Lexical Summary
shamayim: Heaven(s), sky
Original Word:שָׁמַיִם
Part of Speech:Noun Masculine
Transliteration:shamayim
Pronunciation:shah-MAH-yeem
Phonetic Spelling:(shaw-mah'-yim)
KJV: air, X astrologer, heaven(-s)
NASB:heaven, heavens, sky, highest heavens, heavenly, heaven and the highest, compass
Word Origin:[from an unused root meaning to be lofty]
1. the sky (as aloft
2. the dual perhaps alluding to the visible arch in which the clouds move, as well as to the higher ether where the celestial bodies revolve)
Strong's Exhaustive Concordance
air, astrologer, heavens
Dual of an unused singular shameh {shaw-meh'}; from an unused root meaning to be lofty; the sky (as aloft; the dual perhaps alluding to the visible arch in which the clouds move, as well as to the higher ether where the celestial bodies revolve) -- air, X astrologer, heaven(-s).
NAS Exhaustive Concordance
Word Originfrom an unused word
Definitionheaven, sky
NASB Translationastrologers* (1), compass (1), earth (1), heaven (191), heaven and the highest (2), heaven and the highest heavens (1), heaven of heavens (1), heavenly (3), heavens (151), heavens and the highest (1), highest heaven (1), highest heaven (1), highest heavens (4), horizons (1), other* (1), sky (50).
Brown-Driver-Briggs
[]
Deuteronomy 33:28 only plural
421 (Sta
§324 a) (Late Hebrew
id.; Assyrian
šamû plural
šamê, šamûtu, also
šamâmu, compare Phoenician ; Sabean Hom
Chr 46, 124; Arabic

Ethiopic

Aramaic

; Palmyrene, Nabataean in proper name (compounded with ) Lzb
153 GACooke
45; on plural form see Ba
ZMG xiii (1888), 341 f.); — absolute
Genesis 1:1 +, -
Genesis 2:4 +;
Exodus 9:8 +; construct
Deuteronomy 10:14 9t.; suffix
Psalm 8:4 2t.,
Deuteronomy 33:28,
Leviticus 26:19, with verb plural,
Hosea 2:23; —
visible heavens, sky, where stars, etc., areJudges 5:20;Genesis 15:5 (J),Deuteronomy 4:19;Genesis 1:14,15,17 (P), henceGenesis 22:17 (JE) = 9 t. (usually as countless),Deuteronomy 4:19;Jeremiah 8:2 + (
; ,
;Genesis 1:20 (P), compareDeuteronomy 4:17;Jeremiah 8:7;Proverbs 30:19,Genesis 2:19 (J),Genesis 1:19 (P) + ( ),Psalm 8:9,Lamentations 4:19; as (q. v.)Genesis 1:8 (P),Psalm 19:2, with waters beneath and aboveGenesis 1:9 (P, compareGenesis 1:7),Psalm 148:4, darkened with clouds1 Kings 18:45, cleared by windJob 26:13; whence comes rainGenesis 8:2 (J),Judges 5:4;Deuteronomy 11:11 +, and dewGenesis 27:28 (J),Genesis 27:39 (E),Deuteronomy 33:28 (poem) +. compareGenesis 49:25 (poem in J),Deuteronomy 33:13 (poem), but also (destructive) fire2 Kings 1:10 (twice in verse);Job 1:16 + (see also below);Isaiah 47:13, i.e. astrologers, compareJeremiah 10:2; as highGenesis 11:4 (J), Amos (:2(opposed to ),Genesis 11:6 (opposed to ) +,Deuteronomy 4:11;as over all the earth,Genesis 6:17;Genesis 7:19 (both P),Deuteronomy 2:25;Ecclesiastes 1:13 (of extermination)Exodus 17:14 (E),Deuteronomy 7:24;Deuteronomy 9:14 +; specifically of Israel,Deuteronomy 28:23,Leviticus 26:19 (H);2 Samuel 18:9 (hung from tree),1 Chronicles 21:16 (of angel), compareEzekiel 8:3 (Ezekiel in vision),Zechariah 5:9 (flying ephah); of limits of horizonDeuteronomy 4:32, compareDeuteronomy 30:4;Nehemiah 1:9;Psalm 19:7 as made by GodJeremiah 51:15 (opposed to ),Psalm 8:4 #NAME?Deuteronomy 11:21;Job 14:12;Psalm 89:30; especially = universe (compare in Sabean, SabDenkmNo.41.42, l.3)Deuteronomy 3:24Genesis 1:1 (P) + (especially Deuteronomy, Isa2, Psalms), +Exodus 20:11;Haggai 2:6, etc., +Exodus 20:4=Deuteronomy 5:8,.compareProverbs 30:4, etc.; opposed toProverbs 8:27 (+Proverbs 8:29) as part of future gloryIsaiah 65:17;Isaiah 66:22.
