected communists in "political reeducation centres".[122][123] This program incarcerated many non-communists, but was successful at curtailingcommunist activity in the country, if only for a time.[124] The North Vietnamese government claimed that 2,148 people were killed in the process by November 1957.[125] The pro-HanoiViệt Cộng began a guerrilla campaign inSouth Vietnam in the late 1950s to overthrow Diệm's government.[126] From 1960, theSoviet Union and North Vietnam signed treaties providing for further Soviet military support.[127][128][129]
In 1963, Buddhist discontent with Diệm's Catholic regime erupted intomass demonstrations, leading to a violent government crackdown.[130] This led to thecollapse of Diệm's relationship with the United States, and ultimately to a1963 coup in whichhe and Nhu were assassinated.[131] The Diệm era was followed by more than a dozen successive military governments, before the pairing of Air MarshalNguyễn Cao Kỳ and GeneralNguyễn Văn Thiệu took control in mid-1965.[132] Thiệu gradually outmaneuvered Kỳ and cemented his grip on power in fraudulent elections in 1967 and 1971.[133] During this political instability, the communists began to gain ground. To support South Vietnam's struggle against the communist insurgency, the United States used the 1964Gulf of Tonkin incident as a pretext for increasing its contribution of military advisers.[134] US forces became involved in ground combat operations by 1965, and at their peak several years later, numbered more than 500,000.[135][136] The US also engaged insustained aerial bombing. Meanwhile,China and the Soviet Union provided North Vietnam with significant material aid and 15,000 combat advisers.[127][128][137] Communist forces supplying the Việt Cộng carried supplies along theHồ Chí Minh trail, which passed throughLaos.[138]
On 2 July 1976, North and South Vietnam were merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.[146] The war devastated Vietnam and killed 966,000 to 3.8million people.[147][148][149] A 1974 US Senate subcommittee estimated nearly 1.4millionVietnamese civilians were killed or wounded between 1965 and 1974—including 415,000 killed.[150][151] In its aftermath, underLê Duẩn's administration, there were no mass executions of South Vietnamese who had collaborated with the US or the defunct South Vietnamese government, confounding Western fears,[152] but up to 300,000 South Vietnamese were sent toreeducation camps, where many endured torture, starvation, and disease while being forced to perform hard labour.[153] The government embarked on a mass campaign ofcollectivisation of farms and factories.[154] Many fled the country following the conclusion of the war.[155] In 1978, in response to theKhmer Rouge government of Cambodia ordering massacres of Vietnamese residents in the border villages in the districts ofAn Giang andKiên Giang,[156] the Vietnamese militaryinvaded Cambodia and removed them from power after occupyingPhnom Penh.[157] The intervention was a success, resulting in the establishment of a new, pro-Vietnam socialist government, thePeople's Republic of Kampuchea, which ruled until 1989.[158] However, this worsened relations with China, which had supported the Khmer Rouge. China later launched abrief incursion into northern Vietnam in 1979, causing Vietnam to rely even more heavily on Soviet economic and military aid, while mistrust of theChinese government escalated.[159]
At theSixth National Congress of theCommunist Party of Vietnam (CPV) in December 1986, reformist politicians replaced the "old guard" government with new leadership.[160][161] The reformers were led by 71-year-oldNguyễn Văn Linh, who became the party's new general secretary.[160] He and the reformers implemented a series offree-market reforms known asĐổi Mới ("Renovation") that carefully managed the transition from aplanned economy to a "socialist-oriented market economy".[162][163] Although the authority of the state remained unchallenged underĐổi Mới, the government encouragedprivate ownership of farms and factories, economic deregulation, and foreign investment, while maintaining control over strategic industries.[163][164] Subsequently, Vietnam's economy achieved strong growth in agricultural and industrial production, construction, exports, and foreign investment, although these reforms also resulted in a rise in income inequality and gender disparities.[165][166][167]
In 2021, General Secretary of the Communist Party,Nguyen Phu Trong, was re-elected for his third term in office, meaning he is Vietnam's most powerful leader in decades.[168]
Vietnam is located on the easternIndochinese Peninsula between the latitudes8° and24°N, and the longitudes102° and110°E. It covers a total area of approximately331,212km2 (127,882sqmi).[lower-alpha 3] The combined length of the country's land boundaries is4,639km (2,883mi), and its coastline is3,444km (2,140mi) long.[169] At its narrowest point in the centralQuảng Bình Province, the country is as little as50 kilometres (31mi) across, though it widens to around600 kilometres (370mi) in the north.[170] Vietnam's land is mostly hilly and densely forested, with level land covering no more than 20%. Mountains account for 40% of the country's land area,[171] and tropical forests cover around 42%.[172] The Red River Delta in the north, a flat, roughly triangular region covering15,000km2 (5,792sqmi),[173] is smaller but more intensely developed and more densely populated than theMekong River Delta in the south. Once an inlet of theGulf of Tonkin, it has been filled in over the millennia by riverinealluvial deposits.[174][175] The delta, covering about40,000km2 (15,444sqmi), is a low-level plain no more than3 metres (9.8ft)above sea level at any point. It is criss-crossed by a maze of rivers and canals, which carry so much sediment that the delta advances60 to 80 metres (196.9 to 262.5ft) into the sea every year.[176][177] Theexclusive economic zone of Vietnam covers417,663km2 (161,261sqmi) in theSouth China Sea.[178]
