(1631-1693)
Birth. May 10, 1631, Siena. Son of Mario Chigi and Berenice della Ciaia, a noblewoman from Siena. Nephew of PopeAlexander VII. Uncle of CardinalAntonfelice Zondadari (1712). Cousin of CardinalSigismondo Chigi (1667). Other cardinals of the family wereFlavio Chigi,iuniore (1753); andFlavio III Chigi (1873).
Education. Studied philosophy and law. Obtained a doctorate inutroque iuris, both canon and civil law.
Early life. Accompanied his uncle Cardinal Fabio Chigi in his legation to Germany to negotiate and conclude the peace; the cardinal, either unhappy with his performance or for another reason, made him return to Italy. He continued his studies. Protonotary apostolic supernumerary participant. Granted permission to receive the sacred orders outside Ember days, May 23, 1656. Governor of the city of Fermo for a triennium, June 3, 1656. Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace, December 1, 1656.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of April 9, 1657; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria del Popolo, April 23, 1657. Superintendent of the general affairs of the Holy See, April 16, 1657. Prefect of the Congregation of Health (Sanitatibus), April 21, 1657. Legatea latere in Avignon, April 23, 1657 until 1668. Governor of the city of Tivoli, January 20, 1658. Archpriest of the patriarchal Lateran basilica. Librarian of the Holy Roman Church, June 21, 1659 until September 19, 1681. Prefect of the Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature of Justice, July 28, 1661. Prefect of the Congregation of the Borders of the Ecclesiastical States (dei Confini), November 29, 1661 until his death. Legatea latere of His Holiness before the King of France to solve the controversy caused by the incident between the urban militia and the family of the duke of Crécquy, the French ambassador before the Holy See, March 24, 1664 to November 8, 1664. Participated in theconclave of 1667, which elected Pope Clement IX. Participated in theconclave of 1669-1670, which elected Pope Clement X. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, January 16, 1673 until January 15, 1674. Legatea latere for the opening and closing of the holy door of the patriarchal Lateran basilica in the Holy Year of 1675. Participated in theconclave of 1676, which elected Pope Innocent XI.
Episcopate. Opted for the order of cardinal bishops and the suburbicarian see of Albano, March 18, 1686. Consecrated, March 24, 1686, monastery of San Sisto, Rome, by Cardinal Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni, prefect of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide and camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, assisted by Francesco Casati, titular archbishop of Trapezus, and by Gregorio Carducci, bishop of Valva e Sulmona. Participated in theconclave of 1689, which elected Pope Alexander VIII. Opted for the suburbicarian see of Porto e Santa Rufina, October 19, 1689. Vice-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. Participated in theconclave of 1691, which elected Pope Innocent XII.
Death. September 13, 1693, at 11 p.m., Rome . Exposed in the church of S. Maria del Popolo, Rome, and buried in his family's chapel in that church.
(2) 2.MELZI, Camillo (1582-1659)
Birth. December 12, 1590, Milan . Of a noble family. Son of Gian Antonio Melzi and Livia Litta. His last name is also listed as Meltio. Uncle of Gianantonio Melzi, his successor as archbishop of Capua.
Education. Studied at the University of Bologna; at the University of Pavia; and at the University of Parma, where he earned a doctorate inutroque iure, both canon and civil law, on September 12, 1614).
Early life. Went to Rome.Collaterale del Campidoglio. Civil lieutenant of the auditor of Chamber in the pontificate of Pope Urban VIII; occupied the post for eleven years. Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace. Received the ecclesiastical tonsure.
Sacred orders. (No information found).
Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Capua, February 18, 1636. Consecrated, March 24, 1636, Easter Monday, at the Sistine Chapel, Vatican, by Fausto Poli, titular archbishop of Amansia, assisted by Giovanni Battista Altieri, former bishop of Camerino, and by Celzo Zani, former bishop of Città della Pieve. In the same ceremony was also consecrated Pietro Gaudenzi, bishop of Arbe in Dalmatia. Nuncio to Tuscany, 1639 . Nuncio to Austria, 1644-1652. Secretary of the S.C. of Bishops and Regulars at the beginning of the pontificate of Pope Alexander VII.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of April 9, 1657; received the red hat and the title of S. Marcello, April 23, 1657.
Death. January 21, 1659, near 10 p.m., Rome. Exposed and buried in the church of S. Andrea al Quirinale, Rome.
