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Exodus 15:10
Thou didst blow with thy wind, the sea covered them: they sank as lead in the mighty waters.

Deuteronomy 11:4
And what he did unto the army of Egypt, unto their horses, and to their chariots; how he made the water of the Red sea to overflow them as they pursued after you, andhow the LORD hath destroyed them unto this day;

Nehemiah 9:11
And thou didst divide the sea before them, so that they went through the midst of the sea on the dry land; and their persecutors thou threwest into the deeps, as a stone into the mighty waters.

remained

Exodus 14:13
And Moses said unto the people, Fear ye not, stand still, and see the salvation of the LORD, which he will shew to you to day: for the Egyptians whom ye have seen to day, ye shall see them again no more for ever.

2 Chronicles 20:24
And when Judah came toward the watch tower in the wilderness, they looked unto the multitude, and, behold, theywere dead bodies fallen to the earth, and none escaped.

Psalm 106:9-11
He rebuked the Red sea also, and it was dried up: so he led them through the depths, as through the wilderness…

and covered the chariots and horsemen
The chariots and horsemen represent the military might of ancient Egypt, one of the most powerful empires of the time. Chariots were a symbol of strength and technological advancement in warfare. The covering of these forces by the waters signifies the futility of human power against divine will. This event is a fulfillment of God's promise to fight for Israel (Exodus 14:14) and serves as a reminder of His sovereignty.

the entire army of Pharaoh
Pharaoh's army was a formidable force, and its destruction underscores the totality of God's deliverance. Historically, Pharaohs were considered divine or semi-divine figures, and their armies were seen as invincible. The complete defeat of Pharaoh's forces highlights the supremacy of the God of Israel over the gods of Egypt, as seen in the plagues that preceded this event (Exodus 7-12).

that had chased the Israelites into the sea
This pursuit into the sea represents Pharaoh's hardened heart and his refusal to acknowledge God's authority, despite the plagues and warnings. Theologically, it illustrates the theme of judgment against those who oppose God's plans. The pursuit also serves as a test of faith for the Israelites, who had to trust in God's deliverance despite the imminent threat.

Not one of them survived
The total annihilation of Pharaoh's army is a testament to the completeness of God's judgment and deliverance. It echoes the theme of divine justice found throughout Scripture, where God's enemies are ultimately defeated (Psalm 136:15). This phrase also prefigures the ultimate victory over sin and death through Jesus Christ, who delivers His people from spiritual bondage. The complete destruction of the Egyptian forces serves as a foreshadowing of the final judgment where evil will be fully eradicated.

“The waters returned” (Exodus 14:28) tells us that the sea, once walled up like a corridor for Israel (14:22), now obeys God’s next command and resumes its normal course.

• The same power that opened the path (14:21) now closes it—reminding us ofPsalm 77:19, where God’s footprints are seen in the sea.

• Creation itself serves the Lord’s purposes; compareJoshua 3:15–16 when the Jordan piles up for Israel.

• By timing the moment precisely, God shows He is “the LORD, mighty in battle” (Psalm 24:8).

The returning waters underscore that deliverance is not luck or nature’s whim but the direct, personal act of the covenant-keeping God.

Egypt’s pride was its chariot corps (Exodus 14:6–7). In one sweep they vanish beneath the waves.

•Psalm 20:7 contrasts those who “trust in chariots” with those who rely on the name of the LORD.

•Isaiah 31:1 warns against depending on horses and riders;Exodus 14 provides the historical proof.

•Exodus 15:4 will soon turn this event into a victory song: “Pharaoh’s chariots and his army He has hurled into the sea.”

What seemed unbeatable is effortlessly overturned, teaching God’s people then—and now—that no human power outranks the Almighty.

The phrase stresses completeness. Every soldier who pursued God’s people meets the same end.

• Earlier, God had stated His purpose: “I will gain honor over Pharaoh and all his army” (14:17), echoingRomans 9:17’s note that Pharaoh was raised up for God’s glory.

•Deuteronomy 11:4 later reminds Israel how the LORD “overwhelmed them with the waters of the Red Sea,” a permanent marker of deliverance.

• For the Israelites, this means the oppressor’s threat is gone; there is no enemy left to drag them back to slavery (Galatians 5:1 echoes that spiritual reality for believers in Christ).

God’s salvation is thorough; He does not leave His work half-finished.

Total judgment falls: “Not even one remained” (Psalm 106:11 reflects on this).

• The precision of the statement highlights God’s justice—each man opposed to His plan receives the consequence, yet not a single Israelite is harmed (14:29).

• It points forward to final judgment scenes such asRevelation 19:11–21, where rebellion is decisively ended.

• It also reassures believers that the LORD deals completely with the forces that enslave—sin’s dominion is broken (Romans 6:14).

There are no half-measures with God’s redemption or His judgment; both are absolute.

Exodus 14:28 paints the climactic moment when God seals His people’s rescue and crushes their enemies. The waters, once a pathway of grace, become an instrument of judgment. Egypt’s vaunted chariots are buried, the pursuing army is wiped out, and Israel stands free on the other shore. The verse assures us that the Lord who opens the way also closes it behind His children, eliminating every threat. His deliverance is complete, His victory total, and His Word—then and now—utterly trustworthy.

There remained not so much as one of them.--The armour of an Egyptian warrior would make it impossible for him to escape by swimming from such a catastrophe. All who were caught by the tide would certainly be drowned. The question whether the Pharaon was drowned or no cannot be ruled by the expression here used, nor by any parallel one in the Psalms (Psalm 78:53;Psalm 106:11); it depends on more general considerations. In the first place, is it likely that if the Pharaoh had been killed there would have been no explicit mention of it? Would the point have remained one open to question? Secondly, if the Pharaoh had been killed, would the Egyptian annals have retained no trace of it? Must we not have had some account of a great king cut off in the flower of his age, after a reign of two, or at the most three, years? (Comp.Exodus 2:23;Exodus 4:19, &c.) But Menephthah, to whom all the indications point, reigned at least eight years. The latter part of his reign was inglorious, and he left the empire a prey to pretenders; but he was not suddenly cut off after reigning a year or two. Thirdly, was an Egyptian king sure to lead an attack, and place himself in the position of most peril? This has been asserted, and it is so far true, thatmostEgyptian kings, according to the records which they have left of themselves, so acted. But it happens that Menephthah records it of himself that on one great occasion, at any rate, he kept himself out of danger. His country was invaded by a vast army of Libyans and others from the northwest in the fifth year of his reign; the assailants menaced his chief cities, and the peril was great. Menephthah collected all his forces to meet the danger, but declined to lead them out in person, pretending that one of the Egyptian gods, Phthah, had forbidden him to quit Memphis (Brugsch,History of Egypt,vol. ii., p. 119). It is thus quite probable that he would remain with the reserve of footmen when the chariots and horsemen entered the bed of the sea.