This chapter unravels the defiance of Pharaoh to Moses and Aaron's plea for Israel's freedom. As the situation worsens for the Israelites, we witness an increasing tension and Moses questioning God's plan.
Working from the traditional 1446 BC date for the exodus, many conservative scholars identify this Pharaoh either as Thutmose III near the end of his reign or his son Amenhotep II. Both are documented builders, and both presided over military strength that matches the hardened attitude seen in the text.
Moses asks for a three-day journey into the wilderness to sacrifice. This was not deception but a first step in God’s unfolding plan. Rejection launches the confrontation that will expose Egypt’s gods as powerless (Exodus 12:12) and make YHWH’s name known among the nations (Romans 9:17).
Mud bricks required straw or chaff for stability. Tomb paintings at Thebes show Semitic laborers mixing mud and carrying bricks. The Leiden Papyrus 348 lists the daily tally of bricks and notes penalties when quotas aren’t met—strikingly similar toExodus 5:14.
• Brick walls at the store-cities of Raamses and Pithom have alternating courses—some with straw, some without—matching a switch in technique.
• Papyrus Anastasi III records a messenger complaining that he cannot meet brick quotas because “there are no men to mold bricks and straw is lacking.”
These finds lend real-world color to Pharaoh’s decree.
Pharaoh’s initial question “Who is the LORD?” sets the tone for the hardening process (cf.Exodus 7:13; 9:12). He first hardens his own heart, then God reinforces that choice, illustrating both human responsibility and divine sovereignty (Romans 9:18).
The foremen appeal to Pharaoh rather than to God, and when rebuffed they vent their anger at Moses. Leadership often absorbs blame for problems it did not cause (Numbers 14:2-3;2 Corinthians 1:8-10). Moses learns that obedience to God can initially make circumstances worse before deliverance comes.
Pharaoh’s ignorance sets the stage for God to reveal His covenant name through mighty acts (Exodus 6:2-8). “I AM” (Exodus 3:14) will soon confront Egypt’s pantheon, showing that the LORD is not one regional deity among many but the only living God (Isaiah 45:5).
1. A people in bondage (Israel; all humanity).
2. A mediator raised up (Moses; Jesus).
3. Initial resistance and intensified suffering.
4. Miraculous deliverance leading to covenant.
5. A journey toward promise (Canaan; New Creation).
• God hears complaints and invites honesty, but He also calls for trust in His timing (Psalm 62:8).
• Earthly powers often mistake patience for weakness; God’s delay magnifies His ultimate victory (2 Peter 3:9).
• Leadership requires resilience under criticism; keep eyes on the One who called you (Hebrews 12:2-3).
• Remember the bigger story: slavery gives way to freedom, burden to rest, despair to worship.
Connections to Additional Scriptures
James 1:2-4Consider it pure joy, my brothers, when you encounter trials of many kinds, because you know that the testing of your faith develops perseverance.
Romans 8:28And we know that God works all things together for the good of those who love Him, who are called according to His purpose.
Psalm 34:17The righteous cry out, and the LORD hears; He delivers them from all their troubles.
Teaching Points
God's Command and Pharaoh's DefianceAfterward, Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh and said, 'This is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says: Let My people go, so that they may hold a feast to Me in the wilderness.' But Pharaoh replied, 'Who is the LORD, that I should obey His voice to let Israel go? I do not know the LORD, and I will not let Israel go.' (
Exodus 5:1-2). Pharaoh's response highlights his ignorance and defiance of God, setting the stage for the unfolding conflict between divine authority and human pride.
Increased OppressionPharaoh's reaction to Moses and Aaron's request is to increase the Israelites' burdens: You shall no longer supply the people with straw for making bricks. They must go and gather their own straw. But require of them the same quota of bricks as before; do not reduce it. (
Exodus 5:7-8). This teaches us that obedience to God can sometimes lead to immediate hardship, testing our faith and perseverance.
Israelites' DespairThe Israelites' foremen confront Moses and Aaron, blaming them for their increased suffering: May the LORD look upon you and judge you, for you have made us a stench to Pharaoh and his officials, putting a sword in their hand to kill us. (
Exodus 5:21). This reaction reflects a common human tendency to doubt and blame when faced with trials.
