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United States House of Representatives elections, 2016

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2016 U.S. House Elections

Election Date
November 8, 2016

U.S. Senate Elections by State

Battlegrounds •Primaries

Alabama •Alaska •Arizona •Arkansas •California •Colorado •Connecticut •Florida •Georgia •Hawaii •Idaho •Illinois •Indiana •Iowa •Kansas •Kentucky •Louisiana •Maryland •Missouri •Nevada •New Hampshire •New York •North Carolina •North Dakota •Ohio •Oklahoma •Oregon •Pennsylvania •South Carolina •South Dakota •Utah •Vermont •Washington •Wisconsin

U.S. House Elections by State

Battlegrounds •Primaries

Alabama •Alaska •Arizona •Arkansas •California •Colorado •Connecticut •Delaware •Florida •Georgia •Hawaii •Idaho •Illinois •Indiana •Iowa •Kansas •Kentucky •Louisiana •Maine •Maryland •Massachusetts •Michigan •Minnesota •Mississippi •Missouri •Montana •Nebraska •Nevada •New Hampshire •New Jersey •New Mexico •New York •North Carolina •North Dakota •Ohio •Oklahoma •Oregon •Pennsylvania •Rhode Island •South Carolina •South Dakota •Tennessee •Texas •Utah •Vermont •Virginia •Washington •West Virginia •Wisconsin •Wyoming

Elections to theU.S. House were held onNovember 8, 2016. All435 seats were up for election. Additionally, there werethree special elections to fill the final two months of vacancies that were created during the114th United States Congress.

Despite losing several seats in the chamber, the Republican Party had a strong night in the House. Republicans preserved their majority and only lost a net six seats, resulting in a 241-194 majority. It was never likely that Democrats would retake the chamber; however, double-digit gains in the House were predicted.

Although it was unlikely for Democrats to retake the House, the possibility had been discussed prior to the election. In order to flip control of the chamber, theDemocratic Party would have needed to pick up 30 seats. Heading into the election, Ballotpedia rated 23 races as battlegrounds and an additional 14 as races to watch. If Democrats had won every one of those 37 races and lost no other seats, they would have just hit the 30 seats required to retake the chamber. As expected, the Republican Party easily held the chamber.^[1]^[2]^[3]

The coincidingpresidential election had a significant impact on the elections for U.S. House. Presidential election years lead to increased voter interest and turnout, which has an effect all the way down the ballot. In the past decade, presidential elections have led to Democratic gains in the U.S. House, while midterms have helped Republicans.^[1] Presidential elections also tend to result in smaller changes to House partisan balance than midterms. The last two presidential elections saw gains of only eight and 24 seats for Democrats, while the last two midterms resulted in Republican gains of 13 and 64 seats.

HIGHLIGHTS

The Democratic Party gained six seats in 2016, resulting in a 241-194 majority for the Republican Party.

Eight of the 23 battleground districts flipped partisan control in 2016. Four other seats flipped as a result of redistricting.

Incumbents did very well in 2016. A total of 380 of the 393 House incumbents seeking re-election won, resulting in an incumbency re-election rate of 96.7%. The average margin of victory in U.S. House races was 37.1 percent.

Election results

Prior to the election, The Republican Party had the majority in the U.S. House. Republicans held 246 seats compared to Democrats' 186 seats, while three seats were vacant. The Republican Party's majority was slightly reduced in 2016, as Democrats picked up six seats.

U.S. House Partisan Breakdown
Party		As of November 2016	After the 2016 Election
	Democratic Party	186	194
	Republican Party	246	241
	Vacant	3	0
Total		435	435

Battlegrounds

This table shows what happened in each of the 23 House battleground races.

United States House Battleground Results
District	Incumbent	Winner	Partisan switch?	Margin of victory
Arizona's 1st	Ann Kirkpatrick	Tom O'Halleran	No	7.3%
California's 7th	Ami Bera	Ami Bera	No	2.3%
California's 25th	Stephen Knight	Stephen Knight	No	6.3%
California's 49th	Darrell Issa	Darrell Issa	No	0.5%
Colorado's 6th	Mike Coffman	Mike Coffman	No	8.3%
Florida's 7th	John Mica	Stephanie Murphy	Yes	3%
Florida's 18th	Patrick Murphy	Brian Mast	Yes	10.5%
Florida's 26th	Carlos Curbelo	Carlos Curbelo	No	11.8%
Illinois' 10th	Robert Dold	Brad Schneider	Yes	5.2%
Iowa's 1st	Rod Blum	Rod Blum	No	7.7%
Maine's 2nd	Bruce Poliquin	Bruce Poliquin	No	9.6%
Michigan's 1st	Dan Benishek	Jack Bergman	No	14.8%
Minnesota's 2nd	John Kline	Jason Lewis	No	1.8%
Nebraska's 2nd	Brad Ashford	Don Bacon	Yes	1.2%
Nevada's 3rd	Joe Heck	Jacky Rosen	Yes	1.3%
Nevada's 4th	Cresent Hardy	Ruben Kihuen	Yes	4%
New Hampshire's 1st	Frank Guinta	Carol Shea-Porter	Yes	1.3%
New Jersey's 5th	Scott Garrett	Josh Gottheimer	Yes	4.4%
New York's 19th	Chris Gibson	John Faso	No	8.6%
New York's 22nd	Richard Hanna	Claudia Tenney	No	5.5%
Pennsylvania's 8th	Michael G. Fitzpatrick	Brian Fitzpatrick	No	8.9%
Texas' 23rd	Will Hurd	Will Hurd	No	1.3%
Virginia's 10th	Barbara Comstock	Barbara Comstock	No	5.8%

Expected seat changes

These are districts where a change in party was expected due to court-ordered redistricting that occurred earlier in the election cycle. These races were not rated as battlegrounds because they were likely to flip control.

United States House Redistricting Flips
District	Incumbent	Winner	Partisan switch?
Florida's 2nd	Gwen Graham	Neal Dunn	Yes
Florida's 10th	Daniel Webster	Val Demings	Yes
Florida's 13th	David Jolly	Charlie Crist	Yes
Virginia's 4th	Randy Forbes	Donald McEachin	Yes

Defeated incumbents

The following table shows the incumbents who sought re-election but were defeated in the general election.

United States House Defeated Incumbents
District	Incumbent	Winner	Partisan switch?
California's 17th	Mike Honda	Ro Khanna	No
Florida's 7th	John Mica	Stephanie Murphy	Yes
Florida's 13th	David Jolly	Charlie Crist	Yes
Illinois' 10th	Robert Dold	Brad Schneider	Yes
Nebraska's 2nd	Brad Ashford	Don Bacon	Yes
Nevada's 4th	Cresent Hardy	Ruben Kihuen	Yes
New Hampshire's 1st	Frank Guinta	Carol Shea-Porter	Yes
New Jersey's 5th	Scott Garrett	Josh Gottheimer	Yes

Margin of victory

The margin of victory for each race is calculated by examining the percentage difference between the two candidates who received the most votes. If the race was uncontested, the margin of victory is listed as 100%. Some quick facts:

The average margin of victory was 36.6 percent. This is very close to the average of 35.8 percent in 2014.
The average margin of victory in battleground races was 5.71 percent.
On average, Republicans won by significantly smaller margins than Democrats. The average MOV for victorious Democrats was 41.54 percent, while Republican victors averaged a MOV of 33.51 percent.
The closest race was inCalifornia's 49th Congressional District, where incumbentDarrell Issa (R) defeatedDouglas Applegate (D) by 0.5 percent of the vote.

The following table displays the closest House races in the country in 2016.

United States House Closest Races
District	Winner	Margin of Victory	Total Vote	Top Opponent
California District 49	Darrell Issa	0.5%	310,155	Douglas Applegate
Minnesota District 8	Rick Nolan	0.6%	356,979	Stewart Mills
Minnesota District 1	Tim Walz	0.8%	335,877	Jim Hagedorn
Nebraska District 2	Don Bacon	1.2%	288,308	Brad Ashford
Nevada District 3	Jacky Rosen	1.3%	310,963	Danny Tarkanian
New Hampshire District 1	Carol Shea-Porter	1.3%	365,572	Frank Guinta
Texas District 23	Will Hurd	1.3%	228,965	Pete Gallego
Minnesota District 2	Jason Lewis	1.8%	370,514	Angie Craig
California District 7	Ami Bera	2.3%	297,301	Scott Jones
Florida District 7	Stephanie Murphy	3%	353,655	John Mica
California District 10	Jeff Denham	3.4%	241,141	Michael Eggman
Florida District 13	Charlie Crist	3.8%	355,842	David Jolly
Nevada District 4	Ruben Kihuen	4%	265,846	Cresent Hardy
California District 44	Nanette Barragan	4.4%	178,413	Isadore Hall
New Hampshire District 2	Annie Kuster	4.4%	350,272	Jim Lawrence
New Jersey District 5	Josh Gottheimer	4.4%	337,701	Scott Garrett
Minnesota District 7	Collin Peterson	5%	330,848	Dave Hughes

Margin of victory data for all 435 House races is displayed in the following table.

