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Luke 3:1
Now in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, Pontius Pilate being governor of Judaea, and Herod being tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip tetrarch of Ituraea and of the region of Trachonitis, and Lysanias the tetrarch of Abilene,

Acts 11:28
And there stood up one of them named Agabus, and signified by the spirit that there should be great dearth throughout all the world: which came to pass in the days of Claudius Caesar.

Acts 25:11,21
For if I be an offender, or have committed any thing worthy of death, I refuse not to die: but if there be none of these things whereof these accuse me, no man may deliver me unto them. I appeal unto Caesar…

all.

Matthew 24:14
And this gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in all the world for a witness unto all nations; and then shall the end come.

Mark 14:9
Verily I say unto you, Wheresoever this gospel shall be preached throughout the whole world,this also that she hath done shall be spoken of for a memorial of her.

Mark 16:15
And he said unto them, Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature.

taxed.

a decree went out
A decree indicates an official order issued by a governing authority. In this context, it reflects the centralized power of the Roman Empire and its ability to enforce policies across vast territories. This decree sets the stage for the fulfillment ofMicah 5:2, which prophesies the Messiah's birth in Bethlehem.

from Caesar Augustus
Caesar Augustus, originally named Gaius Octavius, was the first Roman emperor, ruling from 27 BC to AD 14. His reign brought about the Pax Romana, a period of relative peace and stability across the empire. Augustus's policies and administrative reforms, including censuses, were instrumental in maintaining control over the empire. His role in the narrative underscores the divine orchestration of events leading to Jesus's birth.

that a census should be taken
Censuses were conducted for taxation and military conscription purposes. This particular census, however, serves a divine purpose by bringing Joseph and Mary to Bethlehem, fulfilling the prophecy of the Messiah's birthplace. The census also highlights the Roman influence over Jewish life and the fulfillment of God's plan through secular means.

of the whole empire
The phrase "whole empire" emphasizes the vastness of Roman authority, extending from Britain to Egypt. This global reach underscores the significance of Jesus's birth, as the Savior for all nations, not just Israel. It also foreshadows the spread of the Gospel throughout the Roman Empire and beyond, as seen inActs 1:8.

• Luke roots the birth of Jesus in verifiable history, just as he promised inLuke 1:3–4.

• “Those days” draw us back toLuke 1, where Gabriel announced two miraculous births (Luke 1:13, 31). God’s promised timetable is unfolding, echoing Paul’s later words: “But when the fullness of time had come, God sent His Son” (Galatians 4:4).

• The phrase situates events alongside contemporary rulers—mirroring how Old Testament writers dated God’s acts (e.g.,Isaiah 6:1;Jeremiah 1:3).

• God’s sovereign plan marches forward through a government edict. What looks like secular bureaucracy actually advances prophecy (compareProverbs 21:1).

• Similar divine orchestration appears when Cyrus sends Israel home (2 Chronicles 36:22–23) and when Artaxerxes funds Nehemiah’s mission (Nehemiah 2:7–8).

• The decree forces Joseph to move, setting upMicah 5:2: “out of you, Bethlehem Ephrathah… will come forth for Me One to be ruler in Israel.”

• Augustus (reigned 27 BC–AD 14) was hailed as “savior” and “son of god” throughout the empire—ironic titles that belong truly to the Child about to be born (Luke 2:11).

• Luke names real rulers—Augustus here, Quirinius in verse 2, Herod in 1:5—anchoring the narrative in time and space, just as he later dates Jesus’ ministry by Tiberius, Pilate, Herod Antipas, and the high priests (Luke 3:1–2).

• The world’s most powerful throne unwittingly bows to God’s throne;Isaiah 46:10 reminds us, “My purpose will be established, and I will accomplish all My good pleasure.”

• Censuses served taxation and military conscription, yet Roman law exempted Jews from soldiering. Even so, everyone had to register, explaining Joseph’s journey inLuke 2:4–5.

