(1608-1687)
Birth. September 15, 1608, Bologna. Of a patrician family. Relative of PopeGregory XV (1621-1623). With the approval of Pope Innocent X, he added the last name Ludovisi to his own . Cousin of CardinalLudovico Ludovisi (1621).
Education. Obtained a doctorate in law on February 3, 1627.
Early life. Embraced the ecclesiastical life, March 4, 1622. Received the abbey that his brother Fabio had. Entered the Society of Jesus . Called to Rome in 1631 by his cousin Cardinal Ludovisi. Became a papal prelate. Vicar of the basilica of S. Lorenzo in Damaso, Rome. President of the Congregation ofDodici Apostoli and governor of theNazione bolognese. Archpriest of the metropolitan cathedral of Bologna, 1635. Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace in the pontificate of Pope Urban VIII; resigned in 1637 in favor of his brother Antonio.
Sacred orders. (No information found).
Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Bologna, February 6, 1645. Consecration, February 26, 1645, in the church of S. Maria in Vallicella, Rome, by Cardinal Girolamo Colonna, former archbishop of Bologna, assisted by Ercole Rangoni, bishop of Sant’Angelo dei Lombardi e Bisaccia, and by Orazio Giustiniani, Orat., bishop of Nocera Umbra. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, March 5, 1645.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 6, 1645; received the red hat and the title of S. Agostino, April 24, 1645. He was granted the pallium on Marh 6, 1645. Opted for the title of Maria degli Angeli, June 25, 1646. Baptized Leopoldo, son of Grand duke Ferdinando of Tuscany, 1647. Called to Rome in 1648, was ill there for six months. Legate to present Ana of Austria, queen of Spain, theRosa d'Oro while she was in Milan, June 28, 1649. Declined appointment to the sees of Palermo and Monreale offered by King Felipe V of Spain. Penitentiary major, February 21, 1650 to August 9, 1687; because of his poor health, Cardinal Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni was his coadjutor from 1670 to 1676. Resigned the government of the archdiocese before December 11, 1651. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, January 14, 1658 until January 13, 1659. Participated in theconclave of 1655, which elected Pope Alexander VII. Opted for the title of S. Maria in Trastevere, October 11, 1666. Participated in theconclave of 1667, which elected Pope Clement IX. Participated in theconclave of 1669-1670, which elected Pope Clement X; had to leave because of ill health, March 18, 1670. Participated in theconclave of 1676, which elected Pope Innocent XI. Opted for the title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina, October 19, 1676. Cardinalprotoprete. Opted for the order of bishops and the suburbicarian see of Sabina, September 13, 1677. Opted for the suburbicarian see of Porto e Santa Rufina, December 1, 1681. Vice-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. Opted for the sububicarian see of Ostia e Velletri, proper of the dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, February 15, 1683. Prefect of the S.C. of Rites and Ceremonies from February 15, 1683 until his death.
Death. August 9, 1687, near 4 a.m.,post longam et laboriosam infirmitatem, in Rome. Exposed and buried in the tomb he had built in front of the main altar of the church of S. Maria in Trastevere, Rome .
(6) 2.CENCI, Tiberio (1580-1653)
Birth. 1580, Rome. Son of Ludovico Cenci, Roman noble, and Laura Lante. Of a noble and ancient family. Nephew of CardinalMarcello Lante (1606), on his mother's side. Uncle of CardinalGasparo Mattei (1643), on his mother's side. Other cardinals of the family areBaldassare Cenci,seniore (1695),Serafino Cenci (1734), andBaldassare Cenci,iuniore (1761).
Education. Obtained a doctorate inutroque iure, both canon and civil law.
Early life. Chamberlain of honor of Pope Clement VIII (1592-1605). Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace. Canon of the patriarchal Vatican basilica, September 21, 1602. Governor of Jesi, 1612. Governor of Spoleto, 1614. Governor of Campagna e Marittima, 1615. Vice-governor of Fermo, June 27, 1618.
Sacred orders. (No information found).
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Jesi, November 24, 1621. Consecrated (no information found). Governor of Loreto, April 20, 1622.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 6, 1645, with dispensation for having an uncle and a nephew in the Sacred College of Cardinals; received the red hat and the title of S. Callisto, April 24, 1645.
Death. February 26, 1653,extra Curia Romana. Exposed and buried in the cathedral of Jesi.
(7) 3.CARAFA,seniore, Pier Luigi (1581-1655)
Birth. July 18, 1581, Naples. Son of Ottavio Carafa, marquis of Anzi, and Crisostoma Carafa, of the counts of Policastro. Other cardinals of the family wereFilippo Carafa (1378);Oliviero Carafa (1467);Gianvincenzo Carafa (1527);Carlo Carafa (1555);Diomede Carafa (1555);Alfonso Carafa (1557);Antonio Carafa (1568);Decio Carafa (1611);Carlo Carafa della Spina (1664);Fortunato Ilario Carafa della Spina (1686);Pierluigi Carafa,iuniore (1728);Francesco Carafa della Spina (1773);Marino Carafa di Belvedere (1801); andDomenico Carafa della Spina (1844).
