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United States Congress elections, 2024

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United States Congress elections, 2024
Election Date
November 5, 2024
U.S. Congress elections, 2022
U.S. Congress elections, 2020
U.S. Congress elections, 2018
U.S. Congress elections, 2016
U.S. Congress elections, 2014

A total of 468 seats in theU.S. Congress (33Senate seats and all 435House seats) were up for election on Nov. 5, 2024. The seats of all sixnon-voting members of the House were up for election as well.

As a result of the elections, Republicans gained control of the Senate, winning 53 seats in the chamber to Democrats' 47.[1] Republicans also retained control of the House, winning 220 seats to Democrats' 215.[2]

Two special elections for the Senate took place on Nov. 5, 2024. Onespecial election was held to fill the final two years of Sen.Ben Sasse's (R-Neb.) six-year term that began in 2020. Sasse announced his resignation effective Jan. 8, 2023. The otherspecial election was held to fill the final weeks of the six-year term that Sen.Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif.) was elected to in 2018. Feinstein died on Sept. 29, 2023.Special elections for the House were held throughout the year to fill vacancies that occurred in the 118th Congress. For more information about special elections to the118th Congress,click here.

This page provides an overview of the 2024 elections for the U.S Congress. In the sections below, you will find:

For more information about the 2024 U.S. Senate elections,click here. For more information about the 2024 U.S. House elections,click here.

Click here for our coverage of special elections to the 118th Congress.

Contents

Partisan breakdown

U.S. Senate

As a result of the2024 general elections, Republicans gained control of the chamber. Republicans held 53 seats following the general elections, Democrats held 45, and independents who caucused with Democrats held two.

Heading into the general elections, Democrats held a 47-49 majority with four independents. Three of those independents caucused with the Democrats, and one other counted towards the Democratic majority for committee purposes.

U.S. Senate Partisan Breakdown
PartyAs of November 5, 2024After the 2024 Election
    Democratic Party
47[3]
45[4]
    Republican Party
49
53
    Independent
4[3]
2[4]
Total
100
100

U.S. House

As a result of the2024 general elections, Republicans maintained control of the chamber. Republicans held 220 seats following the general elections and Democrats held 215.[5]

Heading into the general elections, Republicans held a 220-212 majority with three vacancies.

U.S. House Partisan Breakdown
PartyAs of November 5, 2024After the 2024 Election
    Democratic Party
212
215
    Republican Party
220
220
    Vacancies
3
0
Total435435[6]


Historical party control

The charts below show historical partisan breakdown information for each chamber.

U.S. Senate

See also:United States Senate elections, 2024

Seats up for election

There were 33 U.S. Senate seats up for regular election in 2024—10 seats held by Republicans, 19 held by Democrats, and four held by independents who caucus with Democrats.[7]

Two special elections also took place on Nov. 5, 2024. One special election was held to fill the last two years of the six-year term thatBen Sasse (R) was elected to in2020.[8][9][10] The other special election was held to fill the rest of the six-year term thatDianne Feinstein (D-Calif.) was elected to in 2018. Feinstein died on Sept. 29. 2023. The Senate seat Feinstein held was also up for regular election on Nov. 5, 2024.[11]

The map and table below shows what seats were up for election and the incumbent heading into the election in each race.


Table last updated: October 24, 2024

2024 Senate elections
StatePre-election
incumbent		Year first electedLast election
margin of victory		Open seat in 2024
ArizonaIndependentKyrsten Sinema20182.4Yes
CaliforniaDemocratic PartyLaphonza ButlerAppointed 20238.4Yes
ConnecticutDemocratic PartyChristopher Murphy201220.2No
DelawareDemocratic PartyThomas Carper200022.2Yes
FloridaRepublican PartyRick Scott20180.2No
HawaiiDemocratic PartyMazie Hirono201242.4No
IndianaRepublican PartyMike Braun20185.9Yes
MassachusettsDemocratic PartyElizabeth Warren201224.1No
MarylandDemocratic PartyBenjamin Cardin200634.6Yes
MaineIndependentAngus King201219.1No
MichiganDemocratic PartyDebbie Stabenow20006.5Yes
MinnesotaDemocratic PartyAmy Klobuchar200624.1No
MissouriRepublican PartyJosh Hawley20185.8No
MississippiRepublican PartyRoger Wicker200619No
MontanaDemocratic PartyJon Tester20063.5No
North DakotaRepublican PartyKevin Cramer201810.8No
NebraskaRepublican PartyDeb Fischer201219.1No
Nebraska (special election)Republican PartyPete RickettsAppointed 202338.3No
New JerseyDemocratic PartyRobert Menendez200611.2Yes
New MexicoDemocratic PartyMartin Heinrich201223.6No
NevadaDemocratic PartyJacky Rosen20185No
New YorkDemocratic PartyKirsten Gillibrand201034No
OhioDemocratic PartySherrod Brown20066.8No
PennsylvaniaDemocratic PartyRobert Casey200613.1No
Rhode IslandDemocratic PartySheldon Whitehouse200623.1No
TennesseeRepublican PartyMarsha Blackburn201810.8No
TexasRepublican PartyTed Cruz20122.6No
UtahRepublican PartyMitt Romney201831.7Yes
VirginiaDemocratic PartyTim Kaine201216No
VermontIndependentBernard Sanders200639.9No
WashingtonDemocratic PartyMaria Cantwell200016.8No
WisconsinDemocratic PartyTammy Baldwin201210.8No
West VirginiaIndependentJoe Manchin20103.3Yes
WyomingRepublican PartyJohn Barrasso200636.9No


Margins of victory

The table below contains a complete list of U.S. Senate margins of victory in 2024.

U.S. Senate margins of victory, 2024
StateVotes castWinnerWinner votesRunner-upRunner-up votesMarginMargin (%)
Pennsylvania6,968,735Republican PartyDavid McCormick3,399,295Democratic PartyBob Casey Jr.3,384,18015,1150.22%
Michigan5,577,190Democratic PartyElissa Slotkin2,712,686Republican PartyMike Rogers2,693,68019,0060.34%
Wisconsin3,390,787Democratic PartyTammy Baldwin1,672,777Republican PartyEric Hovde1,643,99628,7810.85%
Nevada1,464,728Democratic PartyJacky Rosen701,105Republican PartySam Brown677,04624,0591.64%
Arizona3,348,814Democratic PartyRuben Gallego1,676,335Republican PartyKari Lake1,595,76180,5742.41%
Ohio5,704,620Republican PartyBernie Moreno2,857,383Democratic PartySherrod Brown2,650,949206,4343.62%
Nebraska938,336Republican PartyDeb Fischer499,124Grey.pngDan Osborn436,49362,6316.67%
Montana607,262Republican PartyTim Sheehy319,682Democratic PartyJon Tester276,30543,3777.14%
Texas11,291,854Republican PartyTed Cruz5,990,741Democratic PartyColin Allred5,031,249959,4928.50%
Virginia4,445,535Democratic PartyTim Kaine2,417,115Republican PartyHung Cao2,019,911397,2048.93%
New Jersey4,031,795Democratic PartyAndrew Kim2,161,491Republican PartyCurtis Bashaw1,773,589387,9029.62%
New Mexico903,311Democratic PartyMartin Heinrich497,333Republican PartyNella Domenici405,97891,35510.11%
Maryland3,021,378Democratic PartyAngela Alsobrooks1,650,912Republican PartyLarry Hogan1,294,344356,56811.80%
Florida10,757,428Republican PartyRick Scott5,977,706Democratic PartyDebbie Mucarsel-Powell4,603,0771,374,62912.78%
Missouri2,972,559Republican PartyJosh Hawley1,651,907Democratic PartyLucas Kunce1,243,728408,17913.73%
Minnesota3,189,323Democratic PartyAmy Klobuchar1,792,441Republican PartyRoyce White1,291,712500,72915.70%
Delaware500,606Democratic PartyLisa Blunt Rochester283,298Republican PartyEric Hansen197,75385,54517.09%
Maine826,421Grey.pngAngus King427,331Republican PartyDemi Kouzounas284,338142,99317.30%
California15,348,846Democratic PartyAdam Schiff9,036,252Republican PartySteve Garvey6,312,5942,723,65817.75%
New York8,010,317Democratic PartyKirsten Gillibrand4,711,298Republican PartyMike Sapraicone3,246,1141,465,18418.29%
Washington3,812,391Democratic PartyMaria Cantwell2,252,577Republican PartyRaul Garcia1,549,187703,39018.45%
Connecticut1,708,259Democratic PartyChris Murphy1,000,695Republican PartyMatthew Corey678,256322,43918.88%
Massachusetts3,413,359Democratic PartyElizabeth Warren2,041,693Republican PartyJohn Deaton1,365,445676,24819.81%
Indiana2,829,897Republican PartyJim Banks1,659,416Democratic PartyValerie McCray1,097,061562,35519.87%
Rhode Island491,948Democratic PartySheldon Whitehouse294,665Republican PartyPatricia Morgan196,03998,62620.05%
Mississippi1,215,401Republican PartyRoger Wicker763,420Democratic PartyTy Pinkins451,981311,43925.62%
Tennessee3,007,608Republican PartyMarsha Blackburn1,918,743Democratic PartyGloria Johnson1,027,461891,28229.63%
Utah1,472,387Republican PartyJohn Curtis914,700Democratic PartyCaroline Gleich464,515450,18530.58%
Vermont363,253Grey.pngBernie Sanders229,429Republican PartyGerald Malloy116,512112,91731.08%
Hawaii501,763Democratic PartyMazie Hirono324,194Republican PartyBob McDermott160,075164,11932.71%
North Dakota364,327Republican PartyKevin Cramer241,569Democratic PartyKatrina Christiansen121,602119,96732.93%
West Virginia747,717Republican PartyJim Justice514,079Democratic PartyGlenn Elliott207,548306,53141%
Wyoming264,162Republican PartyJohn Barrasso198,418Democratic PartyScott Morrow63,727134,69150.99%