Hoàng Liên Sơnmountain range, the range that includesFansipan which is the highest summit on the Indochinese Peninsula
Southern Vietnam is divided into coastal lowlands, the mountains of theAnnamite Range, and extensive forests. Comprising five relatively flat plateaus ofbasalt soil, the highlands account for 16% of the country'sarable land and 22% of its total forested land.[179] The soil in much of the southern part of Vietnam is relatively low in nutrients as a result of intense cultivation.[180] Several minorearthquakes have been recorded.[181][182] The northern part of the country consists mostly of highlands and the Red River Delta.Fansipan (also known as Phan Xi Păng), which is located inLào Cai Province, is the highest mountain in Vietnam, standing3,143m (10,312ft) high.[183] From north to south Vietnam, the country also hasnumerous islands;Phú Quốc is the largest.[184] TheHang Sơn Đoòng Cave is considered the largest known cave passage in the world since its discovery in 2009. TheBa Bể Lake andMekong River are the largest lake and longest river in the country.[185][186][187]
Thegeneral secretary of the CPV performs numerous key administrative functions, controlling the party's national organisation.[188] Theprime minister is thehead of government, presiding over a council of ministers composed of five deputy prime ministers and the heads of 26 ministries and commissions. Only political organisations affiliated with or endorsed by the CPV are permitted to contest elections in Vietnam. These include theVietnamese Fatherland Front and worker andtrade unionist parties.[188]
In 2023, a three-person collective leadership was responsible for governing Vietnam. PresidentVo Van Thuong (since 2023),[194] Prime MinisterPham Minh Chinh (since 2021)[195] and the most powerful leaderNguyen Phu Trong (since 2011) as the Communist Party of Vietnam’s General Secretary.[196]
US Secretary of StateRex Tillerson accompanies US PresidentDonald Trump to a commercial deal signing ceremony with Vietnamese President on 12 November 2017.
Throughout its history, Vietnam's main foreign relationship has been with various Chinese dynasties.[197] Following the partition of Vietnam in 1954, North Vietnam maintained relations with theEastern Bloc, South Vietnam maintained relations with theWestern Bloc.[197] Despite these differences, Vietnam's sovereign principles and insistence on cultural independence have been laid down in numerous documents over the centuries before its independence. These include the 11th-century patriotic poem "Nam quốc sơn hà" and the 1428 proclamation of independence "Bình Ngô đại cáo". Though China and Vietnam are now formally at peace,[197]significant territorial tensions remain between the two countries over the South China Sea.[198] Vietnam holds membership in 63 international organisations, including theUnited Nations (UN),Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN),Non-Aligned Movement (NAM),International Organisation of the Francophonie (La Francophonie), andWorld Trade Organization (WTO). It also maintains relations with over 650 non-governmental organisations.[199] As of 2010 Vietnam had established diplomatic relations with 178 countries.[200]
Vietnam's current foreign policy is to consistently implement a policy of independence, self-reliance, peace, co-operation, and development, as well openness, diversification,multilateralisation with international relations.[201][202] The country declares itself a friend and partner of all countries in the international community, regardless of their political affiliation, by actively taking part in international and regional cooperative development projects.[163][201] Since the 1990s, Vietnam has taken several key steps to restore diplomatic ties with capitalistWestern countries. It already had relations with communist Western countries in the decades prior.[203] Relations with the United Statesbegan improving in August 1995 with both states upgrading theirliaison offices to embassy status.[204] As diplomatic ties between the two governments grew, the United States opened aconsulate general in Ho Chi Minh City while Vietnam openedits consulate inSan Francisco. Full diplomatic relations were also restored withNew Zealand, which opened its embassy in Hanoi in 1995;[205] Vietnam established an embassy inWellington in 2003.[206] President of the United States,Bill Clinton, made a historic visit to Vietnam in November 2000. He was the first U.S. leader ever to officially visit Hanoi and the first to visit Vietnam since U.S. troops withdrew from the country in 1975.[207]Pakistan also reopened its embassy in Hanoi in October 2000, with Vietnam reopening its embassy inIslamabad in December 2005 and trade office inKarachi in November 2005.[208][209] In May 2016, US PresidentBarack Obama further normalised relations with Vietnam after he announced the lifting of an armsembargo on sales of lethal arms to Vietnam.[210] Despite their historical past, today Vietnam is considered to be a potential ally of the United States, especially in the geopolitical context of theterritorial disputes in the South China Sea and in containment ofChinese expansionism.[211][212][213]
Vietnam is divided into 58provinces (Vietnamese:Tỉnh,chữ Hán:省).[229] There are also fivemunicipalities (thành phố trực thuộc trung ương), which are administratively on the same level as provinces.