United States House Margin of Victory
District	Winner	Margin of Victory	Total Vote	Top Opponent
Alabama District 1	Bradley Byrne	92.8%	215,893	Write-in
Alabama District 2	Martha Roby	8.2%	276,584	Nathan Mathis
Alabama District 3	Mike Rogers	34%	287,104	Jesse Smith
Alabama District 4	Robert Aderholt	97.1%	239,444	Write-in
Alabama District 5	Mo Brooks	33.5%	308,326	Will Boyd
Alabama District 6	Gary Palmer	49.1%	329,306	David Putman
Alabama District 7	Terri Sewell	96.8%	233,028	Write-in
Alaska's At-Large District	Don Young	14.3%	308,198	Steve Lindbeck
Arizona District 1	Tom O'Halleran	7.3%	280,710	Paul Babeu
Arizona District 2	Martha McSally	13.9%	315,679	Matt Heinz
Arizona District 3	Raul Grijalva	97.3%	151,035	Write-in
Arizona District 4	Paul Gosar	42.9%	284,783	Mikel Weisser
Arizona District 5	Andy Biggs	28.2%	320,124	Talia Fuentes
Arizona District 6	David Schweikert	24.3%	324,444	John Williamson
Arizona District 7	Ruben Gallego	50.5%	158,811	Eve Nunez
Arizona District 8	Trent Franks	37.1%	298,971	Mark Salazar
Arizona District 9	Kyrsten Sinema	21.9%	277,507	Dave Giles
Arkansas District 1	Rick Crawford	52.6%	241,047	Mark West
Arkansas District 2	French Hill	21.5%	302,464	Dianne Curry
Arkansas District 3	Steve Womack	54.6%	280,907	Steve Isaacson
Arkansas District 4	Bruce Westerman	49.8%	244,159	Kerry Hicks
California District 10	Jeff Denham	3.4%	241,141	Michael Eggman
California District 11	Mark DeSaulnier	44.1%	298,209	Roger Petersen
California District 12	Nancy Pelosi	61.7%	338,845	Preston Picus
California District 13	Barbara Lee	81.6%	322,871	Sue Caro
California District 14	Jackie Speier	61.7%	286,447	Angel Cardenas
California District 15	Eric Swalwell	47.5%	269,197	Danny Turner
California District 16	Jim Costa	16.1%	167,956	Johnny Tacherra
California District 17	Ro Khanna	22%	233,192	Mike Honda
California District 18	Anna Eshoo	42.3%	323,930	Richard Fox
California District 19	Zoe Lofgren	47.9%	245,863	G. Burt Lancaster
California District 1	Doug LaMalfa	18.1%	314,036	Jim Reed
California District 20	Jimmy Panetta	41.5%	255,791	Casey Lucius
California District 21	David Valadao	13.5%	132,408	Emilio Huerta
California District 22	Devin Nunes	35.1%	234,966	Louie Campos
California District 23	Kevin McCarthy	38.4%	241,584	Wendy Reed
California District 24	Salud Carbajal	6.8%	310,814	Justin Fareed
California District 25	Stephen Knight	6.3%	261,161	Bryan Caforio
California District 26	Julia Brownley	20.8%	280,307	Rafael Dagnesses
California District 27	Judy Chu	34.8%	250,632	Jack Orswell
California District 28	Adam Schiff	56%	270,409	Lenore Solis
California District 29	Tony Cardenas	49.5%	171,824	Richard Alarcon
California District 2	Jared Huffman	53.7%	330,766	Dale Mensing
California District 30	Brad Sherman	45.3%	282,604	Mark Reed
California District 31	Pete Aguilar	12.1%	215,936	Paul Chabot
California District 32	Grace Napolitano	23.1%	186,646	Roger Hernandez
California District 33	Ted Lieu	32.9%	330,219	Kenneth Wright
California District 34	Xavier Becerra	54.4%	159,156	Adrienne Nicole Edwards
California District 35	Norma Torres	44.8%	171,353	Tyler Fischella
California District 36	Raul Ruiz	24.1%	232,617	Jeff Stone
California District 37	Karen Bass	62.3%	237,272	Chris Blake Wiggins
California District 38	Linda Sanchez	41%	232,114	Ryan Downing
California District 39	Edward Royce	14.5%	263,456	Brett Murdock
California District 3	John Garamendi	18.7%	256,966	Eugene Cleek
California District 40	Lucille Roybal-Allard	62.3%	131,297	Roman Gonzalez
California District 41	Mark Takano	29.9%	197,323	Doug Shepherd
California District 42	Ken Calvert	17.6%	254,236	Tim Sheridan
California District 43	Maxine Waters	52.2%	219,516	Omar Navarro
California District 44	Nanette Barragan	4.4%	178,413	Isadore Hall
California District 45	Mimi Walters	17.1%	311,849	Ron Varasteh
California District 46	Lou Correa	40%	164,593	Bao Nguyen
California District 47	Alan Lowenthal	27.4%	242,868	Andy Whallon
California District 48	Dana Rohrabacher	16.6%	306,416	Suzanne Savary
California District 49	Darrell Issa	0.5%	310,155	Douglas Applegate
California District 4	Tom McClintock	25.4%	350,978	Bob Derlet
California District 50	Duncan Hunter	26.9%	283,583	Patrick Malloy
California District 51	Juan Vargas	45.5%	199,524	Juan Hidalgo Jr.
California District 52	Scott Peters	13.1%	320,656	Denise Gitsham
California District 53	Susan Davis	34%	296,956	James Veltmeyer
California District 5	Mike Thompson	53.7%	292,091	Carlos Santamaria
California District 6	Doris Matsui	50.9%	235,413	Robert Evans
California District 7	Ami Bera	2.3%	297,301	Scott Jones
California District 8	Paul Cook	24.5%	220,007	Rita Ramirez
California District 9	Jerry McNerney	14.7%	232,155	Antonio Amador
Colorado District 1	Diana DeGette	40.2%	379,036	Casper Stockham
Colorado District 2	Jared Polis	19.7%	457,312	Nicholas Morse
Colorado District 3	Scott Tipton	14.3%	374,037	Gail Schwartz
Colorado District 4	Ken Buck	31.9%	390,633	Bob Seay
Colorado District 5	Doug Lamborn	31.4%	361,993	Misty Plowright
Colorado District 6	Mike Coffman	8.3%	376,417	Morgan Carroll
Colorado District 7	Ed Perlmutter	15.4%	362,010	George Athanasopoulos
Connecticut District 1	John Larson	30.4%	312,925	Matthew Corey
Connecticut District 2	Joe Courtney	29.6%	330,257	Daria Novak
Connecticut District 3	Rosa DeLauro	38.1%	309,379	Angel Cadena
Connecticut District 4	Jim Himes	19.8%	313,540	John Shaban
Connecticut District 5	Elizabeth Esty	16%	309,082	Clay Cope
Delaware's At-Large District	Lisa Blunt Rochester	14.6%	420,617	Hans Reigle
Florida District 10	Val Demings	29.7%	305,989	Thuy Lowe
Florida District 11	Daniel Webster	33.8%	394,719	Dave Koller
Florida District 12	Gus Bilirakis	37.2%	369,669	Robert Tager
Florida District 13	Charlie Crist	3.8%	355,842	David Jolly
Florida District 14	Kathy Castor	23.6%	316,877	Christine Quinn
Florida District 15	Dennis Ross	14.9%	318,474	Jim Lange
Florida District 16	Vern Buchanan	19.5%	385,916	Jan Schneider
Florida District 17	Thomas Rooney	27.6%	338,675	April Freeman
Florida District 18	Brian Mast	10.5%	375,918	Randy Perkins
Florida District 19	Francis Rooney	31.8%	363,166	Robert Neeld
Florida District 1	Matt Gaetz	38.2%	369,186	Steven Specht
Florida District 20	Alcee Hastings	60.6%	277,560	Gary Stein
Florida District 21	Lois Frankel	27.6%	335,861	Paul Spain
Florida District 22	Ted Deutch	17.9%	337,850	Andrea Leigh McGee
Florida District 23	Debbie Wasserman Schultz	16.2%	323,120	Joe Kaufman
Florida District 24	Frederica Wilson	100%	N/A	Unopposed
Florida District 25	Mario Diaz-Balart	24.7%	253,240	Alina Valdes
Florida District 26	Carlos Curbelo	11.8%	280,542	Joe Garcia
Florida District 27	Ileana Ros-Lehtinen	9.8%	287,677	Scott Fuhrman
Florida District 2	Neal Dunn	37.4%	343,362	Walter Dartland
Florida District 3	Ted Yoho	16.8%	342,700	Kenneth McGurn
Florida District 4	John Rutherford	42.6%	409,662	David Bruderly
Florida District 5	Al Lawson	28.5%	302,874	Glo Smith
Florida District 6	Ron DeSantis	17.1%	364,570	William McCullough
Florida District 7	Stephanie Murphy	3%	353,655	John Mica
Florida District 8	Bill Posey	30.6%	390,561	Corry Westbrook
Florida District 9	Darren Soto	15%	339,761	Wayne Liebnitzky
Georgia District 10	Jody Hice	100%	243,725	Unopposed
Georgia District 11	Barry Loudermilk	34.8%	323,318	Don Wilson
Georgia District 12	Rick Allen	23.2%	258,912	Tricia Carpenter McCracken
Georgia District 13	David Scott	100%	252,833	Unopposed
Georgia District 14	Tom Graves	100%	216,743	Unopposed
Georgia District 1	Earl "Buddy" Carter	100%	210,243	Unopposed
Georgia District 2	Sanford Bishop, Jr.	22.5%	242,599	Greg Duke
Georgia District 3	Drew Ferguson	36.7%	303,187	Angela Pendley
Georgia District 4	Hank Johnson	51.4%	290,739	Victor Armendariz
Georgia District 5	John Lewis	68.9%	300,549	Douglas Bell
Georgia District 6	Tom Price	23.4%	326,005	Rodney Stooksbury
Georgia District 7	Rob Woodall	20.8%	288,301	Rashid Malik
Georgia District 8	Austin Scott	35.3%	257,208	James Neal Harris
Georgia District 9	Doug Collins	100%	256,535	Unopposed
Hawaii District 1	Colleen Hanabusa	49.2%	202,357	Shirlene Ostrov
Hawaii District 2	Tulsi Gabbard	62.3%	210,516	Angela Aulani Kaaihue
Idaho District 1	Raul Labrador	36.4%	355,357	James Piotrowski
Idaho District 2	Michael Simpson	33.5%	326,237	Jennifer Martinez
Illinois District 10	Brad Schneider	5.2%	285,996	Robert Dold
Illinois District 11	Bill Foster	20.9%	275,573	Tonia Khouri
Illinois District 12	Mike Bost	14.6%	313,002	C.J. Baricevic
Illinois District 13	Rodney Davis	19.3%	314,394	Mark Wicklund
Illinois District 14	Randy Hultgren	18.6%	338,097	Jim Walz
Illinois District 15	John Shimkus	100%	274,554	Unopposed
Illinois District 16	Adam Kinzinger	99.9%	259,853	Write-in
Illinois District 17	Cheri Bustos	20.6%	287,068	Patrick Harlan
Illinois District 18	Darin LaHood	44.3%	347,283	Junius Rodriguez
Illinois District 1	Bobby Rush	48.2%	315,862	August (O'Neill) Deuser
Illinois District 2	Robin Kelly	59.6%	294,522	John Morrow
Illinois District 3	Daniel Lipinski	99.9%	225,411	Write-in
Illinois District 4	Luis Gutierrez	100%	171,297	Unopposed
Illinois District 5	Mike Quigley	40.4%	313,724	Vince Kolber
Illinois District 6	Peter Roskam	18.4%	352,146	Amanda Howland
Illinois District 7	Danny K. Davis	68.5%	297,466	Jeffrey Leef
Illinois District 8	Raja Krishnamoorthi	16.6%	248,571	Pete DiCianni
Illinois District 9	Janice Schakowsky	33%	326,948	Joan McCarthy Lasonde
Indiana District 1	Peter Visclosky	63%	254,583	Donna Dunn
Indiana District 2	Jackie Walorski	22.3%	277,357	Lynn Coleman
Indiana District 3	Jim Banks	47.1%	287,247	Tommy Schrader
Indiana District 4	Todd Rokita	34.1%	299,434	John Dale
Indiana District 5	Susan Brooks	27.2%	361,135	Angela Demaree
Indiana District 6	Luke Messer	42.4%	296,385	Barry Welsh
Indiana District 7	André Carson	24.3%	264,670	Catherine Ping
Indiana District 8	Larry Bucshon	32%	294,713	Ron Drake
Indiana District 9	Trey Hollingsworth	13.7%	322,843	Shelli Yoder
Iowa District 1	Rod Blum	7.7%	384,977	Monica Vernon
Iowa District 2	Dave Loebsack	7.5%	370,032	Christopher Peters
Iowa District 3	David Young	13.7%	390,287	Jim Mowrer
Iowa District 4	Steve King	22.6%	370,259	Kim Weaver
Kansas District 1	Roger Marshall	39.6%	257,971	Kerry Burt
Kansas District 2	Lynn Jenkins	28.4%	297,401	Britani Potter
Kansas District 3	Kevin Yoder	10.7%	343,113	Jay Sidie
Kansas District 4	Mike Pompeo	31.1%	275,251	Daniel Giroux
Kentucky District 1	James Comer	45.2%	299,001	Sam Gaskins
Kentucky District 2	Brett Guthrie	100%	251,825	Unopposed
Kentucky District 3	John Yarmuth	27%	334,494	Harold Bratcher
Kentucky District 4	Thomas Massie	42.6%	327,987	Calvin Sidle
Kentucky District 5	Hal Rogers	100%	221,242	Unopposed
Kentucky District 6	Andy Barr	22.2%	330,827	Nancy Jo Kemper
Louisiana District 1	Steve Scalise	61.8%	326,788	Lee Ann Dugas
Louisiana District 2	Cedric Richmond	49.7%	284,269	Kip Holden
Louisiana District 3	Clay Higgins	12.2%	138,433	Scott Angelle
Louisiana District 4	Mike Johnson	30.5%	133,949	Marshall Jones
Louisiana District 5	Ralph Abraham	63.1%	255,662	Billy Burkette
Louisiana District 6	Garret Graves	47.8%	331,098	Richard Lieberman
Maine District 1	Chellie Pingree	16%	392,391	Mark Holbrook
Maine District 2	Bruce Poliquin	9.6%	352,183	Emily Ann Cain
Maryland District 1	Andy Harris	38.4%	362,097	Joe Werner
Maryland District 2	Dutch Ruppersberger	29%	309,480	Pat McDonough
Maryland District 3	John Sarbanes	29.3%	339,675	Mark Plaster
Maryland District 4	Anthony Brown	52.7%	320,650	George McDermott
Maryland District 5	Steny Hoyer	38%	360,634	Mark Arness
Maryland District 6	John Delaney	15.9%	331,973	Amie Hoeber
Maryland District 7	Elijah Cummings	53.1%	318,912	Corrogan Vaughn
Maryland District 8	Jamie Raskin	26.4%	364,324	Dan Cox
Massachusetts District 1	Richard Neal	55.5%	321,539	Frederick Mayock
Massachusetts District 2	Jim McGovern	96.5%	280,411	Write-in
Massachusetts District 3	Niki Tsongas	37.5%	344,592	Ann Wofford
Massachusetts District 4	Joseph Kennedy III	40.3%	379,213	David Rosa
Massachusetts District 5	Katherine Clark	97.1%	289,807	Write-in
Massachusetts District 6	Seth Moulton	96.7%	314,055	Write-in
Massachusetts District 7	Michael Capuano	97.2%	256,911	Write-in
Massachusetts District 8	Stephen Lynch	45%	374,265	William Burke
Massachusetts District 9	William Keating	22.1%	379,895	Mark Alliegro
Michigan District 10	Paul Mitchell	30.8%	340,983	Frank Accavitti Jr.
Michigan District 11	David Trott	12.8%	379,488	Anil Kumar
Michigan District 12	Debbie Dingell	35.1%	328,542	Jeff Jones
Michigan District 13	John Conyers, Jr.	61.4%	257,797	Jeff Gorman
Michigan District 14	Brenda Lawrence	59.8%	310,974	Howard Klausner
Michigan District 1	Jack Bergman	14.8%	360,271	Lon Johnson
Michigan District 2	Bill Huizenga	30.1%	339,328	Dennis Murphy
Michigan District 3	Justin Amash	21.9%	342,365	Douglas Smith
Michigan District 4	John Moolenaar	29.5%	315,751	Debra Wirth
Michigan District 5	Dan Kildee	26.1%	319,291	Allen Hardwick
Michigan District 6	Fred Upton	22.2%	329,565	Paul Clements
Michigan District 7	Tim Walberg	15%	334,807	Gretchen Driskell
Michigan District 8	Mike Bishop	16.9%	366,968	Suzanna Shkreli
Michigan District 9	Sander Levin	20.5%	344,775	Christopher Morse
Minnesota District 1	Tim Walz	0.8%	335,877	Jim Hagedorn
Minnesota District 2	Jason Lewis	1.8%	370,514	Angie Craig
Minnesota District 3	Erik Paulsen	13.7%	393,464	Terri Bonoff
Minnesota District 4	Betty McCollum	23.4%	351,944	Greg Ryan
Minnesota District 5	Keith Ellison	46.8%	361,882	Frank Drake
Minnesota District 6	Tom Emmer	31.3%	358,924	David Snyder