(3) 3.ROSPIGLIOSI, Giulio (1600-1669)
Birth. January 28 , 1600, Pistoia. Of an ancient family from Lombardy. Son of Giacomo Rospigliosi and Caterina Rospigliosi. Uncle of CardinalsGiacomo Rospigliosi (1667) andFelice Rospigliosi (1673). Relative of CardinalBandino Panciatici (1690). Grand-uncle of CardinalAntonio Banchieri (1726).
Education. Studied atSeminario Romano (liberal arts, 1617); and at the University of Pisa, (doctorates in theology, philosophy andutroque iure, both canon and civil law, 1623).
Early lie. Professor of philosophy at the University of Pisa from 1623 to 1625. Went to Rome and successfully worked in the Roman Curia. Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace, 1632. Secretary of the S.C. of Rites. Judgea latere of the legation in Avignon. Canon of the patriarchal Liberian basilica, December 24, 1636; later vicar. Received the honorary citizenship of Rome. Secretary of Briefs to the Princes, 1634-1644. Consultor-canonist of the Sacred Penitentiary, January 4, 1643. Authored several melodramas as well as poetry that achieved certain success in Rome.
Sacred orders. (No information found).
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Tarso, March 14, 1644. Consecrated, March 29, 1644, Easter Tuesday, at the Pius V Chapel, Vatican, by Cardinal Antonio Barberini, assisted by Cezlo Zani, former bishop of Città della Pieve, and by Giovanni Battista Scannaroli, bishop of Sidon. In the same ceremony was also consecrated Nicolò Guidi di Bagno, titular archbishop of Atena. Nuncio to Spain, July 14, 1644 until January 1653. Lived in retirement, 1653 to 1655. Named governor of Rome by the Sacred College of Cardinals during thesede vacante, January 8 until April 15, 1655.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of April 9, 1657; received the red hat and the title of S. Sisto, April 23, 1657. Secretary of State, April 1655 until May 22, 1667. Participated in theconclave of 1667 and was elected pope.
Papacy. Elected pope on June 20, 1667. Took the name Clement IX. Crowned, June 26, 1667, patriarchal Vatican basilica, by Cardinal Rinaldo d'Este, protodeacon of S. Nicola in Carcere. Took possession of the patriarchal Lateran basilica, July 3, 1667.
Death. December 9, 1669. Exposed in the patriarchal Vatican basilica and buried under the pavement of the patriarchal Liberian basilica with a simple epitaph:Clementis IX, Cineres. His successor, Pope Clement X, erected an elegant monument in his memory at the right side of the nave of that basilica, near the door.
(4) 4.GUIDI DI BAGNO, Nicolò (1583-1663)
Birth. 1583 , Mantua. Second child of Fabrizio Guidi di Bagno, marquis of Montebello, and Laura Colonna, daughter of Pompeo Colonna, duke of Zagarolo. Brother of CardinalGianfrancesco Guidi di Bagno (1627). Nephew of CardinalGirolamo Colonna (1627), on his mother's side. He is also listed as Niccolò de' Conti Guidi di Bagno.
Education. Studied physics with passionate interest.
Early life. Married Teodora Gonzaga, of the marquises of Palazzuolo. Took part with the papal troops in the defense of Valtellina in 1624. Named general of the papal troops inMarca d'Ancona by Pope Urban VIII; occupied the post for seven years. After his wife died, he left the military life to enter the ecclesiastical state. Commissary of the papal militia in the three legations, 1644. Nuncio to Tuscany (1644?). Befriended by René Descartes, who highly esteemed his brother Gianfrancesco.
Sacred orders. (No information found).
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Atene, March 15, 1644. Consecrated, March 29, 1644, Easter Tuesday, at the Pius V Chapel, Vatican, by Cardinal Antonio Barberini, assisted by Cezlo Zani, former bishop of Città della Pieve, and by Giovanni Battista Scannaroli, titular bishop of Sidon. In the same ceremony was also consecrated Giulio Rospigliosi, titular archbishop of Tarso. Nuncio to France, April 23, 1644 until December 1656.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of April 9, 1657; received the red hat and the title of S. Eusebio, April 23, 1657. Transferred to the see of Senigaglia, with personal title of archbishop, May 28, 1657 . Resigned the government of the diocese of Senigaglia before September 1, 1659.
Death. August 27, 1663, Rome. Exposed and buried in the church of the Capuchins, Rome.
