TheUnited States House of Representatives, commonly referred to asthe House, is one of thetwo chambers of theUnited States Congress; the other is theSenate.

For a list of current members of the United States House of Representatives,click here.

119th Congress

Partisan breakdown

The following chart shows the partisan balance in the House of Representatives.

Leadership

See also:119th United States Congress

There are several important leadership positions in the House of Representatives.

• Speaker of the House: The speaker is the presiding officer elected by the members of the House. The speaker administers the Oath of Office to House members; chairs and nominates chairs to certain committees; and appoints select members of various committees and House staff.
• Majority and Minority Leaders: The party with the most members elects the majority leader and the other party elects a minority leader. The majority leader customarily schedules legislative business on the House floor, while the minority leader serves as a spokesperson for the minority party. The two leaders are selected at their respective party conference or caucus.
• Majority and Minority Whips: Each party also elects a whip who acts as a middleman for communication between party leaders and members of the caucus. The parties will also often create other similar positions to help with various communication duties.^[1]
• Conference and Caucus Chairs: Each party elects an official to preside over their party conference (Republicans) or caucus (Democrats) meetings.^[2]
  
  

Special elections

See also:Special elections to the 119th United States Congress (2025-2026)

Special elections will be held during the119th Congress to replace members of Congress who leave office for any reason.

Representatives

Members in the House are calledrepresentatives. Each state receives representation in the House in proportion to the size of its population but is entitled to at least one representative. There are currently 435 representatives, a number fixed by law since 1911. The most populous state,California, currently has 52 representatives. There are six states with one representative:Alaska,Delaware,North Dakota,South Dakota,Vermont, andWyoming.^[3]

Each representative serves for a two-year term. There are noterm limits.

Qualifications

According to theU.S. Constitution, representatives must meet the following requirements:^[4]

• At least 25 years old
• A U.S. citizen for at least seven years
• A resident of the state he or she represents

Additionally, all 50 states maintain requirements related to running for election. These filing requirements vary and can include:

• A filing fee
• A petition with a minimum number of valid signatures

House officers

There are four main house officer positions:

• The clerk of the House: The clerk is essentially the House record keeper.
• The sergeant at arms: The sergeant is the chief law enforcement officer for the House and is responsible for maintaining security and order in the House chamber, the House wing of the U.S. Capitol, and House office buildings.
• The chief administrative officer: The chief administrative officer is responsible for the administrative functions of the House, such as operating budget, procurement, payroll, and information technology.
• The chaplain: The chaplain customarily opens each meeting of Congress with a formal prayer. They also provide spiritual services and counseling to house members, family, and staff.^[1]

Non-voting members

See also:United States congressional non-voting members

Besides the representative from each state, there are a small number ofdelegates and aresident commission.

• Delegates are representatives from theDistrict of Columbia, as well asAmerican Samoa,Guam,Northern Mariana Islands, and theUnited States Virgin Islands. Delegates are able to perform many of the functions of a full representative, such as serve on committees. However, they are not able to vote during business such as the committee of the whole or on final passage of legislation. Delegates serve two-year terms.
• The resident commissioner's functions are similar to the delegates, but the title is specifically for a representative fromPuerto Rico. The resident commissioner serves a four-year term. The Philippines also had a resident commissioner before it became independent from the U.S. in 1946.^[1]

Functions

The legislative functions of the U.S. House are fundamentally equal to those of the U.S. Senate. For a bill to become law, both chambers must separately agree to it in the same form before sending it to the President for his signature.^[6]

Article I andArticle II of theU.S Constitution assigns some powers exclusively to the U.S. House, though. These are:

• the power to initiate revenue bills;
• the power to impeach federal officials, and;
• the power to elect the President of the United States in the case no candidate receives an absolute majority in the Electoral College.

The U.S. House of Representatives has chosen the winner of a presidential election on two occasions—1800 and1824.

Committees

In 2025, there were 20 regular standing committees, one permanent select committee, and one temporary select committee in the U.S. House. There were also four joint committees with the U.S. Senate. The committees are permanent panels governed by House chamber rules, with responsibility to consider bills and issues and to have general oversight relating to their areas of jurisdiction.^[7][8] In addition to the committees listed below, the U.S. House can create select committees by resolution to consider specific issues. These committees are typically not renewed on a permanent basis, except for the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence.^[9]

U.S. House Committees

Standing committees

Joint committees

Elections

2024

See also:United States House of Representatives elections, 2024

All435 seats in theU.S. House of Representatives and the chamber’s sixnon-voting members were up for regular election on Nov. 5, 2024.Special elections were also held to fill vacancies that occurred in the118th Congress.