Minnesota District 7	Collin Peterson	5%	330,848	Dave Hughes
Minnesota District 8	Rick Nolan	0.6%	356,979	Stewart Mills
Mississippi District 1	Trent Kelly	40.8%	300,423	Jacob Owens
Mississippi District 2	Bennie Thompson	38%	286,626	John Bouie II
Mississippi District 3	Gregg Harper	35.8%	316,445	Dennis Quinn
Mississippi District 4	Steven Palazzo	37.2%	278,779	Mark Gladney
Missouri District 1	William Lacy Clay	55.5%	314,024	Steven Bailey
Missouri District 2	Ann Wagner	20.9%	413,296	Bill Otto
Missouri District 3	Blaine Luetkemeyer	39.9%	368,333	Kevin Miller
Missouri District 4	Vicky Hartzler	40%	332,234	Gordon Christensen
Missouri District 5	Emanuel Cleaver	20.7%	324,270	Jacob Turk
Missouri District 6	Sam Graves	39.6%	350,444	David Blackwell
Missouri District 7	Billy Long	40.1%	338,607	Genevieve Williams
Missouri District 8	Jason Smith	51.7%	308,871	Dave Cowell
Montana's At-Large District	Ryan Zinke	15.6%	507,831	Denise Juneau
Nebraska District 1	Jeff Fortenberry	38.9%	273,238	Daniel Wik
Nebraska District 2	Don Bacon	1.2%	288,308	Brad Ashford
Nebraska District 3	Adrian Smith	100%	226,720	Unopposed
Nevada District 1	Dina Titus	33.1%	188,352	Mary Perry
Nevada District 2	Mark Amodei	21.4%	313,336	Chip Evans
Nevada District 3	Jacky Rosen	1.3%	310,963	Danny Tarkanian
Nevada District 4	Ruben Kihuen	4%	265,846	Cresent Hardy
New Hampshire District 1	Carol Shea-Porter	1.3%	365,572	Frank Guinta
New Hampshire District 2	Annie Kuster	4.4%	350,272	Jim Lawrence
New Jersey District 10	Donald Payne Jr.	73.8%	222,771	David Pinckney
New Jersey District 11	Rodney Frelinghuysen	19.1%	334,992	Joseph Wenzel
New Jersey District 12	Bonnie Watson Coleman	30.8%	288,634	Steven Uccio
New Jersey District 1	Donald Norcross	23.2%	305,473	Bob Patterson
New Jersey District 2	Frank LoBiondo	22%	297,795	David Cole
New Jersey District 3	Tom MacArthur	20.4%	328,060	Frederick John Lavergne
New Jersey District 4	Chris Smith	30.2%	332,684	Lorna Phillipson
New Jersey District 5	Josh Gottheimer	4.4%	337,701	Scott Garrett
New Jersey District 6	Frank Pallone	28.8%	263,435	Brent Sonnek-Schmelz
New Jersey District 7	Leonard Lance	11%	343,635	Peter Jacob
New Jersey District 8	Albio Sires	58.5%	174,889	Agha Khan
New Jersey District 9	Bill Pascrell	41.7%	233,242	Hector Castillo
New Mexico District 1	Michelle Lujan Grisham	30.3%	277,967	Richard Priem
New Mexico District 2	Steve Pearce	25.5%	228,816	Merrie Soules
New Mexico District 3	Ben Ray Lujan	24.8%	273,342	Michael H. Romero
New York District 10	Jerrold Nadler	56.2%	245,928	Philip Rosenthal
New York District 11	Daniel Donovan	24.9%	232,097	Richard Reichard
New York District 12	Carolyn Maloney	66.4%	293,549	Robert Ardini
New York District 13	Adriano Espaillat	81.9%	233,192	Tony Evans
New York District 14	Joseph Crowley	65.7%	178,132	Frank Spotorno
New York District 15	Jose E. Serrano	91.7%	173,921	Alejandro Vega
New York District 16	Eliot Engel	89.3%	221,682	Derickson Lawrence
New York District 17	Nita Lowey	100%	214,530	Unopposed
New York District 18	Sean Maloney	11.2%	291,429	Phil Oliva
New York District 19	John Faso	8.6%	303,600	Zephyr Teachout
New York District 1	Lee Zeldin	17.9%	297,150	Anna Throne-Holst
New York District 20	Paul Tonko	35.8%	313,759	Francis Vitollo
New York District 21	Elise Stefanik	35.1%	272,499	Mike Derrick
New York District 22	Claudia Tenney	5.5%	278,348	Kim Myers
New York District 23	Tom Reed	15.2%	279,634	John Plumb
New York District 24	John Katko	21.1%	301,801	Colleen Deacon
New York District 25	Louise Slaughter	12.4%	325,600	Mark Assini
New York District 26	Brian Higgins	49.2%	288,666	Shelly Schratz
New York District 27	Chris Collins	34.4%	328,717	Diana Kastenbaum
New York District 2	Peter King	24.9%	280,061	DuWayne Gregory
New York District 3	Tom Suozzi	5.6%	308,653	Jack Martins
New York District 4	Kathleen Rice	19.1%	311,151	David Gurfein
New York District 5	Gregory Meeks	72.5%	233,392	Michael O'Reilly
New York District 6	Grace Meng	45.4%	189,246	Danniel Maio
New York District 7	Nydia Velazquez	81.6%	189,622	Allan Romaguera
New York District 8	Hakeem Jeffries	86.6%	229,996	Daniel Cavanagh
New York District 9	Yvette Clarke	84.8%	231,765	Alan Bellone
North Carolina District 10	Patrick McHenry	26.3%	349,744	Andy Millard
North Carolina District 11	Mark Meadows	28.2%	359,508	Rick Bryson
North Carolina District 12	Alma Adams	34%	349,300	Leon Threatt
North Carolina District 13	Ted Budd	12.2%	355,492	Bruce Davis
North Carolina District 1	G.K. Butterfield	39.7%	350,699	H. Powell Dew Jr.
North Carolina District 2	George Holding	13.4%	390,567	John McNeil
North Carolina District 3	Walter Jones	34.4%	323,701	Ernest Reeves
North Carolina District 4	David Price	36.4%	409,541	Sue Googe
North Carolina District 5	Virginia Foxx	16.8%	355,512	Josh Brannon
North Carolina District 6	Mark Walker	18.5%	351,150	Pete Glidewell
North Carolina District 7	David Rouzer	21.8%	347,706	J. Wesley Casteen
North Carolina District 8	Richard Hudson	17.5%	323,045	Thomas Mills
North Carolina District 9	Robert Pittenger	16.4%	332,493	Christian Cano
North Dakota's At-Large District	Kevin Cramer	45.4%	338,459	Chase Iron Eyes
Ohio District 10	Michael Turner	31.4%	336,602	Robert Klepinger
Ohio District 11	Marcia Fudge	60.5%	302,686	Beverly Goldstein
Ohio District 12	Patrick Tiberi	36.7%	377,534	Ed Albertson
Ohio District 13	Tim Ryan	35.5%	308,004	Richard Morckel
Ohio District 14	David Joyce	25.2%	350,269	Michael Wager
Ohio District 15	Steve Stivers	32.3%	336,807	Scott Wharton
Ohio District 16	Jim Renacci	30.7%	345,624	Keith Mundy
Ohio District 1	Steve Chabot	18.4%	354,788	Michele Young
Ohio District 2	Brad Wenstrup	32.2%	340,279	William Smith
Ohio District 3	Joyce Beatty	37.1%	291,351	John Adams
Ohio District 4	Jim Jordan	36%	309,208	Janet Garrett
Ohio District 5	Bob Latta	41.8%	344,991	James Neu, Jr.
Ohio District 6	Bill Johnson	41.4%	302,755	Michael Lorentz
Ohio District 7	Bob Gibbs	35.1%	309,553	Roy Rich
Ohio District 8	Warren Davidson	41.8%	325,506	Steve Fought
Ohio District 9	Marcy Kaptur	37.4%	282,398	Donald Philip Larson
Oklahoma District 1	Jim Bridenstine	100%	N/A	Unopposed
Oklahoma District 2	Markwayne Mullin	47.4%	268,870	Joshua Harris-Till
Oklahoma District 3	Frank Lucas	56.6%	290,615	Frankie Robbins
Oklahoma District 4	Tom Cole	43.5%	293,189	Christina Owen
Oklahoma District 5	Steve Russell	20.3%	280,570	Al McAffrey
Oregon District 1	Suzanne Bonamici	22.6%	378,095	Brian Heinrich
Oregon District 2	Greg Walden	43.7%	380,739	Jim Crary
Oregon District 3	Earl Blumenauer	51.4%	382,355	David Walker
Oregon District 4	Peter DeFazio	15.8%	397,568	Art Robinson
Oregon District 5	Kurt Schrader	10.5%	373,108	Colm Willis
Pennsylvania District 10	Tom Marino	40.3%	301,105	Michael Molesevich
Pennsylvania District 11	Lou Barletta	27.3%	313,221	Mike Marsicano
Pennsylvania District 12	Keith Rothfus	23.5%	359,204	Erin McClelland
Pennsylvania District 13	Brendan Boyle	100%	239,316	Unopposed
Pennsylvania District 14	Michael F. Doyle	48.7%	343,292	Lenny McAllister
Pennsylvania District 15	Charlie Dent	20.4%	326,474	Rick Daugherty
Pennsylvania District 16	Lloyd Smucker	10.9%	313,773	Christina Hartman
Pennsylvania District 17	Matt Cartwright	7.6%	293,164	Matt Connolly
Pennsylvania District 18	Tim Murphy	100%	293,684	Unopposed
Pennsylvania District 1	Robert Brady	64.4%	299,010	Deborah Williams
Pennsylvania District 2	Dwight Evans	80.4%	357,645	James Jones
Pennsylvania District 3	Mike Kelly	100%	244,893	Unopposed
Pennsylvania District 4	Scott Perry	32.1%	334,000	Joshua Burkholder
Pennsylvania District 5	Glenn Thompson	34.3%	307,843	Kerith Strano Taylor
Pennsylvania District 6	Ryan Costello	14.5%	362,469	Mike Parrish
Pennsylvania District 7	Patrick Meehan	18.9%	379,502	Mary Ellen Balchunis
Pennsylvania District 8	Brian Fitzpatrick	8.9%	380,818	Steve Santarsiero
Pennsylvania District 9	Bill Shuster	26.7%	294,565	Art Halvorson
Rhode Island District 1	David Cicilline	29.4%	202,371	Russell Taub
Rhode Island District 2	Jim Langevin	27.4%	229,148	Rhue Reis
South Carolina District 1	Mark Sanford	21.7%	325,190	Dimitri Cherny
South Carolina District 2	Joe Wilson	24.4%	304,996	Arik Bjorn
South Carolina District 3	Jeff Duncan	45.8%	269,540	Hosea Cleveland
South Carolina District 4	Trey Gowdy	36.2%	295,670	Chris Fedalei
South Carolina District 5	Mick Mulvaney	20.5%	273,006	Fran Person
South Carolina District 6	James Clyburn	42.5%	253,901	Laura Sterling
South Carolina District 7	Tom Rice	22%	289,463	Mal Hyman
South Dakota At-Large District	Kristi Noem	28.2%	369,973	Paula Hawks
Tennessee District 1	Phil Roe	62.9%	253,025	Alan Bohms
Tennessee District 2	John Duncan, Jr.	51.3%	280,856	Stuart Starr
Tennessee District 3	Charles Fleischmann	37.6%	266,006	Melody Shekari
Tennessee District 4	Scott DesJarlais	30.1%	254,937	Steven Reynolds
Tennessee District 5	Jim Cooper	25.1%	273,544	Stacy Ries Snyder
Tennessee District 6	Diane Black	49.3%	284,490	David Kent
Tennessee District 7	Marsha Blackburn	48.7%	277,513	Tharon Chandler
Tennessee District 8	David Kustoff	43.7%	282,733	Rickey Hobson
Tennessee District 9	Steve Cohen	59.9%	217,957	Wayne Alberson
Texas District 10	Michael McCaul	18.9%	312,600	Tawana Cadien
Texas District 11	Mike Conaway	79%	225,548	Nicholas Landholt
Texas District 12	Kay Granger	42.5%	283,115	Bill Bradshaw
Texas District 13	Mac Thornberry	83.3%	221,242	Calvin DeWeese
Texas District 14	Randy Weber	23.7%	259,685	Michael Cole
Texas District 15	Vicente Gonzalez	19.6%	177,479	Tim Westley
Texas District 16	Beto O'Rourke	75.8%	175,229	Jaime Perez
Texas District 17	Bill Flores	25.6%	245,728	William Matta
Texas District 18	Sheila Jackson Lee	49.9%	204,308	Lori Bartley
Texas District 19	Jodey Arrington	78.1%	203,475	Troy Bonar
Texas District 1	Louie Gohmert	49.8%	260,409	Shirley McKellar
Texas District 20	Joaquin Castro	64.3%	187,669	Jeffrey Blunt
Texas District 21	Lamar Smith	20.6%	356,031	Thomas Wakely
Texas District 22	Pete Olson	19%	305,543	Mark Gibson
Texas District 23	Will Hurd	1.3%	228,965	Pete Gallego
Texas District 24	Kenny Marchant	16.9%	275,635	Jan McDowell
Texas District 25	Roger Williams	20.6%	310,196	Kathi Thomas
Texas District 26	Michael Burgess	36.7%	319,080	Eric Mauck
Texas District 27	Blake Farenthold	23.4%	230,580	Raul (Roy) Barrera
Texas District 28	Henry Cuellar	34.9%	184,442	Zeffen Hardin
Texas District 29	Gene Green	48.5%	131,982	Julio Garza
Texas District 2	Ted Poe	24.6%	278,236	Pat Bryan
Texas District 30	Eddie Bernice Johnson	58.9%	218,826	Charles Lingerfelt
Texas District 31	John Carter	21.9%	284,588	Mike Clark
Texas District 32	Pete Sessions	52.1%	229,171	Ed Rankin
Texas District 33	Marc Veasey	47.4%	126,369	M. Mark Mitchell
Texas District 34	Filemon Vela	25.3%	166,961	Rey Gonzalez Jr.
Texas District 35	Lloyd Doggett	31.5%	197,576	Susan Narvaiz
Texas District 36	Brian Babin	77.2%	218,565	Hal Ridley Jr.
Texas District 3	Sam Johnson	26.6%	316,467	Adam Bell
Texas District 4	John Ratcliffe	76%	246,220	Cody Wommack
Texas District 5	Jeb Hensarling	61.2%	192,875	Ken Ashby
Texas District 6	Joe Barton	19.3%	273,296	Ruby Faye Woolridge
Texas District 7	John Culberson	12.3%	255,533	James Cargas
Texas District 8	Kevin Brady	100%	236,379	Unopposed
Texas District 9	Al Green	54.8%	161,523	Jeff Martin
Utah District 1	Rob Bishop	39.5%	277,451	Peter Clemens
Utah District 2	Chris Stewart	27.7%	276,819	Charlene Albarran
Utah District 3	Jason Chaffetz	46.9%	285,305	Stephen Tryon
Utah District 4	Mia Love	12.5%	274,569	Doug Owens
Vermont At-large District	Peter Welch	79.6%	295,334	Erica Clawson
Virginia District 10	Barbara Comstock	5.8%	400,083	LuAnn Bennett
Virginia District 11	Gerald Connolly	75.8%	282,003	Write-in
Virginia District 1	Rob Wittman	23.3%	384,601	Matt Rowe
Virginia District 2	Scott Taylor	22.9%	310,567	Shaun Brown
Virginia District 3	Bobby Scott	33.6%	312,340	Marty Williams
Virginia District 4	Donald McEachin	15.7%	346,656	Mike Wade
Virginia District 5	Tom Garrett	16.7%	356,756	Jane Dittmar
Virginia District 6	Bob Goodlatte	33.5%	338,409	Kai Degner
Virginia District 7	David Brat	15.3%	379,163	Eileen Bedell
Virginia District 8	Don Beyer	41.1%	360,676	Charles Hernick
Virginia District 9	Morgan Griffith	40.3%	310,314	Derek Kitts
Washington District 10	Denny Heck	17.3%	290,564	Jim Postma
Washington District 1	Suzan DelBene	10.8%	349,398	Robert Sutherland
Washington District 2	Rick Larsen	28%	325,408	Marc Hennemann
Washington District 3	Jaime Herrera Beutler	23.5%	313,277	Jim Moeller
Washington District 4	Dan Newhouse	15.3%	229,919	Clint Didier
Washington District 5	Cathy McMorris Rodgers	19.3%	323,534	Joe Pakootas
Washington District 6	Derek Kilmer	23.1%	327,834	Todd Bloom
Washington District 7	Pramila Jayapal	12%	378,754	Brady Walkinshaw
Washington District 8	Dave Reichert	20.4%	320,865	Tony Ventrella
Washington District 9	Adam Smith	45.8%	281,482	Doug Basler
West Virginia District 1	David McKinley	37.9%	237,003	Mike Manypenny
West Virginia District 2	Alexander Mooney	16.4%	242,014	Mark Hunt
West Virginia District 3	Evan Jenkins	43.9%	207,332	Matt Detch
Wisconsin District 1	Paul Ryan	34.8%	353,990	Ryan Solen
Wisconsin District 2	Mark Pocan	37.6%	397,581	Peter Theron
Wisconsin District 3	Ron Kind	99.9%	257,570	Write-in
Wisconsin District 4	Gwen Moore	65.3%	285,858	Robert Raymond
Wisconsin District 5	Jim Sensenbrenner	37.4%	390,507	Khary Penebaker
Wisconsin District 6	Glenn Grothman	19.9%	356,935	Sarah Lloyd
Wisconsin District 7	Sean Duffy	23.4%	362,061	Mary Hoeft
Wisconsin District 8	Mike Gallagher	25.4%	363,592	Tom Nelson
Wyoming's At-large District	Liz Cheney	32.1%	251,776	Ryan Greene