Moses' Lament to GodMoses turns to God in his distress: O Lord, why have You brought trouble upon this people? Is this why You sent me? (
Exodus 5:22). Moses' honest lament shows that even leaders can struggle with doubt and discouragement, yet it also models the importance of bringing our concerns to God.
Practical Applications
Trust in God's TimingWhen obedience leads to hardship, remember that God's timing and purposes are perfect, even when they are not immediately apparent.
Persevere in FaithLike Moses and Aaron, we must continue to follow God's commands, trusting that He is working for our good, even in difficult circumstances.
Support One AnotherIn times of trial, encourage and support fellow believers, rather than casting blame or giving in to despair.
Seek God in PrayerWhen faced with challenges, bring your doubts and fears to God in prayer, trusting that He hears and cares for you.
People
1.
MosesMoses is the central figure in the Book of Exodus, chosen by God to lead the Israelites out of Egypt. In
Exodus 5, he approaches Pharaoh to demand the release of the Israelites. The Hebrew name "מֹשֶׁה" (Moshe) is derived from the root meaning "to draw out," reflecting his being drawn out of the Nile as a baby.
2.
AaronAaron is Moses' brother and spokesperson. He accompanies Moses to speak to Pharaoh. His role is crucial as he helps communicate God's message. The Hebrew name "אַהֲרֹן" (Aharon) is of uncertain origin, but it is often associated with meanings like "mountain of strength."
3.
PharaohThe Pharaoh is the unnamed king of Egypt who opposes Moses and Aaron's request to let the Israelites go. The term "Pharaoh" (פַּרְעֹה, Par'oh) is a title for the Egyptian ruler, meaning "great house."
4.
Israelite ForemenThese are the leaders among the Israelites who are responsible for overseeing the labor of their fellow Israelites. They are caught between the demands of Pharaoh and the suffering of their people.
5.
TaskmastersThe taskmasters are Egyptian officials appointed by Pharaoh to oversee the forced labor of the Israelites. They enforce harsh conditions and are a symbol of the oppression faced by the Israelites.
Places
1.
EgyptThe overarching setting of the narrative in
Exodus 5 is Egypt, where the Israelites are enslaved. The chapter describes the confrontation between Moses and Pharaoh, which takes place in the context of the Egyptian empire. The Hebrew term for Egypt is "מִצְרַיִם" (Mitzrayim), which is consistently used throughout the Old Testament to refer to this land.
2.
Pharaoh's PalaceWhile not explicitly named in the text, the interaction between Moses, Aaron, and Pharaoh suggests that it takes place in a royal setting, likely Pharaoh's palace. This is where Moses and Aaron present God's demand to let the Israelites go. The palace would have been a central location for governance and royal decrees in ancient Egypt.
3.
The BrickfieldsThe chapter describes the Israelites' labor in making bricks, which implies the presence of brickfields or construction sites. These areas would have been where the Israelites were forced to work under harsh conditions, as described in the narrative. The Hebrew word for brick is "לְבֵנִים" (levenim), indicating the materials they were tasked with producing.
Events
1.
Moses and Aaron Approach PharaohMoses and Aaron go to Pharaoh and deliver God's message: “This is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says: ‘Let My people go, so that they may hold a feast to Me in the wilderness.’” (
Exodus 5:1). The Hebrew word for "feast" is "חָג" (chag), indicating a religious festival or celebration.
2.
Pharaoh's RejectionPharaoh responds dismissively, saying, “Who is the LORD, that I should obey His voice to let Israel go? I do not know the LORD, and I will not let Israel go.” (
Exodus 5:2). The term "know" here, from the Hebrew "יָדַע" (yada), implies recognition or acknowledgment.
3.
Moses and Aaron's Second AppealMoses and Aaron explain further, “The God of the Hebrews has met with us. Please let us take a three-day journey into the wilderness to sacrifice to the LORD our God, or He may strike us with plagues or with the sword.” (
Exodus 5:3). The Hebrew word for "sacrifice" is "זָבַח" (zabach), which involves offering or slaughtering.