(5) 5.BUONVISI, Girolamo (1607-1677)
Birth. May 12, 1607, Lucca. Of a noble and illustrious family, son of Lodovico Buonvisi and Caterina, also Buonvisi. Uncle of CardinalFrancesco Buonvisi (1681). His last name is also listed as Bonvisi.
Education. Studiedumane lettere in Lucca; then, he studied atCollegio Tolomei, Siena, where he became friend of Fabio Chigi, future Pope Alexander VII; completed his theological studies in Siena.
Early life. Went to Rome in the Pontificate of Pope Urban VIII and becamefamiliare of Cardinal Antonio Barberini,iuniore, O.S.Io.Hieros., under whose protection he became cleric of the Apostolic Chamber, and later its dean; prefect of theAnnona on October 12, 1643; governor of Borgo in 1644, because of his work during the flood of the Tiber; and president of the papal army; as such, in 1629, he went with Cardinal Barberini to Bologna, during the attempt of the cardinal to establish a truce between the powers engaged in the second war of succession of Monferrato. He retained the deanship of the Apostolic Chamber after having been promoted to the episcopate. Vice-legate in Ferrara, 1644. Governor of the conclave of 1644, which elected Pope Innocenzo X. After the conclave, he returned to Lucca. Because of the agreements between the new pope and the Barberinis, with the mediation of the French court, Monsignor Buonvisi was promoted to the episcopate.
Sacred orders. (No information found).
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Laodicea, July 17, 1651 . Consecrated, Sunday July 30, 1651, at the church of S. Apollinare, Rome, by Cardinal Marcantonio Franciotti, assisted by Giovanni Battista Spada, titular patriarch of Constantinople, and by Carlo Carafa, bishop of Aversa. Granted faculty to make a will, October 25, 1655. Resigned his post of dean of the Apostolic Chamber and returned to Lucca. Recalled to Rome by Pope Alexander VII in 1655, was named prefect of theCubiculi of His Holiness.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of April 9, 1657; received the red hat and the title of S. Girolamo degli Schiavoni, April 23, 1657. Transferred to the see of Lucca, with personal title of archbishop, May 28, 1657. Between May 30 and June 1, 1661, he celebrated a diocesan synod which acts were published in Lucca in the same year; the acts gave detailed precepts on the new benefices, on the beneficiaries, on libraries, on the behavior and functions of the clergy, on the confraternities, on the heretics, on professions of faith, on the functions of parish priests, all in a strict spirit of the Counter-Reformation. Legate in Ferrara, April 21, 1664; occupied the post until May 7, 1667. During his legation, he served with great care, exercising great munificence, firmness and tact with which he managed to maintain good relations with the Republic of Venice and other neighboring countries; he welcomed to Ferrara, among others, Queen Christina of Sweden, whom he had already met in Rome and Lucca and who highly esteemed him; he also had contacts with other princes and ambassadors. He took care of public works, such as embankments, the River Rhine and the reclamation of land through the digging of a canal that bears his name. Participated in theconclave of 1667, which elected Pope Clement IX. Participated in theconclave of 1669-1670, which elected Pope Clement X. Participated in theconclave of 1676, which elected Pope Innocent XI.
Death. February 21, 1677, Lucca. Exposed and buried in the basilica of S. Frediano, Lucca. without any funeral memorial. The funeral oration was delivered by Amedeo Saminiati on May 5, 1677 atAccademia degli Oscuri, Lucca.
(6) 6.PAOLUCCI, Francesco (1581-1661)
Birth. August 1581, Forlì. Of the counts of Calboli. Second of the four children of Giovanni Paolucci and Bernardina Maseri; the other children were Lucrezia Ginevra, Giuseppe and Ludovica. Uncle of CardinalStefano Agostini (1681). Grand-uncle of CardinalFabrizio Paolucci (1697).
Education. Educated by Cesare Baronio; became very close friends. Studied literature and later, in 1605, law.
Early life. As an only child, he was destined for matrimony against his wish. At twelve he went to Rome called by his uncle Fabrizio Paolucci, who was bishop elect of Città della Pieve, and who entrusted him to the curia of Cardinal Cesare Baronio. Defended causes in the Roman Curia with great success and recognition. Auditor of the camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church in the pontificate of Pope Paul V. Declined several offers of promotion to the episcopate made by Pope Gregory XV. Papal prelate. Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace, April 20, 1626. Secretary of the S.C. of the Tridentine Council, 1627; occupied the post for thirty years. Declined several offers of promotion to the episcopate made by Pope Urban VIII. Consultor of the S.C. of the Roman and Universal Inquisition. Examiner of bishops. Secretary of the S.C. of Ecclesiastical Immunity (?). The same pope planned to create him a cardinal but died before the promotion took place.