Popular vote by party and state

The following table displays the total number of votes received and the number of seats won by party for each state in the 2016 U.S. House elections. It also compares the percentage of the total vote received by each party to the percentage of seats in the state won by each party. Some interesting facts:

Republican candidates received 49.13% of total votes cast in 2016 and won 55.4% of U.S. House seats. Comparatively, Democratic candidates received 48.03% of votes and won 44.6% of races. Third-party and write-in candidates received 2.56% of votes.

Third-party candidates received the highest percentage of votes in Arkansas with 18.42% of votes cast. Comparatively, Democratic candidates only received 10.42% of the total votes cast in Arkansas. This is likely due to the fact that the Democratic Party only fielded a general election candidate in one of the state's four House races.

There were two states in which the party that received the most total votes won a minority of seats, Virginia and Wisconsin. In Virginia, Democratic candidates received 49.17% of votes but only won 36.36% of seats (4 of 11), while Republican candidates received 48.74% of votes and won 63.64% of seats (7 of 11). In Wisconsin, Democratic candidates received 49.85% of votes but won 37.5% of seats (3 of 8), while Republican candidates received 45.89% of votes and won 62.5% of seats (5 of 8).

Maine was the state in which the popular vote and the number of seats won most aligned. In Maine, Democrats received 51.93% of the vote while winning 50% of seats, while Republicans received 48.01% of the vote and won the other 50% of seats. This results in an average disparity of 1.96%. Arizona, New York, New Jersey, and Washington followed with average disparities of 2.34%, 2.97%, 4.29%, and 4.73%.

Note: For the purpose of our study, votes for candidates who appeared on the ballot under multiple different parties were counted for the major party that candidate was affiliated with (Democratic or Republican). This pertains to Connecticut, New York, and South Carolina.

United States House Votes by Party and State
State	Total Votes	D votes	D seats won	R votes	R seats won	3rd party votes
Alabama	1,889,685	621,911	1	1,222,018	6	45,756
Alabama %		32.91%	14.29%	64.67%	85.71%	2.42%
Alaska	308,198	111,019	0	155,088	1	42,091
Alaska %		36.02%	0%	50.32%	100%	13.66%
Arizona	2,412,064	1,034,687	4	1,264,378	5	112,999
Arizona %		42.90%	44.44%	52.42%	55.56%	4.68%
Arkansas	1,068,577	111,347	0	760,415	4	196,815
Arkansas %		10.42%	0%	71.16%	100%	18.42%
California	13,396,018	8,624,432	39	4,682,033	14	89,553
California %		64.38%	73.58%	34.95%	26.42%	0.67%
Colorado	2,701,438	1,263,791	3	1,288,618	4	149,029
Colorado %		46.78%	42.86%	47.70%	57.14%	5.52%
Connecticut	1,575,183	990,139	5	568,134	0	16,910
Connecticut %		62.86%	100%	36.07%	0%	1.07%
Delaware	420,617	233,554	1	172,301	0	14,762
Delaware %		55.53%	100%	40.96%	0%	3.51%
Florida	8,837,426	3,985,050	11	4,733,630	16	118,746
Florida %		45.09%	40.74%	53.56%	59.26%	1.34%
Georgia	3,770,897	1,498,437	4	2,272,460	10	0
Georgia %		39.74%	28.57%	60.26%	71.43%	0%
Hawaii	412,873	316,265	2	85,626	0	10,982
Hawaii %		76.60%	100%	20.74%	0%	2.66%
Idaho	681,594	208,992	0	447,544	2	25,058
Idaho %		30.66%	0%	65.66%	100%	3.68%
Illinois	5,241,767	2,810,536	11	2,397,436	7	33,795
Illinois %		53.62%	61.11%	45.74%	38.89%	0.64%
Indiana	2,658,367	1,052,901	2	1,442,989	7	162,477
Indiana %		39.61%	22.22%	54.28%	77.78%	6.11%
Iowa	1,515,555	673,969	1	813,153	3	28,433
Iowa %		44.47%	25%	53.65%	75%	1.88%
Kansas	1,173,736	317,635	0	694,240	4	161,861
Kansas %		27.06%	0%	59.15%	100%	13.79%
Kentucky	1,765,376	516,904	1	1,248,140	5	332
Kentucky %		29.28%	16.67%	70.70%	83.33%	0.02%
Louisiana	1,804,256	564,064	1	1,198,764	5	41,428
Louisiana %		31.26%	16.67%	66.44%	83.33%	2.30%
Maine	744,574	386,627	1	357,447	1	500
Maine %		51.93%	50%	48.01%	50%	0.07%
Maryland	2,707,745	1,636,200	7	962,088	1	109,457
Maryland %		60.43%	87.50%	35.53%	12.50%	4.04%
Massachusetts	2,940,688	2,344,518	9	451,121	0	145,049
Massachusetts %		79.73%	100%	15.34%	0%	4.93%
Michigan	4,670,905	2,193,980	5	2,243,402	9	233,523
Michigan %		46.97%	35.71%	48.03%	64.29%	5%
Minnesota	2,860,432	1,434,590	5	1,334,686	3	91,156
Minnesota %		50.15%	62.50%	46.66%	37.50%	3.19%
Mississippi	1,182,273	449,896	1	680,810	3	51,567
Mississippi %		38.05%	25%	57.58%	75%	4.36%
Missouri	2,750,079	1,041,306	2	1,600,524	6	108,249
Missouri %		37.86%	25%	58.20%	75%	3.94%
Montana	507,831	205,919	0	285,358	1	16,554
Montana %		40.55%	0%	56.19%	100%	3.26%
Nebraska	788,266	221,069	0	557,557	3	9,640
Nebraska %		28.04%	0%	70.73%	100%	1.22%
Nevada	1,078,497	508,113	3	498,104	1	72,280
Nevada %		47.11%	75%	46.19%	25%	6.70%
New Hampshire	715,844	336,451	2	316,001	0	63,392
New Hampshire %		47%	100%	44.14%	0%	8.86%
New Jersey	3,463,311	1,821,620	7	1,541,631	5	100,060
New Jersey %		52.60%	58.33%	44.51%	41.67%	2.89%
New Mexico	780,125	436,932	2	343,123	1	70
New Mexico %		56.01%	66.67%	43.98%	33.33%	0.01%
New York	7,048,120	4,432,539	18	2,501,858	9	113,723
New York %		62.89%	66.67%	35.50%	33.33%	1.61%
North Carolina	4,598,458	2,142,661	3	2,447,326	10	8,471
North Carolina %		46.60%	23.08%	53.22%	76.92%	0.18%
North Dakota	338,459	80,377	0	233,980	1	24,102
North Dakota %		23.75%	0%	69.13%	100%	7.12%
Ohio	5,218,355	2,154,523	4	2,996,017	12	67,815
Ohio %		41.29%	25%	57.41%	75%	1.30%
Oklahoma	1,133,244	305,222	0	781,691	5	46,331
Oklahoma %		26.93%	0%	68.98%	100%	4.09%
Oregon	1,911,865	1,026,851	4	730,894	1	154,120
Oregon %		53.71%	80%	38.23%	20%	8.06%
Pennsylvania	5,743,978	2,625,157	5	3,096,576	13	22,245
Pennsylvania %		45.70%	27.78%	53.91%	72.22%	0.39%
Rhode Island	431,519	263,642	2	141,324	0	26,553
Rhode Island %		61.10%	100%	32.75%	0%	6.15%
South Carolina	2,011,766	790,323	1	1,177,365	6	44,078
South Carolina %		39.29%	14.29%	58.52%	85.71%	2.19%
South Dakota	369,973	132,810	0	237,163	1	0
South Dakota %		35.90%	0%	64.10%	100%	0%
Tennessee	2,391,061	814,181	2	1,493,740	7	83,140
Tennessee %		34.05%	22.22%	62.47%	77.78%	3.48%
Texas	8,528,526	3,160,535	11	4,877,605	25	490,386
Texas %		36.86%	30.56%	57.37%	69.44%	1.53%
Utah	1,114,144	356,287	0	710,635	4	47,222
Utah %		31.98%	0%	63.78%	100%	4.24%
Vermont	295,334	264,414	1	0	0	30,920
Vermont %		89.53%	100%	0%	0%	10.47%
Virginia	3,781,568	1,859,426	4	1,843,010	7	79,132
Virginia %		49.17%	36.36%	48.74%	63.64%	2.09%
Washington	3,141,035	1,736,145	6	1,404,890	4	0
Washington %		55.27%	60%	44.73%	40%	0%
West Virginia	686,349	224,449	0	445,017	3	16,883
West Virginia %		32.70%	0%	64.84%	100%	2.46%
Wisconsin	2,768,094	1,379,996	3	1,270,279	5	117,819
Wisconsin %		49.85%	37.50%	45.89%	62.50%	4.26%
Wyoming	251,776	75,466	0	156,176	1	20,134
Wyoming %		29.97%	0%	62.03%	100%	8%
Totals	128,560,821	61,750,858	194	63,164,365	241	3,285,466
*Total %*		*48.03%*	*44.60%*	*49.13%*	*55.40%*	*2.56%*

Retired incumbents

A total of 42 incumbents (9.7 percent) chose not to seek re-election in 2016. Some of those were due to retirement, while others chose to seek higher office instead.

The following members of the U.S. House chose to retire rather than seek re-election in 2016.

9 Democrats
20 Republicans

Name:	Party:	Current office:
Ander Crenshaw	Republican	Florida, District 4
Candice Miller	Republican	Michigan, District 10
Charles B. Rangel	Democratic	New York, District 13
Chris Gibson	Republican	New York, District 19
Curt Clawson	Republican	Florida, District 19
Cynthia Lummis	Republican	U.S. House, Wyoming
Dan Benishek	Republican	Michigan, District 1
Ed Whitfield(a)	Republican	Kentucky, District 1
Gwen Graham	Democratic	Florida, District 2
Janice Hahn	Nonpartisan	Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, District 4
Jeff Miller	Republican	Florida, District 1
Jim McDermott	Democratic	Washington, District 7
John Kline	Republican	Minnesota, District 2
Joseph R. Pitts	Republican	Pennsylvania, District 16
Lois Capps	Democratic	California, District 24
Lynn A. Westmoreland	Republican	Georgia, District 3
Mark Takai(b)	Democratic	Hawaii, District 1
Matt Salmon	Republican	Arizona, District 5
Michael G. Fitzpatrick	Republican	Pennsylvania, District 8
Randy Neugebauer	Republican	Texas, District 19
Reid Ribble	Republican	Wisconsin, District 8
Richard L. Hanna	Republican	New York, District 22
Richard B. Nugent	Republican	Florida, District 11
Robert Hurt	Republican	Virginia, District 5
Rubén Hinojosa	Democratic	Texas, District 15
Sam Farr	Democratic	California, District 20
Scott Rigell	Republican	Virginia, District 2
Stephen Lee Fincher	Republican	Tennessee
Steve Israel	Democratic	New York, District 3

(a)In September 2015, Whitfield announced he would not seek re-election. He subsequently resigned his seat on September 6, 2016, prior to the end of the 114th Congress.

(b)Takai announced in 2016 he would not seek re-election, a few months before he died on on July 20, 2016.

Incumbents who sought higher office

The following incumbents did not seek re-election to the U.S. House. They instead sought election to another office in 2016.

U.S. Senate

6 Democrats
5 Republicans

Name:	Party:	Current office:
Alan Grayson	Democratic	Florida, District 11
Ann Kirkpatrick	Democratic	Arizona, District 2
Charles Boustany Jr.	Republican	Louisiana, District 3
Chris Van Hollen	Democratic	Maryland
Donna Edwards	Democratic	Maryland, District 4
Joe Heck	Republican	Nevada, District 3
John Fleming	Republican	Louisiana, District 4
Loretta Sanchez	Democratic	California, District 46
Marlin A. Stutzman	Republican	Indiana, District 3
Patrick Murphy	Democratic	Florida, District 18
Tammy Duckworth	Democratic	Illinois
Todd C. Young	Republican	Indiana

Governor

1 Democrat
0 Republicans

Name:	Party:	Current office:
John C. Carney Jr.	Democratic	Governor of Delaware

Battleground races

See also:U.S. House battlegrounds, 2016

The map below highlights the 23 districts that were designated as battlegrounds in 2016.

The purple districts on the Census district map were those found to be battlegrounds in Ballotpedia's study.

The following table displays the results of the election in each battleground district.

