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to all Israel
The audience is the entire nation of Israel, gathered to hear Moses' final instructions. This collective address underscores the unity and communal identity of the Israelites as God's chosen people. Historically, this moment occurs on the plains of Moab, just before the Israelites enter the Promised Land. The phrase "all Israel" emphasizes the inclusivity of the covenant and the shared responsibility of the people to uphold God's commandments. This gathering also prefigures the New Testament church, where believers are called to be one body in Christ (1 Corinthians 12:12-13).

- “When” signals a definite point in Israel’s history, not a vague memory. Just asJoshua 1:1 begins, “After the death of Moses,” this word places us at the exact moment Moses concludes his final address (Deuteronomy 30:19-20).

- It reminds us God works in real time; every covenant moment has a clear before-and-after (compareExodus 12:42).

- The narrative flow shows prophecy moving toward fulfillment—soon Joshua will lead them across the Jordan (Deuteronomy 31:3;Joshua 3:7).

- The same faithful servant who met God at the burning bush (Exodus 3:4-10), confronted Pharaoh (Exodus 5–12), and received the Law (Exodus 19–20) is speaking here.

- Scripture repeatedly singles him out as “the man of God” (Deuteronomy 33:1;Psalm 90 superscription), underscoring that his words carry divine authority.

-Numbers 12:7–8 affirms God spoke to Moses “face to face,” so every syllable we read is trustworthy and binding.

- Completion matters: Moses left nothing unsaid. Like Paul later declaring he had “not hesitated to proclaim the whole will of God” (Acts 20:27), Moses finished the full counsel God assigned him (Deuteronomy 31:24).

- His task shows responsible stewardship; leaders are accountable to complete what God entrusts (2 Timothy 4:7).

- The finished words form the Book of Deuteronomy itself, a covenant document that will be preserved beside the ark (Deuteronomy 31:26).

- “These words” point back to the sweeping review of law, blessing, and curse in chapters 1–30. Moses’ speech was not casual conversation but covenant proclamation (Deuteronomy 29:1).

- Every command, promise, and warning is verbal revelation from God (Matthew 4:4 quotesDeuteronomy 8:3 to affirm this).

-Hebrews 3:5 notes Moses was “faithful in all God’s house as a servant, to testify to the things that would be spoken later,” showing his words have ongoing relevance.

- The entire nation heard, from tribal leaders to little ones (Deuteronomy 29:10-13). No one could claim ignorance (Romans 2:12).

- Public proclamation underscores unity; the same covenant bound everyone (Exodus 19:8;Joshua 8:34-35).

- It models transparency in leadership: God’s truth is meant for the whole congregation, not a select few (Colossians 1:28).

Deuteronomy 31:1 captures a pivotal moment: at the exact time God appointed, Moses—God’s faithful servant—completed his divinely given message, delivering every covenant word openly to the entire nation. The verse underscores God’s precise timing, the authority of His chosen leader, the completeness of revealed truth, and the corporate responsibility of His people to hear and obey.

Deuteronomy 31:1-8.MOSES RESIGNS HIS CHARGE AS LEADER TO JOSHUA.

(1)And Moses went and spake.--The expression is unusual. Possibly it means "went on to speak." The Palestine Targum has, "He went into the house of instruction and spake." The LXX. have apparently preserved a different reading, and say, "And Moses made an end of speaking these words" (likeDeuteronomy 32:45), as if the Hebrew werevay'calinstead ofvay-yelek.A transposition of two letters would make all the difference.

(2)I am an hundred and twenty years old this day; I can no more go out and come in.--The description of Moses' death inDeuteronomy 34:7, says, "his eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated." Yet he may have felt within himself that his work was done. "I have no longer authority, for the authority is taken from me and given into the hand of Joshua" is one interpretation. And it suits with what follows. "The Lord hath said unto me, Thou shalt not go over this Jordan."

(3)The Lord thy God, he will go over before thee . . . Joshua, he shall go over before thee.--Can it be accidental that Jehovah and Joshua are spoken of in exactly the same language, and that there is no distinguishing conjunction between them, the "and" of the English Version being supplied? "Jehovah, He is going over; Joshua, he is going over." Verbally, the two are as much identified as "The God who fed me all my life long unto this day, the Angel that redeemed me from all evil" (Genesis 48:15-16). The prophetical truth of this identification is too remarkable to be missed. . . .