PyMem_Raw* APIs should be thread safe. But in debug mode, they are not that simple and increment a global variable *serialno* and the incrementing action is not thread safe.

I looked at _Py_atomic_address to avoid atomic "serialno++", but we don't have atomic_fetch_add(). We could implement it using a loop and atomic_compare_exchange_strong()... but we don't have atomic_compare_exchange_strong() neither.I tried to add a mutex, but there are some pratical issues:*bpo-35388: question about calling Py_Initialize() / Py_Finalize() multiple times* I modified _PyRuntimeState_Init() to initialize the lock._PyRuntimeState_Init() calls PyThread_acquire_lock() which calls PyMem_RawMalloc(). Problem: PyMem_RawMalloc() requires the lock. I worked around the isuse using "if (_PyRuntime.mem.mutex != NULL) {".

By the way, the previous attempt to add _PyRuntime.mem had to be reverted. Seebpo-32096,bpo-30860 and the commit:commit9e87e7776f7ace66baaf7247233afdabd00c2b44Author: Victor Stinner <victor.stinner@gmail.com>Date:   Fri Nov 24 12:09:24 2017 +0100bpo-32096: Remove obj and mem from _PyRuntime (#4532)bpo-32096,bpo-30860:  Partially revert the commit2ebc5ce42a8a9e047e790aefbf9a94811569b2b6:        * Move structures back fromInclude/internal/mem.h toObjects/obmalloc.c    * Remove _PyObject_Initialize() and _PyMem_Initialize()    * RemoveInclude/internal/pymalloc.h    * Add test_capi.test_pre_initialization_api():       Make sure that it's possible to call Py_DecodeLocale(), and then call       Py_SetProgramName() with the decoded string, before Py_Initialize().        PyMem_RawMalloc() and Py_DecodeLocale() can be called again before    _PyRuntimeState_Init().        Co-Authored-By: Eric Snow <ericsnowcurrently@gmail.com>

See alsobpo-35265: "Internal C API: pass the memory allocator in a context".The most complex part is the Python initialization which changes the memory allocator *and* allocate memory. We have to remain which allocator has been used to allocate data, to be able to release memory at exit.

Note: PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER can be used to statically initialize a mutex.

See alsobpo-35368: [2.7] Make PyMem_Malloc() thread-safe in debug mode.

Python 3.8 has been fixed. I disabled serialno field by default: PYMEM_DEBUG_SERIALNO is not defined by default. You have to opt-in to get this bug :-) I don't see any easy fix older Python versions. I close the issue.