Battleground elections

The following map displays all states that held U.S. Senate elections in 2024 shaded by the incumbent's or most recent incumbent's political affiliation. Battleground races are highlighted in lighter colors. Hover over a state for more information.

Battleground U.S. Senate elections, 2024
StateIncumbentOpen seat?2018 margin2024 margin2020 presidential margin
ArizonaIndependentKyrsten SinemaYesD+2.4[12]D+2.2D+0.3
CaliforniaDemocratic PartyLaphonza ButlerYesN/A[13]D+19.6D+29.2
FloridaRepublican PartyRick ScottNoR+0.2R+12.8R+3.3
MarylandDemocratic PartyBen CardinYesD+34.6D+7.8D+33.2
MichiganDemocratic PartyDebbie StabenowYesD+6.5D+0.3D+2.8
MontanaDemocratic PartyJon TesterNoD+3.5R+8.4R+16.4
NebraskaRepublican PartyDeb FischerNoR+19.1R+4.6R+19
NevadaDemocratic PartyJacky RosenNoD+5D+1.3D+2.4
New JerseyDemocratic PartyBob Menendez Sr.YesD+11.2D+9.9D+15.9
New MexicoDemocratic PartyMartin HeinrichNoD+10.8D+8.8D+15.9
OhioDemocratic PartySherrod BrownNoD+6.8R+3.8R+8.1
PennsylvaniaDemocratic PartyBob CaseyNoD+13.1R+0.2D+1.2
TexasRepublican PartyTed CruzNoR+2.6R+9.8R+5.6
VirginiaDemocratic PartyTim KaineNoD+16D+7.610.1
WisconsinDemocratic PartyTammy BaldwinNoD+10.8D+0.9D+0.7


Outside ratings

The following table compared U.S. Senate race ratings fromThe Cook Political Report with Amy Walter,Decision Desk HQ and The Hill,Inside Elections, andSabato's Crystal Ball prior to the November 2024 elections.

Seats that changed party hands in 2018

See also:United States Senate elections, 2018

In 2018—the last time these 33 seats were up for election—six seats changed party hands. Republicans picked up four seats and Democrats picked up two seats.

Senate seats that changed party hands, 2018
StatePre-election incumbent2018 winnerMargin of victory (percentage points)
ArizonaRepublican PartyJeff FlakeDemocratic PartyKyrsten Sinema2.4
FloridaDemocratic PartyBill NelsonRepublican PartyRick Scott0.2
IndianaDemocratic PartyJoe DonnellyRepublican PartyMike Braun5.9
MissouriDemocratic PartyClaire McCaskillRepublican PartyJosh Hawley5.8
North DakotaDemocratic PartyHeidi HeitkampRepublican PartyKevin Cramer10.8
NevadaRepublican PartyDean HellerDemocratic PartyJacky Rosen5

U.S. House

See also:United States House of Representatives elections, 2024
See also:United States House of Representatives elections, 2022

All435 seats were up for election. All of the chamber's sixnon-voting members were up for election as well.

Incumbents defeated

The following table lists incumbents defeated in the 2024 general election for the U.S. House.

U.S. House incumbents defeated in 2024
NameDistrictPrimary or general election?Election winnerMargin of victory
Republican PartyJohn DuarteCalifornia's 13thGeneralDemocratic PartyAdam GrayD+0.0[14]
Republican PartyMichelle SteelCalifornia's 45thGeneralDemocratic PartyDerek TranD+0.2
Democratic PartyMary PeltolaAlaska's At-LargeGeneralRepublican PartyNicholas BegichR+2.6
Republican PartyMike GarciaCalifornia's 27thGeneralDemocratic PartyGeorge WhitesidesD+2
Democratic PartyYadira CaraveoColorado's 8thGeneralRepublican PartyGabe EvansR+0.8
Republican PartyLori Chavez-DeRemerOregon's 5thGeneralDemocratic PartyJanelle BynumD+2.4
Republican PartyAnthony D'EspositoNew York's 4thGeneralDemocratic PartyLaura GillenD+2.2
Democratic PartySusan WildPennsylvania's 7thGeneralRepublican PartyRyan MackenzieR+1
Democratic PartyMatt CartwrightPennsylvania's 8thGeneralRepublican PartyRob Bresnahan Jr.R+1.6
Republican PartyBrandon WilliamsNew York's 22ndGeneralDemocratic PartyJohn MannionD+9
Republican PartyMarcus MolinaroNew York's 19thGeneralDemocratic PartyJosh RileyD+2.2
Democratic PartyJamaal BowmanNew York's 16thPrimaryDemocratic PartyGeorge LatimerD+17.2
Democratic PartyCori BushMissouri's 1stPrimaryDemocratic PartyWesley BellD+5.6
Republican PartyJerry CarlAlabama's 1stPrimaryRepublican PartyBarry MooreR+3.4
Republican PartyBob GoodVirginia's 5thPrimaryRepublican PartyJohn McGuireR+0.6

Historical comparison

The following table shows the number of U.S. House incumbents defeated in each election cycle from 2000 to 2024, by party.

Defeated U.S. House incumbents by party, 2000-2024
YearDemocratic incumbents lostRepublican incumbents lostTotal
20246915
2022121325
202016521
201823234
20163912
201412618
2012101727
201054458
200861723
200602222
2004527
200212517
2000459


Battleground list

See also:U.S. House battlegrounds, 2024

Ballotpedia identified52 of the 435 House races (12.4%) asbattlegrounds.

These battleground races were selected using the following criteria. For more information on our methodology, clickhere:

  • the 2022 winner's margin of victory,
  • the results of the2020 presidential election in the district,
  • whether the incumbent was seeking re-election,
  • whether the incumbent was serving his or her first term in Congress, and
  • how theCook Political Report,Sabato's Crystal Ball, andInside Elections with Nathan Gonzales rated the race.

In addition to the competitiveness data above, a race may be particularlycompelling ormeaningful to the balance of power in governments forother reasons. The following map displays the 2024 House battlegrounds shaded by the incumbent's or most recent incumbent's political affiliation. Hover over a district for more information.

There were52 U.S. House battlegrounds in 2024

Open seats

Heading into the 2024 elections,45 districts were open because the incumbent did not run for re-election, andfour were open because the incumbent lost in a primary.Three districts—New Jersey's 9th,Texas' 18th andWisconsin's 8th—were vacant because the incumbent left office early.

Ballotpedia considers a seat to be open if the incumbent representative did not file to run for re-election or if they filed for re-election but withdrew before the primary. If an incumbent filed to run in a different district than the one they currently represent, Ballotpedia considers the seat they currently represent as open, as long as no incumbent from another district is running in it. A seat created as a result of a state gaining a new congressional district due toapportionment is also considered open if no incumbent is running in it.