United States House Battleground Results
District	Incumbent	Winner	Partisan switch?	Margin of victory
Arizona's 1st	Ann Kirkpatrick	Tom O'Halleran	No	7.3%
California's 7th	Ami Bera	Ami Bera	No	2.3%
California's 25th	Stephen Knight	Stephen Knight	No	6.3%
California's 49th	Darrell Issa	Darrell Issa	No	0.5%
Colorado's 6th	Mike Coffman	Mike Coffman	No	8.3%
Florida's 7th	John Mica	Stephanie Murphy	Yes	3%
Florida's 18th	Patrick Murphy	Brian Mast	Yes	10.5%
Florida's 26th	Carlos Curbelo	Carlos Curbelo	No	11.8%
Illinois' 10th	Robert Dold	Brad Schneider	Yes	5.2%
Iowa's 1st	Rod Blum	Rod Blum	No	7.7%
Maine's 2nd	Bruce Poliquin	Bruce Poliquin	No	9.6%
Michigan's 1st	Dan Benishek	Jack Bergman	No	14.8%
Minnesota's 2nd	John Kline	Jason Lewis	No	1.8%
Nebraska's 2nd	Brad Ashford	Don Bacon	Yes	1.2%
Nevada's 3rd	Joe Heck	Jacky Rosen	Yes	1.3%
Nevada's 4th	Cresent Hardy	Ruben Kihuen	Yes	4%
New Hampshire's 1st	Frank Guinta	Carol Shea-Porter	Yes	1.3%
New Jersey's 5th	Scott Garrett	Josh Gottheimer	Yes	4.4%
New York's 19th	Chris Gibson	John Faso	No	8.6%
New York's 22nd	Richard Hanna	Claudia Tenney	No	5.5%
Pennsylvania's 8th	Michael G. Fitzpatrick	Brian Fitzpatrick	No	8.9%
Texas' 23rd	Will Hurd	Will Hurd	No	1.3%
Virginia's 10th	Barbara Comstock	Barbara Comstock	No	5.8%

This table displays the initial criteria used to determine competitiveness in more specific detail. It gives ranges for each criterion and the competitiveness associated with them. Each district was analyzed using this as a baseline to determine competitiveness.

Color Key
Color	Margin of Victory (MOV)	Presidential MOV %	Incumbent term in office	Open seat?	Cook rating
Purple – most competitive	0.0-4.9	0.0-4.9	1	Yes	Toss-up
Orange – very competitive	5.0-7.9	5.0-7.9	2-3	N/A	Lean D/R
Green – competitive	8.0-10.0	8.0-10.0	4-5	N/A	Likely D/R
House winners labeled this color indicate the party of the winner being different from the party of the presidential winner of the state in 2012

The following races are those that were expected to be the closest in 2016.

Most competitive 2016 House elections
District	Incumbent's party	District MOV 2014	District MOV 2012	Presidential MOV 2012	Presidential MOV 2008	Incumbent term in office	Open seat?	Cook rating
Arizona's 1st	Democratic	5.2	3.6	-2.5	-3.2	2	Yes	Lean D
California's 7th	Democratic	0.8	3.4	✓4.0	✓5.0	2	No	Lean D
California's 25th	Republican	6.7	9.6	-1.9	✓1.0	1	No	Toss Up
California's 49th	Republican	20.3	16.3	-6.7	✓1.0	8	No	Toss Up
Colorado's 6th	Republican	8.9	2.0	✓5.1	✓8.7	4	No	Toss Up
Florida's 7th	Republican	31.5	17.4	-4.7	-0.8	11	No	Toss Up
Florida's 18th	Democratic	19.6	0.6	-4.1	✓3.1	2	Yes	Toss Up
Florida's 26th	Republican	2.9	10.6	✓6.7	-0.4	1	No	Toss Up
Illinois' 10th	Republican	2.6	1.3	✓16.4	✓27.1	1	No	Toss Up
Iowa's 1st	Republican	2.3	15.4	✓13.7	✓18.1	1	No	Toss Up
Maine's 2nd	Republican	5.0	15.7	✓9.0	✓12	1	No	Toss Up
Michigan's 1st	Republican	6.9	0.5	-8.3	✓1.3	3	Yes	Lean R
Minnesota's 2nd	Republican	17.2	8.2	✓0.1	✓2.9	7	Yes	Toss-up
Nebraska's 2nd	Democratic	3.3	1.6	-7.0	✓1.0	1	No	Toss Up
Nevada's 3rd	Republican	24.6	7.5	✓0.8	✓8.9	3	Yes	Toss Up
Nevada's 4th	Republican	2.8	8.0	✓10.7	✓15.0	1	No	Lean D
New Hampshire's 1st	Republican	3.6	3.8	✓1.6	✓6.4	1	No	Lean D
New Jersey's 5th	Republican	12.1	12.3	-3.1	-2.0	7	No	Toss-up
New York's 19th	Republican	28.1	5.3	✓6.2	✓8.0	3	Yes	Toss Up
New York's 22nd	Republican	48.1	19.9	-0.4	0.0	3	Yes	Toss Up
Pennsylvania's 8th	Republican	23.8	13.2	-0.1	✓7.5	3	Yes	Toss Up
Texas' 23rd	Republican	2.1	4.8	-2.6	✓1.0	1	No	Toss Up
Virginia's 10th	Republican	16.1	19.7	-1.1	✓2.8	1	No	Toss Up

Both the 2012 and 2008 presidential MOV have either "✓" or "-" before the number. The "✓" indicates the district went in favor of the winner, in both years this was President Obama. The "-" indicates the district favored the Republican who lost in each election, Romney in 2012 and McCain in 2008.

The following races were all expected to be at least somewhat close, but they were not considered among the most competitive races.

Races to watch
District	Incumbent's Party	District MOV 2014	District MOV 2012	Presidential MOV 2012	Presidential MOV 2008	Incumbent term in office	Open seat?	Cook rating
California's 10th	Republican	12.3	5.4	✓3.6	✓3.0	3	No	Toss Up
California's 24th	Democratic	3.9	10.2	✓11	✓15	9	Yes	Lean D
Florida's 13th	Republican	50.5	15.1	✓1.5	✓3.8	22	Yes	Lean D
Indiana's 9th	Republican	28.5	10.9	-16.5	-6.5	2	Yes	Lean R
Iowa's 3rd	Republican	10.5	8.6	✓4.2	✓6.1	1	No	Lean R
Kansas' 3rd	Republican	20	36.9	-9.5	-1.1	2	No	Lean R
Michigan's 7th	Republican	12.3	10.3	-3.1	✓3.4	3	No	Lean R
Minnesota's 3rd	Republican	24.4	16.3	✓0.8	✓3.6	3	No	Lean R
Minnesota's 8th	Democratic	1.4	8.9	✓5.5	✓8.6	2	No	Lean D
New York's 1st	Republican	8.7	4.6	✓0.5	✓3.0	1	No	Lean R
New York's 3rd	Democratic	9.2	5.0	✓2.6	✓8.0	2	Yes	Likely D
New York's 24th	Republican	18.8	5.3	✓15.9	✓14.0	1	No	Lean R
Utah's 4th	Republican	3.3	0.3	-37	-15.2	1	No	Lean R
Wisconsin's 8th	Republican	30.1	12	-3.7	✓8.7	3	Yes	Lean R

Both the 2012 and 2008 presidential MOV have either "✓" or "-" before the number. The "✓" indicates the district went in favor of the winner, in both years this was President Obama. The "-" indicates the district favored the Republican who lost in each election, Romney in 2012 and McCain in 2008.

Race ratings

The following table compares Ballotpedia's battleground ratings with the most recent race ratings fromThe Cook Political Report,Sabato's Crystal Ball, andThe Rothenberg and Gonzales Political Report.

U.S. House race ratings comparison
District	Ballotpedia	Cook^[4]	Sabato^[5]	Rothenberg^[6]
Alaska's At-Large	Safe R	Lean R	Likely R	Safe R
Arizona's 1st	Battleground	Lean D	Lean D	Lean D
Arizona's 2nd	Safe R	Likely R	Likely R	Safe R
California's 7th	Battleground	Lean D	Lean D	Lean D
California's 10th	Competitive R	Toss-up	Toss-up	Lean R
California's 21st	Safe R	Lean R	Lean R	R Favored
California's 24th	Competitive D	Lean D	Lean D	D Favored
California's 25th	Battleground	Toss-up	Toss-up	R Favored
California's 49th	Battleground	Toss-up	Toss-up	Toss-up/Tilt R
Colorado's 3rd	Safe R	Likely R	Likely R	Safe R
Colorado's 6th	Battleground	Toss-up	Toss-up	Toss-up/Tilt R
Florida's 2nd^[7]	Safe R	Likely R	Safe R	Safe R
Florida's 7th	Battleground	Toss-up	Toss-up	Toss-up/Tilt D
Florida's 10th^[7]	Safe D	Likely D	Safe D	Safe D
Florida's 13th	Competitive D	Lean D	Lean D	Lean D
Florida's 18th	Battleground	Lean R	Toss-up	Pure Toss-up
Florida's 26th	Battleground	Toss-up	Toss-up	Pure Toss-up
Florida's 27th	Safe R	Likely R	Safe R	Safe R
Illinois' 10th	Battleground	Toss-up	Toss-up	Pure Toss-up
Illinois' 12th	Safe R	Likely R	Likely R	Safe R
Indiana's 2nd	Safe R	Likely R	Likely R	Safe R
Indiana's 9th	Competitive R	Lean R	Lean R	R Favored
Iowa's 1st	Battleground	Toss-up	Lean D	Pure Toss-up
Iowa's 3rd	Competitive R	Lean R	Lean R	Toss-up/Tilt R
Kansas' 3rd	Competitive R	Lean R	Lean R	Lean R
Maine's 2nd	Battleground	Toss-up	Toss-up	Pure Toss-up
Maryland's 6th	Safe D	Likely D	Safe D	Safe D
Michigan's 1st	Battleground	Lean R	Toss-up	Toss-up/Tilt R
Michigan's 7th	Competitive R	Lean R	Lean R	R Favored
Michigan's 8th	Safe R	Lean R	Likely R	Safe R
Minnesota's 2nd	Battleground	Toss-up	Lean D	Toss-up/Tilt D
Minnesota's 3rd	Competitive R	Lean R	Lean R	R Favored
Minnesota's 8th	Competitive D	Toss-up	Lean D	Lean D
Montana's At-Large	Safe R	Likely R	Likely R	R Favored
Nebraska's 2nd	Battleground	Toss-up	Lean D	Toss-up/Tilt D
Nevada's 3rd	Battleground	Toss-up	Lean D	Pure Toss-up
Nevada's 4th	Battleground	Lean D	Lean D	Toss-up/Tilt D
New Hampshire's 1st	Battleground	Lean D	Lean D	Toss-up/Tilt D
New Jersey's 3rd	Safe R	Likely R	Safe R	Safe R
New Jersey's 5th	Battleground	Toss-up	Toss-up	Toss-up/Tilt D
New York's 1st	Competitive R	Lean R	Lean R	Lean R
New York's 3rd	Competitive D	Likely D	Likely D	Lean D
New York's 19th	Battleground	Toss-up	Toss-up	Pure Toss-up
New York's 21st	Safe R	Likely R	Likely R	Safe R
New York's 22nd	Battleground	Toss-up	Toss-up	Pure Toss-up
New York's 23rd	Safe R	Likely R	Likely R	Safe R
New York's 24th	Competitive R	Lean R	Lean R	R Favored
New York's 25th	Safe D	Likely D	Safe D	Safe D
Pennsylvania's 6th	Safe R	Likely R	Safe R	Safe R
Pennsylvania's 8th	Battleground	Toss-up	Toss-up	Pure Toss-up
Pennsylvania's 16th	Safe R	Lean R	Lean R	Safe R
Texas' 23rd	Battleground	Toss-up	Toss-up	Pure Toss-up
Utah's 4th	Competitive R	Lean R	Lean R	R Favored
Virginia's 4th^[7]	Safe D	Likely D	Safe D	Safe D
Virginia's 5th	Safe R	Likely R	Lean R	R Favored
Virginia's 10th	Battleground	Toss-up	Toss-up	Toss-up/Tilt R
Wisconsin's 8th	Competitive R	Lean R	Lean R	R Favored

Primary competitiveness

Primary competitiveness measures the percentage of primary elections in which voters actually have a choice to make. In most cases, this means those primaries in which there are two or more candidates running. However, in states that use atop-two primary system, a primary must have at least three candidates running to be considered contested. Candidates who have declared write-in campaigns are not enough for a race to be considered contested.

In 2016, 44.53 percent of all major party primaries were contested. If you exclude California and Washington, the two states that use atop-two primary system, 41.53 percent of primaries were contested. As in the past several election cycles, Republican candidates faced significantly more primary opposition than Democratic ones. In Republican contests, 46.17 percent of primaries were contested, while 36.89 percent of Democratic primaries were contested.

Incumbents sought re-election in 90 percent of U.S. House districts. Party made no real difference in the percentage of incumbents who sought re-election. However, as was the case in overall primary races, Republican incumbents were more likely to face a primary challenger than Democratic incumbents. In Republican primary races featuring an incumbent, 52.25 percent of races were contested, while 44.71 percent of Democratic incumbents seeking re-election faced a primary challenger. Only five incumbents were defeated in primary elections in 2016. This amounts to 1.3 percent, which is average over the past decade.

The map below displays the percentage of contested primary races in each state.
• Filing deadline data is being used for states that haven't yet held their primaries. Slight inaccuracies may arise if filed candidates withdraw prior to the primary.
• Louisiana doesn't hold a primary. All candidates compete in the general election and a runoff is held if no candidate secures at least 50% of the vote.

Full data regarding general competitiveness and competition in races involving an incumbent can be found in the tables below.