Education."... compiuti con fama di straordinario talento i suoi studi ..." .
Early life. Went to Rome in 1614. Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace, 1607. Vice-legate in Ferrara, 1614-1620. Governor of Fermo, 1620-1624. Received the subdiaconate, May 6, 1624, Rome.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Tricarico, with dispensation for not having yet received the diaconate and presbyterate, March 29, 1624. Consecrated, Sunday June 2, 1624 , Rome, by Cardinal Cosimo de Torres, assisted by Gianantonio Angrisani, archbishop of Sorrento, and by Alessandro (Fabrizio) Suardi, bishop of Lucera. Succeeded his brother Diomede as bishop of this see. Nuncio in Cologne, July 15, 1624 until September 20, 1634.Later, also apostolic visitor to Lower Germany. Requested to return to his diocese. Declined promotion to the sees of Capua and Urbino.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 6, 1645; received the red hat and the title of S. Martino ai Monti, July 10, 1645. Prefect of the S.C. of the Tridentine Council, 1645 or 1646 until his death. Resigned government of the diocese before January 8, 1646. Legate in Bologna, July 3, 1651; resigned shortly after for health reasons. Participated in theconclave of 1655, which elected Pope Alexander VII, and died during its celebration.
Death. February 15, 1655, near 1 p.m., in conclave, Rome. Exposed and buried on the right side of the main door of the church ofSantissimo Nome di Gesù, Rome.
(8) 4.GIUSTINIANI, Orat., Orazio (1578-1649)
Birth. 1578 , Chio, diocese and island of Chio, Aegean Sea. Of a Genoese patrician family. Son of Giuseppe Giustiniani and Despina Garibaldi. He had six brothers, including Giuliano, who became an Oratorian friar before him, and a sister, Maria, who, according to the records of the canonization process of Filippo Neri, in 1595, at the age of twelve, was miraculously healed by the saint from a skin disease that had plagued her for three years.Relative of Girolamo Giustiniani, O.P., bishop of Chio (1599-1604) and Marco Giustiniani, O.P., bishop of Chio (1604-1640).
Education. Entered the Congregation of the Oratory of St. Philip of Neri in 1603.
Priesthood. Ordained (no information found). Named by Cardinal Antonio Barberini superintendent of the abbey of Farfa and custodian of the Vatican library, 1630. Sent to Ancona to convince pseudo patriarch Atanasio Patelema not to go to Rome. Consultor of the Supreme S.C. of the Holy Office.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Montalto, February 13, 1640. Consecrated, September 16, 1640, in the church of S. Catarina da Siena, Rome, by Cardinal Giovanni Battista Pamphilj, assisted by Giovanni Battista Rinuccini, archbishop of Fermo, and by Lelio Falconieri, titular archbishop of Tebes. Transferred to the see of Nocera, January 16, 1645.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 6, 1645; received the red hat and the title of S. Onofrio, April 24, 1645. Librarian of the Holy Roman Church, September 25, 1646 until his death. Penitentiary major, December 4, 1647 until his death.
Death. July 25, 1649, near 1 a.m., Rome. Exposed and buried in the church of S. Maria in Vallicella, in the tomb of the priests of his congregation.
(9) 5.CIBO, Alderano (1613-1700)
Birth. July 16, 1613, Genoa. Son of Carlo I Cibo, prince of Massa and duke of Carrara, and Brigida Spinola of the marquises of Calice andsignori of Castellaro. Relative of PopeInnocent VIII; and of CardinalsLorenzo Cibo de' Mari (1489);Innocenzo Cibo (1513); andCamillo Cibo (1729). His last name is also listed as Cybo.
Education. (No information found).
Early life. Went to Rome at a very young age and became a papal prelate in the pontificate of Pope Urban VIII (1623-1644). Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace. Named papal majordome by Pope Innocent X in 1644. Prefect of the Sacred Palace.
Sacred orders. (No information found).