4.
Pharaoh's Accusation of LazinessPharaoh accuses the Israelites of being lazy, saying, “Moses and Aaron, why do you distract the people from their work? Get back to your labor!” (
Exodus 5:4). The Hebrew root "עָצַר" (atsar) for "distract" suggests hindering or restraining.
5.
Increased Labor for the IsraelitesPharaoh commands the taskmasters and foremen to stop providing straw for brick-making, forcing the Israelites to gather their own straw while maintaining the same quota of bricks. “You shall no longer supply the people with straw for making bricks. They must go and gather their own straw.” (
Exodus 5:7). The Hebrew word for "taskmasters" is "נֹגְשִׂים" (nogesim), meaning oppressors or drivers.
6.
Israelites' Struggle and ComplaintThe Israelites struggle to meet the demands and are beaten when they fail. They complain to Pharaoh, “Why are you treating your servants this way?” (
Exodus 5:15). The Hebrew word for "servants" is "עֲבָדִים" (avadim), indicating slaves or workers.
7.
Pharaoh's Dismissal of ComplaintsPharaoh reiterates his accusation of laziness, saying, “You are slackers! Slackers! That is why you keep saying, ‘Let us go and sacrifice to the LORD.’” (
Exodus 5:17). The repetition of "slackers" emphasizes his disdain and disbelief.
8.
Israelite Foremen Confront Moses and AaronThe Israelite foremen confront Moses and Aaron, blaming them for their increased suffering: “May the LORD look upon you and judge you, for you have made us a stench to Pharaoh and his officials.” (
Exodus 5:21). The Hebrew word for "stench" is "בָּאַשׁ" (baash), meaning to become odious or offensive.
9.
Moses' Plea to the LORDMoses returns to the LORD and questions why He has brought trouble upon the people, saying, “O Lord, why have You brought trouble upon this people? Is this why You sent me?” (
Exodus 5:22). The Hebrew word for "trouble" is "רָעָה" (ra'ah), which can mean evil or harm.
10.
Moses' Expression of DoubtMoses expresses his doubt and frustration, questioning why God has not delivered His people: “Ever since I went to Pharaoh to speak in Your name, he has brought trouble upon this people, and You have not delivered Your people at all.” (
Exodus 5:23). The Hebrew root "נָצַל" (natsal) for "delivered" implies rescue or snatching away.
Lessons from Exodus 5
1. Trust in God's Timing
InExodus 5, Moses and Aaron approach Pharaoh with God's command to let the Israelites go. Pharaoh's heart is hardened, and the situation seems to worsen for the Israelites. This teaches us that God's timing is perfect, even when circumstances appear bleak. As it says inEcclesiastes 3:11, "He has made everything beautiful in its time." Trust that God is working behind the scenes, even when you can't see immediate results.
2. Obedience Over Outcome
Moses and Aaron obey God's command despite the immediate negative response from Pharaoh. This reminds us that our responsibility is to obey God, not to control the outcome. AsProverbs 3:5-6 encourages, "Trust in the LORD with all your heart, and lean not on your own understanding; in all your ways acknowledge Him, and He will make your paths straight."
3. Expect Resistance
Pharaoh's refusal to let the Israelites go is a reminder that following God's will often meets resistance. Jesus Himself said inJohn 16:33, "In the world you will have tribulation. But take heart; I have overcome the world." Expect challenges, but remember that God is greater than any opposition.
4. God's Promises Are Sure
Despite the initial setback, God's promise to deliver the Israelites remains steadfast.Exodus 5 is a testament to the certainty of God's promises. AsNumbers 23:19 assures us, "God is not a man, that He should lie, nor a son of man, that He should change His mind."
5. Faith in the Face of Doubt
The Israelites' increased burdens led them to doubt Moses and God's plan. Yet, faith calls us to trust God even when doubt creeps in.Hebrews 11:1 defines faith as "the assurance of what we hope for and the certainty of what we do not see."
