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Tataramon na Bai

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Dai ini ikaribong saTataramon na Bai (Habagatan na Sudan) ohukonTataramon na Enets.

Bai
白语,Báiyǔ
Baip‧ngvp‧zix
Subo sa	Yunnan,Tsina
Subo	Bai
Subo na mga parataram	1.3 million (2003)^[1]
Pamilya nin Tataramon	Sino-Tibetano Sinitiko?^[2] Mas pinadakula na Bai? Bai
Mga diyalekto	Jianchuan-Dali Panyi–Lama
Mga kodigo nin tataramon
ISO 639-3	Manlain-lain: `bca` – Katahawan na Bai, diyalektong Jianchuan m `bfs` – Kahabagatan na Bai, diyalektongDali `bfc` – Panyi Bai `lay` – Lama Bai
ISO 639-6	`bicr`
Glotologo	`baic1239`

Antataramon na Bai (Bai:Baip‧ngvp‧zix;pinasimpleng Intsik:白语;tradisyunal na Intsik:白語;pinyin:Báiyǔ) sarong tataramon na ipigtataram saTsina, panginot saProbinsya nin Yunnan, kan mgaBai. An tataramon igwa nin lagpas sa sarong milyong parataram asin nababanga sa tolo o apat na panginot nadiyalekto. Parating bukas an mga pantig kan Bai, na igwang kadakol na linyada nin mgapatanog asin walongtono.

An pinaghalian kan ng Bai, natakupan kan masinsinang impluwensyang Intsik sa halabang panahon. Isinuhesyon kan manlainlain na iskolar na ini sarong amay na tangkay o tugang na tataramon kanIntsik na parte kanangkay nin Loloish o sarong suway na tataramon sa irarom kanpamilya nin Sino-Tibetano.

Mga barayti

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Tataramon na Bai (Kinában)

Binanga ninda Xu asin Zhao (1984) an Bai sa tolong diyalekto, na pwedeng aktwal na magkakalain na mga tataramon:Jianchuan (Sentral),Dali (Kahabagatan) asin Bijiang (Kaamihanan).^[3] Niribayan nin pangaran an Bijiang County bilangLushui County.^[4] Haraning magkamag-anak an Jianchuan asin Dali asin ipigbareta an mga nagtataram na magkakasinabutan sa lambang saro pagkatapos kan pag-iiribahan sa laog kan sarong bulan.

An urog na magkakalain na mga diyalekto sa Amihanan, ipigtataram nin dai masobra sa 15,000 Laemae (lɛ21mɛ21, Lemei, Lama), sarong angkan na may bilang na 50,000 katawo na bahagyang nalubog sa laog kanLisu^[5] Ipigtataram an mga ini sa ngunyan bilang duwang tataramon kanISO 639-3:

Panyi, pigtataram kan mga tawo na inaapod naLemo (勒墨) sa Salog Nu (sa itaas kanSalween) sa Lushui County.^[6]^[7]
Lama, ipinagtataram kan mga tawong inaapod naLama (拉玛) sa Salog Lancang (sa itaas kanMekong) saLanping County asinWeixi County.^[6]^[8]^{[lower-alpha 1]}

Nagtao si Wang Feng (2012)^[9] nin mga minasunod na mga pagtitipo para sa siyam na mga diyalekto:

Bai

Kasulnopan
- Gongxing (共兴),Lanping County
- ( panginot na sangay)
  - Enqi (恩棋),Lanping County; Jinman (金满),Lushui County
  - Tuoluo (妥洛),Weixi County
  - Ega (俄嘎),Lushui County
Kasubangan
- Mazhelong (马者龙),Qiubei County
- (panginot na sangay)
  - Jinxing (金星),Jianchuan County
  - Dashi (大石),Heqing County
  - Zhoucheng (周城),Syudad nin Dali

Pigdokumento man ni Wang (2012)^[10] an sarong diyalektong Bai sa Xicun, Dacun Village, Shalang Township, Syudad ninKunming (昆明市沙朗乡大村西村).^[11]

Iskriturang Bowen

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Iskriturang Bowen (Intsik:僰文;pinyin:bówén), na midbid man sa Iskriturang Kwadradong Square Bai (Intsik:方块白文), IskriturangHanzi Bai (pinasimpleng Intsik:汉字白文;tradisyunal na Intsik:漢字白文), Iskriturang estilong Hanzi na Bai (pinasimpleng Intsik:汉字型白文;tradisyunal na Intsik:漢字型白文), o Suanoy na Iskriturang Bai (Intsik:古白文), sarongiskriturang logograpiko na kaidto piggagamit kanmga tawong Bai, pigangkop gikan saHanzi tanganing magsakto sa tataramon na Bai.^[12] Piggagamit an iskritura na iin kan panahon ninNanzhao sagkod sa kapinunan kanDinastiyang Ming.^[13]