• In Scripture, censuses often reveal hearts: David’s wrongful counting (2 Samuel 24:1–2) contrasts with God’s righteous numbering for worship (Numbers 1:2). Here, a pagan census is redeemed for salvation history.

• The census links Rome’s power with Israel’s hope: the earthly emperor seeks revenue; the heavenly King seeks redemption (John 3:16).

• Augustus wanted a comprehensive roll—but Luke sees a larger “empire,” the entire inhabited world (oikoumenē), ready for the gospel (Acts 17:6).

• The universal scope anticipates Simeon’s prophecy: Jesus is “a light for revelation to the Gentiles” (Luke 2:32) and the Great Commission’s reach “to the ends of the earth” (Acts 1:8).

•Romans 8:28 assures believers that God works “all things” together for good; even empire-wide taxation becomes the vehicle for Messiah’s arrival in the prophesied town.

Luke 2:1 is not a throwaway historical footnote; it is a showcase of God’s sovereignty. A worldwide decree, issued by the most powerful ruler of the day, moves a humble couple ninety miles so the Savior will be born exactly where Micah foretold. Earthly power bends to divine purpose, confirming that Scripture is accurate, literal, and utterly trustworthy.

(1)There went out a decree.--The passage that follows has given rise to almost endless discussion. The main facts may be summed up as follows:--(1) The word "taxed" is used in its older English sense of simple "registration," and in that sense is a true equivalent for the Greek word. The corresponding verb appears inHebrews 12:23. It does not involve, as to modern ears it seems to do, the payment of taxes. The "world" (literally, the inhabited world,?????????, ?cumene,--the word from which we form the word "?cumenical" as applied to councils) is taken, as throughout the New Testament, for the Roman empire. What Augustus is said to have decreed, was a general census. (2) It may be admitted that no Roman or Jewish historian speaks distinctly of such a general census as made at this time. On the other hand, the collection of statistical returns of this nature was an ever-recurring feature of the policy of Augustus. We read of such returns at intervals of about ten years during the whole period of his government. In B.C. 27, when he offered to resign, he laid before the Senate arationarium, or survey of the whole empire. After his death, a like document, more epitomised--abreviarium--was produced as having been compiled by him. There are traces of one about this time made by the Emperor, not in his character as Censor, but by an imperial edict such as St. Luke here describes. (3) Just before the death of Herod, Josephus (Wars, i. 27, ? 2; 29:2) reports that there was an agitation among the Jews, which led him to require them to take an oath of fidelity, not to himself only, but to the Emperor, and that 6,000 Pharisees refused to take it. He does not say what caused it, but the census which St. Luke records, holding out, as it did, the prospect of future taxation in the modern sense, sufficiently explains it. (4) It need hardly be said that the whole policy of Herod was one of subservience to the Emperor, and that though he retained a nominal independence, he was not likely to resist the wish of the Emperor for statistics of the population, or even of the property, of the province over which he ruled. (5) It may be noted that none of the early opponents of Christianity--such as Celsus and Porphyry--call the accuracy of the statement in question. St. Luke, we may add, lastly, as an inquirer, writing for men of education, would not have been likely to expose himself to the risk of detection by asserting that there had been such a census in the face of facts to the contrary.

(1) no historian of the time mentions such a decree of Augustus.

(2) Supposing Augustus had issued such an edict, Herod, in his kingdom of Judaea, would not have been included in it, for Judaea was not formally annexed to the Roman province of Syria before the death of Archelaus, Herod's son; for some years after this time Herod occupied the position of a rex socius. In answer to (1), we possess scarcely any minute records of this particular time; and there are besides distinct traces in contemporary histories of such a general registration. In answer to (2), in the event of such an imperial registration being made, it was most unlikely that Herod would have claimed exemption for his only nominally independent states. It must be remembered that Herod was an attached dependent of the emperor, and in such a matter would never have opposed the imperial will of his great patron.

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