Ang kultura sa Biyetnam giisip nga bahin sa sinosphere. Ang kultura sa Biyetnam milambo sulod sa mga siglo gikan sa lumadnong karaan Đông Sơn kultura nga adunay basa nga humay isip base sa ekonomiya niini.[36][39] Ang pipila ka mga elemento sa kultura sa nasud adunay mga Intsik nga gigikanan, nga nagkuha sa mga elemento sa Confucianism, Mahāyāna Buddhism, ug Taoism sa tradisyonal nga sistema sa politika ug pilosopiya niini.[230][231] Ang katilingbang Binyetnamita kay gambalay sa palibotlàng (mga balangay sa katigulangan);[232] tanan Biyetnamita marka a komon nga anibersaryo sa katigulangan sa ikanapulo nga adlaw sa ikatulo lunar nga bulan.[233][234] Ang impluwensya sa kulturang Intsik sama sa mga kultura sa Cantonese, Hakka, Hokkien, ugHainanese mas makita sa amihanan diin ang Budhismo kusganong nalambigit sa popular nga kultura.[235] Bisan pa niini, adunayChinatowns sa habagatan, sama saChợ Lớn, diin daghang mga Insek ang nakigminyo sa Kinh ug dili mailhan taliwala nila.[236] Sa sentral ug habagatang bahin sa Biyetnam, mga bakas sa Champa ug Khmer kultura napamatud-an pinaagi sa mga salin sa mga kagun-oban, mga artifact ingon man sa sulod sa ilang populasyon ingon nga manununod sa karaan Sa Huỳnh kultura.[237][238] Sa bag-ohay nga mga siglo, ang mga kultura sa Kasadpan nahimong popular sa mga bag-ong henerasyon sa Binyetnamita.[231]
Biyetnamita tradisyonal nga puti nga uniporme sa eskwelahan alang sa mga babaye sa nasud, angáo dài uban sa pagdugang sanón lá, usa ka conical nga kalo.
Ang tradisyonal nga pokus sa kultura sa Biyetnam gibase sa katawhan(nhân nghĩa) ug panag-uyon (hòa) diin ang mga mithi sa pamilya ug komunidad gitamod pag-ayo.[235] Ang Biyetnam nagtahod sa daghang mga yawe nga simbolo sa kultura,[239] sama sa Biyetnamita dragon nga gikan sabuaya ugbitin paghanduraw; Nasyonal nga amahan sa Biyetnam,Lạc Long Quân gihulagway nga usa ka balaang dragon.[233][240][241] Anglạc usa ka balaan nga langgam nga nagrepresentar sa nasudnong inahan sa Biyetnam,Âu Cơ. Ang ubang prominenteng mga hulagway nga gitahud usab mao angpawikan,kabaw ugkabayo.[242] Daghang Biyetnamita usab ang nagtuo sa labaw sa kinaiyahan ug espiritismo diin ang sakit dad-on sa a tunglo o pamarang o tungod sa dili pagsunod sa usa ka relihiyosong pamatasan. Ang mga tradisyunal nga medikal nga practitioner, anting-anting ug uban pang matang sa espirituhanong proteksyon ug relihiyosong mga buhat mahimong gamiton sa pagtambal sa masakiton nga tawo.[243] Sa modernong panahon, ang kultural nga kinabuhi sa Vietnam naimpluwensyahan pag-ayo sa kontrolado sa gobyerno nga media ug mga programa sa kultura.[231] Sulod sa daghang mga dekada, ang mga impluwensya sa langyaw nga kultura, labi na ang gigikanan sa Kasadpan, gilikayan. Apan sukad sa bag-o nga repormasyon, ang Vietnam nakakita sa usa ka mas dako nga exposure sa silingang Southeast Asian, East Asian ingon man sa Western kultura ug media.[244]
Ang nag-unang Vietnamese pormal nga sinina, angáo dài gisul-ob alang sa mga espesyal nga okasyon sama sa kasal ug relihiyosong mga pista. Putiáo dài mao ang gikinahanglan nga uniporme para sa mga babaye sa daghang mga high school sa tibuok nasud. Ang ubang mga pananglitan sa tradisyonal nga Vietnamese nga sinina naglakip sa: angáo tứ thân, usa ka upat ka piraso nga sinina sa babaye; angáo ngũ, usa ka porma sathân sa lima ka piraso nga porma, kasagaran gisul-ob sa amihanan sa nasud; angyếm, pang-ilalom nga sapot sa babaye; angáo bà ba, rural nga nagtrabaho "pyjamas" alang sa mga lalaki ug babaye.
↑Neither the American government nor Ngô Đình Diệm's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference. The non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam; however, the French accepted the Việt Minh proposal[111] that Vietnam be united by elections under the supervision of "local commissions".[112] TheUnited States, with the support ofSouth Vietnam and theUnited Kingdom, countered with the "American Plan",[113] which provided forUnited Nations-supervised unification elections. The plan, however, was rejected bySoviet and other communist delegations.[114]
↑Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751
↑Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the Philippines date back millennia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times.
↑Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.
↑Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.
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