(letting rain through)Genesis 7:11;Genesis 8:2 (P),Malachi 3:10 (figurative), compare2 Kings 7:2,19, soPsalm 78:23 (for manna), compare ,Psalm 78:24,Psalm 105:40;2 Samuel 22:8 ("" ; in ""Psalm 18:8 ),Job 26:11,Job 22:14;towards the sky isJoshua 8:20(J),Exodus 9:8,10 (P),Job 2:12;Judges 13:20;Judges 20:40; 2Chronicles 6:13;Exodus 9:22,23;Exodus 10:21,22(all E),Deuteronomy 32:40 (poem),Daniel 12:7, alone1 Kings 8:22,54;Job 35:5;Proverbs 23:5.
()1 Kings 8:30,32 #NAME?Psalm 2:3;Isaiah 66:1, etc., compareDeuteronomy 33:26(poem),Psalm 68:34, whence he rains brimstoneGenesis 19:24 (J), breadExodus 16:4 (E), compareNehemiah 9:15, casts hailstonesJoshua 11:11 (E), talks with IsraelExodus 20:22 (E; GiExodus 20:19) +, compareGenesis 21:17;Genesis 22:11,15 (E), looks downDeuteronomy 26:15 +, hears his peoplePsalm 20:7+ 10 t. Chronicles, etc.; he thunders1 Samuel 2:10;Psalm 18:14,""2 Samuel 22:14; he bends () to come down2 Samuel 22:10=Psalm 18:10, comparePsalm 144:5 and (rend)Isaiah 63:19;Ezekiel 1:1 in vision of God, compareGenesis 28:17 (E; + ); though eventhe highest heuvens cannot hold himDeuteronomy 10:14;1 Kings 8:27; 2Chron 6:18, 2 Chron 2:5;Nehemiah 9:6;Psalm 148:4,Psalm 68:34; he is called (post-exilic title)Ezra 1:2 2Chronicles 36:23; + 11 t. Ezra Nehemiah;Jonah 1:9 (compare Aramaic,Daniel 2:18,19,37,44; inGenesis 24:7 add with , asGenesis 24:3),Psalm 136:26; his sword isIsaiah 34:5, but also hisPsalm 36:6,Psalm 85:12,Psalm 89:3, his word fixedPsalm 119:89. — are (of Israel)Deuteronomy 33:28 (poem),Leviticus 26:19;Psalm 8:4;Psalm 144:5,Lamentations 3:66,Psalm 20:7.
in whirlwind2 Kings 2:1, compare2 Kings 2:11.
personified in various relationsIsaiah 1:2;Jeremiah 2:12;Job 15:15;Psalm 19:2;Psalm 50:6 =Psalm 97:6;Psalm 89:6;Psalm 148:4.
see p. 573.
I, II. see . see .
