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Missouri Amendment 1, State Executive Term Limits Amendment (2020)

From Ballotpedia
Missouri Amendment 1
Flag of Missouri.png
Election date
November 3, 2020
Topic
Term limits andState executive official measures
Status
DefeateddDefeated
Type
Constitutional amendment
Origin
State legislature


Missouri Amendment 1, theState Executive Term Limits Amendment was on theballot inMissouri as alegislatively referred constitutional amendment onNovember 3, 2020. It wasdefeated.

A "yes" votesupported this constitutional amendment to limit the lieutenant governor, secretary of state, state auditor, and attorney general, along with the governor and state treasurer, to two terms of office.

A "no" voteopposed this constitutional amendment, thereby keeping the two-term limit on the governor and state treasurer but not other state executive offices.


Contents

Election results

Missouri Amendment 1

ResultVotesPercentage
Yes1,363,76747.16%

DefeatedNo

1,527,78252.84%
Results are officiallycertified.
Source


Overview

What would Amendment 1 have changed?

See also:Text of the measure

Amendment 1 would have limited thelieutenant governor,secretary of state,state auditor, andattorney general to two terms of office in a lifetime. As of 2020, the state constitution limited thegovernor andstate treasurer to two terms of office in a lifetime but not the other executive offices.[1]

Text of measure

Ballot title

The ballot title for the measure was as follows:[2]

Do you want to amend the Missouri Constitution to extend the two term restriction that currently applies to the Governor and Treasurer to the Lt. Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor and the Attorney General?

State and local governmental entities estimate no costs or savings from this proposal.[3]

Ballot summary

The ballot summary for the measure was as follows:[2]

A 'yes' vote will amend the Missouri Constitution to impose a two term restriction on all statewide elected officials, which currently only applies to the Governor and Treasurer.

A 'no' vote will leave the terms that statewide elected officials may serve unchanged.

If passed, this measure will have no impact on taxes.[3]

Constitutional changes

See also:Article VII, Missouri Constitution

Amendment 1 would have added a Section 15 toArticle VII of theMissouri Constitution. The following text would have been added:[1]

Section 15. No person shall be elected governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, state auditor, state treasurer, or attorney general more than twice, and no person who has held the office of governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, state auditor, state treasurer, or attorney general, or acted as governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, state auditor, state treasurer, or attorney general, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected to such office shall be elected to that same office more than once. This subsection shall supersede the provisions of Article IV, Section 17 that relate to term limitations, provided that service in the offices of governor or state treasurer resulting from an election or appointment, or in the case of the governor succession to office, prior to December 3, 2020, shall count towards the limitations provided in this subsection.[3]

Readability score

See also:Ballot measure readability scores, 2020
Using theFlesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL andFlesch Reading Ease (FRE) formulas, Ballotpedia scored the readability of the ballot title and summary for this measure. Readability scores are designed to indicate the reading difficulty of text. The Flesch-Kincaid formulas account for the number of words, syllables, and sentences in a text; they do not account for the difficulty of the ideas in the text. The state legislature wrote the ballot language for this measure.


TheFKGL for the ballot title is grade level 12, and theFRE is 38. The word count for the ballot title is 47, and the estimated reading time is 12 seconds. The FKGL for the ballot summary is grade level 11, and the FRE is 51. The word count for the ballot summary is 52, and the estimated reading time is 13 seconds.


Support

Supporters

Officials

Arguments

  • Missouri State Senator and sponsor of the measure Tony Luetkemeyer (R): "The voters of Missouri have made it clear they emphatically support term limits. This measure will bring consistency to our term limits for all state officials and prevent them from becoming career politicians."


Opposition

Opponents

Officials

Arguments

  • Missouri State Senator Ed Emery (R): "We want people in there who are experienced and know the job and know what they’re doing. I do think that those are a little different categorically and functionally than those top executive positions."


Campaign finance

The campaign finance information on this page reflects the mostrecent scheduled reports that Ballotpedia has processed, which covered throughDecember 3, 2020.