This section does not include vacant seats filled by special election before November 5, 2024, unless no incumbents appeared on the regular primary ballot for that seat.

Seats open at the time of the primary

The table below includes election results for districts that were open at the time the state held its congressional primary. For a list of seats that opened up as a result of an incumbent losing re-election in a primary, see thefollowing section.

Open seats in the U.S. House going into the 2024 general election
SeatOutgoing incumbentReason2024 election winner2024 election winner's
margin of victory
Arizona's 3rdDemocratic PartyRuben GallegoCandidate for U.S. SenateDemocratic PartyYassamin AnsariD+43
Arizona's 8thRepublican PartyDebbie LeskoCandidate for theMaricopa County Board of SupervisorsRepublican PartyAbraham HamadehR+11.8
California's 12thDemocratic PartyBarbara LeeCandidate for U.S. SenateDemocratic PartyLateefah SimonD+27.2
California's 16thDemocratic PartyAnna EshooRetirementDemocratic PartySam LiccardoD+19.8
California's 29thDemocratic PartyTony CardenasRetirementDemocratic PartyLuz Maria RivasD+39.2
California's 30thDemocratic PartyAdam SchiffCandidate for U.S. SenateDemocratic PartyLaura FriedmanD+37.2
California's 31stDemocratic PartyGrace NapolitanoRetirementDemocratic PartyGil CisnerosD+14
California's 47thDemocratic PartyKatie PorterCandidate for U.S. SenateDemocratic PartyDave MinD+1.8
Colorado's 5thRepublican PartyDoug LambornRetirementRepublican PartyJeff CrankR+13
Delaware's At-LargeDemocratic PartyLisa Blunt RochesterCandidate for U.S. SenateDemocratic PartySarah McBrideD+15.4
Florida's 8thRepublican PartyBill PoseyRetirementRepublican PartyMike HaridopolosR+25
Georgia's 3rdRepublican PartyDrew FergusonRetirementRepublican PartyBrian JackR+32.4
Indiana's 3rdRepublican PartyJim BanksCandidate for U.S. SenateRepublican PartyMarlin A. StutzmanR+33.5
Indiana's 6thRepublican PartyGreg PenceRetirementRepublican PartyJefferson ShreveR+36
Indiana's 8thRepublican PartyLarry BucshonRetirementRepublican PartyMark MessmerR+42.6
Kansas' 2ndRepublican PartyJacob LaTurnerRetirementRepublican PartyDerek SchmidtR+14.8
Louisiana's 6thRepublican PartyGarret GravesRetirementDemocratic PartyCleo FieldsD+13
Maryland's 2ndDemocratic PartyDutch RuppersbergerRetirementDemocratic PartyJohn Olszewski Jr.D+12.4
Maryland's 3rdDemocratic PartyJohn SarbanesRetirementDemocratic PartySarah ElfrethD+20.3
Maryland's 6thDemocratic PartyDavid TroneCandidate for U.S. SenateDemocratic PartyApril McClain-DelaneyD+4.2
Michigan's 7thDemocratic PartyElissa SlotkinCandidate for U.S. SenateRepublican PartyTom BarrettR+3.7
Michigan's 8thDemocratic PartyDan KildeeRetirementDemocratic PartyKristen McDonald RivetD+6.7
Minnesota's 3rdDemocratic PartyDean PhillipsCandidate forPresident of the United StatesDemocratic PartyKelly MorrisonD+18.2
Missouri's 3rdRepublican PartyBlaine LuetkemeyerRetirementRepublican PartyBob OnderR+30.8
Montana's 2ndRepublican PartyMatt RosendaleRetirementRepublican PartyTroy DowningR+43.4
New Hampshire's 2ndDemocratic PartyAnn McLane KusterRetirementDemocratic PartyMaggie GoodlanderD+7
New Jersey's 3rdDemocratic PartyAndy KimCandidate for U.S. SenateDemocratic PartyHerbert Conaway Jr.D+8.8
North Carolina's 6thDemocratic PartyKathy ManningRetirementRepublican PartyAddison McDowellR+40.4
North Carolina's 8thRepublican PartyDan BishopCandidate forAttorney General of North CarolinaRepublican PartyMark HarrisR+23.2
North Carolina's 10thRepublican PartyPatrick McHenryRetirementRepublican PartyPat HarriganR+21.3
North Carolina's 13thDemocratic PartyWiley NickelRetirementRepublican PartyBrad KnottR+17.4
North Carolina's 14thDemocratic PartyJeff JacksonCandidate forAttorney General of North CarolinaRepublican PartyTim MooreR+16.2
North Dakota's At-LargeRepublican PartyKelly ArmstrongCandidate forGovernor of North DakotaRepublican PartyJulie FedorchakR+41.4
Ohio's 2ndRepublican PartyBrad WenstrupRetirementRepublican PartyDavid TaylorR+41.4
Oregon's 3rdDemocratic PartyEarl BlumenauerRetirementDemocratic PartyMaxine DexterD+42.9
South Carolina's 3rdRepublican PartyJeff DuncanRetirementRepublican PartySheri BiggsR+45.5
Texas' 12thRepublican PartyKay GrangerRetirementRepublican PartyCraig GoldmanR+28.2
Texas' 26thRepublican PartyMichael BurgessRetirementRepublican PartyBrandon GillR+26.9
Texas' 32ndDemocratic PartyColin AllredCandidate for U.S. SenateDemocratic PartyJulie JohnsonD+22.8
Utah's 3rdRepublican PartyJohn CurtisCandidate for U.S. SenateRepublican PartyMike KennedyR+30.6
Virginia's 7thDemocratic PartyAbigail SpanbergerCandidate forGovernor of VirginiaDemocratic PartyEugene VindmanD+2.2
Virginia's 10thDemocratic PartyJennifer WextonRetirementDemocratic PartySuhas SubramanyamD+4.2
Washington's 5thRepublican PartyCathy McMorris RodgersRetirementRepublican PartyMichael BaumgartnerR+19.8
Washington's 6thDemocratic PartyDerek KilmerRetirementDemocratic PartyEmily RandallD+14.8
West Virginia's 2ndRepublican PartyAlex MooneyCandidate for U.S. SenateRepublican PartyRiley MooreR+42


Seats open as a result of an incumbent losing a primary

The table below includes seats open because the incumbent lost re-election in a primary.[15]

Seats open as a result of an incumbent losing re-election in a primary
SeatOutgoing incumbent2024 election winner2024 election winner's
margin of victory
New York's 16thDemocratic PartyJamaal BowmanDemocratic PartyGeorge LatimerD+43.4
Missouri's 1stDemocratic PartyCori BushDemocratic PartyWesley BellD+57.7
Alabama's 1stRepublican PartyJerry CarlRepublican PartyBarry MooreR+59
Virginia's 5thRepublican PartyBob GoodRepublican PartyJohn McGuireR+16

Outside race ratings

The following table compared U.S. House race ratings fromThe Cook Political Report with Amy Walter,Decision Desk HQ and The Hill,Inside Elections, andSabato's Crystal Ball prior to the November 2024 elections.

Targeted races

DCCC targets

NRCC targets


Non-voting delegate seats up for election in 2024

See also:United States congressional non-voting members

The seats of the six non-voting delegates serving in the U.S. House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. Four of the delegates filed to run for re-election.Gregorio Sablan (D), the delegate representingNorthern Mariana Islands At-Large Congressional District, retired from public office.Jenniffer González-Colón (R), theResident Commissioner of Puerto Rico, retired to run for governor. To learn more about congressional non-voting members in the U.S. House of Representatives,click here

Non-voting delegate seats up for election in 2024
SeatIncumbent2024 Status2024 Winner
American Samoa’s At-Large Congressional DistrictAumua Amata RadewagenRepublican PartyIncumbent ran for re-electionAumua Amata RadewagenRepublican Party
District of Columbia's At-Large Congressional DistrictEleanor Holmes NortonDemocratic PartyIncumbent ran for re-electionEleanor Holmes NortonDemocratic Party
Guam’s At-Large Congressional DistrictJames MoylanRepublican PartyIncumbent ran for re-electionJames MoylanRepublican Party
Northern Mariana Islands At-Large Congressional DistrictGregorio SablanDemocratic PartyOpen[24]Kimberlyn King-HindsRepublican Party
Resident Commissioner of Puerto RicoJenniffer González-ColónDemocratic PartyOpen[25]Pablo Jose Hernandez RiveraRepublican Party
United States Virgin Islands’ At-Large Congressional DistrictStacey PlaskettDemocratic PartyIncumbent ran for re-electionStacey PlaskettDemocratic Party

Primary election competitiveness

The charts below show primary competitiveness statistics broken down by office type. The figures shown are total numbers. This analysis uses the following definitions:

  • Total candidates: the total number of major party candidates running in primary elections.[26]
  • Total seats: the total number of seats or offices up for election with the possibility of a primary election.
  • Open seats: the total number of seats, out of the total seats figure, where the incumbent did not file to run for re-election or filed to run for re-election but withdrew before the primary filing deadline.
  • Incumbents contested: the total number of incumbents in contested primaries.
  • Democratic/Republican/Top-two primaries: the total number of these types of primaries where at least one candidate could have failed to advance to the general election.
  • Total primaries: a combination of all Democratic, Republican, and top-two primaries where at least one candidate could have failed to advance to the general election.