Heading into the elections, Republicans had a220-212 majority with three vacancies in the House. Democrats won nine Republican-held seats, and Republicans won eight Democratic-held seats. As a result, Republicans gained a majority in the U.S. House, winning220 districts to Democrats’215 districts.

Eleven incumbent representatives—four Democrats and seven Republicans—lost their re-election campaigns on Nov. 5, 2024. Additionally, four incumbent representatives—two Democrats and two Republicans—lost their re-election campaigns during the primary elections.

2022

See also:United States House of Representatives elections, 2022

All435 seats in theU.S. House of Representatives and five of the chamber’s sixnon-voting members were up for regular election on Nov. 8, 2022. Aspecial election was also held to fill a vacancy that occurred in the117th Congress.

Heading into the elections, Democrats had a220-212 majority with three vacancies in the House. Democrats won five Republican-held seats, and Republicans won 15 Democratic-held seats. As a result, Republicans gained a majority in the U.S. House, winning222 districts to Democrats’213 districts.

Nine incumbent representatives—six Democrats and three Republicans—lost their re-election campaigns on Nov. 8, 2022. Additionally, 14 incumbent representatives—six Democrats and eight Republicans—lost their re-election campaigns during the primary elections.

2020

See also:United States House of Representatives elections, 2020

All435 seats in theU.S. House of Representatives and the chamber’s sixnon-voting members were up for regular election on Nov. 3, 2020.

Heading into the elections, Democratic had a232-197 majority in the House. Democrats won three Republican-held seats. Republicans won 14 Democratic-held seats and one Libertarian-held seat. As a result, Democrats maintained a majority in the U.S. House, winning222 districts to Republicans’213 districts.

Thirteen incumbent representatives—all Democrats—lost their re-election campaigns on Nov. 3, 2020. Additionally, eight incumbent representatives—three Democrats and five Republicans—lost their re-election campaigns during the primary elections.

2018

See also:United States House of Representatives elections, 2018

All435 seats in theU.S. House of Representatives and five of the chamber’s sixnon-voting members were up for regular election on Nov. 6, 2018.Special elections were also held to fill vacancies that occurred in the115th Congress.

Heading into the elections, Democrats had a233-198 majority in the House with four vacancies. Democrats won 43 Republican-held seats, and Republicans won three Democratic-held seats. As a result, Democrats gained a majority in the U.S. House, winning235 districts to Republicans’200 districts.

Thirty incumbent representatives—all Republicans—lost their re-election campaigns on Nov. 6, 2018. Additionally, four incumbent representatives—two Democrats and two Republicans—lost their re-election campaigns during the primary elections.

2016

See also:United States House of Representatives elections, 2016

All435 seats in theU.S. House of Representatives and the chamber’s sixnon-voting members were up for regular election on Nov. 8, 2016. Special elections were also held to fill vacancies that occurred in the114th Congress.

Heading into the elections, Republicans had a246-192 majority in the House with three vacancies. Democrats won nine Republican-held seats, and Republicans won three Democratic-held seats. As a result, Republicans maintained a majority in the U.S. House, winning241 districts to Democrats’194 districts.

Eight incumbent representatives—two Democrats and six Republicans—lost their re-election campaigns on Nov. 8, 2016. Additionally, five incumbent representatives—two Democrats and three Republicans—lost their re-election campaigns during the primary elections.

2014

See also:United States House of Representatives elections, 2014 andU.S. House battleground districts, 2014

All435 seats in theU.S. House of Representatives and five of the chamber’s sixnon-voting members were up for regular election on Nov. 4, 2014.Special elections were also held to fill vacancies that occurred in the113th Congress.

Heading into the elections, Republicans had a246-186 majority in the U.S. House with three vacancies. Democrats won three Republican-held seats, and Republicans won 18 Democratic-held seats. As a result, Republicans maintained a majority in the U.S. House, winning247 districts to Democrats’188 districts.

Five incumbent representatives—one Democrat and four Republicans—lost their re-election campaigns on Nov. 4, 2014. Additionally, 14 incumbent representatives—12 Democrats and two Republicans—lost their re-election campaigns during the primary elections.

2012

See also:U.S. House elections, 2012

All435 seats in theU.S. House of Representatives and the chamber’s sixnon-voting members were up for regular election on Nov. 6, 2012. Special elections were also held to fill vacancies that occurred in the112th Congress.