Contested Primaries during the 2016 Congressional Elections
State	Primary date	# of seats	Democratic contested primaries	Republican contested primaries	Contested Major Party primaries	% contested primaries
Alabama	3/1	7	0	4	4	28.57%
Arkansas	3/1	4	0	1	1	12.50%
Texas	3/1	36	13	20	33	45.83%
Mississippi	3/8	4	1	2	3	37.50%
Illinois	3/15	18	8	6	14	38.89%
Ohio	3/15	16	5	5	10	31.25%
Maryland	4/26	8	7	8	15	93.75%
Pennsylvania	4/26	18	4	5	9	25.00%
Indiana	5/3	9	8	8	16	88.89%
Nebraska	5/10	3	0	1	1	16.67%
West Virginia	5/10	3	1	1	2	33.33%
Idaho	5/17	2	1	2	3	75.00%
Kentucky	5/17	6	1	4	5	41.67%
Oregon	5/17	5	3	4	7	70.00%
Georgia	5/24	14	2	7	9	32.14%
California	6/7	53	40	40	40	75.47%
Iowa	6/7	4	2	2	4	50.00%
Montana	6/7	1	0	0	0	0.00%
New Jersey	6/7	12	6	4	10	41.67%
New Mexico	6/7	3	0	1	1	16.67%
South Dakota	6/7	1	0	0	0	0.00%
North Carolina	6/7	13	6	10	16	61.54%
Maine	6/14	2	0	1	1	25.00%
Nevada	6/14	4	4	3	7	87.50%
North Dakota	6/14	1	0	0	0	0.00%
South Carolina	6/14	7	1	2	3	21.43%
Virginia	6/14	11	2	5	7	31.82%
Colorado	6/28	7	2	2	4	28.57%
New York	6/28	27	10	3	13	24.07%
Oklahoma	6/28	5	3	5	8	80.00%
Utah	6/28	4	0	1	1	12.50%
Kansas	8/2/2016	4	2	2	4	50.00%
Michigan	8/2/2016	14	3	3	6	21.43%
Missouri	8/2/2016	8	5	8	13	81.25%
Washington	8/2/2016	10			10	100.00%
Tennessee	8/4/2016	9	4	6	10	55.56%
Connecticut	8/9/2016	5	0	0	0	0.00%
Minnesota	8/9/2016	8	3	5	8	50.00%
Vermont	8/9/2016	1	0	0	0	0.00%
Wisconsin	8/9/2016	8	5	3	8	50.00%
Hawaii	8/13/2016	2	2	1	3	75.00%
Alaska	8/16/2016	1	1	1	2	100.00%
Wyoming	8/16/2016	1	1	1	2	100.00%
Arizona	8/30/2016	9	5	6	11	61.11%
Florida	8/30/2016	27	11	13	24	44.44%
Massachusetts	9/8/2016	9	0	1	1	5.56%
Delaware	9/13/2016	1	1	0	1	50.00%
New Hampshire	9/13/2016	2	0	2	2	50.00%
Rhode Island	9/13/2016	2	2	0	2	50.00%

Contested Primaries involving incumbents during the 2016 Congressional Elections
State	Primary date	# of seats	Incs running	Democratic incs facing primary	Republican incs facing primary	% incs with primary
Alabama	3/1	7	7	0	4	57.14%
Arkansas	3/1	4	4	0	1	25.00%
Texas	3/1	36	34	5	14	55.88%
Mississippi	3/8	4	4	0	2	50.00%
Illinois	3/15	18	17	4	3	41.18%
Ohio	3/15	16	15	1	3	26.67%
Maryland	4/26	8	6	4	1	83.33%
Pennsylvania	4/26	18	16	2	2	25.00%
Indiana	5/3	9	7	2	5	100.00%
Nebraska	5/10	3	3	0	0	0.00%
West Virginia	5/10	3	3	0	1	33.33%
Idaho	5/17	2	2	0	2	100.00%
Kentucky	5/17	6	5	0	2	40.00%
Oregon	5/17	5	5	3	1	80.00%
Georgia	5/24	14	13	0	5	38.46%
California	6/7	53	49	23	13	73.47%
Iowa	6/7	4	4	0	2	50.00%
Montana	6/7	1	1	0	0	0.00%
New Jersey	6/7	12	12	3	4	58.33%
New Mexico	6/7	3	3	0	0	0.00%
South Dakota	6/7	1	1	0	0	0.00%
North Carolina	6/7	13	13	1	8	69.23%
Maine	6/14	2	2	0	0	0.00%
Nevada	6/14	4	3	1	1	66.67%
North Dakota	6/14	1	1	0	0	0.00%
South Carolina	6/14	7	7	0	2	28.57%
Virginia	6/14	11	8	0	1	12.50%
Colorado	6/28	7	7	1	2	42.86%
New York	6/28	27	23	5	0	21.74%
Oklahoma	6/28	5	5	0	5	100.00%
Utah	6/28	4	4	0	1	25.00%
Kansas	8/2/2016	4	4	0	2	50.00%
Michigan	8/2/2016	14	12	2	1	25.00%
Missouri	8/2/2016	8	8	2	6	100.00%
Washington	8/2/2016	10	9	5	4	100.00%
Tennessee	8/4/2016	9	7	1	4	71.43%
Connecticut	8/9/2016	5	5	0	0	0.00%
Minnesota	8/9/2016	8	7	2	1	42.86%
Vermont	8/9/2016	1	1	0	0	0.00%
Wisconsin	8/9/2016	8	7	2	2	57.14%
Hawaii	8/13/2016	2	1	1	0	100.00%
Alaska	8/16/2016	1	1	0	1	100.00%
Wyoming	8/16/2016	1	0	0	0	0.00%
Arizona	8/30/2016	9	7	1	3	57.14%
Florida	8/30/2016	27	20	3	6	45.00%
Massachusetts	9/8/2016	9	9	0	0	0.00%
Delaware	9/13/2016	1	0	0	0	0.00%
New Hampshire	9/13/2016	2	2	0	1	50.00%
Rhode Island	9/13/2016	2	2	2	0	100.00%

Defeated incumbents

Congressional incumbents defeated in primaries.PNG

Five incumbent members of Congress lost their primary elections in 2016—a slightly higher number than the past decade's average. This slight increase can be explained by the court-ordered redistricting that took place in several states. Redistricting played a role in three of the five incumbent losses, one of which was an incumbent-versus-incumbent battle.

Redistricting also explains why so many incumbents were defeated in the primaries in 2012, the first election after maps were redrawn following the 2010 census. In 2012, eight incumbent members of Congress lost to another incumbent in the primary as a direct result of redistricting.

Chaka Fattah

Chaka Fattah was the first incumbent to lose a primary in 2016. He was defeated byDwight Evans in the Democratic primary on April 26, 2016. Heading into the election, Fattah—who had representedPennsylvania's 2nd Congressional District from 1994 until his resignation on June 23, 2016—had been made vulnerable due to an indictment in 2015 on charges including bribery, money laundering, and bank and mail fraud. Fattah was ultimately convicted of all charges in June, and he resigned shortly thereafter.^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]

**U.S. House, Pennsylvania District 2 Democratic Primary, 2016**
Candidate	Vote %	Votes
Dwight Evans	42.3%	75,515
Chaka FattahIncumbent	34.4%	61,518
Brian Gordon	13.2%	23,655
Dan Muroff	10.1%	18,016
Total Votes		178,704
Source:Pennsylvania Department of State

Renee Ellmers

Renee Ellmers was the second incumbent to fall in 2016. Ellmers was defeated by fellow GOP incumbentGeorge Holding—who representedthe 13th Congressional District heading into the election—inNorth Carolina's 2nd Congressional District Republican primary. Redistricting altered both districts significantly, causing Holding to seek election in the 2nd District. Heading into the primary, Holding was a clear favorite. He had the backing of a number of Republican organizations, includingAmericans for Prosperity,FreedomWorks, and theClub for Growth. However, Ellmers did secure a late endorsement fromDonald Trump. Holding easily defeated Ellmers, receiving over twice as many votes.^[12]^[13]^[14]^[13]^[15]

**U.S. House, North Carolina District 2 Republican Primary, 2016**
Candidate	Vote %	Votes
George HoldingIncumbent	53.4%	17,084
Renee EllmersIncumbent	23.6%	7,552
Greg Brannon	23%	7,359
Total Votes		31,995
Source:North Carolina State Board of Elections

Randy Forbes

Randy Forbes was defeated inVirginia's 2nd Congressional District Republican primary on June 14, 2016, by state DelegateScott Taylor. Forbes, who represented the4th Congressional District heading into the election, chose to seek election in District 2 after redistricting left his seat as a likely Democratic pickup in the general election. Forbes chose the 2nd District because it was open following incumbentScott Rigell's decision not to seek re-election. The switch left Forbes vulnerable; since the region was entirely outside of his prior constituency, he was portrayed as an outsider. As a result, Taylor easily defeated Forbes by a margin of nearly 12 percent.^[16]^[17]

**U.S. House, Virginia District 2 Republican Primary, 2016**
Candidate	Vote %	Votes
Scott Taylor	52.6%	21,406
Randy ForbesIncumbent	40.6%	16,552
Pat Cardwell	6.8%	2,773
Total Votes		40,731
Source:Virginia Department of Elections

Tim Huelskamp

Tim Huelskamp was defeated inKansas' 1st Congressional District Republican primary on August 2, 2016, by physicianRoger Marshall. Huelskamp lost by a significant margin of 13 percent. Outside groups took an interest in the primary battle between Huelskamp and Marshall. In a reversal of the usual narrative, Huelskamp, the incumbent, was supported by the more conservative, anti-establishment wing of the Republican Party, while the challenger, Marshall, received the backing of groups normally associated with establishment Republicans. Huelskamp was endorsed by Sen.Ted Cruz and theClub for Growth, while Marshall received endorsements from the Kansas Farm Bureau and theU.S. Chamber of Commerce.^[18]^[19]

**U.S. House, Kansas District 1 Republican Primary, 2016**
Candidate	Vote %	Votes
Roger Marshall	56.6%	59,889
Tim HuelskampIncumbent	43.4%	45,997
Total Votes		105,886
Source:Kansas Secretary of State

Corrine Brown

Corrine Brown was defeated inFlorida's 5th Congressional District Democratic primary on August 30, 2016, by former state Sen.Al Lawson. Brown was defeated by a margin of roughly 8 percent. Multiple factors made Brown unusually vulnerable in 2016: she was indicted earlier in the year on "charges of mail and wire fraud, conspiracy, obstruction and filing of false tax returns," and she also only represented roughly 38 percent of the newly drawn 5th District.^[20]

**U.S. House, Florida District 5 Democratic Primary, 2016**
Candidate	Vote %	Votes
Al Lawson	47.6%	39,306
Corrine BrownIncumbent	39%	32,235
L.J. Holloway	13.4%	11,048
Total Votes		82,589
Source:Florida Division of Elections

Presidential coattails

Of the states that had Republican senators up for election, the senators’ average win was 3.2 percent higher than President-electDonald Trump’s average win, according to preliminary vote totals.^[21] Trump's average win was 55.4 percent, while Republican senators' average win was 58.6 percent.

In Ballotpedia’sbattleground races and races to watch, Republican SenatorsJohn McCain (Ariz.),Marco Rubio (Fla.),Richard Burr (N.C.),Pat Toomey (Pa.), andRon Johnson (Wis.) ran ahead of Trump. Trump ran ahead of Senator-electTodd Young (Ind.) and SenatorRoy Blunt (Mo.).

Trump lost Illinois, Nevada, and New Hampshire, and the Republican candidates also lost their races in those states. SenatorMark Kirk ran ahead of Trump in Illinois, Trump ran ahead of Rep.Joe Heck in Nevada, and Sen.Kelly Ayotte ran ahead of Trump in New Hampshire.

Missouri SenatorRoy Blunt saw the biggest coattails effect from Trump. Trump won 57.1 percent of the vote, while Blunt won 49.4 percent. In Ohio, Trump saw the largest reverse coattails from SenatorRob Portman, who won the state with 58.3 percent of the vote. Trump earned 52.1 percent of the vote in Ohio.

A full breakdown of the presidential and Senate races appears below.

*Ballotpedia identified the highlighted races asbattleground races and races to watch. The vote percentages are fromCNN and will be updated after the final results are released.

2016 Republican Presidential and Senate election results
State	Presidential candidate vote %	Senate candidate vote %	Vote % Difference
Alabama	Donald Trump	IncumbentRichard Shelby
Totals	62.9%a	64.2%a	Shelby +1.3%
Alaska	Donald Trump	IncumbentLisa Murkowski
Totals	53.3%a	43.8%a	Trump +9.5%
Arizona	Donald Trump	IncumbentJohn McCain
Totals	49.5%a	53.4%a	McCain +3.9%
Arkansas	Donald Trump	IncumbentJohn Boozman
Totals	60.4%a	59.8%a	Trump +0.6%
Florida	Donald Trump	IncumbentMarco Rubio
Totals	49.1%a	52.1%a	Rubio +3.0%
Georgia	Donald Trump	IncumbentJohnny Isakson
Totals	51.4%a	55.1%a	Isakson +3.7%
Idaho	Donald Trump	IncumbentMike Crapo
Totals	59.0%a	66.0%a	Crapo +7.0%
Indiana	Donald Trump	Todd Young
Totals	57.2%a	52.2%a	Trump + 5.0%
Iowa	Donald Trump	IncumbentChuck Grassley
Totals	51.7%a	60.1%a	Grassley +8.4%
Kansas	Donald Trump	IncumbentJerry Moran
Totals	57.2%a	62.4%a	Moran +5.2%
Kentucky	Donald Trump	IncumbentRand Paul
Totals	62.5%a	+57.3%a	Trump +5.2%
Louisiana	Donald Trump	Multiple Republican candidates
Totals	58.1%a	(Race not called)	-
Missouri	Donald Trump	IncumbentRoy Blunt
Totals	57.1%a	49.4%a	Trump +7.7%
North Carolina	Donald Trump	IncumbentRichard Burr
Totals	50.5%a	51.1%a	Burr +0.6%
North Dakota	Donald Trump	IncumbentJohn Hoeven
Totals	64.1%a	78.6%a	Hoeven +14.5%
Ohio	Donald Trump	IncumbentRob Portman
Totals	52.1%a	58.3%a	Portman +6.2%
Oklahoma	Donald Trump	IncumbentJames Lankford
Totals	65.3%a	67.7%a	Lankford +2.4%
Pennsylvania	Donald Trump	IncumbentPat Toomey
Totals	48.8%a	48.9%a	Toomey +0.1%
South Carolina	Donald Trump	IncumbentTim Scott
Totals	55.6%a	61.2%a	Scott +5.6%
South Dakota	Donald Trump	IncumbentJohn Thune
Totals	61.5%a	71.8%a	Thune +10.3%
Utah	Donald Trump	Incumbent Mike Lee
Totals	45.5%a	67.4%a	Lee +21.9%
Wisconsin	Donald Trump	IncumbentRon Johnson
Totals	47.9%a	50.2%a	Johnson +2.3%
California	Donald Trump	No Republican on the ballot
Totals	33.3%d	No Republican on the ballot	-
Colorado	Donald Trump	Darryl Glenn
Totals	44.8%d	45.8%d	Glenn +1.0%
Connecticut	Donald Trump	Dan Carter
Totals	41.6%d	35.3%d	Trump +6.3%
Hawaii	Donald Trump	John Carroll
Totals	30.1%d	22.2%d	Trump +7.9%
Illinois	Donald Trump	IncumbentMark Kirk
Totals	39.4%d	40.2%d	Kirk +0.8%
Maryland	Donald Trump	Kathy Szeliga
Totals	35.3%d	36.4%d	Szeliga +1.1%
Nevada	Donald Trump	Joe Heck
Totals	45.5%d	44.7%d	Trump +0.8%
New Hampshire	Donald Trump	IncumbentKelly Ayotte
Totals	47.2%d	47.9%d	Ayotte +0.7%
New York	Donald Trump	Wendy Long
Totals	37.5%d	27.5%d	Trump +10.0%
Oregon	Donald Trump	Mark Callahan
Totals	41.3%d	33.9%d	Trump +7.4%
Vermont	Donald Trump	Scott Milne
Totals	32.6%d	33.0%d	Milne +0.4%
Washington	Donald Trump	Chris Vance
Totals	37.7%d	39.2%d	Vance +1.5%
Totals	Trump's average win: 55.4%	Republican senators' average win: 58.6%	Republican senators +3.2%

Presidential impact

Presidential elections have a significant impact on congressional elections, the most obvious of which is increased voter interest and participation. In the last two decades, presidential elections have led to roughly 15 to 20 percent higher turnout rates than in the corresponding midterm.^[22] The following chart shows the disparity between voter turnout in presidential elections and midterms.