U.S. Senate

U.S. House

Incumbents who did not seek re-election

U.S. Senate

Eight United States Senators did not seek re-election to their U.S. Senate seats (not including those who left office early):

  • Democratic Party 4 Democrats
  • Republican Party 2 Republicans
  • Independent 2 Independent

Incumbents retiring from public office

  • Democratic Party 4 Democrats
  • Republican Party 1 Republican
  • Independent 2 Independent
Retired from public office, 2024
NamePartyStateDate announced
Kyrsten SinemaIndependentIndependentArizonaMarch 5, 2024[27]
Joe ManchinIndependentIndependentWest VirginiaNovember 9, 2023[28]
Laphonza ButlerDemocratic PartyDemocratCaliforniaOctober 19, 2023[29][30]
Debbie StabenowDemocratic PartyDemocratMichiganJanuary 5, 2023[31]
Ben CardinDemocratic PartyDemocratMarylandMay 1, 2023[32]
Tom CarperDemocratic PartyDemocratDelawareMay 22, 2023[33]
Mitt RomneyRepublican PartyRepublicanUtahSeptember 13, 2023[34]

Incumbents seeking other offices

  • Republican Party 1 Republican
Ran for governor, 2024
NamePartyStateDate announced
Mike BraunRepublican PartyRepublicanIndianaNovember 30, 2022[35]

U.S. House

Forty-five members of the U.S. House did not seek re-election to their seats (not including those who left office early):

  • Democratic Party 24 Democrats
  • Republican Party 21 Republicans

Incumbents who retired from public office

  • Democratic Party 12 Democratic members of the U.S. House
  • Republican Party 16 Republican members of the U.S. House
Retiring from public office, 2024
NamePartySeatDate announced
Garret GravesRepublican PartyRepublicanLouisiana's 6th Congressional DistrictJune 14, 2024[36]
Bill PoseyRepublican PartyRepublicanFlorida's 8th Congressional DistrictApril 26, 2024[37]
Jacob LaTurnerRepublican PartyRepublicanKansas' 2nd Congressional DistrictApril 18, 2024[38]
Ann McLane KusterDemocratic PartyDemocratNew Hampshire's 2nd Congressional DistrictMarch 27, 2024[39]
Matt RosendaleRepublican PartyRepublicanMontana's 2nd Congressional DistrictMarch 8, 2024[40]
Cathy McMorris RodgersRepublican PartyRepublicanWashington's 5th Congressional DistrictFebruary 8, 2024[41]
Dutch RuppersbergerDemocratic PartyDemocratMaryland's 2nd Congressional DistrictJanuary 26, 2024[42]
Jeff DuncanRepublican PartyRepublicanSouth Carolina's 3rd Congressional DistrictJanuary 17, 2024[43]
Greg PenceRepublican PartyRepublicanIndiana's 6th Congressional DistrictJanuary 9, 2024[44]
Larry BucshonRepublican PartyRepublicanIndiana's 8th Congressional DistrictJanuary 8, 2024[45]
Doug LambornRepublican PartyRepublicanColorado's 5th Congressional DistrictJanuary 5, 2024[46]
Blaine LuetkemeyerRepublican PartyRepublicanMissouri's 3rd Congressional DistrictJanuary 4, 2024[47]
Wiley Nickel[48]Democratic PartyDemocratNorth Carolina's 13th Congressional DistrictDecember 14, 2023[49]
Drew FergusonRepublican PartyRepublicanGeorgia's 3rd Congressional DistrictDecember 14, 2023[50]
Kathy Manning[51]Democratic PartyDemocratNorth Carolina's 6th Congressional DistrictDecember 7, 2023[52]
Patrick McHenryRepublican PartyRepublicanNorth Carolina's 10th Congressional DistrictDecember 5, 2023[53]
Anna EshooDemocratic PartyDemocratCalifornia's 16th Congressional DistrictNovember 21, 2023[54]
Tony CárdenasDemocratic PartyDemocratCalifornia's 29th Congressional DistrictNovember 20, 2023[55]
Dan KildeeDemocratic PartyDemocratMichigan's 8th Congressional DistrictNovember 16, 2023[56]
Michael BurgessRepublican PartyRepublicanTexas' 26th Congressional DistrictNovember 13, 2023[57]
Brad WenstrupRepublican PartyRepublicanOhio's 2nd Congressional DistrictNovember 9, 2023[58]
Derek KilmerDemocratic PartyDemocratWashington's 6th Congressional DistrictNovember 9, 2023[59]
Kay GrangerRepublican PartyRepublicanTexas' 12th Congressional DistrictNovember 1, 2023[60]
Earl BlumenauerDemocratic PartyDemocratOregon's 3rd Congressional DistrictOctober 30, 2023[61]
John SarbanesDemocratic PartyDemocratMaryland's 3rd Congressional DistrictOctober 26, 2023[62]
Debbie LeskoRepublican PartyRepublicanArizona's 8th Congressional DistrictOctober 17, 2023[63]
Jennifer WextonDemocratic PartyDemocratVirginia's 10th Congressional DistrictSeptember 18, 2023[64]
Grace NapolitanoDemocratic PartyDemocratCalifornia's 31st Congressional DistrictJuly 8, 2023[65]

Incumbents who sought other offices

Incumbents who ran for the U.S. Senate
  • Democratic Party 9 Democratic members of the U.S. House
  • Republican Party 3 Republican members of the U.S. House
Ran for Senate, 2024
NamePartySeatDate announced
John CurtisRepublican PartyRepublicanUtah's 3rd Congressional DistrictJanuary 2, 2024[66]
Andy KimDemocratic PartyDemocratNew Jersey's 3rd Congressional DistrictSeptember 23, 2023[67]
Lisa Blunt RochesterDemocratic PartyDemocratDelaware's At-Large Congressional DistrictJune 21, 2023[68]
David TroneDemocratic PartyDemocratMaryland's 6th Congressional DistrictMay 4, 2023[69]
Colin AllredDemocratic PartyDemocratTexas' 32nd Congressional DistrictMay 3, 2023[70]
Elissa SlotkinDemocratic PartyDemocratMichigan's 7th Congressional DistrictFebruary 27, 2023[71]
Barbara LeeDemocratic PartyDemocratCalifornia's 12th Congressional DistrictFebruary 21, 2023[72]
Adam SchiffDemocratic PartyDemocratCalifornia's 30th Congressional DistrictJanuary 26, 2023[73]
Ruben GallegoDemocratic PartyDemocratArizona's 3rd Congressional DistrictJanuary 23, 2023[74]
Jim BanksRepublican PartyRepublicanIndiana's 3rd Congressional DistrictJanuary 17, 2023[75]
Katie PorterDemocratic PartyDemocratCalifornia's 47th Congressional DistrictJanuary 10, 2023[76]
Alex MooneyRepublican PartyRepublicanWest Virginia's 2nd Congressional DistrictNovember 15, 2022[77]

U.S. House members who ran for governor

  • Democratic Party 1 Democratic member of the U.S. House
  • Republican Party 1 Republican member of the U.S. House
Ran for governor, 2024
NamePartySeatDate announced
Kelly ArmstrongRepublican PartyRepublicanNorth Dakota's At-Large Congressional DistrictJanuary 23 2024[78]
Abigail SpanbergerDemocratic PartyDemocratVirginia's 7th Congressional DistrictNovember 13, 2023[79]

U.S. House members who sought another office

  • Democratic Party 2 Democratic member of the U.S. House
  • Republican Party 1 Republican member of the U.S. House
Ran for another office, 2024
NamePartySeatDate announced
Dean PhillipsDemocratic PartyDemocratMinnesota's 3rd Congressional DistrictNovember 24, 2023[80]
Jeff JacksonDemocratic PartyDemocratNorth Carolina's 14th Congressional DistrictOctober 26, 2023[81]
Dan BishopRepublican PartyRepublicanNorth Carolina's 8th Congressional DistrictAugust 3, 2023[82]



Incumbents defeated

Between 1988 and 2024, 489 incumbents in the U.S. Senate and House lost re-election in either a general or primary election. The chart and table below show the number of incumbents who ran for re-election in each election cycle and the number who lost re-election.