[] (Biblical Hebrew [], , √ ); — always emphatic :
skyJeremiah 10:11;Daniel 4:8;Daniel 4:10;Daniel 4:17;Daniel 4:19;Daniel 4:20;Daniel 4:27;Daniel 4:28;Daniel 2:38;Daniel 4:9;Daniel 4:18;Daniel 4:12;Daniel 4:20;Daniel 4:22;Daniel 4:30;Daniel 5:21;Daniel 7:2winds of the sky;Daniel 7:13;heavens + earth = universeJeremiah 10:11, where God shews signsDaniel 6:28.
heavens as abode of GodDaniel 2:28;Daniel 4:31, hence, figurative, as rulingDaniel 4:23 ( sometimes =God in Late Hebrew, J, Aramaic, DWorte Jesu 179; Eng.Tr.218 f.); as abode of angelsDaniel 4:32 (Dr); elsewhere in phraseDaniel 2:18,19,37,44;Ezra 5:11;Ezra 5:12;Ezra 6:9;Ezra 6:10;Ezra 7:12;Ezra 7:21;Ezra 7:23 (twice in verse),Daniel 4:34,Daniel 5:23.
Topical Lexicon
Semantic Range and DistributionShamayim embraces the visible sky, the cosmic expanse, and the transcendent dwelling of God. Spanning every genre of the Old Testament—narrative, law, poetry, prophecy, and apocalyptic—it appears about 421 times, making it one of Scripture’s most pervasive theological terms. Context determines whether the reference is meteorological, cosmological, covenantal, or eschatological.
The Heavens in the Creation Narrative
Genesis opens with an absolute claim: “In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth” (Genesis 1:1). The term frames all subsequent revelation by establishing a Creator-creation distinction. Day Two describes God setting “an expanse between the waters” (Genesis 1:6-8), underscoring order and purpose. The completed work (“Thus the heavens and the earth were completed,”Genesis 2:1) provides the baseline for biblical cosmology: one universe, purposely fashioned, sustained, and owned by its Maker.
Heaven as God’s Dwelling Place
While God is omnipresent, heaven is uniquely portrayed as His throne. “Heaven is My throne, and the earth is My footstool” (Isaiah 66:1). Solomon recognized its transcendence: “The highest heaven cannot contain You” (1 Kings 8:27), yet he prayed, “Hear from heaven Your dwelling place” (1 Kings 8:30). This tension—immanence and transcendence—shapes worship, assuring believers that prayers on earth ascend to an attentive King enthroned above.
Covenant Witness and Courtroom Language
Heaven, with earth, is summoned as covenant witness: “I call heaven and earth to witness against you today” (Deuteronomy 30:19). Prophets employ legal rhetoric: “Hear, O heavens, and give ear, O earth” (Isaiah 1:2). By personifying the heavens as auditors, Scripture presents covenant infidelity not as private failure but as an offense observable to the whole cosmos.
Provision, Blessing, and Discipline
Rain “from heaven” signifies covenant blessing (Deuteronomy 28:12), while its withholding signals discipline: “The sky over your head will be bronze” (Deuteronomy 28:23). Agricultural dependence on heaven-sent moisture shaped Israel’s spiritual consciousness, reinforcing trust and obedience (Deuteronomy 11:10-17). Malachi promises that repentance will open “the windows of heaven” (Malachi 3:10), a vivid pastoral image for God’s lavish grace.
The Heavens in Praise and Hymnody
“The heavens declare the glory of God” (Psalm 19:1). Creation’s proclamation is continuous, intelligible, and universal.Psalm 148 summons “sun and moon… all you shining stars… highest heavens” to praise. Worship leaders draw congregations into cosmic liturgy, aligning human praise with the ceaseless doxology of the skies.
Wisdom Literature and Human Limitations
Job’s dialogues often reference heaven to expose human finitude: “Is not God as high as the heavens?” (Job 22:12). Ecclesiastes grounds its reflections “under the heavens” (Ecclesiastes 1:13), reminding readers that earthly pursuits, detached from reverence of the heavenly Sovereign, are vanity.
Prophetic Visions and Cosmic Imagery
Prophets depict heaven in motion when God acts: “The heavens tremble” (Joel 2:10), “the heavens are rolled up like a scroll” (Isaiah 34:4). Such imagery intensifies divine judgment and redemption, portraying historical events as cosmically significant.
Eschatological Hope: New Heavens and New Earth
Isaiah’s promise—“Behold, I will create new heavens and a new earth” (Isaiah 65:17; 66:22)—anchors the hope that creation’s present disorder will be transformed. The New Testament echoes this expectation (2 Peter 3:13;Revelation 21:1), showing thematic continuity rather than innovation.