In the past decade, presidential elections have benefited the Democratic Party, while midterms have helped Republicans. The Democratic Party gained an average of 16 house seats in the last two presidential elections, and the Republican Party picked up an average of 38.5 seats in the last two midterms.^[1]

Past partisan breakdowns
Year	Democrats	Republicans	Net change
2014	188	247	+13 R
2012	201	234	+8 D
2010	193	242	+64 R
2008	257	178	+24 D
2006	233	202	+22 D

Could Democrats have reclaimed the House?

Despite the large Republican majority in the House, the following articles explored how thepresidential campaign could affect the 2016 House elections. This section highlights what was said by pundits on the possibility of Democrats gaining control of Congress.

John Sides (The Washington Post) - October 18, 2016: "This model currently predicts that the Democrats will control 204 seats after the 2016 election. That is 16 more than they had after the 2014 election. The margin of error associated with that is plus or minus 8 seats. That forecast implies a very small chance — less than 1 percent — that the Democrats could win the 218 or more seats needed for a majority."^[23]

Sean Trende (RealClear Politics) - October 8, 2016: "What’s more interesting is the House. When Trump first secured the nomination in March, analysts speculated that he could flip the chamber to Democrats. That speculation subsided over the spring and summer, as Trump’s vote share held and Democratic recruiting efforts sputtered. As of today, RealClearPolitics has Republicans favored to lose about 15 House seats – a significant loss, but not enough to flip control."^[24]

Jeff Stein (Vox) - October 8, 2016: "But one political analyst I interviewed earlier this campaign thinks an epic Trump collapse might be enough to overcome that built-in advantage. Geoffrey Skelley, of the University of Virginia’s Center for Politics, argues that a Clinton victory of 6 points or more might be enough to put the House back in play."^[25]

Nate Cohn (The New York Times) - August 23, 2016: "It would not be surprising if the Republican House majority lasted for at least a decade. The structural advantages underpinning it are that strong. The odds of a Clinton presidency are strong, too — and a Democratic White House would probably strengthen the Republican hold on the House, given the tendency for the president’s party to struggle down-ballot. If Democrats are going to retake the House anytime soon, November would probably be their best shot, and as of now it’s not happening."^[26]

David Wasserman (The Cook Political Report) - June 20, 2016: "At the moment, the likeliest outcome seems like a Democratic gain of five to 20 seats (the Cook Political Report rates 22 GOP-held seats as Toss Up, Lean Democratic or Likely Democratic, compared with four Democratic seats in Toss Up, Lean Republican and Likely Republican). In other words, the first few GOP targets are very winnable for Democrats, but the last few needed for a majority would require a wave."^[27]

Committees

See also:National Republican Congressional Committee

TheNational Republican Congressional Committee (NRCC) focuses on building and maintaining a Republican majority in theU.S. House of Representatives.^[28]

NRCC targets

The following Democratic incumbents were announced as targets by the National Republican Congressional Committee (NRCC) heading into the 2016 election.^[29]

National Republican Congressional Committee, Targeted incumbents
District	Incumbent	Open seat?^[30]
Arizona's 1st District	Ann Kirkpatrick	Yes
Arizona's 9th District	Kyrsten Sinema	No
California's 3rd District	John Garamendi	No
California's 7th District	Ami Bera	No
California's 26th District	Julia Brownley	No
California's 31st District	Pete Aguilar	No
California's 36th District	Raul Ruiz	No
California's 52nd District	Scott Peters	No
Connecticut's 5th District	Elizabeth Esty	No
Florida's 2nd District	Gwen Graham	No
Florida's 18th District	Patrick Murphy	Yes
Illinois' 17th District	Cheri Bustos	No
Minnesota's 7th District	Collin Peterson	No
Minnesota's 8th District	Rick Nolan	No
Nebraska's 2nd District	Brad Ashford	No
New Hampshire's 2nd District	Ann McLane Kuster	No
New Mexico's 3rd District	Ben Ray Lujan	No
New York's 3rd District	Steve Israel	No
New York's 18th District	Sean Maloney	No

Patriot Program

The NRCC's Patriot Program is designed to help raise money and assist vulnerable incumbents seeking re-election. NRCC ChairmanGreg Walden said of those in the program:

“

Our new Patriots have just shown that they know what it takes to run aggressive, organized, and winning campaigns. They have hit the ground running here in Washington and are tirelessly working hard to help grow the economy and fight for the hard working families and small businesses in their districts. I am proud to call them colleagues and am looking forward to helping ensure that they are able to win re-election and continue to serve beyond 2016.^[31]^[32]^[33]

”

National Republican Congressional Committee Patriot Program 2016
District	Incumbent	Result
Arizona's 2nd District	Martha McSally
California's 10th District	Jeff Denham
California's 21st District	David Valadao
California's 25th District	Steve Knight
Colorado's 6th District	Mike Coffman
Florida's 26th District	Carlos Curbelo
Illinois' 10th District	Robert Dold	d
Illinois' 12th District	Mike Bost
Illinois' 13th District	Rodney Davis
Iowa's 1st District	Rod Blum
Iowa's 3rd District	David Young
Maine's 2nd District	Bruce Poliquin
Michigan's 7th District	Tim Walberg
Michigan's 8th District	Michael Bishop
New Hampshire's 1st District	Frank Guinta	d
Nevada's 4th District	Cresent Hardy	d
New York's 1st District	Lee Zeldin
New York's 11th District	Daniel Donovan
New York's 21st District	Elise Stefanik
New York's 24th District	John Katko
Pennsylvania's 6th District	Ryan Costello
Texas' 23rd District	Will Hurd
Virginia's 10th District	Barbara Comstock

Young Guns

The Young Guns program "supports and mentors challenger and open-seat candidates in races across the country." NRCC Chairman Greg Walden said of the initial candidates of the program, "These 32 candidates all provide a stark contrast to their liberal opponents, whose support of bigger government, more spending and President Obama’s job-destroying agenda have steered our country down a dangerous path. With working families still struggling in this weak economy and our national security under increasing threats, we must elect more Republicans to Congress who will work to strengthen our nation. I am confident that these candidates will continue to work hard for their communities and build strong campaigns as we head into the election year."^[34]^[35]^[36]

National Republican Congressional Committee Young Guns 2016
District	Candidate	Open seat?^[30]	Result
Arizona's 1st District	Paul Babeu	Yes	d
California's 3rd District	Eugene Cleek	No	d
California's 7th District	Scott Jones	No	d
California's 20th District	Casey Lucius	Yes	d
California's 24th District	Justin Fareed	Yes	d
California's 27th District	Jack Orswell	No	d
California's 31st District	Paul Chabot	No	d
California's 36th District	Jeff Stone	No	d
California's 52nd District	Denise Gitsham	No	d
Florida's 2nd District	Neal Dunn	No
Florida's 18th District	Brian Mast	Yes
Illinois' 8th District	Pete DiCianni	Yes	d
Illinois' 9th District	Joan McCarthy Lasonde	No	d
Illinois' 11th District	Tonia Khouri	No	d
Indiana's 3rd District	Jim Banks	Yes
Indiana's 9th District	Trey Hollingsworth	Yes
Maryland's 3rd District	Mark Plaster	No	d
Maryland's 6th District	Amie Hoeber	No	d
Michigan's 1st District	Jack Bergman	Yes
Michigan's 10th District	Paul Mitchell	Yes
Minnesota's 2nd District	Jason Lewis	No
Minnesota's 8th District	Stewart Mills	No	d
Nebraska's 2nd District	Don Bacon	No
Nevada's 3rd District	Danny Tarkanian	Yes	d
New York's 3rd District	Jack Martins	No	d
New York's 4th District	David Gurfein	No	d
New York's 19th District	John Faso	Yes
New York's 22nd District	Claudia Tenney	Yes
Oregon's 5th District	Colm Willis	No	d
Pennsylvania's 8th District	Brian Fitzpatrick	Yes
Pennsylvania's 16th District	Lloyd Smucker	Yes
Wisconsin's 8th District	Michael Gallagher	Yes

DCCC

See also:Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee

TheDemocratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC) supports campaigns of Democratic candidates for theU.S. House.^[28]

DCCC Frontline

The DCCC's Frontline program is designed to assist Democratic incumbents who represent vulnerable districts. Chairman Ben Ray Lujan said of the program:

“

Each one of these members knows what it takes to win tough elections: working hard, standing up for your district, and not taking anything for granted. We are adding them to our Frontline Program, led by Representative Dan Kildee, to maximize their resources and ensure they are able to keep fighting to strengthen middle class economics. You don’t add by subtracting, so the success of our Members is integral to our plan to stay on offense in 2016.^[37]^[33]

”

The DCCC announced 14 members of the 2016 Frontline Program on February 12, 2015. The following table displays the 2016 members of the Frontline Program.^[38]

Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee Frontline Program 2016
District	Incumbent	Open seat?^[30]	Result
Arizona's 1st District	Ann Kirkpatrick	Yes
Arizona's 9th District	Kyrsten Sinema	No
California's 7th District	Ami Bera	No
California's 26th District	Julia Brownley	No
California's 31st District	Pete Aguilar	No
California's 36th District	Raul Ruiz	No
California's 52nd District	Scott Peters	No
Florida's 2nd District	Gwen Graham	No	d
Florida's 18th District	Patrick Murphy	Yes	d
Illinois' 17th District	Cheri Bustos	No
Minnesota's 8th District	Rick Nolan	No
Nebraska's 2nd District	Brad Ashford	No	d
New Hampshire's 2nd District	Ann McLane Kuster	No
New York's 18th District	Sean Maloney	No

Red to Blue

The DCCC's Red to Blue program exists to highlight Democratic challengers in competitive House races. Chairman Ben Ray Lujan said of the program:

“

House Democrats are on offense and will pick up seats in November, and these talented and diverse candidates are the foundation of our success. From their campaign teams, to their field game, to their engagement of supporters and voters in their districts, these candidates are ready to take the fight to House Republicans. The American people deserve a House of Representatives that fights for progress and prosperity, not obstruction.^[39]^[33]

”

Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee Red to Blue 2016
District	Candidate	Open seat?^[30]	Result
Arizona's 1st District	Tom O'Halleran	Yes
California's 10th District	Michael Eggman	No	d
California's 24th District	Salud Carbajal	Yes
California's 25th District	Bryan Caforio	No	d
California's 49th District	Douglas Applegate	No	d
Colorado's 3rd District	Gail Schwartz	No	d
Colorado's 6th District	Morgan Carroll	No	d
Florida's 7th District	Stephanie Murphy	No
Florida's 10th District	Val Demings	No
Florida's 13th District	Charlie Crist	Yes
Florida's 18th District	Randy Perkins	Yes	d
Florida's 26th District	Joe Garcia	No	d
Iowa's 1st District	Monica Vernon	No	d
Iowa's 3rd District	Jim Mowrer	No	d
Illinois' 10th District	Brad Schneider	No
Indiana's 9th District	Shelli Yoder	Yes	d
Kansas' 3rd District	Jay Sidie	No	d
Maine's 2nd District	Emily Cain	No	d
Michigan's 1st District	Lon Johnson	Yes	d
Michigan's 7th District	Gretchen Driskell	No	d
Michigan's 8th District	Suzanna Shkreli	No	d
Minnesota's 2nd District	Angie Craig	Yes	d
Minnesota's 3rd District	Terri Bonoff	No	d
Montana's At-Large District	Denise Juneau	No	d
New Hampshire's 1st District	Carol Shea-Porter	No
New Jersey's 5th District	Josh Gottheimer	No
Nevada's 3rd District	Jacky Rosen	Yes
Nevada's 4th District	Ruben Kihuen	No
New York's 1st District	Anna Throne-Holst	No	d
New York's 3rd District	Tom Suozzi	Yes
New York's 19th District	Zephyr Teachout	Yes	d
New York's 21st District	Mike Derrick	No	d
New York's 22nd District	Kim Myers	Yes	d
New York's 23rd District	John Plumb	No	d
New York's 24th District	Colleen Deacon	No	d
Pennsylvania's 8th District	Steve Santarsiero	Yes	d
Pennsylvania's 16th District	Christina Hartman	Yes	d
Texas' 23rd District	Pete Gallego	No	d
Utah's 4th District	Doug Owens	No	d
Virginia's 4th District	Donald McEachin	Yes
Virginia's 5th District	Jane Dittmar	Yes	d
Virginia's 10th District	LuAnn Bennett	No	d
Wisconsin's 8th District	Tom Nelson	Yes	d

Emerging Races is the second tier of the Red to Blue program. According to the DCCC, it includes the districts "where campaigns are on track and working hard to put seats in play."^[39]

Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee Emerging Races 2016
District	Candidate	Open seat?^[30]
Alaska's At-Large District	Steve Lindbeck	No
Arizona's 2nd District	Matt Heinz	No
California's 21st District	Emilio Huerta	No
Illinois' 12th District	C.J. Baricevic	No
Indiana's 2nd District	Lynn Coleman	No
Michigan's 6th District	Paul Clements	No
South Carolina's 5th District	Fran Person	No

Campaign finance

DCCC and NRCC

The NRCC and the DCCC are the two principal political groups that raise funds to elect congressional candidates. The monthly fundraising figures for each committee throughout the 2016 election cycle are displayed in the table below.