Seats open as a result of an incumbent losing re-election in a primary
YearIncumbents who ran for re-electionIncumbents who lost re-electionPercentage of incumbents who lost re-election
1988436112.52%
1990435163.68%
19923783910.32%
1994410399.51%
1996404235.69%
1998439102.28%
2000429153.50%
2002426204.69%
2004430102.33%
2006434306.91%
2008429286.53%
20104226214.69%
20124144210.14%
2014418235.50%
2016421153.56%
2018410399.51%
2020427266.09%
2022412235.58%
2024404184.46%

Fundraising by candidate

The following tables show the top U.S. Senate and U.S. House fundraisers of the 2024 election cycle based on FEC filings as of Dec. 31, 2024.[83]



Fundraising by party

See also:Party committee fundraising, 2023-2024

TheDemocratic andRepublican national party committees and campaign party committees reported the following monthly fundraising amounts during the 2023-2024 election cycle, according to theFederal Election Commission. The six party committees were:



Special elections

See also:Special elections to the 118th United States Congress (2023-2024)

This section tracked special elections to the118th Congress in 2023-2024.


House

Results of special elections to the 118th Congress (House)
RaceElection dateIncumbentWinnerElection MOVPrevious election MOV2020 Presidential election MOV[84]
California's 20th Congressional DistrictMay 21, 2024Kevin McCarthyVince FongR+21.0R+34.4R+24.9
Colorado's 4th Congressional DistrictJune 25, 2024Ken BuckGreg LopezR+23.6R+24.3R+18.6
New Jersey's 10th Congressional DistrictSeptember 18, 2024Donald Payne Jr.LaMonica McIverD+33.8D+55.3D+62.0
New York's 3rd Congressional DistrictFebruary 13, 2024George SantosTom SuozziD+7.8R+7.5D+8.2
New York's 26th Congressional DistrictApril 30, 2024Brian HigginsTim KennedyD+35.8D+27.9D+23.4
Ohio's 6th Congressional DistrictJune 11, 2024Bill JohnsonMichael RulliR+9.4R+35.4R+28.7
Rhode Island's 1st Congressional DistrictNovember 7, 2023David CicillineGabe AmoD+29.6D+27.6D+29.1
Texas' 18th Congressional DistrictNovember 5, 2024Sheila Jackson LeeErica Lee CarterD+47.9D+44.5D+48.6
Utah's 2nd Congressional DistrictNovember 21, 2023Chris StewartCeleste MaloyR+21.6R+25.7R+17.1
Virginia's 4th Congressional DistrictFebruary 21, 2023Donald McEachinJennifer McClellanD+44.4D+27.6D+36.0
Wisconsin's 8th Congressional DistrictNovember 5, 2024Mike GallagherTony WiedR+17.6R+45.1R+15.5

Senate

Results of special elections to the 118th Congress (Senate)
RaceElection dateIncumbentWinnerElection MOVPrevious election MOV2020 Presidential election MOV (statewide)[85]
California SenateNovember 5, 2024Dianne FeinsteinAdam SchiffD+18.6D+8.4D+29[86]
Nebraska SenateNovember 5, 2024Ben SassePete RickettsR+17.2R+38.3R+19[87]

Historical special election data

Special elections, 2013-2022

From 2013 to 2022, 67 special elections to the United States Congress were called during the 113th through 117th Congresses. During that time, special elections were called for 23 seats vacated by Democrats and 44 vacated by Republicans.

The table below details how many congressional seats changed parties as the result of a special election between 2013 and 2022. The numbers on the left side of the table reflect how many vacant seats were originally held by each party, while the numbers on the right side of the table show how many vacant seats each party won in special elections.

Congressional special election vacancies and results, 113th Congress to 117th Congress
CongressTotal elections heldVacancies before electionsSeats held after electionsNet change
Democratic Party DemocratsRepublican Party RepublicansDemocratic Party DemocratsRepublican Party Republicans
117th Congress17710710No change
116th Congress103746+1D, -1R
115th Congress1741389+4 D, -4 R
114th Congress72525No change
113th Congress167979No change
Averages134857N/A


U.S. Senate special election partisan change from special elections, 113th Congress to 117th Congress
PartyAs of special electionAfter special election
Democratic PartyDemocrats58
Republican PartyRepublicans74
Total1212
U.S. House special election partisan change from special elections, 113th Congress to 117th Congress
PartyAs of special electionAfter special election
Democratic PartyDemocrats1820
Republican PartyRepublicans3735
Total5555


To see a list of all the Congressional special elections referenced in the table above, click [show] at the right.
 
