Plutonium, 94 Plutonium Pabaosan /p l uː ˈ t oʊ n i ə m (ploo-TOH -nee-əm Cingakan putih masawang pérak, daki dados klau selem yén keni udara Nomor massa [244] Plutonium ringtabél périodik Wilangan atom (Z ) 94 Watek n/a Période période 7 Blok blok-f Konpigurasi éléktron [Rn ] 5f6 7s2 Éléktron per kulit 2, 8, 18, 32, 24, 8, 2 Cecirén pisik Pase ring STP padet Titik lebur 912.5 K (639.4 °C, 1182.9 °F) Titik didih 3505 K (3228 °C, 5842 °F) Kapadetan (nampek s.r.) 19.85 (239 Pu)[ 1] 3 ri kala éncéh (ring t.l.) 16.63 g/cm3 Panes fusi 2.82 kJ/mol Panes panguapan 333.5 kJ/mol Kapasitas panes molar 35.5 J/(mol·K) Tekanan uap P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1756 1953 2198 2511 2926 3499
Cecirén atom Paindikan oksidasi +2, +3,+4 ampotér ) Kaéléktronégatipan skala Pauling: 1.28 Wasa ionisasi Jeriji atom émpiris: 159 pm Jeriji kovalén 187±1 pm Garis spéktral saking plutoniumCecirén liyanan Struktur kristal monoklin Kagelisan swara 2260m/s Ékspansi térmal 46.7 µm/(m⋅K) (ring 25 °C) Konduktivitas térmal 6.74 W/(m⋅K) Resistivitas listrik 1.460 µΩ⋅m (ring 0 °C) bacakan magnétik paramagnetic Modulus Young 96 GPa Modulus Shear 43 GPa Rasio Poisson 0.21 Nomor CAS 7440-07-5 Lelintihan Pangaranan sakingplanét alit Pluto , punika kaparinamain sakingklasik déwa jagat sorPluto Panemuan Glenn T. Seaborg ,Arthur Wahl ,Joseph W. Kennedy ,Edwin McMillan (1940–1941) Isotop utama plutonium Kategori:Plutonium pustaka
Plutonium silih tunggildatu kimia antuksimbol Pu miwahwilangan atom 94. Punikalogam aktinida antuk cingakan klau masawang pérak miwah manadospangotor pinaka keni udara, miwah ngawentuk lapisan buukpinaka kaoksidasi . Daru ketah nyané nganikayang nemalotrop miwah papatpaindikan oksidasi . Maréaksi sarengkarbon ,halogén ,nitrogén ,silikon , miwahhidrogén . Ri kala keni udara ayun, ngawentukoksida miwahhidrida sané prasida ngajimbaranh sampel nganti 70% volume, ring galah nyané ngelupas manados bubuk punikapiroforik . Punika radioaktip miwah prasida kaakumulasi ringbalung , sané ngardi pangamongan plutonium mabaya.
↑ Kapeték saking baat atom miwah volume atom. Sel satuan, sané madaging 16 atom, ngelah volume 319,96 kubik, mawitSiegfried S. Hecker (2000)."Plutonium and its alloys: from atoms to microstructure" (PDF) .Los Alamos Science .26 : 331. 239 Pu of (1.66053906660×10−24 g/dalton×239.0521634 daltons/atom×16 atoms/unit cell)/(319.96 Å3 /unit cell × 10−24 cc/Å3 ) utawi 19.85 g/cc. Asimov, Isaac (1988). "Nuclear Reactors".Understanding Physics . New York: Barnes & Noble Publishing.ISBN 0-88029-251-2 Bernstein, Jeremy (2007).Plutonium: a History of the World's most Dangerous Element ISBN 978-0-309-10296-4 OCLC 76481517 . Clark, Ronald (1961).The Birth of the Bomb: The Untold Story of Britain's Part in the Weapon That Changed the World . London: Phoenix House.OCLC 824335 .Eagleson, Mary (1994).Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry ISBN 978-3-11-011451-5 Emsley, John (2001). "Plutonium".Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements . Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.ISBN 0-19-850340-7 Gosling, F. G. (1999).The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb (PDF) . Oak Ridge: United States Department of Energy.ISBN 0-7881-7880-6 versi asli (PDF) tanggal February 24, 2009. KaaksésFebruary 15, 2009 . Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997).Chemistry of the Elements (édisi ka-2nd). Oxford (UK): Butterworth-Heinemann.ISBN 0-7506-3365-4 Heiserman, David L. (1992)."Element 94: Plutonium" Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds . New York (NY): TAB Books. pp. 337–340 .ISBN 0-8306-3018-X Hoddeson, Lillian ; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.;Westfall, Catherine L. (1993).Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945 . New York: Cambridge University Press.ISBN 0-521-44132-3 OCLC 26764320 .Hunner, Jon (2004).Inventing Los Alamos .ISBN 978-0-8061-3891-6 Hurst, D. G.; Ward, A. G. (1956).Canadian Research Reactors (PDF) . Ottawa: Atomic Energy of Canada Limited.OCLC 719819357 . KaaksésFebruary 6, 2015 . Jha, D. K. (2004).Nuclear Energy ISBN 81-7141-884-8 Kaku, Michio; Trainer, Jennifer (1983).Nuclear Power, Both Sides: The Best Arguments for and Against the Most Controversial Technology ISBN 9780393301281 . KaaksésDecember 8, 2013 . Kay, A. E. (1965).plutonium 1965 Lide, David R., ed. (2006).Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (édisi ka-87th). Boca Raton: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.ISBN 0-8493-0487-3 Magurno, B. A.; Pearlstein, S., eds. (1981).Proceedings of the conference on nuclear data evaluation methods and procedures. BNL-NCS 51363 (PDF) .II . Upton:Brookhaven National Laboratory . KaaksésAugust 6, 2014 . Martin, James E. (2000).Physics for Radiation Protection . Wiley-Interscience.ISBN 0-471-35373-6 McLaughlin, Thomas P.; Monahan, Shean P.; Pruvost, Norman L. (2000).A Review of Criticality Accidents (PDF) . Los Alamos: Los Alamos National Laboratory. LA-13638. Kaarsipin sakingversi asli (PDF) tanggal January 18, 2017. KaaksésFebruary 6, 2015 . Miner, William N.; Schonfeld, Fred W. (1968)."Plutonium" The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements . New York (NY): Reinhold Book Corporation. pp. 540–546 .LCCN 68029938 . Moody, Kenton James; Hutcheon, Ian D.; Grant, Patrick M. (2005).Nuclear forensic analysis ISBN 0-8493-1513-1 Rhodes, Richard (1986).The Making of the Atomic Bomb ISBN 0-671-65719-4 Seaborg, G. T.; Seaborg, E. (2001).Adventures in the Atomic Age: From Watts to Washington ISBN 0-374-29991-9 Sklar, Morty (1984).Nuke-Rebuke: Writers & Artists Against Nuclear Energy & Weapons . The Contemporary anthology series. The Spirit That Moves Us Press. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (2007).SIPRI Yearbook 2007: Armaments, Disarmament, and International Security ISBN 978-0-19-923021-1 Till, C. E.; Chang, Y. I. (2011).Plentiful Energy: The Story of the Integral Fast Reactor, the Complex History of a Simple Reactor Technology, with Emphasis on Its Scientific Basis for Non-specialists . Charles E. Till and Yoon Il Chang.ISBN 978-1-4663-8460-6 Wahlen, R. K. (1989).History of 100-B Area (PDF) . Richland, Washington: Westinghouse Hanford Company. WHC-EP-0273. Kaarsipin sakingversi asli (PDF) tanggal March 27, 2009. KaaksésFebruary 15, 2009 . Welsome, Eileen (2000).The Plutonium Files: America's Secret Medical Experiments in the Cold War . New York: Random House.ISBN 0-385-31954-1 Mal:Spoken Wikipedia
"Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues - Plutonium" .Washington and Lee University . Kaarsipin sakingversi asli tanggal February 3, 2009. KaaksésFebruary 15, 2009 .Sutcliffe, W. G.; et al. (1995)."A Perspective on the Dangers of Plutonium" .Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory . Kaarsipin sakingversi asli tanggal Séptémber 29, 2006. Johnson, C. M.; Davis, Z.S. (1997)."Nuclear Weapons: Disposal Options for Surplus Weapons-Usable Plutonium" .CRS Report for Congress # 97-564 ENR . KaaksésFebruary 15, 2009 . "Physical, Nuclear, and Chemical, Properties of Plutonium" .IEER . 2005. KaaksésFebruary 15, 2009 .Bhadeshia, H."Plutonium crystallography" . Samuels, D. (2005)."End of the Plutonium Age" .Discover Magazine .26 (11). Pike, J.; Sherman, R. (2000)."Plutonium production" .Federation of American Scientists . Kaarsipin sakingversi asli tanggal February 3, 2009. KaaksésFebruary 15, 2009 . "Plutonium Manufacture and Fabrication" .Ong, C. (1999)."World Plutonium Inventories" . Nuclear Files.org. Kaarsipin sakingversi asli tanggal August 5, 2014. KaaksésFebruary 15, 2009 . "Challenges in Plutonium Science" .Los Alamos Science . I & II (26). 2000. KaaksésFebruary 15, 2009 ."Plutonium" .Royal Society of Chemistry . KaaksésFebruary 6, 2015 ."Plutonium" .The Periodic Table of Videos . University of Nottingham. KaaksésFebruary 6, 2015 .
Umum Perpustakaan nasional Lain-lain
_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png)