6. God Hears Our Cries
The Israelites' suffering did not go unnoticed by God.Exodus 5 reminds us that God hears our cries and is compassionate.Psalm 34:17 reassures us, "The righteous cry out, and the LORD hears; He delivers them from all their troubles."
7. Leadership Requires Perseverance
Moses faced criticism and discouragement from his own people, yet he persevered. This teaches us that leadership often involves enduring criticism and remaining steadfast.Galatians 6:9 encourages, "Let us not grow weary in well-doing, for in due time we will reap a harvest if we do not give up."
8. God's Power Over Earthly Authority
Pharaoh's earthly power seemed insurmountable, yet God's power is supreme.Exodus 5 foreshadows the eventual triumph of God's will.Romans 13:1 reminds us, "There is no authority except that which God has established."
9. The Importance of Intercession
Moses intercedes for the Israelites, showing the power of prayer and intercession.James 5:16 highlights this, "The prayer of a righteous person is powerful and effective." Never underestimate the impact of praying for others.
10. God's Plan Is Greater Than Our Understanding
The events ofExodus 5 remind us that God's plan is often beyond our comprehension.Isaiah 55:8-9 declares, "For My thoughts are not your thoughts, neither are your ways My ways, declares the LORD." Trust that His plan is for our ultimate good and His glory.
Topics
1.
Moses and Aaron Confront PharaohMoses and Aaron approach Pharaoh with God's command: “This is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says: ‘Let My people go, so that they may hold a feast to Me in the wilderness.’” (
Exodus 5:1). The Hebrew word for "feast" is "חָג" (chag), indicating a religious festival or pilgrimage.
2.
Pharaoh's Rejection and DefiancePharaoh responds with defiance, questioning the authority of the LORD: “Who is the LORD, that I should obey His voice and let Israel go? I do not know the LORD, and I will not let Israel go.” (
Exodus 5:2). The Hebrew term for "know" is "יָדַע" (yada), implying an intimate or experiential knowledge, which Pharaoh claims to lack.
3.
Increased Labor for the IsraelitesIn retaliation, Pharaoh increases the Israelites' workload, demanding they gather their own straw for brick-making without reducing their quota: “You shall no longer supply the people with straw for making bricks. They must go and gather their own straw.” (
Exodus 5:7). The Hebrew word for "straw" is "תֶּבֶן" (teben), essential for brick production.
4.
Israelite Foremen's Plea and Pharaoh's HarshnessThe Israelite foremen appeal to Pharaoh, but he accuses them of laziness: “You are slackers! Slackers! That is why you keep saying, ‘Let us go and sacrifice to the LORD.’” (
Exodus 5:17). The Hebrew word for "slackers" is "נִרְפִּים" (nirpim), meaning idle or lazy.
5.
Confrontation with Moses and AaronThe foremen confront Moses and Aaron, blaming them for worsening their situation: “May the LORD look upon you and judge you, for you have made us a stench to Pharaoh and his officials, putting a sword in their hand to kill us.” (
Exodus 5:21). The Hebrew word for "stench" is "בָּאַשׁ" (ba'ash), indicating a foul odor or reputation.
6.
Moses' Lament to the LORDMoses turns to God in distress, questioning why He has brought trouble upon the people: “O Lord, why have You brought trouble upon this people? Is this why You sent me?” (
Exodus 5:22). The Hebrew word for "trouble" is "רָעָה" (ra'ah), often translated as evil or harm.
Themes
1.
Confrontation with AuthorityIn
Exodus 5, Moses and Aaron confront Pharaoh with God's command: "Thus says the LORD, the God of Israel, 'Let My people go, so that they may hold a feast to Me in the wilderness'" (
Exodus 5:1). This theme highlights the tension between divine authority and earthly power. The Hebrew word for "LORD" here is "Yahweh," emphasizing God's covenantal relationship with Israel.
2.
Resistance to God's CommandPharaoh's response to Moses and Aaron is dismissive: "Who is the LORD, that I should obey His voice to let Israel go? I do not know the LORD, and I will not let Israel go" (
Exodus 5:2). This theme underscores human resistance to divine authority and the ignorance of God's identity and power. The Hebrew word "yada" (know) indicates a lack of recognition or acknowledgment of God's sovereignty.