Results of special elections to the 113th through 117th Congress
RaceElection dateIncumbentWinnerElection MOVPrevious election MOV
Illinois' 2nd Congressional DistrictApril 9, 2013Democratic PartyJesse L. Jackson, Jr.Democratic PartyRobin KellyD+49D+40
South Carolina's 1st Congressional DistrictMay 7, 2013Republican PartyTim ScottRepublican PartyMark SanfordR+9R+26
Missouri's 8th Congressional DistrictJune 4, 2013Republican PartyJo Ann EmersonRepublican PartyJason SmithR+40R+47
U.S. Senate in MassachusettsJune 25, 2013Democratic PartyJohn KerryDemocratic PartyEd MarkeyD+10D+34
U.S. Senate in New JerseyOctober 16, 2013Democratic PartyFrank LautenbergDemocratic PartyCory BookerD+11D+14
Louisiana's 5th Congressional DistrictNovember 16, 2013Republican PartyRodney AlexanderRepublican PartyVance McAllisterR+19[88]R+63
Massachusetts' 5th Congressional DistrictDecember 10, 2013Democratic PartyEd MarkeyDemocratic PartyKatherine ClarkD+34D+23
Alabama's 1st Congressional DistrictDecember 17, 2013Republican PartyJo BonnerRepublican PartyBradley ByrneR+41R+98[89]
Florida's 13th Congressional DistrictMarch 11, 2014Republican PartyC. W. Bill YoungRepublican PartyDavid JollyR+2R+15
Florida's 19th Congressional DistrictJune 24, 2014Republican PartyTrey RadelRepublican PartyCurt ClawsonR+38R+26
U.S. Senate in HawaiiNovember 4, 2014Democratic PartyDaniel InouyeDemocratic PartyBrian SchatzD+40D+25
U.S. Senate in South CarolinaNovember 4, 2014Republican PartyJim DeMintRepublican PartyTim ScottR+24R+34
North Carolina's 12th Congressional DistrictNovember 4, 2014Democratic PartyMelvin WattDemocratic PartyAlma AdamsD+51D+59
U.S. Senate in OklahomaNovember 4, 2014Republican PartyTom CoburnRepublican PartyJames LankfordR+39R+45
Virginia's 7th Congressional DistrictNovember 4, 2014Republican PartyEric CantorRepublican PartyDavid BratR+24R+17
New Jersey's 1st Congressional DistrictNovember 4, 2014Democratic PartyRob AndrewsDemocratic PartyDonald NorcrossD+18D+38
New York's 11th Congressional DistrictMay 5, 2015Republican PartyMichael GrimmRepublican PartyDaniel DonovanR+19R+12
Mississippi's 1st Congressional DistrictMay 12, 2015Republican PartyAlan NunneleeRepublican PartyTrent KellyR+40R+39
Illinois' 18th Congressional DistrictSeptember 10, 2015Republican PartyAaron SchockRepublican PartyDarin LaHoodR+38R+49
Ohio's 8th Congressional DistrictJune 7, 2016Republican PartyJohn BoehnerRepublican PartyWarren DavidsonR+56R+40
Pennsylvania's 2nd Congressional DistrictNovember 8, 2016Democratic PartyChaka FattahDemocratic PartyDwight EvansD+81D+75
Hawaii's 1st Congressional DistrictNovember 8, 2016Democratic PartyMark TakaiDemocratic PartyColleen HanabusaD+43D+4
Kentucky's 1st Congressional DistrictNovember 8, 2016Republican PartyEd WhitfieldRepublican PartyJames Comer Jr.R+44R+46
Kansas' 4th Congressional DistrictApril 11, 2017Republican PartyMike PompeoRepublican PartyRon EstesR+6R+31
Montana's At-Large Congressional DistrictMay 25, 2017Republican PartyRyan ZinkeRepublican PartyGreg GianforteR+6R+15
California's 34th Congressional DistrictJune 6, 2017Democratic PartyXavier BecerraDemocratic PartyJimmy GomezD+18[90]D+54[90]
Georgia's 6th Congressional DistrictJune 20, 2017Republican PartyTom PriceRepublican PartyKaren HandelR+4R+24
South Carolina's 5th Congressional DistrictJune 20, 2017Republican PartyMick MulvaneyRepublican PartyRalph NormanR+3R+20
Utah's 3rd Congressional DistrictNovember 7, 2017Republican PartyJason ChaffetzRepublican PartyJohn CurtisR+32R+47
U.S. Senate in AlabamaDecember 12, 2017Republican PartyJeff SessionsDemocratic PartyDoug JonesD+2R+28
Pennsylvania's 18th Congressional DistrictMarch 13, 2018Republican PartyTim MurphyDemocratic PartyConor LambD+0[91]R+100
Arizona's 8th Congressional DistrictApril 24, 2018Republican PartyTrent FranksRepublican PartyDebbie LeskoR+6R+38
Texas' 27th Congressional DistrictJune 30, 2018Republican PartyBlake FarentholdRepublican PartyMichael CloudR+23R+24
Ohio's 12th Congressional DistrictAugust 7, 2018Republican PartyPatrick TiberiRepublican PartyTroy BaldersonR+1R+40
Michigan's 13th Congressional DistrictNovember 6, 2018Democratic PartyJohn Conyers Jr.Democratic PartyBrenda JonesD+78D+61
U.S. Senate in MinnesotaNovember 6, 2018Democratic PartyAl FrankenDemocratic PartyTina SmithD+11D+10
U.S. Senate in MississippiNovember 6, 2018Republican PartyThad CochranRepublican PartyCindy Hyde-SmithR+8R+22
New York's 25th Congressional DistrictNovember 6, 2018Democratic PartyLouise SlaughterDemocratic PartyJoseph MorelleD+16D+12
Pennsylvania's 7th Congressional DistrictNovember 6, 2018Republican PartyPatrick MeehanDemocratic PartyMary Gay ScanlonD+6R+19
Pennsylvania's 15th Congressional DistrictNovember 6, 2018Republican PartyCharlie DentDemocratic PartySusan WildD+0[92]R+20
Pennsylvania's 12th Congressional DistrictMay 21, 2019Republican PartyTom MarinoRepublican PartyFred KellerR+36R+32
North Carolina's 3rd Congressional DistrictSeptember 10, 2019Republican PartyWalter JonesRepublican PartyGreg MurphyR+24R+100
North Carolina's 9th Congressional DistrictSeptember 10, 2019None[93]Republican PartyDan BishopR+2N/A
Maryland's 7th Congressional DistrictApril 28, 2020Democratic PartyElijah CummingsDemocratic PartyKweisi MfumeD+49D+55
California's 25th Congressional DistrictMay 12, 2020Democratic PartyKatie HillRepublican PartyMike GarciaR+10D+9
Wisconsin's 7th Congressional DistrictMay 12, 2020Republican PartySean DuffyRepublican PartyTom TiffanyR+14R+22
New York's 27th Congressional DistrictJune 23, 2020Republican PartyChris CollinsRepublican PartyChristopher JacobsR+5R+0[94]
U.S. Senate in ArizonaNovember 3, 2020Republican PartyJohn McCainDemocratic PartyMark KellyD+2R+13
Georgia's 5th Congressional DistrictDecember 1, 2020Democratic PartyJohn LewisDemocratic PartyKwanza HallD+8D+100
U.S. Senate in GeorgiaJanuary 5, 2021Republican PartyKelly LoefflerDemocratic PartyRaphael WarnockD+2R+14
Louisiana's 5th Congressional DistrictMarch 21, 2021Republican PartyRalph Abraham[95]Republican PartyJulia LetlowR+38R+24[96]
Louisiana's 2nd Congressional DistrictApril 24, 2021Democratic PartyCedric RichmondDemocratic PartyTroy CarterD+10[97]D+49
New Mexico's 1st Congressional DistrictJune 1, 2021Democratic PartyDebra HaalandDemocratic PartyMelanie Ann StansburyD+30D+16
Texas' 6th Congressional DistrictJuly 27, 2021Republican PartyRonald WrightRepublican PartyJake EllzeyR+6[98]R+9
Ohio's 11th Congressional DistrictNovember 2, 2021Democratic PartyMarcia FudgeDemocratic PartyShontel BrownD+58D+60
Ohio's 15th Congressional DistrictNovember 2, 2021Republican PartySteve StiversRepublican PartyMike CareyR+17R+27
Florida's 20th Congressional DistrictJanuary 11, 2022Democratic PartyAlcee HastingsDemocratic PartySheila Cherfilus-McCormickD+60D+57
California's 22nd Congressional DistrictJune 7, 2022Republican PartyDevin NunesRepublican PartyConnie ConwayR+24R+8
Texas' 34th Congressional DistrictJune 14, 2022Democratic PartyFilemon VelaRepublican PartyMayra FloresR+8D+14
Nebraska's 1st Congressional DistrictJune 28, 2022Republican PartyJeffrey FortenberryRepublican PartyMike FloodR+6R+22
Minnesota's 1st Congressional DistrictAugust 9, 2022Republican PartyJim HagedornRepublican PartyBrad FinstadR+4R+3
Alaska's At-Large Congressional DistrictAugust 16, 2022Republican PartyDon YoungDemocratic PartyMary PeltolaD+3R+9
New York's 19th Congressional DistrictAugust 23, 2022Democratic PartyAntonio DelgadoDemocratic PartyPat RyanD+2D+12
New York's 23rd Congressional DistrictAugust 23, 2022Republican PartyTom ReedRepublican PartyJoe SempolinskiR+7R+17
U.S. Senate in OklahomaNovember 8, 2022Republican PartyJim InhofeRepublican PartyMarkwayne MullinR+26.6R+30
U.S. Senate in CaliforniaNovember 8, 2022Democratic PartyKamala HarrisDemocratic PartyAlex PadillaD+17.6D+23.2
Indiana's 2nd Congressional DistrictNovember 8, 2022Republican PartyJackie WalorskiRepublican PartyRudy YakymR+29.9R+23

Special elections, 1986-2012

The table below presents the results of special elections to Congress from 1986 to 2012. Contact Ballotpedia ateditor@ballotpedia.org for access to earlier data.

Results of special elections to Congress (1986-2012)
Election cycleTotal special electionsU.S. House electionsSeats changing partisan controlU.S. Senate electionsSeats changing partisan control
2011-20121111NoneNoneNone
2009-201015103 (2 Democratic gains; 1 Republican gain)52 (all Republican gains)
2007-200814123 (2 Republican gains; 1 Democratic gain)2None
2005-200612123 (all Democratic gains)NoneNone
2003-200466NoneNoneNone
2001-2002652 (all Democratic gains)11 (Republican gain)
1999-2000981 (Republican gain)11 (Democratic gain)
1997-199833NoneNoneNone
1995-19961191 (Republican gain)21 (Democratic gain)
1993-1994961 (Republican gain)33 (all Republican gains)
1991-19921072 (all Republican gains)31 (Democratic gain)
1989-19901081 (Democratic gain)2None
1987-198812123 (2 Democratic gains; 1 Republican gain)NoneNone
1985-1986881 (Republican gain)NoneNone
Total13611721 (11 Democratic gains; 10 Republican gains)199 (6 Republican gains; 3 Democratic gains)

Analysis of federal elections, 2024

See also:Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2024


United States House of Representatives

D.C. statehood-Tile Image.jpg
See also:United States House of Representatives elections, 2024

Elections to theU.S. House were held onNovember 5, 2024. The seats of all435 representatives were up for election. The seats of the sixnon-voting members of the U.S. House were up for election as well.