Messianic and Redemptive Connections
Psalm 2:4 locates the enthroned Messiah’s Father “in heaven,” laughing at earth’s rebellion.Daniel 2:28 affirms “a God in heaven who reveals mysteries,” setting the stage for the stone that becomes a mountain (Daniel 2:34-35, 44-45). The Gospels present Jesus as the One “who came down from heaven” (John 3:13), implicitly linking the Hebrew concept with its fullest self-revelation.
The Heavens and Human Prayer
Patriarchs “looked toward heaven” (Genesis 15:5). Nehemiah begins his intercession, “O LORD, God of heaven” (Nehemiah 1:5). Such address expresses humility and expectancy. Ministers today model this posture, directing congregations to the same throne of grace.
Historical Background and Polemical Force
In Ancient Near Eastern cultures, the heavens hosted a pantheon of deities. Scripture counters this worldview: “The gods that did not make the heavens and the earth will perish” (Jeremiah 10:11). By ascribing exclusive creative rights to YHWH, the Bible dismantles idolatry and safeguards monotheism.
Practical Ministry Implications
1. Theology. Teaching the doctrine of creation starts withGenesis 1:1, grounding ethics, stewardship, and human dignity.
2. Worship. Congregational singing can echoPsalm 19 andPsalm 148, drawing hearts upward.
3. Counseling. Passages on heaven’s immensity (Isaiah 55:9) comfort believers facing confusion, reminding them of divine wisdom.
4. Evangelism. Pointing skeptics to the heavens’ testimony (Romans 1:18-20) demonstrates general revelation.
5. Eschatology. Preachers proclaim the certainty of “new heavens” to fuel perseverance and holiness (2 Peter 3:11-13).
Christological Fulfillment and Heavenly Citizenship
Although shamayim is Hebrew, its theology finds culmination in Christ, who ascended “far above all the heavens” (Ephesians 4:10) and will return visibly “in the clouds of heaven” (Matthew 24:30). Believers are already “seated… in the heavenly realms in Christ Jesus” (Ephesians 2:6), living on earth yet oriented toward their heavenly inheritance.
Conclusion
From Genesis to Malachi, shamayim shapes biblical worldview: revealing God’s glory, governing weather, witnessing covenants, hosting divine throne room scenes, and foreshadowing renewed creation. Its breadth invites sustained meditation, confident worship, and hope-filled mission until “the kingdom of heaven” is fully manifest.