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 6, 1645; received the red hat and the title of S. Pudenziana, April 24, 1645. Legate in Urbino, February 19, 1646. Legate in Romandiola, June 15, 1648. Legate in Ferrara, July 3, 1651. Superintendent general of the Papal State. Participated in theconclave of 1655, which elected Pope Alexander VII.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Iesi, April 24, 1656. Consecrated (no information found). Participated in theconclave of 1667, which elected Pope Clement IX. Opted for the title of S. Prassede, January 30, 1668. Participated in theconclave of 1669-1670, which elected Pope Clement X. Ceased as bishop of Iesi, December 10, 1671. Participated in theconclave of 1676, which elected Pope Innocent XI. Secretary of State, September 23, 1676 until August 12, 1689. Legate in Avignon, 1677-1690. Secretary of the Supreme S.C. of the Roman and Universal Inquisition. Prefect of the S.C. of Rites. Prefect of the S.C. of Bishops and Regulars (?). Opted for the title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina, September 13, 1677. Cardinalprimoprete. Opted for the order of bishops and the suburbicarian see of Palestrina, February 6, 1679. Opted for the suburbicarian see of Frascati, January 8, 1680. Opted for the suburbicarian see of Porto e Santa Rufina, February 15, 1683. Vice-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. Secretary of the Supreme S.C. of the Roman and Universal Inquisition, 1683-1700. Prefect of the S.C. of Rites and Ceremonies from August 1687 until his death. Opted for the suburbicarian see of Ostia e Velletri, proper of the dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, November 10, 1687. Participated in theconclave of 1689, which elected Pope Alexander VIII. Participated in theconclave of 1691, which elected Pope Innocent XII.
Death. July 22, 1700, Rome. Exposed and buried in the tomb of his family in the church of S. Maria del Popolo, Rome.
(10) 6.SFORZA, Federico (1603-1676)
Birth. January 20, 1603, Rome. Of the dukes of Segni. Son of Alessandro, Sforza, 7th count of Santa Fiora, duke of Segni and prince of Valmontone, and Eleonora Orsini. Grand-nephew of CardinalsGuido Ascanio Sforza di Santa Fiora (1534) andAlessandro Sforza (1565). Cousin of CardinalAlessandro Orsini (1615). Relative of CardinalFrancesco Sforza (1583). He was prince of Valmontone.
Education. (No information found).
Early life. Protonotary apostolicparticipante, November 11, 1623. Governor of Terni, 1625. Governor of Cesena, August 1625 until January 1626. Vice-legate in Avignon, 1637-1645.
Sacred orders. (No information found).
Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of March 6, 1645; received the red hat and the deaconry of Ss. Vito e Modesto, July 10, 1645. Pro-camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, September 27, 1645 until July 12, 1653. Archmandrite of S. Salvatore di Messina, from 1650.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Rimini, November 19, 1646. Consecrated, December 30, 1646, in the church of Gesù, Rome, by Cardinal Pietro Luigi Carafa, assisted by Alessandro Vittrici, bishop of Alatri, and by Ranuzio Scotti, bishop of Borgo San Donnino. Participated in theconclave of 1655, which elected Pope Alexander VII. Opted for the order of priests and the title of S. Martino ai Monti, June 26, 1656. Resigned government of the see before June 26, 1656. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, January 13, 1659 until January 12, 1660. Opted for the title of S. Anastasia, April 21, 1659. Opted for the title of S. Pietro in Vincoli, November 21, 1661. Participated in theconclave of 1667, which elected Pope Clement IX. Participated in theconclave of 1669-1670, which elected Pope Clement IX. Transferred to the see of Tivoli, January 28, 1675.
Death. May 24, 1676, Rome. Buried on May 26, 1676, in the chapel of his family in the patriarchal Liberian basilica.
(11) 7.ODESCALCHI, Benedetto (1611-1689)
Birth. May 19 (or 16), 1611, Como. Of a patrician family. Son of Livio Odescalchi, patrician of Como and banker in Venice, and Paola di Castelli, of Bergamo. Brother of Giulio Maria Odescalchi, O.S.B., his successor in the see of Novara (1656-1667); another brother was Carlo. Grand-uncle of CardinalBenedetto Erba-Odescalchi (1713). Great-grand-uncle of CardinalAntonio Maria Erba-Odescalchi (1759). Great-great-grand-uncle of CardinalCarlo Odescalchi, S.J. (1823).
Education. At an early age felt a vocation to the ecclesiastical life . Studied with the Jesuits in Como. Apprenticed at his family's bank in Genoa when he was fifteen years old. Studied law in Rome and Naples and obtained a doctorate in 1639.
Early life. Pope Urban VIII named him successively protonotary apostolicparticipantium, May 15, 1640; Referendary of the tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace, 1642. Named cleric of the Apostolic Chamber by Pope Innocent X; later its president. Commissary in Ancona. Governor of Macerata. Financial commissary in the Marches. Governor of Picena.
Sacred orders. (No information found).
Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of March 6, 1645; received the red hat and the deaconry of Ss. Cosma e Damiano, April 24, 1645. Prefect of the Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature of Grace, January 22, 1647. Legate in the city and state of Ferrara, June 15, 1648 until October 21, 1651.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Novara, April 4, 1650. Consecrated, January 29, 1651, in the cathedral of Ferrara, by Cardinal Francesco Maria Macchiavelli, titular patriarch of Constantinople and archbishop of Ferrara, assisted by Maffeo Vitale, bishop of Mantova, and by Giulio Borea, bishop of Comacchio. Participated in theconclave of 1655, which elected Pope Alexander VII. Resigned government of the diocese of Novara, before March 6, 1656. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and the title of S. Onofrio, April 21, 1659. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, January 12, 1660 until January 24, 1661. Participated in theconclave of 1667, which elected Pope Clement IX. Participated in theconclave of 1669-1670, which elected Pope Clement X; France vetoed his election to the papacy. Participated in theconclave of 1676 and was elected pope.
Papacy. Elected pope on September 21, 1676. Took the name Innocent XI. Crowned, October 4, 1676, in the patriarchal Vatican basilica, by Cardinal Francesco Maidalchini, protodeacon of S. Maria in Via Lata. Took possession of the patriarchal Lateran basilica, November 8, 1676. He unsuccessfully legislated against nepotism among the cardinals. He createdforty three cardinals in two consistories.
Death. August 12, 1689, from kidney stones, Rome. Exposed in the patriarchal Vatican basilica; and buried in the pilar of the left nave of the basilica . Hispraecordia was placed in the chapel of the Madonna in the church of Ss. Vincenzo ed Anasatasio, Rome; his heart was in the chapel of the Odescalchi Palace, also in Rome, until 2013 when it was given to the parish church of Parè, named after him, and is enshrined in one of it is lateral chapels dedicated to Our Lady of the Rosary, built around 1680 by his brother Carlo. His monument in the basilica was designed by Carlo Maratta.
Beatification. The process of beatification was started on April 11, 1691 by Pope Innocent XII (1691-1700). The initial phase was concluded in 1698. In 1714, the formal introduction of the cause was discussed and Prospero Lambertini, future Pope Benedict XIV, was asked to prepare theanimadversationes. The new phase ofindagine took place in Rome and Como between 1714 and 1733; these apostolic processes were approved in 1736. In 1744, the process was blocked by accusations of simony, philo-Jansenism and hostility to France and the French . The process was revitalized by the publication of documents by Father Berthier, O.P., and Pope Pius XII ordered it to be reopened. The Holy Office was consulted concerning the accusations of Quietism against Pope Innocent XI and it declared its unwillingness to place obstacles to the cause. Finally, Innocent XI was beatified on October 7, 1956, by Pope Pius XII. After the beatification, the body was placed in a glass urn under the altar of the chapel of Saint Sebastian in the patriarchal Vatican basilica on October 11, 1956. His feast is celebrated on August 12. On April 8, 2011, in a private ceremony in Saint Peter's Basilica his remains were moved from the altar in the chapel of Saint Sebastian to make way for the body of Blessed Pope John Paul II, and transferred to the Altar of the Transfiguration. The altar sits to the left of the high altar, which is overshadowed by a marble statue of Saint Andrew the Apostle.
MARRACCI, O.M.D., Ludovico (1612-1700)
Birth. October 6, 1612, Torcigliano, Republic of Lucca (now Italy). Second child of Antonio and Margherita di Michele Marracci, a wealthy couple. His elder brother, Ippolito, O.M.D., (1604-1675), was a renowned Mariologist and likewise member of the Leonardini.
Education. Learning Latin through private lessons in his native Torcigliano, he moved to Lucca and entered the Order of the Clerics Regular of the Mother of God (Ordo Clericorum Regularium Matris Dei - OMD) in Lucca at age of 15 in 1627. He studied philosophy, theology, Greek, Syriac, Chaldean (by which contemporaries meant Biblical Aramaic) and Hebrew atCollegio Romano di Santa Maria in Campitelli, Rome.
Priesthood. Ordained (no information found). Lectured Grammar and Rhetoric at Lucca. In 1645, he participated in the translation of the Bible into Arabic . Appointed professor of Arabic atLa Sapienza University of Rome in 1656 on direct orders of the pope; he served as master of novices, prefect of the postulants, rector and procurator general of his Order. Confessor of Cardinal Benedetto Odelaschi, he kept acting as such even following the cardinal’s election to the papacy as Innocent XI. Consultant to the Congregations of the Indulgences and Relics and of the Index. He served as examiner of the Congregation for Bishops. Completed the translation of the Quran into Latin in 1698 . He left the chair of Arabic at 88 years of age in 1699. He authored numerous publications .
Cardinalate. Various sources , state that “Pope Innocent XI, to whom he was confessor, would have made him a cardinal but his humility induced him to decline the promotion”.
Death. February 5, 1700, Rome. Most probably he was buried in the church of Santa Maria in PorticoCampitelli of his Order as his brother Ippolito was.
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