Heading into the election, Republicans held a 220-212 majority in the U.S. House with three vacancies. As a result of the elections, Republicans won 220 districts, retaining control of the chamber, while Democrats won 215 districts.[99]

The partisan breakdown in the U.S. House before and after the election was as follows:

U.S. House Partisan Breakdown
PartyAs of November 5, 2024After the 2024 Election
    Democratic Party
212
215
    Republican Party
220
220
    Vacancies
3
0
Total435435[100]


Featured analysis (from 2022)

  • Congressional margin of victory analysis: An electoral margin of victory (MOV) is the difference between the share of votes cast for the winning candidate and the runner-up in a single-seat election. In a multi-seat race, the MOV is the difference between the vote share received by the bottom-placing winning candidate and the top-placing losing candidate. Margins of victory can be used to measure electoral competitiveness, political party or candidate strength, and, indirectly, the popularity of a particular policy or set of policies. Congressional races in 2022, on average, were decided by a similar margin of victory (MOV) as in 2020.Relative to 2020, the average MOV increased in the Senate and in the House.
  • Rematches in 2024 general elections: An election rematch occurs when the same candidates run against each other in consecutive election cycles. In the 2024 general election, 536 elections inBallotpedia's coverage scope were rematches for single-seat offices between the same candidates who ran in 2022. Additionally, 69 elections in 2024 were rematches for single-seat offices between the same candidates who ran in 2020.[101]

More related analysis

Tap the box below to show more analysis articles related to the 2024 U.S. House of Representatives elections.


United States Senate

Us-capitol-congress.jpg
See also:United States Senate elections, 2024


Republicans won control of theU.S. Senate, winning a 53-45 majority with two independents as a result of theNovember 5, 2024 elections. Two independents—Sens.Angus King andBernie Sanders—caucus with theDemocratic Party.

As a result of the elections, Republicans gained four seats inMontana,Ohio,Pennsylvania, andWest Virginia. Democrats gained one seat inArizona. This was a net change of +4 Republicans, -2 Democrats, and -2 independents.

Heading into the 2024 general election, Democrats had a 47-49 majority with four independents. Three of those independents caucused with the Democratic Party, and one other, Sen.Kyrsten Sinema counted towards the Democratic majority for committee purposes.

Thirty-four of 100 Senate seats were up for election. Thirty-three of those seats were up for regular election, and one[102] was up for aspecial election. Democrats were defending three Senate seats, in Montana, Ohio, and West Virginia, in statesDonald Trump (R) won in the2020 presidential election. Republicans were not defending any Senate seats in statesJoe Biden (D) won in 2020.

Of the seats up for election in 2024, Democrats held 19, Republicans held 11, and independents held four. Eight members of the U.S. Senate did not run for re-election, more than in any year since 2012.

Ballotpedia identified15 races (41.2%) as general electionbattlegrounds in 2024. Heading into the elections, Democrats held 11 of those seats, Republicans held three, and independents held one. Republicans won three seats previously held by Democrats in Montana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania and Democrats won the seat in Arizona, previously held byKyrsten Sinema (I).

Ten seats were open because the incumbent did not run for re-election. Nine incumbents retired from public office and one incumbent ran for another office.Click here to learn more.

Ballotpedia does not include incumbents leaving office early in our analysis of incumbents not running for re-election. For more information about incumbents who left office early or announced resignations,click here.

Two special elections also took place on Nov. 5, 2024. One special election was held to fill the last two years of the six-year term that Sen.Ben Sasse (R-Neb.) was elected to in2020.[103] The other special election was held to fill the rest of the six-year term thatDianne Feinstein (D-Calif.) was elected to in 2018. Feinstein died on Sept. 29, 2023. The Senate seat Feinstein held was also up for regular election on Nov. 5, 2024.[104]Ballotpedia identified15 races as general electionbattlegrounds in 2024.

These battleground races were selected using the following criteria. For more information on our methodology, clickhere:

  • the results of the2020 presidential election in each state,
  • whether the incumbent was seeking re-election,
  • whether the incumbent was serving his or her first term in the U.S. Senate, and
  • how theCook Political Report,Sabato's Crystal Ball, andInside Elections with Nathan Gonzales rated the race.

Heading into the election, Democrats held a 50-49 majority in the U.S. Senate heading into the elections.[105] As a result of the elections, Republicans gained a 53-47 majority.[106]

The partisan breakdown in the U.S. Senate before and after the election was as follows:

Partisan composition, U.S. Senate
119th Congress
PartyMembers
Democratic45
Republican53
Independent2[107]
Vacancies0
Total100

Featured analysis (from 2022)

More related analysis

Tap the box below to show more analysis articles related to the 2024 U.S. Senate elections.



Congressional approval ratings

Ballotpedia's congressional approval polling average:26% (February 13, 2026)

Results are updated daily at 9:30 a.m. EST and aggregated from the most recent polls from the sources listed in the methodology section below. Think we're missing something?Email us.


The congressional approval rating indicates public satisfaction in the job performance of the members of theUnited States Congress. It is the percentage of people polled who responded favorably toward the work of theU.S. Senate andHouse of Representatives.

Important dates and deadlines

This section will provide important dates throughout the 2024 congressional election cycle, including filing deadlines, primaries, and campaign finance reporting deadlines, when available.

