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1 Kings 4:20
Judah and Israelwere many, as the sand whichis by the sea in multitude, eating and drinking, and making merry.

Hosea 1:10
Yet the number of the children of Israel shall be as the sand of the sea, which cannot be measured nor numbered; and it shall come to pass,that in the place where it was said unto them, Yeare not my people,there it shall be said unto them,Ye are the sons of the living God.

Romans 9:27
Esaias also crieth concerning Israel, Though the number of the children of Israel be as the sand of the sea, a remnant shall be saved:

yet a remnant

Isaiah 6:13
But yet in itshall be a tenth, andit shall return, and shall be eaten: as a teil tree, and as an oak, whose substanceis in them, when they casttheir leaves: so the holy seedshall be the substance thereof.

of.

Isaiah 6:11
Then said I, Lord, how long? And he answered, Until the cities be wasted without inhabitant, and the houses without man, and the land be utterly desolate,

Isaiah 8:8
And he shall pass through Judah; he shall overflow and go over, he shall reacheven to the neck; and the stretching out of his wings shall fill the breadth of thy land, O Immanuel.

Isaiah 27:10,11
Yet the defenced cityshall be desolate,and the habitation forsaken, and left like a wilderness: there shall the calf feed, and there shall he lie down, and consume the branches thereof…

with.

Genesis 18:25
That be far from thee to do after this manner, to slay the righteous with the wicked: and that the righteous should be as the wicked, that be far from thee: Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right?

Acts 17:31
Because he hath appointed a day, in the which he will judge the world in righteousness bythat man whom he hath ordained;whereof he hath given assurance unto allmen, in that he hath raised him from the dead.

Romans 2:5
But after thy hardness and impenitent heart treasurest up unto thyself wrath against the day of wrath and revelation of the righteous judgment of God;

only a remnant will return
The concept of a remnant is significant throughout the Bible, often referring to a small, faithful group preserved by God amidst judgment. This prophecy was partially fulfilled when a small number of Israelites returned from Babylonian exile (Ezra 2). Theologically, it points to God's grace and mercy, preserving a faithful group despite widespread unfaithfulness. It also foreshadows the New Testament theme of a remnant chosen by grace (Romans 11:5).

Destruction has been decreed
This phrase indicates a divine judgment that is both certain and purposeful. The historical context involves the Assyrian invasion, which was a tool of God's judgment against Israel's idolatry and injustice. The decree of destruction serves as a warning of the consequences of turning away from God, emphasizing His sovereignty and justice.

overflowing with righteousness
Despite the harshness of the judgment, it is described as "overflowing with righteousness," suggesting that God's actions are just and morally right. This reflects the biblical theme that God's judgments are not arbitrary but are rooted in His holy character. It also points to the ultimate purpose of judgment, which is to bring about repentance and restoration, aligning with God's righteous standards. This righteousness is fully realized in the person and work of Jesus Christ, who embodies God's justice and mercy.

• God reminds Israel of His original promise to Abraham inGenesis 22:17, that his descendants would be “as numerous as the stars of the sky and as the sand on the seashore.”

• The image highlights both God’s faithfulness in multiplying the nation (Exodus 32:13) and the staggering size of the population at the time of Isaiah.

• Yet sheer numbers do not guarantee spiritual fidelity (Deuteronomy 7:7–8). Israel’s vast population underscores the seriousness of their coming judgment—none can claim ignorance or exemption (Amos 3:2).

• Despite national unfaithfulness, God preserves a faithful core; this is His consistent pattern (1 Kings 19:18;Romans 11:5).

• The word “return” echoes the call to repentance (Isaiah 1:18;Hosea 14:1). Those who survive the judgment do so by turning back to Him.

• The remnant concept reassures that God’s covenant remains intact; He prunes but does not uproot entirely (Jeremiah 24:5–7).

• Judgment is not random; it is a settled decision of God’s justice (Isaiah 10:23;Daniel 9:26).

• The Assyrian invasion, soon to sweep through Israel and Judah (2 Kings 17:5–6; 18:13), is the immediate outworking of this decree.

• God’s sovereign plan never wavers—He foretells, then fulfills (Isaiah 46:10). The certainty of destruction underscores the urgency of repentance (Joel 2:12–13).

• God’s judgments are never capricious; they overflow with righteousness because they perfectly align with His holy character (Psalm 97:2;Revelation 16:5).

• The phrasing assures that even painful discipline serves a righteous purpose: to purge idolatry, vindicate God’s name, and refine the faithful (Isaiah 1:25–27;Hebrews 12:10–11).

• Ultimately, the righteous overflow points forward to the Messiah, through whom God’s justice and mercy will meet fully (Isaiah 53:11;Romans 3:25–26).

Isaiah 10:22 compresses both the severity and the hope of God’s dealings with His people. Although Israel’s population is vast, only those who genuinely repent form the protected remnant. The coming destruction is a settled act of divine justice, yet even that judgment is saturated with righteousness, aiming to purify and preserve. God’s faithfulness shines through: He keeps His promises, disciplines in love, and safeguards a people through whom His ultimate salvation will come.

The consumption decreed shall overflow with righteousness.--Literally,a finished(orfinal) work, decisive, overflowing with righteousness.A like phrase meets us again inIsaiah 28:22;Daniel 9:27. The "finished work" is that of God's judgment, and it "overflows with righteousness" at once punitive and corrective.