On Windows, the exit code is a 32-bit value. It may or may not signed depending on the function.Unsigned in the Windows native API:BOOL TerminateProcess(HANDLE hProcess, UINT uExitCode);BOOL GetExitCodeProcess(HANDLE hProcess, LPDWORD lpExitCode);Signed in the POSIX API:intptr_t _cwait(int *termstat, intptr_t procHandle, int action);Problem: os.waitpid() uses "status << 8" which can overflow; status is an int.static PyObject *os_waitpid_impl(PyObject *module, intptr_t pid, int options){    int status;    (...)    /* shift the status left a byte so this is more like the POSIX waitpid */    return Py_BuildValue(_Py_PARSE_INTPTR "i", res, status << 8);}int64_t or uint64_t should be used, or a Python object should be used, to avoid the overflow.I just added os.waitstatus_to_exitcode() inbpo-40094 which simply does "status >> 8" on Windows. Currently, this function casts the argument to a C int and so is limited to INT_MAX. It should also be adapted to handle values larger than INT_MAX.By the way, I'm not sure how to handle values larger than INT_MAX. The POSIX API of Windows uses a signed integer, and so convert such value as a negative value. But the native Windows API uses unsigned numbers.It seems like using unsigned number would be better.--By the way, currently os.waitstatus_to_exitcode() ignores the lower 8 bits of the status. Maybe it should raise an error if lower 8 bits are not zero, and maybe also raise an exception if the number is negative?--See also interesting comments by Eryk Sun inbpo-40094 about this problem.

New changeset9bee32b34e4fb3e67a88bf14d38153851d4c4598 by Victor Stinner in branch 'master':bpo-40138: Fix Windows os.waitpid() for large exit code (GH-19637)https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/9bee32b34e4fb3e67a88bf14d38153851d4c4598

New changesetb07350901cac9197aef41855d8a4d56533636b91 by Victor Stinner in branch '3.8':bpo-40138: Fix Windows os.waitpid() for large exit code (GH-19654)https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/b07350901cac9197aef41855d8a4d56533636b91

New changesetde5dcfa3bcabf52e43468a2b088ed71b5e5c4503 by Miss Islington (bot) in branch '3.7':bpo-40138: Fix Windows os.waitpid() for large exit code (GH-19654)https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/de5dcfa3bcabf52e43468a2b088ed71b5e5c4503

Ok, os.waitpid() is now fixed in 3.7, 3.8 and master branches, and os.waitstatus_to_exitcode() is fixed in master.