See also

External links


Footnotes

  1. ↑The two independents who caucus with the Democratic Party are counted towards the Democrats' count.
  2. ↑The seat of Matt Gaetz (R-Fla.), who resigned after winning re-election, is included in the Republicans' majority.
  3. ↑3.03.1Three independents caucused with the Democratic Party. Another independent, Sen. Kyrsten Sinema, counted toward the Democratic majority for committee purposes.
  4. ↑4.04.1Two independents caucus with the Democratic Party.
  5. ↑These figures include the seat of Rep. Matt Gaetz (R-Fla.) who resigned after winning re-election.
  6. ↑These figures include the seat of Rep. Matt Gaetz (R-Fla.) who resigned after winning re-election.
  7. ↑The map below also includes the seat held by Sen. Pete Ricketts (R-Neb.). That seat is up for special election in 2024.
  8. ↑Tampa Bay Times, "Sen. Ben Sasse chosen as 13th UF president in unanimous vote of trustees," November 1, 2022
  9. ↑Fox 42, "Sen. Ben Sasse has been confirmed as President of the University of Florida," November 9, 2022
  10. ↑Siouxland News, "Nebraska's Ben Sasse resigning from US Senate," December 5, 2022
  11. ↑Associated Press, "Sen. Dianne Feinstein of California, trailblazer and champion of liberal priorities, dies at age 90," Sept. 29, 2023
  12. ↑Sinema won in 2018 as a Democrat.
  13. ↑Democratic incumbent Sen. Dianne Feinstein defeated Democrat Kevin De Leon in the general election by a margin of 8.4%.
  14. ↑Gray defeated Duarte by 187 votes.
  15. ↑Note: Ballotpedia does not consider these seats to be open when calculating congressional competitiveness data.
  16. ↑DCCC, "DCCC Announces 2023-2024 Districts In Play," April 3, 2023
  17. ↑DCCC, "Districts in Play," accessed October 31, 2024
  18. ↑DCCC, "2024 Frontline Members," accessed April 21, 2023
  19. ↑DCCC, "DCCC Announces Additions to the 2024 Frontline Program," October 20, 2023
  20. ↑NRCC, "NRCC Announces 37 Offensive Pick-Up Opportunities to Grow GOP House Majority," March 13, 2023
  21. ↑NRCC, "NRCC Expands Target List of Offensive Opportunities to Grow GOP House Majority," June 3, 2024
  22. ↑National Republican Congressional Committee, "NRCC Announces 26 Candidates in First Round of Additions to 2024 Young Guns Program," July 29, 2024
  23. ↑National Republican Congressional Committee, "NRCC Announces Addition of 6 Candidates to 2024 Young Guns Program," September 20, 2024
  24. ↑KUAM News, "NMI Del. Sablan will not seek re-election after 16 years in office," January 18, 2024
  25. ↑Associated Press, "Jenniffer González, Puerto Rico’s resident commissioner, to challenge island’s governor in primary," September 27, 2023
  26. ↑In top-two primaries, all candidates, regardless of party affiliation, are counted. If a convention is the sole means of nomination, only the candidate(s) advancing beyond the convention are counted.
  27. ↑NBC News, "Independent Sen. Kyrsten Sinema will not run for re-election in Arizona," March 5, 2024
  28. ↑The Hill, "Manchin won’t seek reelection in West Virginia," November 9, 2023
  29. ↑Laphonza Butler, "Sen. Laphonza Butler not running in 2024 after filling Dianne Feinstein's seat," October 19, 2023
  30. ↑Butler was appointed to her Senate seat on Oct. 1, 2023, to fill the vacancy left by the death of Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D). Feinstein had previously announced her retirement from public office.
  31. ↑Debbie Stabenow, "Senator Stabenow Announces She Will Not Seek Re-Election in 2024," January 5, 2023
  32. ↑Politico, "Cardin not running for reelection," May 1, 2023
  33. ↑Washington Post, "Democratic Sen. Tom Carper of Delaware won't seek reelection, opening up seat in liberal state," May 22, 2023
  34. ↑Washington Post, "Mitt Romney says he will not seek a second term in the Senate," September 13, 2023
  35. ↑Politico, "Braun to run for Indiana governor, opening Senate seat in 2024," November 30, 2022
  36. ↑CBS News, "Louisiana Republican Garret Graves says he won't seek re-election after Supreme Court ruling on redistricting," June 14, 2024
  37. ↑Politico, "Florida GOP Rep. Posey abruptly announces retirement," April 26, 2024
  38. ↑X, "Jake LaTurner," April 18, 2024
  39. ↑X, "Ann McLane Kuster," March 27, 2024
  40. ↑The Hill, "Rosendale drops reelection bid, will retire at end of term," March 8, 2024
  41. ↑X, "Cathy McMorris Rodgers" February 8, 2024
  42. ↑Politico, "Dutch Ruppersberger won't seek reelection to Maryland House seat," January 26, 2023
  43. ↑X, "Rep. Jeff Duncan" January 17, 2024
  44. ↑X, "Rep. Greg Pence" January 9, 2024
  45. ↑AP, "US Rep. Larry Bucshon of Indiana won’t seek reelection to 8th term, will retire from Congress" January 8, 2024
  46. ↑CBS, "Colorado Congressman Doug Lamborn to retire, opening up all three state Republican seats" January 5, 2024
  47. ↑X, "Representative Blaine Luetkemeyer" January 4, 2024
  48. ↑Nickel said he would explore a campaign for U.S. Senate in 2026
  49. ↑X, "Rep. Wiley Nickel - My Statement," December 14, 2023
  50. ↑X, "Congressman Drew Ferguson" December 14, 2023
  51. ↑On Dec. 7, Manning announced that she would not file for re-election in the newly redrawn 6th district, whose boundaries will be in effect for the 2024 general election. Manning said she would run for re-election under different district boundaries.
  52. ↑X, "Congresswoman Kathy Manning," December 7, 2023
  53. ↑Twitter, "Patrick McHenry" December 5, 2023
  54. ↑Roll Call, "Eshoo, longtime Silicon Valley lawmaker, announces plans to retire," November 21, 2023
  55. ↑Los Angeles Times, "Tony Cárdenas won’t seek reelection in 2024, setting up race for San Fernando Valley seat," November 16, 2023
  56. ↑MLive, "Kildee won’t seek re-election to Congress, says cancer gave him new perspective," November 16, 2023
  57. ↑The Hill, "GOP Rep. Burgess won’t seek reelection, leaving third Dallas-area seat open" November 9, 2023
  58. ↑Roll Call, "Rep. Brad Wenstrup to retire," November 9, 2023
  59. ↑Politico, "Derek Kilmer announced Thursday he would not seek reelection to his House seat in Washington state.," November 9, 2023
  60. ↑The Hill, "Longtime Texas Rep. Kay Granger won’t seek reelection," November 1, 2023
  61. ↑Politico, "Oregon Rep. Earl Blumenauer says he won’t run for another term," October 31, 2023
  62. ↑Maryland Matters, "Sarbanes won’t seek reelection in 2024," October 26, 2023
  63. ↑X, "A statement from Congresswoman Debbie Lesko," October 17, 2023
  64. ↑X, "Jennifer Wexton - An update on my health and my plans for serving #VA10 in Congress." September 18, 2023
  65. ↑CNN, "Grace Napolitano, longtime California congresswoman, announces her retirement" July 8, 2023
  66. ↑The Hill, "Rep. John Curtis jumps into Senate race to replace Romney," January 2, 2023
  67. ↑NBC, "Andy Kim to run for Senate against indicted NJ Sen. Bob Menendez" September 23, 2023
  68. ↑New York Times, "Delaware’s Only House Member Enters Senate Race, Becoming Instant Favorite" June 21, 2023
  69. ↑New York Times, "Wealthy Democratic Congressman Enters Maryland Senate Race" May 4, 2023
  70. ↑Twitter, "Colin Allred, May 3, 2023" May 3, 2023
  71. ↑CNN, "Rep. Elissa Slotkin entering race to succeed retiring Michigan Democratic Sen. Debbie Stabenow," February 27, 2023
  72. ↑Twitter, "Barbara Lee," February 21, 2023
  73. ↑Axios, "Anti-Trump stalwart Rep. Adam Schiff enters California Senate race," January 26, 2023
  74. ↑The New York Times, "Democrat in Arizona Will Seek Kyrsten Sinema’s Senate Seat," January 23, 2023
  75. ↑CNN, "GOP Rep. Jim Banks announces Indiana US Senate campaign," January 17, 2023
  76. ↑PBS News House, "Rep. Katie Porter to run for Feinstein’s Senate seat in 2024," January 10, 2023
  77. ↑MetroNews, "Mooney announces for Senate, revving up race to take on Manchin" December 13, 2022
  78. ↑X, "Juliegrace Brufke," November 13, 2023
  79. ↑AP, "Virginia Rep. Abigail Spanberger is running for governor instead of seeking reelection to the House," November 13, 2023
  80. ↑X, "INBOX: REP. DEAN PHILLIPS ANNOUNCES HE WON’T SEEK RE-ELECTION TO CONGRESS," November 24, 2023
  81. ↑X, "Rep. Jeff Jackson," October 26, 2023
  82. ↑Charlotte Observer, "Republican Rep. Dan Bishop announces plans to run for attorney general in NC," January 17, 2023
  83. ↑Federal Election Commission, "Raising: by the numbers," accessed November 4, 2024
  84. ↑Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' presidential results by congressional district for 2020, 2016, and 2012," accessed April 6, 2021
  85. ↑270towin, "Historical Timeline," accessed March 25, 2022
  86. ↑270towin, "California," accessed October 17, 2023
  87. ↑270towin, "Nebraska," accessed March 7, 2023
  88. ↑Both general election candidates were Republicans.
  89. ↑This race was unopposed.
  90. ↑90.090.1Both general election candidates were Democrats.
  91. ↑Lamb won by a margin of 0.4 percentage points.
  92. ↑Wild won by a margin of 0.2 percentage points.
  93. ↑The state Board of Elections declined to certify the results of the2018 election following allegations of absentee ballot fraud.
  94. ↑Collins won by 0.3 percentage points.
  95. ↑This special election was called to fill the vacancy left by 2020 Congressman-electLuke Letlow (R), who died before being sworn in to Congress.
  96. ↑Runoff MOV between two Republican candidates.
  97. ↑Runoff MOV between two Democratic candidates.
  98. ↑Runoff MOV between two Republican candidates.
  99. ↑These figures include the seat of Rep. Matt Gaetz (R-Fla.), who resigned on November 13, 2024, after winning re-election.
  100. ↑These figures include the seat of Rep. Matt Gaetz (R-Fla.) who resigned after winning re-election.
  101. ↑This number only includes races for offices with four-year term lengths.
  102. ↑This number does not include the special election for a Senate seat in California, as that seat was also up for regular election.
  103. ↑Siouxland News, "Nebraska's Ben Sasse resigning from US Senate," December 5, 2022
  104. ↑Associated Press, "Sen. Dianne Feinstein of California, trailblazer and champion of liberal priorities, dies at age 90," September 29, 2023
  105. ↑Three independents caucus with the Democratic Party. Another independent, Sen. Kyrsten Sinema, counts toward the Democratic majority for committee purposes.
  106. ↑Two independents caucus with the Democratic Party.
  107. ↑Two independents caucus with the Democratic Party.
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