and so always in the N. T.:
. metaphorically,
); of mankind, who as needing salvation obey the injunctions of him who provides it and leads them to it; so of the followers of Christ:
(RGLWH marginal reading);Hebrews 13:20;τάπρόβαταἀπολωλότα (seeἀπόλλυμι, at the end),Matthew 10:6;Matthew 15:24;τάπρόβατα in distinction fromτάἐρίφια, are good men as distinguished from bad people,Matthew 25:33.
Topical Lexicon
Agrarian Context and Daily LifeIn first-century Judea and the wider Mediterranean, sheep were essential for meat, milk, wool, and temple sacrifices. Flocks moved freely on communal grazing land and required continual oversight. The audience of Jesus and the apostles immediately grasped the vulnerability of sheep, their dependence on a shepherd, and the high value placed on each animal (Luke 15:4–6;Matthew 12:11–12).
Covenantal Marker for Israel
From the Exodus onward, “sheep” became shorthand for the covenant community. Moses pleaded, “Let the Lord, the God of the spirits of all flesh, appoint a man over the congregation… that the congregation of the Lord may not be like sheep without a shepherd” (Numbers 27:16–17). Jesus echoes this language inMatthew 9:36, linking Israel’s distress with the absence of godly leadership: “He was moved with compassion for them, because they were harassed and helpless, like sheep without a shepherd”.
Metaphor of Vulnerability and Need
Sheep wander, are unable to defend themselves, and can be scattered easily (Matthew 26:31;Zechariah 13:7). The image communicates human helplessness apart from divine guidance.Romans 8:36 citesPsalm 44:22 to describe persecuted believers: “For Your sake we face death all day long; we are considered as sheep to be slaughtered.”
Messianic Compassion and Leadership
Jesus’ earthly ministry is framed by shepherd language. He commissions the Twelve “to the lost sheep of the house of Israel” (Matthew 10:6). His miracles and teaching reveal a Shepherd who gathers, heals, and feeds the flock.Mark 6:34 places the feeding of the five thousand in this context: “He began to teach them many things” precisely because they were sheep without oversight.
The Lost Sheep Motif
Luke 15:4–7 presents a shepherd leaving ninety-nine to recover one lost sheep, illustrating heaven’s joy over one repentant sinner. The parable underscores individual worth as well as the Shepherd’s persistence, refuting any notion that God neglects the straying soul.
Sacrificial Typology Prefiguring Christ
Sheep were the most common sacrificial animal, culminating in the Passover lamb (Exodus 12).Acts 8:32 quotesIsaiah 53:7, “He was led like a sheep to the slaughter,” identifying Jesus as the silent sacrificial Lamb. The substitutionary death of Christ fulfills and surpasses all earlier offerings (John 1:29;1 Peter 1:18–19).
The Good Shepherd and the Flock
John 10 contains the richest theological exposition:
• Jesus enters “by the gate” (John 10:2), proving His legitimacy.
• “The sheep listen to his voice” (10:3); intimacy and obedience mark true believers.
• He provides abundant life (10:10), lays down His life for the sheep (10:11, 15), and unites Jewish and Gentile believers into “one flock and one shepherd” (10:16).
These claims affirm both His deity and His saving mission.
Apostolic Instruction and Church Life
After the resurrection, Jesus thrice charges Peter, “Shepherd My sheep” and “Feed My lambs” (John 21:15–17), establishing pastoral ministry as a continuation of Jesus’ own care.Hebrews 13:20 designates Christ “the great Shepherd of the sheep,” grounding church leadership and perseverance in His resurrected authority.1 Peter 2:25 reminds converts, “You were like sheep going astray, but now you have returned to the Shepherd and Overseer of your souls.”
Eschatological Separation and Judgment
Matthew 25:31–46 portrays the Son of Man separating “the sheep from the goats.” The criterion is practical love toward Christ’s brethren, revealing authentic faith. This separation finalizes earthly discipleship and vindicates the righteous.
Temple Commerce and Prophetic Purging
John 2:14–15 notes vendors selling sheep in the temple precincts. Jesus drives them out, symbolically asserting that His body will replace the temple as the meeting place with God. The physical presence of sheep foregrounds the coming once-for-all sacrifice.
Pastoral Ministry Implications
1. Shepherd-flock imagery sets the pattern for church leadership: oversight, feeding with sound doctrine, protection from wolves (Matthew 7:15;Acts 20:28–30).
2. Evangelism seeks the lost until found; missions extend the flock to “other sheep” (John 10:16).
3. Suffering for Christ is interpreted throughRomans 8:36; believers entrust themselves to the Shepherd who conquers death.
Worship, Liturgy, and Hymnody
The title “Shepherd” informs prayers, creeds, and songs (“Savior, like a Shepherd Lead Us”). Communion recalls the Passover lamb and the Good Shepherd who offered Himself for the sheep.
Summary
Strong’s 4263 (πρόβατον) threads Scripture from pastoral fields to the heavenly throne, portraying God’s people as dependent yet precious, redeemed and led by the ultimate Shepherd who willingly became the Lamb.
Forms and Transliterations
προβατα πρόβατα πρόβατά προβατια προβάτιά προβάτοις προβατον πρόβατον πρόβατόν προβατου προβάτου προβάτω προβατων προβάτων probata próbata próbatá probaton probatōn probáton probátōn próbaton próbatón probatou probátouLinks
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