See also:Campaign finance requirements for Missouri ballot measures

As of December 3, 2020, Ballotpedia had not identified any political action committees registered in support of or in opposition to Amendment 1.[4]

Cash ContributionsIn-Kind ContributionsTotal ContributionsCash ExpendituresTotal Expenditures
Support$0.00$0.00$0.00$0.00$0.00
Oppose$0.00$0.00$0.00$0.00$0.00
Total$0.00$0.00$0.00$0.00$0.00

Media editorials

See also:2020 ballot measure media endorsements

Support

  • St. Louis-Post Dispatch Editorial Board: "Although there’s much to be said for experience, limiting statewide elected officials to two four-year terms is the right thing to do. The longer they stay, the easier it is for corrupting influences to hold sway over their decision-making. Besides none of those unlimited statewide offices deserves to be treated differently from the term-limited ones. So we recommend voting yes on Amendment 1."


Opposition

Ballotpedia had not identified media editorial boards in opposition to the ballot measure.

Background

Term limits in Missouri

Voters in Missouri had voted on three statewide ballot measures to establish term limits. The following chart illustrates the results of each measure:

YearInitiativePercent “Yes”Percent “No”Status
1965Missouri Amendment 1: Gubernatorial Term Limits72.96%27.04%Approved
1992Missouri Amendment 12: State Legislative Term Limits75.04%24.96%Approved
1992Amendment 13: U.S. Congressional Term Limits74.02%25.98%Approved (Overturned)

Gubernatorial term limits

See also:Missouri Governor Term Limits, Amendment 1 (August 1965)

Before 1965, the state constitution limited thegovernor to one term in office.Amendment 1 of 1965 allowed a person to serve as governor for no more than two terms. Amendment 1 received 73 percent of the vote.

As of 2019, Missouri was one of eight states to limit the governor to two terms in a lifetime. The following map illustrates gubernatorial term limits in the United States:

Lieutenant governor term limits

As of 2019, Missouri was one of 23 states with no term limits for lieutenant governors. The following map illustrates lieutenant gubernatorial term limits in the United States:

Secretary of state term limits

As of 2019, Missouri was one of 31 states with no term limits for secretaries of state. The following map illustrates secretary of state term limits in the United States:

Attorney general term limits

As of 2019, Missouri was one of 33 states with no term limits for attorneys general. The following map illustrates attorney general term limits in the United States:

State treasurer term limits

See also:Missouri State Treasurer Succession, Amendment 1 (August 1970)

In 1970, voters approved aconstitutional amendment allowing a person to serve as state treasurer for no more than two terms. Before 1970, the state treasurer was limited to one term in office. The constitutional amendment received 52 percent of the vote.

As of 2019, Missouri was one of five states to limit the state treasurer (or equivalent position) to two terms in a lifetime. The following map illustrates state treasurer term limits in the United States:

State auditor term limits

As of 2019, Missouri was one of 17 states with no term limits for state auditors (or equivalent positions). The following map illustrates state auditor term limits in the United States:

State legislative term limits

See also:Missouri State Legislative Term Limits, Amendment 12 (1992)

In 1992, voters adopted a constitutional amendment, titledAmendment 12, to enact term limits on state legislators. Amendment 12 received 75 percent of the vote. The constitutional amendment prohibited a person from serving more than eight years in either the state House or state Senate, or a total of sixteen years in both legislative chambers.

Voters amended the term limits on state legislators in 2002 viaAmendment 3. Amendment 3 excluded service of less than one-half of a legislative term resulting from a special election from counting toward a legislator's term limit.

Congressional term limits

See also:Missouri U.S. Congressional Term Limits, Amendment 13 (1992)

In 1992, 74 percent of electors voted to passAmendment 13, which was designed to limit the state's U.S. Senators to two terms and U.S. Representatives to four terms.

InU.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton, theU.S. Supreme Court ruled that state governments could not enact term limits on members of Congress, which had the effect of invalidating Amendment 13 in Missouri.

Election policy on the ballot in 2020

In 2020, voters in 14 states voted on 18 ballot measures addressing election-related policies. One of the measures addressed campaign finance, one were related to election dates, five addressed election systems, three addressed redistricting, five addressed suffrage, and three addressed term limits.