Sacred orders. (No information found).
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of April 9, 1657; received the red hat and the title of S. Giovanni a Porta Latina, April 23, 1657. Prefect of the S.C. of the Tridentine Council, April 9, 1657 until July 9, 1661.
Death. July 9, 1661, Rome. Exposed and buried in front of the main altar of the church of S. Maria in Vallicella, Rome.
(7) 7.PANNOCCHIESCHI D'ELCI, Scipione (1600-1670)
Birth. 1600, Siena. Of the noble family of the counts d'Elci. Son of Orso, count d'Elci, Tuscan ambassador before the Spanish court, and Lucrezia di Scipione Bulgarini. He was the youngest of six children. He is also listed as Scipione d'Elci; and his last names as Pagnocescus; as Pannuchiescus; as D'Elce; as Ylci; as Ilcio; and as Delci. Grand-uncle of CardinalRaniero d'Elci (1737). Great-grand-uncle of CardinalFrancesco d'Elci (1773).
Education. (No information found).
Early life. Master of chamber of Ferdinando II of Tuscany. Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace, 1624. Governor of Spoleto, June 1627 until May 1628. Governor of Ancona, June 1628 until January 1629. Received the subdiaconate, April 29, 1629; diaconate, May 1, 1629. Domestic prelate of His Holiness.
Priesthood. Ordained, May 3, 1629, by Bishop Paolo Orsini of Montalto. Governor of Fermo, September 23, 1629 until January 1631.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Pienza, July 28, 1631. Consecrated, August 17, 1631, Barberini chapel, church of S. Andrea della Valle, Rome, by Cardinal Luigi Caetani, assisted by Tegrimo Tegrimi, bishop of Assisi, and by Giorgio Bolognetti, bishop of Ascoli Satriano. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Pisa, March 3, 1636. Nuncio to Venice, December 6, 1646 until October 3, 1652. Nuncio to Austria, August 24, 1652 until March 7, 1658.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal and reservedin pectore in the consistory of April 9, 1657; published in the consistory of April 29, 1658; received the red hat and the title of S. Sabina, May 6, 1658. Legate in Urbino, 1658 to 1662. Resigned government of the archdiocese of Pisa before August 27, 1663. Legate in Romagna or Bologna, 1663 . Participated in theconclave of 1667, which elected Pope Clement IX. Participated in theconclave of 1669-1670, which elected Pope Clement X; he was forced to leave because of ill health on March 24, 1670.
Death. April 12, 1670, near 5 a.m., in his residence inPiazza Agone, Rome, during thesede vacante. Exposed in the church of S. Sabina and buried in his family's chapel, S. Caterina da Siena, in that church.
(8) 8.FARNESE, Girolamo (1599-1668)
Birth. September 30, 1599, Parma. Of the dukes of Latera. Son of Mario Farnese, duke of Latera and Farnese, and Camilla Meli Lupi.
Education. Studied at the University of Parma.
Early life. Chamberlain of honor of Pope Paul V. Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace. Abbotcommendatario of S. Lorenzo, Novara.
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Patra, April 11, 1639. Consecrated, Easter Tuesday, April 26, 1639, at the patriarchal Vatican basilica, Rome, by Giovanni Battista Scannaroli, titular bishop of Sidonia, assisted by Tommaso Carafa, former bishop of Volturara, and by Giovanni Battista Altieri, former bishop of Camerino. Nuncio to Switzerland, 1639-1643. Secretary of the S.C. of Bishops and Regulars, 1643 or 1644. Governor of Rome and vice-camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, October 7 (or 11), 1650. Prefect of the Apostolic Palace and governor of Castelgandolfo, July 16, 1655.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal and reservedin pectore in the consistory of April 9, 1657; published in the consistory of April 29, 1658; received the red hat and the title of S. Agnese fuori le mura, May 6, 1658. Legate in Bologna, 1658-1662. Acting-prefect of the Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature in the absence of Cardinal Flavio Chigi. Participated in theconclave of 1667, which elected Pope Clement IX.