3.
Increased OppressionPharaoh's reaction to the request is to increase the Israelites' burdens: "You shall no longer supply the people with straw for making bricks. They must go and gather their own straw" (
Exodus 5:7). This theme reflects the intensification of suffering and oppression when God's people seek liberation. The Hebrew root "kabad" (to make heavy) is used to describe the increased labor, symbolizing the weight of bondage.
4.
Discouragement Among the IsraelitesThe Israelites' foremen express their despair to Moses and Aaron: "May the LORD look upon you and judge you, for you have made us a stench to Pharaoh and his officials" (
Exodus 5:21). This theme highlights the discouragement and loss of hope among God's people when faced with adversity. The Hebrew word "ba'ash" (to stink) conveys the social and relational damage caused by the increased oppression.
5.
Moses' Appeal to GodMoses turns to God in frustration and confusion: "O Lord, why have You brought trouble upon this people? Is this why You sent me?" (
Exodus 5:22). This theme illustrates the struggle of faith and the questioning of God's purposes in the face of unexpected challenges. The Hebrew word "ra'a" (to bring trouble) reflects Moses' perception of the situation as harmful and perplexing.
Prayer Points
Pray for strength and perseverance in times of trial, trusting in God's ultimate plan and purpose.
Ask God for wisdom and patience when His timing seems delayed or His ways unclear.
Pray for unity and encouragement within the body of Christ, especially for those facing difficult circumstances.
Seek God's guidance and comfort when bringing your doubts and fears before Him.
Answering Tough Questions
1.
Exodus 5:1: Where is the historical or archaeological evidence of Moses confronting an Egyptian Pharaoh as described?2.Exodus 5:2: Why would Pharaoh deny any knowledge of Israel’s God if Moses was supposedly raised in the royal court?
3.Exodus 5:7: How could the Israelites maintain the same brick quota without Egyptian-provided straw under harsh labor conditions?
4.Exodus 5:8–9: Is there any record or historical precedent indicating such sudden changes in Egyptian labor policy?
5.Exodus 5:20–21: Would enslaved leaders realistically have such direct access to Pharaoh and survive speaking against him?
Bible Study Discussion Questions
1. What does Pharaoh's initial response to Moses and Aaron's plea reveal about his view of God and his own authority?
2. How does Pharaoh's decision to increase the Israelites' workload reflect the dynamics of power and oppression?
3. What can you learn about dealing with setbacks and hostility from Moses and Aaron's experience?
4. How does the response of the Israelite foremen to the increased hardship reflect the challenges of leadership during crisis?
5. Why do you think Moses questioned God after witnessing the increasing trouble for the Israelites?
6. How does this chapter shape our understanding of the nature of deliverance and freedom?
7. How would you react in a situation where following God's instructions seems to lead to more trouble, as Moses experienced?
8. Why do you think Pharaoh disregarded the potential threat of plagues or sword, as Moses and Aaron warned?
9. How can the Israelite foremen's reaction to the increased hardship inform your understanding of human reactions to unjust situations?
10. How might this chapter help someone dealing with a situation where their actions, though right, have unintended negative consequences on others?
11. In what ways does the story challenge your understanding of God's timing?
12. How can you relate the Israelites' suffering and cry for relief to present-day issues of oppression and injustice?
13. How does this chapter speak to situations where you might feel God has not delivered on His promises?
14. Why do you think God allowed the situation to worsen before delivering the Israelites?
15. What lessons can be learned about courage and persistence from Moses and Aaron's encounter with Pharaoh?
16. How might the Israelites' situation inform our understanding of the relationship between power, authority, and responsibility?
17. In what ways does this chapter highlight the human tendency to blame when confronted with increased difficulty?
18. How does this chapter encourage someone who feels their efforts to follow God's plan only lead to more trouble?
19. How do the reactions of Pharaoh and the Israelite foremen reveal the differing impacts of faith and disbelief during hardship?
20. In your present-day life, how would you apply the lessons learnt from the Israelites' experience under increased hardship?
Bible Hub Chapter Summaries and Bible Study Questions