ClickShow to read details about the election-related measures on statewide ballots in 2020.

Election-related policy ballot measures in 2020

Campaign finance

See also:Campaign finance on the ballot
  • ApprovedaOregon Measure 107: Measure 107 authorizes the state legislature and local governments to (1) enact laws or ordinances limiting campaign contributions and expenditures; (2) require disclosure of contributions and expenditures; and (3) require that political advertisements identify the people or entities that paid for them. Going into the election, Oregon was one of five states with no limits on campaign contributions.

Election dates

  • ApprovedaNew Mexico Constitutional Amendment 2: The amendment allowed the state legislature to pass laws adjusting the election dates of state or county officeholders and adjusting office terms according to those date changes. Under the measure, laws proposing adjustments to election dates of non-statewide officeholders must be supported by a legislative finding that such a change would promote consistency or that it would evenly distribute the number of offices appearing on the ballot.

Election systems

  • ApprovedaAlaska Ballot Measure 2: Ballot Measure 2 replaced the state's partisan primaries with open top-four primaries for state executive, state legislative, and congressional offices and established ranked-choice voting for general elections, including the presidential election, in which voters would rank the candidates. Ballot Measure 2 also required persons and entities that contribute more than $2,000 that were themselves derived from donations, contributions, dues, or gifts to disclose the true sources, as defined in the law, of the political contributions.[5]
  • Colorado Proposition 113: In 2019, the Colorado State Legislature passed a bill to add Colorado to theNational Popular Vote Interstate Compact (NPVIC). NPVIC member states have agreed to give the state’s electoral votes to the presidential candidate who wins the national popular vote, provided the NPVIC goes into effect. The NPVIC was designed to go into effect if states representing at least 270 electoral votes join the NPVIC.[6] The campaign Protect Colorado's Vote filed a veto referendum to overturn the law, which resulted in Proposition 113. On November 3, voters upheld the law and voted in favor of adding Colorado to the NPVIC.
  • DefeateddFlorida Amendment 3: Amendment 3 would have replaced Florida's closed primaries with top-two open primaries for elected state offices. Under Amendment 3, all candidates would have run in the same primary election. The top-two candidates, regardless of their partisan affiliation, would have moved on to the general election under Amendment 3.[7]
  • DefeateddMassachusetts Question 2: Question 2 would have enacted ranked-choice voting (RCV) for primary and general elections for state executive officials, state legislators, federal congressional representatives, and certain county offices. As of 2020, statewide elections in Massachusetts used aplurality voting system.[8]
  • ApprovedaMississippi Ballot Measure 2: As of 2020, Mississippi required that a candidate for governor or elected state office receive the most votes in a majority of the state's 122 state House of Representatives districts (known as the electoral vote requirement). Ballot Measure 2 repealed this requirement. Instead, Ballot Measure 2 provided that a candidate for governor or state office must receive a majority vote to win and that a runoff election would be held between the two highest vote-getters in the event that no candidate receives a majority vote.[9]

Redistricting

See also:Redistricting measures on the ballot
  • ApprovedaMissouri Amendment 3: In 2018, Missouri voters approvedAmendment 1, the Lobbying, Campaign Finance, and Redistricting Initiative, which created the nonpartisan state demographer responsible for state legislative redistricting. Amendment 3 repealed the nonpartisan state demographer and returned the state to the use of bipartisan redistricting commissions, with changes to the number and selection of commissioners. The 2020 amendment also maintained the criteria of competitiveness and partisan fairness that was enacted in 2018, but it loosened the partisan fairness requirement and required that population, voter rights abridgment, contiguous districts, simple shapes, and the rules for counties be considered with a higher priority.[10]
  • ApprovedaNew Jersey Public Question 3: As of 2020, the New Jersey Constitution required the state legislative redistricting commission to pass a redistricting plan within a month of receiving the official census data. Question 3 postponed state legislative redistricting until after the election on November 2, 2021, should the state receive federal census data after February 15, 2021. The U.S. Census Bureau asked Congress to extend the deadline to deliver census data from April 1, 2021, to July 31, 2021, due to delays related to the coronavirus pandemic.[11][12]
  • ApprovedaVirginia Question 1: Question 1 transferred the power to draw the state's congressional and legislative districts from the state legislature to a redistricting commission composed of state legislators and citizens. Going into 2020, theVirginia General Assembly was responsible for drawing the state'scongressional andstate legislative district boundaries. The redistricting plans were passed as legislation and subject to thegovernor's veto power.[13]

