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Galatians 3:17
And this I say,that the covenant, that was confirmed before of God in Christ, the law, which was four hundred and thirty years after, cannot disannul, that it should make the promise of none effect.

Acts 13:17
The God of this people of Israel chose our fathers, and exalted the people when they dwelt as strangers in the land of Egypt, and with an high arm brought he them out of it.

Hebrews 11:9
By faith he sojourned in the land of promise, asin a strange country, dwelling in tabernacles with Isaac and Jacob, the heirs with him of the same promise:

for hundred

Genesis 12:1-3
Now the LORD had said unto Abram, Get thee out of thy country, and from thy kindred, and from thy father's house, unto a land that I will shew thee: …

Genesis 15:13
And he said unto Abram, Know of a surety that thy seed shall be a stranger in a landthat is not theirs, and shall serve them; and they shall afflict them four hundred years;

Acts 7:6
And God spake on this wise, That his seed should sojourn in a strange land; and that they should bring them into bondage, and entreatthem evil four hundred years.

was 430 years.
The 430 years is a key chronological marker in biblical history. This duration is often debated, with some interpretations suggesting it includes the time from Abraham's covenant with God to the Exodus. However, the straightforward reading here focuses on the Israelites' time in Egypt. This period saw the Israelites' transformation from favored guests to enslaved people, leading to their eventual deliverance. The number 430 also connects toGalatians 3:17, where Paul discusses the law given 430 years after the promise to Abraham, highlighting the continuity of God's plan. This period foreshadows the redemptive work of Christ, as the Exodus is a type of salvation, with Moses as a type of Christ leading his people to freedom.

• This single word signals a turning point, drawing attention to the moment when God’s long-promised deliverance is about to unfold (Exodus 12:41).

• It reminds us that God’s plans move forward at His appointed time, just as He had pledged generations earlier (Genesis 15:14).

•Galatians 4:4 shows a similar pattern: “But when the fullness of time had come, God sent forth His Son…”—God always acts precisely “now” when His timetable is complete.

• Scripture records real history, and here it measures a span, not a vague era (Genesis 15:13;Acts 7:6).

• God counts the years because He is both Author and Keeper of time (Psalm 90:1-2).

• By noting duration, the verse anchors Israel’s story in concrete reality, assuring us our faith rests on factual events.

• The focus is on God’s covenant people—“Israelites”—underscoring their identity as heirs of the promise (Exodus 1:7).

• Their “stay” underscores that Egypt was never home; they were pilgrims awaiting God’s word to move (Hebrews 11:9-10).

•Deuteronomy 26:5 recalls this sojourn to remind each generation of God’s rescuing power.

• Egypt became a place of both preservation and oppression. Joseph’s era saw refuge (Genesis 46:3-4), yet later kings enslaved them (Exodus 1:8-14).

•Hosea 11:1 reflects on this period: “Out of Egypt I called My son,” a verseMatthew 2:15 applies to Jesus, linking Israel’s story to the Messiah’s.

• The setting magnifies God’s glory: He liberates from the world’s mightiest empire, proving no power can thwart His covenant.

• This exact figure shows God’s precision; the Exodus occurs “at the end of 430 years, to the very day” (Exodus 12:41).

• Paul ties the 430 years to the span between Abraham and the giving of the Law (Galatians 3:17), highlighting continuity in God’s redemptive plan.

• The length underscores patience and faith: generations lived and died awaiting fulfillment, yet God never forgot (Psalm 105:8-10).

Exodus 12:40 grounds the Exodus in verifiable history: Israel sojourned in Egypt exactly 430 years. Each phrase shows God’s sovereign timing, His faithfulness to the covenant people, the purposeful setting of Egypt, and the literal span He ordained. The verse invites us to trust that the same precise, promise-keeping God directs our own timelines with equal care.

Was four hundred and thirty years.--Comp. the prophecy:--"Thy seed shall be a stranger ina land that is not theirs [Egypt, not Canaan], and shall serve them; and they shall afflict themfour hundred years and alsothat nation whom they shall serve will I judge" (Genesis 15:13-14). The genealogy of Joshua (1Chronicles 7:22-27), which places him in the eleventh generation from Jacob, accords well with this term of years. The other genealogies are more or less abbreviated.

1. As to the soundness; and

2. As to the true meaning, of the Hebrew text, and have arrived at the conclusion that it is sound, and that it means what it says, viz., that 430 years elapsed between the arrival of Jacob in Egypt, with his sons, and sons' sons, and their families, as related inGenesis 46:1-27, and the commencement of the exodus. The time is required by the genealogy of Joshua (1 Chronicles 7:22-27). It is in remarkable accordance with the traditions that Joseph was the minister of Apspi, and that the Jews went out under Menephthah. If not absolutely required for the multiplication of the race from "seventy souls" to above two millions, it is at any rate more in accord with that fact than the alternative number, 215. It is twice repeated, so that "the mistake of a copyist" is almost impossible.Verse 40. -The sojourning of the children of Israel, which dwelt in Egypt. Rather, "Which they sojourned in Egypt." (Compare the Septuagint -ἡ κατοίκησις η{ν κατῴκησαν.) Four hundred and thirty years. Literally "thirty years and four hundred years."

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