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Genesis 2:11
The name of the firstis Pison: thatis it which compasseth the whole land of Havilah, wherethere is gold;

Genesis 10:7,29
And the sons of Cush; Seba, and Havilah, and Sabtah, and Raamah, and Sabtecha: and the sons of Raamah; Sheba, and Dedan…

Genesis 20:1
And Abraham journeyed from thence toward the south country, and dwelled between Kadesh and Shur, and sojourned in Gerar.

as thou.

Genesis 13:10
And Lot lifted up his eyes, and beheld all the plain of Jordan, that itwas well watered every where, before the LORD destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah,even as the garden of the LORD, like the land of Egypt, as thou comest unto Zoar.

toward.

2 Kings 23:29
In his days Pharaohnechoh king of Egypt went up against the king of Assyria to the river Euphrates: and king Josiah went against him; and he slew him at Megiddo, when he had seen him.

Isaiah 19:23,24
In that day shall there be a highway out of Egypt to Assyria, and the Assyrian shall come into Egypt, and the Egyptian into Assyria, and the Egyptians shall serve with the Assyrians…

died.

Genesis 14:10
And the vale of Siddimwas full of slimepits; and the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah fled, and fell there; and they that remained fled to the mountain.

Psalm 78:64
Their priests fell by the sword; and their widows made no lamentation.

in the.

Genesis 16:12
And he will be a wild man; his handwill be against every man, and every man's hand against him; and he shall dwell in the presence of all his brethren.

which is near the border of Egypt as you go toward Asshur
This specifies the location further, indicating proximity to Egypt and Asshur, which is associated with Assyria. The reference to Egypt and Asshur suggests a significant trade route and cultural exchange area. This positioning also reflects the historical interactions between the descendants of Ishmael and neighboring nations, often marked by trade and conflict. The geographical markers underscore the strategic importance of Ishmael's descendants in the ancient Near East.

And they lived in hostility toward all their brothers
This phrase highlights the fulfillment of the prophecy given to Hagar inGenesis 16:12, where it was foretold that Ishmael would live in conflict with his relatives. This hostility can be seen throughout biblical history, as the descendants of Ishmael often clashed with the Israelites and other neighboring tribes. The ongoing tension serves as a reminder of the complex relationships between the descendants of Abraham and the broader narrative of God's covenant people. This hostility also foreshadows the broader theme of conflict and reconciliation found throughout Scripture, ultimately pointing to the peace brought by Jesus Christ.

•Genesis 25:18 opens with a sweeping statement of territory: “Ishmael’s descendants settled from Havilah to Shur”. This spans the vast desert corridor stretching east from Egypt across the northern Arabian Peninsula.

• Earlier inGenesis 2:11-12, Havilah was linked to the land of gold, emphasizing richness and distance; Shur is first mentioned inGenesis 16:7, the wilderness where Hagar met the Angel of the LORD.

• By listing both markers, Scripture pictures Ishmael’s offspring filling the expanse between these points—exactly what was promised inGenesis 17:20, “I will make him exceedingly fruitful.”

• This fulfillment is historical, not figurative: the tribes named inGenesis 25:13-16 (Nebaioth through Kedemah) did inhabit the northern Arabian regions, verifying God’s word in real geography.

• “Which is near the border of Egypt” pinpoints the western edge of Ishmael’s range, echoingGenesis 16:1-3 where Hagar, an Egyptian, entered Abraham’s story.

• “As you go toward Asshur” projects attention northeast toward Assyria.Genesis 2:14 notes the river flowing to Asshur, again linking earlier geography to later history.

• These phrases show Ishmael’s clans positioned along critical trade routes—caravans that later surface inGenesis 37:25-28 (Ishmaelite traders buying Joseph). Their placement ensured lasting influence in commerce and culture, just as God foreknew.

• The closing clause mirrors the prophecy ofGenesis 16:12 spoken over Ishmael: “He shall dwell in the presence of all his brothers” yet “his hand shall be against everyone.”

• “Hostility” proved true in recurring friction between Israel and desert neighbors:Exodus 17:8-16 (Amalek),Numbers 20:14-21 (Edom),Judges 6-8 (Midian), and1 Samuel 15:2-3 (Amalek). Many of these peoples trace to Ishmael or intermarried with his line.

• Even while conflict persisted, God preserved Ishmael’s heritage—seen inIsaiah 60:6-7, where Arabia’s camels bring gifts to Zion. Hostility never voided God’s care or His larger redemptive plan.

Genesis 25:18 records the precise outworking of God’s word over Ishmael: a vast settlement from Egypt’s doorstep to Assyria’s frontier, embedded on key routes, and marked by perpetual tension with kin. Each phrase confirms earlier promises and prophecies, underscoring the trustworthiness of Scripture and God’s sovereign hand in the unfolding story of nations.

Shur.--This was their western limit towards Egypt. (SeeGenesis 16:7.) In1Samuel 15:7 this same region is assigned to the Amalekites.

As thou goest toward Assyria.--This does not mean that Shur was on the route toward Assyria, but gives the eastern limit of the country inhabited by the descendants of Ishmael.

He died.--But the Hebrew is,he fell--that is, his lot fell; he settled there.

In the presence of.--This meansto the eastof all his brethren. Just as Assyria was regarded as lying to the north of Palestine, because on starting the traveller journeyed in that direction, so Arabia was considered to be on the east, for a similar reason. (But see Note onGenesis 16:12.) . . .

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