Suffrage

See also:Suffrage on the ballot
  • ApprovedaAlabama Amendment 1: Amendment 1 amended theAlabama Constitution to state that "only a citizen of the United States," rather than "every citizen of the United States," who is 18 years old or older has the right to vote in Alabama.
  • ApprovedaCalifornia Proposition 17: Proposition 17 amended the state constitution to allow people with felonies who are on parole to vote; therefore, the ballot measure kept imprisonment as a disqualification for voting but removed parole status. Going into 2020, the California Constitution disqualified people with felonies from voting until the completion of their imprisonment and parole.
  • DefeateddCalifornia Proposition 18: Proposition 18 would have allowed 17-year-olds who will be 18 at the time of the next general election to vote in primary elections and special elections.
  • ApprovedaColorado Amendment 76: Amendment 76 amended the Colorado Constitution to state that “only a citizen”, instead of "every citizen", of the U.S. who is 18 years of age or older can vote in Colorado. Under the Colorado Votes Act, which went into effect in August 2019, individuals who are 17 years of age at the time of a primary election but who will be 18 years of age at the time of a general election were allowed to register to vote and vote in the primary election. According to the Colorado Blue Book, prevents 17-year-olds from voting.
  • ApprovedaFlorida Amendment 1: Amendment 1 amended the Florida Constitution to state that “only a citizen” of the U.S. who is 18 years old or older can vote in Florida instead of saying that "every citizen" of the U.S. who is 18 years old or older can vote in Florida.

Term limits and term lengths

See also:Term limits on the ballot
  • ApprovedaArkansas Issue 2: Issue 2 changed term limits of state legislators to twelve consecutive years with the opportunity to return after a four-year break. The 12-year limit applied to anyone elected in 2021 or after. Going into 2020, Arkansas legislators could serve up to 16 years throughout their lifetimes in the House or Senate.[14]
  • DefeateddKentucky Constitutional Amendment 2: The amendment would have increased the office terms of commonwealth's attorneys from six years to eight years starting in 2030; increased the office terms of district judges from four years to eight years starting in 2022; and changed attorney licensing requirements for district judges from two years to eight years beginning in 2022.[15]
  • DefeateddMissouri Amendment 1: Amendment 1 would have limited the lieutenant governor, secretary of state, state auditor, and attorney general to two terms of office in a lifetime. Going into 2020, the state constitution limited the governor and state treasurer to two terms of office in a lifetime but not the other executive offices.[16]

Referred amendments on the ballot

From 1996 through 2018, theMissouri State Legislature referred 41 constitutional amendments to the ballot. All but one of the amendments were on the ballot in even-numbered years. Voters approved 31 of the referred amendments. The average number of amendments appearing on the ballot during an even-numbered election year was three. In2018, one constitutional amendment appeared on the ballot. The approval rate at the ballot box was 76 percent during the 22-year period from 1996 through 2018. The last time voters rejected a referred amendment was in2004.

Legislatively-referred constitutional amendments, 1996-2018
Total numberApprovedPercent approvedDefeatedPercent defeatedEven-year averageEven-year medianAnnual minimumAnnual maximum
413175.61%1024.39%3.332.5018

Path to the ballot

See also:Amending the Missouri Constitution

In Missouri, a constitutional amendment requires a simple majority vote in each chamber of theMissouri State Legislature during one legislative session. That amounts to a minimum of 82 votes in theMissouri House of Representatives and 18 votes in theMissouri Senate, assuming no vacancies. Amendments do not require the governor's signature to be referred to the ballot.