Death. February 18, 1668, Rome. Exposed and buried in the church ofSantissimo Nome di Gesù, Rome.
(9) 9.BICHI, Antonio (1614-1691)
Birth. March 30, 1614, Siena. Son of Firmano Bichi and Onorata Mignanelli, uterine sister of PopeAlexander VII. Other cardinals of the family wereMetello Bichi (1611);Alessandro Bichi (1633);Carlo Bichi (1690); andVincenzo Bichi (1731).
Education. Studied at the University of Siena.
Early life. Professor of law, University of Siena. Called to Rome as auditor of Cardinal Fabio Chigi, accompanied him to his nunciature extraordinary to Cologne. Internuncio to Borgogna; obtained the obedience to the pope of Duke Charles de Lorraine. Internuncio to Flanders, 1642-1652.
Sacred orders. (No information found).
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Montalcino, December 11, 1652. Consecrated, December 18, 1652, church of S. Ignazio, Rome, by Cardinal Niccolò Albergati-Ludovisi, assisted by Ranuzio Scotti, former bishop of Borgo San Donnino, and by Filippo Casoni, bishop of Borgo San Donnino. Transferred to the see of Osimo, March 6, 1656 .
Cardinalate. Created cardinal and reservedin pectore in the consistory of April 9, 1657; published in the consistory of November 10, 1659; received the red hat and the title of S. Agostino, December 1, 1659. Legate in Urbino, April 17, 1662 until 1667. Participated in theconclave of 1667, which elected Pope Clement IX. Opted for the title of S. Maria degli Angeli, November 14, 1667. Participated in theconclave of 1669-1670, which elected Pope Clement X. Participated in theconclave of 1676, which elected Pope Innocent XI. Opted for the order of cardinal bishops and the suburbicarian see of Palestrina, retaining the administration of Osimo, March 3, 1687. Participated in theconclave of 1689, which elected Pope Alexander VIII. Did not participate in theconclave of 1691, which elected Pope Innocent XII.
Death. February 21, 1691, at 11 p.m., Osimo, during thesede vacante. Exposed and buried in the cathedral of Osimo. The news of his death reached the conclave on February 25, 1691, after the morning ballot.
(10) 10.PALLAVICINO, S.J., Francesco Maria Sforza (1607-1667)
Birth. November 28, 1607, Rome. Of the Parma branch of the ancient and noble marquises Pallavicini. Son of Marquis Alessandro Pallavicini and Francesca Sforza. He was baptized with the names Francesco Maria Sforza; the last one was in honor of Sforza Pallavicino, general of the Republic of Venice, who had adopted Marquis Alessandro, leaving him all his wealth and titles . An eldest son, he renounced the right of primogeniture and entered the priesthood. His first name is also listed as Pietro Sforza.
Education. Studied at the JesuitCollegio Romano, Rome, where he earned doctorates in philosophy in 1625, and in theology in 1628.
Priesthood. Ordained (no further information found). Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signatures of Justice and of Grace in the pontificate of Pope Urban VIII. Member ofAcademia dei Lincei, 1629. Friend of Giovanni Ciampoli, secretary of briefs, and of Fabio Chigi, future Pope Alexander VII. Because of his friendship with the former, who fell into disgrace with Pope Urban VIII in 1632, he had to leave Rome. Governor of the cities of Iesi, 1632; and later of Orvieto and of Camerino. Entered the Society of Jesus, June 21, 1637, against his father's wishes. Jesuit novitiate in Rome, 1637-1639. Professor of philosophy,Collegio Romano, 1639-1644; of theology, 1644-1652. Member of the commission to examine the writings of Cornelius Janssen, bishop of Ypres; he refused to condemn Jansenism as a heresy. He was very well regarded in the intellectual circles of Rome, having published numerous works on poetry, literature, theology and ecclesiastical history, especially about the Council of Trent.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal and reservedin pectore in the consistory of April 9, 1657; published in the consistory of November 10, 1659; received the red hat and the title of S. Salvatore in Lauro, December 6, 1660. Member of the S.C. of the Roman and Universal Inquisition, 1661. Confessor of Pope Alexander VII. Did not participate in theconclave of 1667, which elected Pope Clement IX; died during its celebration.
Death. June 5, 1667, at 5:30 a.m., in his room in the Jesuit house of S. Andrea al Quirinale, Rome, during thesede vacante. Exposed and buried in the church of S. Andrea al Quirinale, Rome .
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