Heading into the elections, Republicans had a232-199 majority in the U.S. House with four vacancies. Democrats won 16 Republican-held seats, and Republicans won six Democratic-held seats. As a result, Republicans maintained a majority in the U.S. House, winning234 districts to Democrats’201 districts.

Twenty-seven incumbent representatives—10 Democrats and 17 Republicans—lost their re-election campaigns on Nov. 6, 2012. Additionally, 13 incumbent representatives—seven Democrats and six Republicans—lost their re-election campaigns during the primary elections.

Analysis

Apportionment

Apportionment is the process by which seats in the House of Representatives are divided up among the states.^[13]

The latest census and apportionment data (2020):^[3]

Salary

As of 2025, most representatives are paid $174,000 per year. Majority and minority leaders receive $193,400, while the Speaker of the House receives $223,500.^[15]

Some historical facts about the salary of U.S. House members:

• In 1789, members of Congress received $6 per diem.^[15]
• In 1874, members of Congress earned $5,000 per year.^[15]
• In 1990, members of Congress earned $96,600 per year.^[15]
• From 2000-2006, the salary of a member of the U.S. House increased every year, going from $141,300 to $165,200.^[15]

Net worth

This section was last updated on March 13, 2023.

The average net worth of members of the U.S. House from 2008 to 2018, based on data fromOpenSecrets.org, was as follows:^[16]

Note: Some report numbers may reflect incoming and outgoing members of Congress.

Current members

Alabama

The current members of theU.S. House fromAlabama are:

Alaska

The current members of theU.S. House fromAlaska are:

Arizona

The current members of theU.S. House fromArizona are:

Arkansas

The current members of theU.S. House fromArkansas are:

California

The current members of theU.S. House fromCalifornia are:

Colorado

The current members of theU.S. House fromColorado are:

Connecticut

The current members of theU.S. House fromConnecticut are:

Delaware

The current members of theU.S. House fromDelaware are:

Florida

The current members of theU.S. House fromFlorida are:

Georgia

The current members of theU.S. House fromGeorgia are:

Hawaii

The current members of theU.S. House fromHawaii are:

Idaho

The current members of theU.S. House fromIdaho are:

Illinois

The current members of theU.S. House fromIllinois are:

Indiana

The current members of theU.S. House fromIndiana are:

Iowa

The current members of theU.S. House fromIowa are:

Kansas

The current members of theU.S. House fromKansas are:

Kentucky

The current members of theU.S. House fromKentucky are:

Louisiana

The current members of theU.S. House fromLouisiana are:

Maine

The current members of theU.S. House fromMaine are:

Maryland

The current members of theU.S. House fromMaryland are:

Massachusetts

The current members of theU.S. House fromMassachusetts are:

Michigan

The current members of theU.S. House fromMichigan are:

Minnesota

The current members of theU.S. House fromMinnesota are:

Mississippi

The current members of theU.S. House fromMississippi are:

Missouri

The current members of theU.S. House fromMissouri are:

Montana

The current members of theU.S. House fromMontana are:

Nebraska

The current members of theU.S. House fromNebraska are:

Nevada

The current members of theU.S. House fromNevada are:

New Hampshire

The current members of theU.S. House fromNew Hampshire are:

New Jersey

The current members of theU.S. House fromNew Jersey are:

New Mexico

The current members of theU.S. House fromNew Mexico are:

New York

The current members of theU.S. House fromNew York are:

North Carolina

The current members of theU.S. House fromNorth Carolina are:

North Dakota

The current member of theU.S. House fromNorth Dakota is:

Ohio

The current members of theU.S. House fromOhio are:

Oklahoma

The current members of theU.S. House fromOklahoma are:

Oregon

The current members of theU.S. House fromOregon are:

Pennsylvania

The current members of theU.S. House fromPennsylvania are:

Rhode Island

The current members of theU.S. House fromRhode Island are:

South Carolina

The current members of theU.S. House fromSouth Carolina are:

South Dakota

The current members of theU.S. House fromSouth Dakota are:

Tennessee

The current members of theU.S. House fromTennessee are:

Texas

The current members of theU.S. House fromTexas are:

Utah

The current members of theU.S. House fromUtah are:

Vermont

The current members of theU.S. House fromVermont are:

Virginia

The current members of theU.S. House fromVirginia are:

Washington

The current members of theU.S. House fromWashington are:

