We're facing ocasional RuntimeError exceptions in a multithreaded application when one of the threads creates new entries to the environment (os.environ).I'm not so sure if the attached patch fixes this issue the right way, so, feel free to propose another approach.Traceback Sample of the issue in our production environment:RuntimeError: dictionary changed size during iteration  File "python3.5/runpy.py", line 170, in _run_module_as_main    "__main__", mod_spec)  File "python3.5/runpy.py", line 85, in _run_code    exec(code, run_globals)  [ internal code ]  File "newrelic/api/background_task.py", line 103, in wrapper    return wrapped(*args, **kwargs)  File "python3.5/contextlib.py", line 30, in inner    return func(*args, **kwds)  File "python3.5/contextlib.py", line 77, in __exit__    self.gen.throw(type, value, traceback)  File "raven/base.py", line 851, in make_decorator    yield  File "python3.5/contextlib.py", line 30, in inner    return func(*args, **kwds)    [ internal code ]  File "retry/api.py", line 74, in retry_decorator    logger)  File "retry/api.py", line 33, in __retry_internal    return f()  [ internal code ]  File "requests/sessions.py", line 531, in get    return self.request('GET', url, **kwargs)  File "requests/sessions.py", line 509, in request    prep.url, proxies, stream, verify, cert  File "requests/sessions.py", line 686, in merge_environment_settings    env_proxies = get_environ_proxies(url, no_proxy=no_proxy)  File "requests/utils.py", line 696, in get_environ_proxies    return getproxies()  File "urllib/request.py", line 2393, in getproxies_environment    for name, value in os.environ.items():  File "_collections_abc.py", line 676, in __iter__    for key in self._mapping:  File "python3.5/os.py", line 702, in __iter__    for key in self._data:

Even with the patch, I don't think it's safe to modify os.environ while it's being accessed concurrently in another thread. The other thread's modification could arrive while the dict() call in your patch is running (in CPython the GIL might protect you, but that's an implementation detail).I think the real solution is that your application uses a lock or some other concurrency mechanism to protect access to os.environ.

I agree with Jelle about the fix's implementation. But I disagree of suggestion to implement lock at the application side.I disagree because some external libraries may want to access os.environ in a concurrent fashion without lock acquiring. That's the case reported in my previous comment: urllib/requests.py (https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/master/Lib/urllib/request.py#L2468) iterates over os.environ with no lock control.How could I handle this issue in this case? Would it be a good idea  implement the lock mechanism in current os._Environ (https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/master/Lib/os.py#L666) mapping class?

Previous report:Issue 25641. At least in Posix, the “putenv” function is not required to be thread safe.

There are exceptions being raised in many applications (as reported here and inhttp://bugs.python.org/issue25641) and there are three paths to follow: 1. We handle this exception somewhere;2. We avoid raising it;3. Just leave it. I don't care about this exception.If we chose to handle this exception we need to decide where we'll do it. At os.py module? At urllib/request.py? At all http client libraries (eg. python-requests)? At our applications?If we chose to avoid this exception we, probably, need to implement some kind of lock/mutex in os.environ.I can implement any of these options. You just need to decide which one is best.If we chose the third option, we can just close this issue.

The environ class could have its own lock and then the __iter__ method could be rewritten as follows:    def __iter__(self):        with self._lock:            keys = list(self._data)        for key in keys:            yield self.decodekey(key)

This patch implements a lock protection (as suggested by Antoine) using `_thread.allocate_lock()` module (instead of `threading.Lock()`) due to the fact that CPython interpreter already imports `_thread` module during its bootstrap process.

This is an alternative implementation using `threading.Lock()`. The main issue with this implementation relies on the fact that we've to import the `threading` module during CPython interpreter loading (currently it's not imported by default).This is consequence of the fact that CPython interpreter uses `os` module when bootstrapping.

@osantana: you'd need to be using the lock at least in `__setitem__` and `__delitem__` as well, else there's nothing preventing modifications to the dictionary during the `list` call. It may make sense to protect *all* accesses (read or write) to `_data`, though you'd need to either use a re-entrant lock in that case or be very careful about not acquiring the lock twice.

I'm fine with a low-level lock, though as Mark says you could use _thread._RLock().

Isn't list(dict) atomic? At least in CPython.I suspect that protecting *all* accesses to _data with a lock will hit the performance and invalidate the reason of using _data for caching.

> Isn't list(dict) atomic? At least in CPython.I doubt it. There's no special code for list(dict), it uses regular iteration which could probably hit the GC and then release the GIL.> I suspect that protecting *all* accesses to _data with a lock will hit the performance and invalidate the reason of using _data for caching.I'm not convinced os.environ is performance-critical.  Perhaps getenv() is really expensive on some systems?

> There's no special code for list(dict), it uses regular iteration which could probably hit the GC and then release the GIL.While there are no special code for list(dict), regular iteration over exact dict don't hit the GC.

> While there are no special code for list(dict), regular iteration over exact dict don't hit the GC.Doesn't it? Creating a dict iterator creates a GC-tracked object.

But it is destroyed only after iterating.

Every time you create a GC-tracked object, you can invoke the GC. See _PyObject_GC_Alloc.

Invoking GC before iterating or after iterating doesn't break the atomicity of iterating.

Perhaps.  But this discussion shows the matter is complicated and we shouldn't rely on fragile assumptions about implementation details.  So we need a lock.

New version of patch:1. Use RLock instead of Lock (Mark & Antoine recomendation)2. Add lock acquire at `__setitem__` and `__delitem__` as following (Mark & Antoine recomendation)3. Add lock protection in `__repr__` implementation.I've some questions pending:1. Is it a good idea to wrap self._data access with lock in __getitem__? (I suspect it's not)2. Is it a good idea to lock protect self.copy() and self.setdefault() (I suspect it's not because both uses __iter__ that is already protected)

See alsoissue24484. The solution depends on the assumption that list(dict) is atomic.

Osvaldo, could you please create a pull request on GitHub based on your first patch? But use list() instead of dict().

Pull Request#2409 (https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/2409) opened.

New changeset8a8d28501fc8ce25926d168f1c657656c809fd4c by Serhiy Storchaka (Osvaldo Santana Neto) in branch 'master':bpo-30441: Fix bug when modifying os.environ while iterating over it (#2409)https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/8a8d28501fc8ce25926d168f1c657656c809fd4c

New changesetbebd2cfa5f21811dd0ee4f3b1a1b85d379b83436 by Serhiy Storchaka in branch '3.6':[3.6]bpo-30441: Fix bug when modifying os.environ while iterating over it (GH-2409). (#2556)https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/bebd2cfa5f21811dd0ee4f3b1a1b85d379b83436

New changeset1a3bc5546aa27f01426ad76618a9b2c3b698ae68 by Serhiy Storchaka in branch '3.5':[3.5]bpo-30441: Fix bug when modifying os.environ while iterating over it (GH-2409). (#2557)https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/1a3bc5546aa27f01426ad76618a9b2c3b698ae68

Thank you for your contribution Osvaldo.

Hi Serhiy Storchaka,I need to thank you for your valuable guidance.