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Debian on Android

September 2019, updated April 2023

There is much conflicting and outdated info online regarding settingup a Debian chroot on Android. The followingshould work on anyDebian-supported architecture withchroot.

Tested (using a native/data/debian folder withoutsdcard mounting) on:

Samsung Galaxy F23 (ARMv8a, Kryo 570/Cortex-A77/55)
- bullseye --arch=arm64
Samsung Galaxy A20 (ARMv8a, Cortex-A73/53)
- stretch --arch=arm64
Lenovo K3 Note (ARMv8a, Cortex-A53)
- jessie --arch=armhf

Everything fromjupyter (accessible via localhost on anyweb browser app) to MATLAB should run.

Prerequisites

Rooted Android device withbusybox and a terminalemulator
Linux desktop for preparing images

Setup

`debootstrap`

Checkhttps://www.debian.org/releases to find the codename ofthe latest stable release. On a linux desktop:

sudo apt install debootstrapsudo debootstrap --arch=arm64 --variant=minbase --foreign stable \  debian http://ftp.debian.org/debian

--arch may bearmhf (or evenarmel) for older (ARMv7/32-bit) devices
stable is the current stable Debian release (change ifrequired)
further info is athttps://www.debian.org/ports/arm andhttps://wiki.debian.org/Arm64Port#Debootstrap_arm64

Pre-Second Stage

There are now 2 options for the “second stage”: either emulate thetarget (device) architecture, or actually do everything on thedevice.

Emulate

Assuming working directory is thedebian folder:

sudo apt install qemu-user-staticcp /usr/bin/qemu-aarch64-static usr/bin/PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin \  chroot . /bin/bash

qemu version may beqemu-arm-static etc.for older devices

On device

Copy thedebian folder to anext4/ext3 system on the device (seecopying)
chroot (seechroot)
continue with thesecond stagebelow

Second Stage

Complete remaining setup:

/debootstrap/debootstrap --second-stage

Tweak and fix connectivity (particularlyapt internetaccess):

echo "contrib non-free" >>  /etc/apt/sources.listgroupadd -g 1015 aid_sdcard_rwgroupadd -g 3001 aid_net_bt_admingroupadd -g 3002 aid_net_btgroupadd -g 3003 aid_inetgroupadd -g 3004 aid_inet_rawgroupadd -g 3005 aid_inet_adminusermod -aG aid_inet _aptusermod -g aid_inet _aptapt update

Install some basic apps:

apt upgrade -yqqapt install less vim rsync openssh-server bash-completion

In fact, any packages/customisation can be done at this stage,e.g.:

apt install python3-dev python3-tk wget curl git gcc g++ make cmake build-essential gnupg2

Clean up:

apt autoremoveapt clean

If on a desktop,exit thechroot, thenrm usr/bin/qemu-*-static before proceeding.

If already on the device, skip the followingcopying step.

Copying

Compress thedebian directory preservingpermissions:

sudo tar -zcvf debian.tgz debian/

Copy to device:

adb push debian.tgz /mnt/sdcard/, or
copy via USB file transfer, or
copy via sdcard adapter

Uncompress on device to/data/debian:

cd /datasu -c tar -zxvf /mnt/sdcard/debian.tgz

`chroot`

Superuser in a terminal emulator:

su

chroot (probably put in a shell script):

mount -o remount,exec,dev,suid /datafor f in dev dev/pts proc sys  do mount -o bind /$f /data/debian/$fdonePATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:$PATH \  HOME=/root \  chroot /data/debian /bin/bash -l

Make sure toexit andumount when done.This is easiest using a script (below).

Re-usable script

Place in e.g. /system/bin/debian and execute assu -c debian

#!/system/bin/sh -xfunction mounted() {    local m    while read _ m _; do        if [ x$m = x$1 ]; then            return 0        fi    done </proc/mounts    return 1}#sdcard partition ext3#mounted /data/debian || mount -t ext3 /dev/block/mmcblk1p2 /data/debianmount -o remount,exec,dev,suid /datamounted /data/debian/proc || mount -t proc proc /data/debian/procmounted /data/debian/sys || mount -t sysfs sysfs /data/debian/sysmounted /data/debian/dev || mount -o bind /dev /data/debian/devmounted /data/debian/tmp || mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /data/cachemounted /data/debian/dev/pts || mount -t devpts devpts /data/debian/dev/pts#sdcard storagemounted /data/debian/mnt/sdcard || mount -o rbind /sdcard /data/debian/mnt/sdcardfor dns in `getprop net.dns1` `getprop net.dns2`; do    echo "nameserver $dns"done > /data/debian/etc/resolv.confPATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin \TERM=linux TMPDIR=/tmp HOME=/root \chroot /data/debian/ /bin/bash -l# if exit != 254 (special flag), unmountif [ $? != 254 ]; then    while read _ m _; do        case "$m" in            /data/debian/*)        umount "$m"                ;;        esac    done </proc/mounts  for f in dev dev/pts tmp proc sys ; do    mounted /data/debian/$f && \    umount /data/debian/$f  donefi

References

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