West Virginia

The current members of theU.S. House fromWest Virginia are:

Wisconsin

The current members of theU.S. House fromWisconsin are:

Wyoming

The current members of theU.S. House fromWyoming are:

See also

Suggest a link

• United States Congress
• United States Senate
• 119th Congress
• United States Congress elections, 2024
• United States House of Representatives elections, 2024
• United States Senate elections, 2024
• United States Congress elections, 2026
• United States House of Representatives elections, 2026
• United States Senate elections, 2026

External links

• U.S. House of Representatives
• Congressional archive of legislation

Footnotes

v • e United States Congress Background United States Senate •United States House of Representatives •United States Constitution •Congressional Budget Office •Federal Election Commission •Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee •National Republican Congressional Committee •Lifetime voting records •Net Worth of United States Senators and Representatives •Staff salaries of United States Senators and Representatives •Filing requirements for congressional candidates •Filling vacancies in the U.S. Senate •Classes of United States Senators •President Pro Tempore of the Senate •United States Speaker of the House •Filibuster States' delegations Alabama •Alaska •Arizona •Arkansas •California •Colorado •Connecticut •Delaware •Florida •Georgia •Hawaii •Idaho •Illinois •Indiana •Iowa •Kansas •Kentucky •Louisiana •Maine •Maryland •Massachusetts •Michigan •Minnesota •Mississippi •Missouri •Montana •Nebraska •Nevada •New Hampshire •New Jersey •New Mexico •New York •North Carolina •North Dakota •Ohio •Oklahoma •Oregon •Pennsylvania •Rhode Island •South Carolina •South Dakota •Tennessee •Texas •Utah •Vermont •Virginia •Washington •West Virginia •Wisconsin •Wyoming •Non-voting members Special elections 2025-2026 •2023-2024 •2021-2022 •2019-2020 •2017-2018 •2015-2016 •2013-2014 2026 Congress Elections •Senate Elections •House Elections •Candidates running for Congress 2024 Congress Elections •Senate Elections •House Elections •Candidates who ran for Congress 2022 Congress Elections •Senate Elections •House Elections •Candidates who ran for Congress 2020 Congress Elections •Senate Elections •House Elections •Candidates who ran for Congress 2018 Congress Elections •Senate Elections •House Elections •Candidates who ran for Congress 2016 Congress Elections •Senate Elections •House Elections •Candidates who ran for Congress 2014 Congress Elections •Senate Elections •House Elections •Candidates who ran for Congress Sessions 119th United States Congress •118th United States Congress •117th United States Congress •116th United States Congress •115th United States Congress •114th United States Congress •113th United States Congress •112th United States Congress •111th United States Congress •110th United States Congress Joint Congressional committees Deficit Reduction •Printing •Taxation •Library •Economic U.S. Senate Committees Aging •Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry •Appropriations •Armed Services •Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs •Budget •Commerce, Science and Transportation •Energy and Natural Resources •Environment and Public Works •Ethics (Select) •Finance •Foreign Relations •Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions •Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs •Indian Affairs •Intelligence (Select) •Judiciary •Rules and Administration •Small Business and Entrepreneurship •Veterans' Affairs U.S. House Committees Agriculture •Appropriations •Armed Services •Budget •Education and the Workforce •Energy and Commerce •Ethics •Financial Services •Foreign Affairs •Homeland Security •House Administration •Intelligence (Permanent Select) •Judiciary •Natural Resources •United States House of Representatives Committee on Oversight and Government Reform •Rules •Science, Space, and Technology •Small Business •Transportation and Infrastructure •Veterans' Affairs •Ways and Means Super PACs American Bridge 21st Century •American Crossroads •American Unity PAC •Campaign for Primary Accountability •Club for Growth Action •Congressional Leadership Fund •Cooperative of American Physicians IE Committee•Crossroads Generation •Ending Spending Action Fund •Endorse Liberty •Fair Share Action •FreedomWorks for America •Government Integrity Fund •House Majority PAC •Independence USA Fund •League of Conservation Voters •Liberty for All PAC •Senate Majority PAC •National Association of Realtors •NEA Advocacy Fund •NextGen Climate Action •Now or Never PAC •Planned Parenthood Votes •Ready for Hillary •Republican Jewish Coalition Victory Fund •Restore America's Voice PAC •SEIU Pea-Federal •Women Vote! Personal Gain Index Changes in Net Worth of U.S. Senators and Representatives •The Donation Concentration Metric