An Shanhua tablet (山花碑), gikanDali Town saYunnan, naglalaog nin mga rawit dawit na nakasurat gamit an tekstong Bowen text hali saDinastiyang Ming kan pararawit na Bai na si Yang fu (杨黼),^[14] 《詞記山花·詠蒼洱境》.^[15]

Mga halimbawa

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Nge, no - Ako
Ne, no - Ika

Cai ho - Pulang manok
Gei bo - Tandang
A de gei bo - sarong Tandang

Ne mian e ain hain? - Anong pangaran mo?
Ngo mian e A Lu Gai. - An pangaran ko iyo si A Lu Gai.
Ngo ze ne san se yin a biu. - dai taka bistado.

Ngo ye can. - Nagkakakan ako.
Ne can ye la ma? - Nagkakan kana?
Ne ze a ma yin? - Siisay ka?
Ne ze nge mo a bio. - Bako ika an sakong ina
Ngo zei pi ne gan. - Mas halangkaw ako saimo.
Ne nge no hha si bei. - Dai mo ako papabuhian.

Mga tala

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↑Sagkod sa ika-16 na edisyon kanEthnologue (2009), an kodigong ISO 639-3lay iyo an itinalaga sa "Lama (Myanmar)", na nakalista sa index kan mga tataramon niC. F. Voegelin asinF. M. Voegelin (1977) bilang sarong tataramon naNungish kan Myanmar. Kadtong 2013 an reperensiya na pangaran para sa kodigo, niribayan nin "Bai, Lama".^[8]

Mga gunuan

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↑Katahawan na Bai, diyalektong Jianchuan m saEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Kahabagatan na Bai, diyalektong Dali saEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Panyi Bai saEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Lama Bai saEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)
↑Ramsey 1987, p. 290.
↑Wang 2006, p. 115.
↑Allen 2007, p. 6.
↑Bradley 2007, pp. 363, 393–394.
1 2Wang 2006, p. 31.
↑Johnson, Eric (2013)."Change Request Documentation: 2013-006". ISO 639-3 Registration Authority.
1 2Johnson, Eric (2013)."Change Request Documentation: 2013-007". ISO 639-3 Registration Authority.
↑Wang Feng [汪锋]. (2012).Language Contact and Language Comparison: The Case of Bai [语言接触与语言比较:以白语为例 ]. Beijing: Commercial Press [商务印书馆]. 92–94
↑Wang Feng [王锋]. 2012. A study of the Bai language of Shalang [昆明西山沙朗白语研究]. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press p中国社会科学出版社].
↑"Archive copy". Archived fromthe original on 2016-10-10. Retrieved2021-11-12.
↑"方块白文简介及字符集". 中国少数民族文字数据库. Archived fromthe original on 2006-05-24. Retrieved2008-11-18. Unknown parameter|url-status= ignored (help)
↑赵衍荪(1987)."白文(中国民族古文字)"(in zh).中国民族古文字.http://103.247.176.245/iea/acaddetail-5560.htm. ^{[permanent dead link]}
↑徐琳; 赵衍荪(1980)."白文《山花碑》释读"(in zh).民族语文(3): 50–57. Archived fromthe originalon 2021-11-12.https://web.archive.org/web/20211112065248/https://www.ixueshu.com/document/cf576742b2e4e935affa268083b8c420318947a18e7f9386.html.Retrieved on 2021-11-12.
↑杨政业(April 1997)(in zh).论"白（僰）文"的形态演化及其使用范围. 大理学院学报（社会科学版）. Archived fromthe originalon 2019-06-06.https://web.archive.org/web/20190606133927/http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFD1997-DLSZ199704016.htm.Retrieved on 2008-11-18.