Forms and Transliterations
בְּהַשָּׁמַ֣יִם בִּשְׁמֵ֣י בַּ֭שָּׁמַיִם בַּשָּׁמַ֔יִם בַּשָּׁמַ֖יִם בַּשָּׁמַ֙יִם֙ בַּשָּׁמַ֣֙יִם֙ ׀ בַּשָּׁמַ֣יִם בַּשָּׁמַ֥יִם בַּשָּׁמַ֨יִם ׀ בַּשָּׁמַ֪יִם בַּשָּׁמַיִם֮ בַּשָּׁמָ֑יִם בַּשָּׁמָֽיִם׃ בַשָּׁמַ֔יִם בַשָּׁמַ֖יִם בַשָּׁמַ֗יִם בַשָּׁמַ֙יִם֙ בַשָּׁמַ֣יִם בַשָּׁמָ֑יִם בהשמים בשמי בשמים בשמים׃ הַ֝שָּׁמַ֗יִם הַ֭שָּׁמַיִם הַשָּׁמַ֑יִם הַשָּׁמַ֔יְמָה הַשָּׁמַ֔יִם הַשָּׁמַ֖יְמָה הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם הַשָּׁמַ֗יְמָה הַשָּׁמַ֗יִם הַשָּׁמַ֙יְמָה֙ הַשָּׁמַ֙יִם֙ הַשָּׁמַ֛יִם הַשָּׁמַ֜יִם הַשָּׁמַ֡יִם הַשָּׁמַ֣יִם הַשָּׁמַ֥יִם הַשָּׁמַ֧יִם הַשָּׁמַ֨יִם ׀ הַשָּׁמַיִם֒ הַשָּׁמַיִם֩ הַשָּׁמַיִם֮ הַשָּׁמָ֑יְמָה הַשָּׁמָ֑יִם הַשָּׁמָֽיְמָה׃ הַשָּׁמָֽיִם׃ השמים השמים׃ השמימה השמימה׃ וְ֝שָׁמַ֗יִם וְהַשָּׁמַ֖יִם וְהַשָּׁמַ֙יִם֙ וְשָׁמַ֙יִם֙ וְשָׁמָֽיִם׃ וּשְׁמֵ֣י וּשְׁמֵ֤י וּשְׁמֵ֥י והשמים ושמי ושמים ושמים׃ לַשָּׁמַ֖יִם לַשָּׁמַ֣יִם לַשָּׁמַ֨יִם לַשָּׁמָֽיִם׃ לשמים לשמים׃ מִ֭שָּׁמַיִם מִשְּׁמֵ֣י מִשָּׁמַ֖יִם מִשָּׁמַ֙יִם֙ מִשָּׁמַ֜יִם מִשָּׁמַ֣יִם מִשָּׁמַ֤יִם ׀ מִשָּׁמַ֥יִם מִשָּׁמַ֧יִם מִשָּׁמַ֨יִם ׀ מִשָּׁמַיִם֮ מִשָּׁמָ֑יִם מִשָּׁמָֽיִם׃ מֵֽהַשָּׁמַ֔יִם מהשמים מיך מים משמי משמים משמים׃ שְׁמֵ֣י שְׁמֵ֥י שְׁמֵ֨י שְׁמֵי־ שְׁמֵיכֶם֙ שָׁ֘מַ֤יִם שָׁ֝מַ֗יִם שָׁ֝מַיִם שָׁ֭מֶיךָ שָׁ֭מַיִם שָׁמֶ֛יךָ שָׁמֶ֣יךָ שָׁמַ֓יִם ׀ שָׁמַ֔יִם שָׁמַ֖יִם שָׁמַ֗יִם שָׁמַ֙יִם֙ שָׁמַ֛יִם שָׁמַ֜יִם שָׁמַ֣יִם שָׁמַ֥יִם שָׁמַ֨יִם ׀ שָׁמַיִם֮ שָׁמָ֑יִם שָׁמָ֖יו שָׁמָֽיִם׃ שמי שמי־ שמיו שמיך שמיכם שמים שמים׃ baš·šā·ma·yim baš·šā·mā·yim ḇaš·šā·ma·yim ḇaš·šā·mā·yim bashshaMayim baššāmayim baššāmāyim ḇaššāmayim ḇaššāmāyim bə·haš·šā·ma·yim behashshaMayim bəhaššāmayim biš·mê bishMei bišmê haš·šā·mā·yə·māh haš·šā·ma·yim haš·šā·mā·yim haš·šā·may·māh hashshaMayemah hashshaMayim hashshaMaymah haššāmāyəmāh haššāmayim haššāmāyim haššāmaymāh laš·šā·ma·yim laš·šā·mā·yim lashshaMayim laššāmayim laššāmāyim ma·yim mayim mê·haš·šā·ma·yim me·ḵā mehashshaMayim mêhaššāmayim meicha meḵā miš·šā·ma·yim miš·šā·mā·yim miš·šə·mê mishshaMayim mishsheMei miššāmayim miššāmāyim miššəmê šā·ma·yim šā·mā·yim šā·māw šā·me·ḵā šāmāw šāmayim šāmāyim šāmeḵā šə·mê šə·mê- šə·mê·ḵem šəmê šəmê- šəmêḵem shaMav shaMayim shaMeicha sheMei shemeiChem ū·šə·mê ūšəmê usheMei vashshaMayim vehashshaMayim veshaMayim wə·haš·šā·ma·yim wə·šā·ma·yim wə·šā·mā·yim wəhaššāmayim wəšāmayim wəšāmāyim
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