DCCC and NRCC monthly fundraising
	Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee				National Republican Congressional Committee
Report	Receipts	Expenditures	Cash on hand	Debt	Receipts	Expenditures	Cash on hand	Debt
Pre-General	$10,205,210	$34,126,554	$21,612,756	$0	$8,345,840	$28,406,074	$26,525,016	$0
October 2016	$21,104,886	$38,748,576	$45,534,100	$0	$9,864,610	$28,723,765	$46,585,251	$0
September 2016	$10,999,108	$9,769,721	$63,177,790	$0	$6,658,396	$5,259,604	$65,444,406	$0
August 2016	$11,986,005	$7,313,148	$61,948,402	$0	$4,559,861	$3,811,379	$64,045,614	$0
July 2016	$12,082,519	$6,001,526	$57,275,546	$0	$9,344,238	$2,879,015	$63,297,132	$0
June 2016	$8,080,123	$5,012,480	$51,194,552	$0	$6,156,967	$2,360,778	$56,831,909	$0
May 2016	$8,585,572	$4,574,142	$48,126,909	$0	$5,354,797	$2,308,889	$53,035,719	$0
April 2016	$11,321,340	$4,241,723	$44,115,479	$0	$13,965,932	$3,016,854	$49,989,811	$0
March 2016	$7,149,636	$3,287,942	$37,035,862	$0	$6,333,745	$1,948,367	$39,040,733	$0
February 2016	$6,431,034	$2,578,738	$33,174,169	$0	$6,483,827	$1,938,307	$34,655,355	$0
Year-End	$6,701,116	$3,557,846	$29,321,872	$0	$8,646,968	$2,222,889	$30,109,835	$0
December 2015	$4,564,220	$2,807,311	$26,178,602	$0	$2,689,708	$1,942,546	$23,685,756	$0
November 2015	$5,399,657	$2,739,869	$24,421,693	$0	$5,058,306	$1,957,888	$22,938,594	$0
October 2015	$6,622,268	$2,560,458	$21,761,905	$0	$3,325,054	$1,785,457	$19,838,176	$0
September 2015	$4,154,282	$2,608,496	$17,700,095	$0	$2,925,212	$1,907,428	$18,298,579	$0
August 2015	$4,392,802	$2,669,171	$16,154,309	$0	$3,699,315	$1,821,067	$17,280,795	$0
July 2015	$6,905,366	$2,591,313	$14,430,678	$0	$7,263,127	$2,525,676	$15,402,546	$0
June 2015	$4,417,024	$2,487,277	$10,116,625	$0	$3,746,619	$2,302,242	$10,665,096	$0
May 2015	$5,363,859	$6,455,002	$8,186,878	$0	$5,089,342	$2,805,149	$9,220,720	$0
April 2015	$8,182,885	$5,260,418	$9,278,020	$4,000,000	$17,310,849	$16,708,324	$6,936,526	$0
March 2015	$5,157,461	$5,653,299	$6,355,553	$6,500,000	$5,047,436	$2,327,080	$6,334,001	$7,000,000
February 2015	$6,376,209	$1,674,255	$6,851,392	$10,000,000	$4,448,611	$2,312,236	$3,613,645	$7,500,000

Prior elections

DCCC and NRCC yearly fundraising
	Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee		National Republican Congressional Committee
Year	Total Receipts	Total Expenditures	Total Receipts	Total Expenditures
2014	$206,791,979	$206,130,764	$153,488,110	$153,545,450
2012	$183,843,028	$183,160,429	$155,724,601	$156,728,295
2010	$163,896,040	$163,582,271	$133,779,108	$132,098,654
2008	$176,204,612	$176,518,249	$118,324,756	$118,226,373
2006	$139,994,367	$140,876,916	$176,300,627	$178,063,132

Campaign issues

The following section describespublic policies that arose during the114th Congress that became divisive issues on the campaign trail.

Presidential race

BothDonald Trump andHillary Clinton were ascribed negative attributes and were strongly opposed by certain demographics. Due to the unpopularity of these presidential candidates, many congressional candidates sought to tie their opponent to the top of his or her party's ticket.

Compromise

USA Today and Suffolk University released a poll on February 1, 2015, that showed that most Americans wanted to see more compromise between the White House and Congress. Of the adults polled, 76 percent stated that they wanted President Obama (D) to compromise more with Congress. To the same degree, 72 percent of polled adults stated they wantedSenate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R) to compromise more with President Obama. By party affiliation, 71 percent of Democrats and 82 percent of Republicans said they wanted President Obama to compromise. For Senator McConnell, 87 percent of Democrats and 57 percent of Republicans wanted him to compromise.^[40]

Affordable Care Act

Obamacare was one of the dominant issues in the 2014 election and it remained a prominent issue in 2016. The nonpartisan Kaiser Family Foundation conducted multiple polls on opinions regarding Obamacare. In January 2015, 40 percent of participants viewed Obamacare favorably while 46 percent viewed it unfavorably. Another poll also showed that 50 percent of participants felt that it was important to continue the debate over Obamacare. Additionally, 45 percent of participants argued that the debated had gone far enough and the country should focus on other issues. Voters who wanted more debate over Obamacare were more likely to be opposed to the legislation. Those who wanted to focus more on other issues were evenly split in their support of Obamacare.^[41]

Supreme Court and judiciary

The unexpected death ofSupreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia on February 13, 2016, caused the Supreme Court appointment to fill the vacancy to become an election issue.Confirmation of a new Supreme Court justice requires 60 votes in the Senate, allowing theRepublican-controlled Senate to deny any nominee chosen by PresidentBarack Obama.Several Republican senators, including Majority LeaderMitch McConnell, declared that the next president should have the responsibility of appointing the new justice. McConnell said in a statement, "The American people‎ should have a voice in the selection of their next Supreme Court Justice. Therefore, this vacancy should not be filled until we have a new President."^[42]

This raised the issue of Republican obstructionism inbattleground states. Sen.Chuck Schumer (D-NY) said of the issue, "I believe that many of the mainstream Republicans, when the president nominates a mainstream nominee, will not want to follow Mitch McConnell over the cliff. The American people don't like this obstruction. When you go right off the bat and say, 'I don't care who he nominates, I am going to oppose him,' that's not going to fly."^[42]^[43]

Immigration

TheDeferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) is a program established by executive action on June 15, 2012, that allows undocumented individuals who were brought to the United States as children to receive relief from being deported for a period of time if they meet certain criteria. That action was followed by theDeferred Action for Parents of U.S. Citizens and Lawful Permanent Residents (DAPA), which was announced on November 20, 2014, shielding the undocumented parents of U.S. citizens and lawful permanent residents from deportation.^[44]

Both programs came under fire in the presidential race, prompting the call for immigration reform. Securing the southern border with Mexico was also a major facet of the immigration issue.

Iran nuclear deal

See also:Iran nuclear agreement, 2015

TheP5+1 and the European Union, also known as theE3+3, reachedan agreement with Iran regarding the development of its nuclear program on July 14, 2015.^[45] The deal limits Iran's nuclear development in exchange for sanctions relief.^[46]

PresidentBarack Obama and the majority of congressional Democrats lauded the deal, while Republicans largely opposed the deal.

Special elections

There were seven special elections required in the House in the 2015-2016 election cycle. Four took place earlier in the year, while three were held at the same time as the general election.

District	Prior Incumbent	General Election Candidates	Election Date	Winner	Partisan Switch?
New York's 11th	Michael Grimm	Daniel Donovan Vincent Gentile James Lane	May 5, 2015	Daniel Donovan	No
Mississippi's 1st	Alan Nunnelee	Walter Zinn Boyce Adams Nancy Collins Trent Kelly Quentin Whitwell Chip Mills Greg Pirkle Daniel Sparks Mike Tagert Sam Adcock Ed Holliday Starner Jones Henry Ross	May 12, 2015	Trent Kelly	No
Illinois' 18th	Aaron Schock	Robert Mellon Darin LaHood	September 10, 2015	Darin LaHood	No
Ohio's 8th	John Boehner	Corey Foister Warren Davidson James Condit, Jr.	June 7, 2016	Warren Davidson	No
Pennsylvania's 2nd	Chaka Fattah	Dwight Evans James Jones	November 8, 2016	Dwight Evans	No
Hawaii's 1st	Mark Takai	Colleen Hanabusa Peter Cross Angela Aulani Kaaihue Howard Kim Javier Ocasio Shirlene Ostrov Alan Yim Calvin Griffin Yvonne Perry Peter Plotzeneder	November 8, 2016	Colleen Hanabusa	No
Kentucky's 1st	Ed Whitfield	James Comer Sam Gaskins	November 8, 2016	James Comer	No

Filing deadlines by state

The table below lists the 2016 congressional primary dates and filing deadlines for each state.^[47]

Primary dates and filing deadlines, 2016
State	Filing deadline for primary candidates	Primary election
Alabama	11/6/2015	3/1/2016
Alaska	6/1/2016	8/16/2016
Arizona	6/1/2016	8/30/2016
Arkansas	11/9/2015	3/1/2016
California	3/11/2016	6/7/2016
Colorado	4/4/2016	6/28/2016
Connecticut	6/7/2016	8/9/2016
Delaware	7/12/2016	9/13/2016
District of Columbia	3/16/2016	6/14/2016
Florida	6/24/2016	8/30/2016
Georgia	3/11/2016	5/24/2016
Hawaii	6/7/2016	8/13/2016
Idaho	3/11/2016	5/17/2016
Illinois	11/30/2015	3/15/2016
Indiana	2/5/2016	5/3/2016
Iowa	3/18/2016	6/7/2016
Kansas	6/1/2016	8/2/2016
Kentucky	1/26/2016	5/17/2016
Louisiana	7/22/2016	11/8/2016
Maine	3/15/2016	6/14/2016
Maryland	2/3/2016	4/26/2016
Massachusetts	6/7/2016	9/20/2016
Michigan	4/19/2016	8/2/2016
Minnesota	5/31/2016	8/9/2016
Mississippi	1/8/2016	3/8/2016
Missouri	3/29/2016	8/2/2016
Montana	3/14/2016	6/7/2016
Nebraska	2/16/2016 (incumbents); 3/1/2016 (non-incumbents)	5/10/2016
Nevada	3/18/2016	6/14/2016
New Hampshire	6/10/2016	9/13/2016
New Jersey	4/4/2016	6/7/2016
New Mexico	2/2/2016	6/7/2016
New York	4/14/2016 (major parties); 4/21/2016 (write-in); 8/2/2016 (independents); 9/9/2016 (other parties)	6/28/2016
North Carolina	2/29/2016	3/15/2016 (all non-U.S. House races); 6/7/2016 (U.S. House)
North Dakota	4/11/2016	6/14/2016
Ohio	12/16/2015	3/15/2016
Oklahoma	4/15/2016	6/28/2016
Oregon	3/8/2016	5/17/2016
Pennsylvania	2/16/2016	4/26/2016
Rhode Island	6/29/2016	9/13/2016
South Carolina	3/30/2016	6/14/2016
South Dakota	3/29/2016	6/7/2016
Tennessee	4/7/2016	8/4/2016
Texas	12/14/2015	3/1/2016
Utah	3/17/2016	6/28/2016
Vermont	5/26/2016	8/9/2016
Virginia	3/31/2016	6/14/2016
Washington	5/20/2016	8/2/2016
West Virginia	1/30/2016	5/10/2016
Wisconsin	6/1/2016	8/9/2016
Wyoming	5/27/2016	8/16/2016

Footnotes

v • e 2015-2016 Elections to theUnited States Congress

Senate by State	Alabama •Alaska •Arizona •Arkansas •California •Colorado •Connecticut •Florida •Georgia •Hawaii •Idaho •Illinois •Indiana •Iowa •Kansas •Kentucky •Louisiana •Maryland •Missouri •Nevada •New Hampshire •New York •North Carolina •North Dakota •Ohio •Oklahoma •Oregon •Pennsylvania •South Carolina •South Dakota •Utah •Vermont •Washington •Wisconsin

House by State	Alabama •Alaska •Arizona •Arkansas •California •Colorado •Connecticut •Delaware •Florida •Georgia •Hawaii •Idaho •Illinois •Indiana •Iowa •Kansas •Kentucky •Louisiana •Maine •Maryland •Massachusetts •Michigan •Minnesota •Mississippi •Missouri •Montana •Nebraska •Nevada •New Hampshire •New Jersey •New Mexico •New York •North Carolina •North Dakota •Ohio •Oklahoma •Oregon •Pennsylvania •Rhode Island •South Carolina •South Dakota •Tennessee •Texas •Utah •Vermont •Virginia •Washington •West Virginia •Wisconsin •Wyoming

Election information	Ballot access for major and minor party candidates •List of candidates running for election •List of congressional challengers •Congressional incumbents not running for re-election •Newly elected members of Congress

Super PACs/Organizations	American Bridge 21st Century •American Crossroads •American Unity PAC •Campaign for Primary Accountability •Club for Growth Action •Congressional Leadership Fund •Cooperative of American Physicians IE Committee•Crossroads Generation •Ending Spending Action Fund •Endorse Liberty •Fair Share Action •FreedomWorks for America •Government Integrity Fund •House Majority PAC •Independence USA Fund •League of Conservation Voters •Liberty for All PAC •Majority PAC •National Association of Realtors •NEA Advocacy Fund •Now or Never PAC •Planned Parenthood Votes •Ready for Hillary •Republicans for a Prosperous America •Restore America's Voice PAC •SEIU Pea-Federal •Women Vote!

For information about public policy issues in the 2016 elections, see:Public policy in the 2016 elections!

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