Pigsambit na mga gibo

Allen, Bryan (2007).Bai Dialect Survey(PDF) (Report). SIL Electronic Survey Report. 2007-012. SIL International. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2017-03-29. Retrieved2015-01-30. Unknown parameter|url-status= ignored (help)
Bradley, David (2007). "East and Southeast Asia". In Moseley, Christopher.Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. Routledge. pp. 349–422.ISBN 978-0-7007-1197-0.
Gong, Xun (2015)."How Old is the Chinese in Bái? Reexamining Sino-Bái under the Baxter-Sagart reconstruction"(PDF).Recent Advances in Old Chinese Historical Phonology Workshop. London: SOAS. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2021-03-05. Retrieved2021-11-12.
Lee, Yeon-ju; Sagart, Laurent (1998)."The strata of Bai".31st ICSTLL. University of Lund, Sweden.
Lee, Yeon-Ju; Sagart, Laurent(2008)."No limits to borrowing: The case of Bai and Chinese".Diachronica25(3): 357–385.doi:10.1075/dia.25.3.03yeo.https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00781005.
List, Johann-Mattis (2009).How Basic is Basic Vocabulary? The Problematic Case of Bai(PDF). Evolution and Classification in Biology, Linguistics and the History of Science, Heinrich Heine University, June 11–12, 2009.
Matisoff, James A. (2001)."On the genetic position of Bai within Tibeto-Burman"(PDF).34th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan languages and linguistics. Yunnan minzu xueyuan.
Norman, Jerry (2003). "The Chinese dialects: phonology". InThurgood, Graham;LaPolla, Randy J.The Sino-Tibetan languages. Routledge. pp. 72–83.ISBN 978-0-7007-1129-1.
Ramsey, S. Robert (1987).The Languages of China. Princeton University Press.ISBN 978-0-691-01468-5.
Starostin, Sergej(1995)."The historical position of Bai".Moskovskij Lingvisticheskij Zhurnal1: 174–190.http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/bai.pdf.
Wang, Feng (2004)."Language policy for Bai". In Zhou, Minglang.Language policy in the People's Republic of China: Theory and practice since 1949. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 278–287.ISBN 978-1-4020-8038-8.
Wang, Feng(2005)."On the genetic position of the Bai language".Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale34(1): 101–127.doi:10.3406/clao.2005.1728.
——— (2006).Comparison of languages in contact: the distillation method and the case of Bai. Language and Linguistics Monograph Series B: Frontiers in Linguistics III. Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.ISBN 978-986-00-5228-2. Archived fromthe original on 2021-07-30. Retrieved2021-11-12.
Wiersma, Grace Claire (1990).A study of the Bai (Minjia) language along historical lines (PhD thesis). University of California at Berkeley.OCLC 31052150.
——— (2003). "Yunnan Bai". InThurgood, Graham;LaPolla, Randy J.The Sino-Tibetan languages. Routledge. pp. 651–673.ISBN 978-0-7007-1129-1.
Zhou, Minglang (2012).Multilingualism in China: The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages 1949–2002. de Gruyter.ISBN 978-3-11-092459-6.

Mababasa pa lalo

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Allen, Bryan and Zhang Xia. 2004.Bai Dialect Survey. Yunnan Nationalities Publishing House.ISBN 7-5367-2967-7.CLDF Dataset atZenodo:doi:10.5281/zenodo.3534931.
Edmondson, Jerold A.; Li, Shaoni."Voice quality and voice quality change in the Bai language of Yunnan Province".Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area17(2): 49–68.http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/edmondson1994voice.pdf.
Wāng, Fēng. 2013. Báiyǔ yǔ báizú de liúbiàn: Duōjiǎodù jiéhé de shìyě 白語與白族的流變：多角度結合的視野. In Fēng Shí and Gāng Péng, editors, Dàjiāng Dōngqù: Wāng Shìyuán Jiàoshòu Bāshísuì Hèshòu Wénjí. 大江東去：王士元教授八十歲賀壽文集. City University of Hong Kong Press.
Xú, Lín and Yǎnsūn Zhào. 1984. Báiyǔ Jiǎnzhì 白语简志. Mínzú Chūbǎnshè.
Yuán, Míngjūn. 2006. Hànbáiyǔ diàochá yánjiū 汉白语调查研究. Zhōngguó Wénshǐ Chūbǎnshè.
Zhào, Yǎnsūn and Lín Xú. 1996. Bái-Hàn Cídiǎn 白汉词典. Sìchuān Mínzú Chūbǎnshè.
Dali Prefecture Bai Cultural Studies Editorical Committee [大理白族自治洲白族文化研究所编]. 2008. Dali series: Bai language, vol. 3: Vocabulary of the dialects of the Bai people [大理丛书·白语篇卷3 白族方言词汇]. Kunming: Yunnan People's Press [云南民族出版社].ISBN 9787536738799 [Contains word lists of 33 Bai language datapoints.]