Sen. Tony Luetkemeyer (R-34) introduced Amendment 1 as Senate Joint Resolution 14 (SJR 14) on December 3, 2018.[1]

On April 16, 2019, the state Senate approved SJR 14 in a vote of 31 to three. At least 18 votes were needed to pass SJR 14.[17] On May 17, 2019, the state House approved SJR 14 in a vote of 114-32. As three seats were vacant in the state House, 81 votes were needed to pass SJR 14.[1]

Vote in theMissouri State Senate
April 16, 2019
Requirement: Simple majority vote of all members in each chamber
Number of yes votes required:18  Approveda
YesNoNot voting
Total3130
Total percent91.18%8.82%0.00%
Democrat910
Republican2220

Vote in theMissouri House of Representatives
May 17, 2019
Requirement: Simple majority vote of all members in each chamber
Number of yes votes required:81  Approveda
YesNoNot voting
Total1143214
Total percent71.25%20.00%8.75%
Democrat15247
Republican9987

How to cast a vote

See also:Voting in Missouri

Click "Show" to learn more about voter registration, identification requirements, and poll times in Missouri.

How to cast a vote in Missouri
The information below covers regular voting policies in the state.Information may have not applied to the election on November 3, 2020, because of temporary changes in response to coronavirus.Click here to read about changes made for the 2020 elections.

Poll times

InMissouri, all polling places are open from 6:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. Central Time. Anyone in line when the polls close must be allowed to vote.[18]

Registration

Check your voter registration statushere.

To vote in Missouri, one must be 18 years old, a United States citizen, and Missouri resident.[19] Individuals who are 17 years and six months old may pre-register to vote but cannot vote until they turn 18.An applicant may print an application, pick one up from a county clerk's office, or request that an application be mailed. They may also register in person at the office of their local election authority, at a driver's licensing office, at some state agencies, or at a library.[18] The completed application must be returned by mail. All returned applications must be postmarked by the fourth Wednesday before Election Day in order to be processed. An applicant may also register to vote online.[19]

Automatic registration

See also:Automatic voter registration

Missouri does not practiceautomatic voter registration.[20]

Online registration

See also:Online voter registration

Missouri has implemented an online voter registration system. Residents can register to vote by visitingthis website.[21]

Same-day registration

See also:Same-day voter registration

Missouri does not allowsame-day voter registration.[22]

Residency requirements

To register to vote in Missouri, you must be a resident of the state. State law does not specify the length of time for which you must have been a resident to be eligible. Voters may file change-of-address forms after the registration deadline, up to and including Election Day, provided that they can present photo identification upon doing so.[23][19]

Verification of citizenship

See also:Laws permitting noncitizens to vote in the United States

Missouri does not require proof of citizenship for voter registration. An individual applying to register to vote must attest that they are a U.S. citizen under penalty of perjury.[19][24]

All 49 states with voter registration systems require applicants to declare that they are U.S. citizens in order to register to vote in state and federal elections, under penalty of perjury or other punishment.[25] Seven states — Alabama, Arizona, Georgia, Kansas, Louisiana, New Hampshire, and Wyoming — have laws requiring verification of citizenship at the time of voter registration, whether in effect or not. One state, Ohio, requires proof of citizenship only when registering to vote at a Bureau of Motor Vehicles facility. In three states — California, Maryland, and Vermont — at least one local jurisdiction allows noncitizens to vote in some local elections. Noncitizens registering to vote in those elections must complete a voter registration application provided by the local jurisdiction and are not eligible to register as state or federal voters.

Verifying your registration

TheMissouri Secretary of State's office allows residents to check their voter registration status online.

Voter ID requirements

Missouri requires voters to present photo identification while voting.[26][18]

The following were accepted forms of identification as of November 2025.Click here for the Missouri Secretary of State's page on accepted ID to ensure you have the most current information.

Voters can present the following forms of information:
  • A nonexpired Missouri driver or non-driver license;
  • A nonexpired military ID, including a veteran’s ID card;
  • A nonexpired United States passport; or
  • Another photo ID issued by the United States or the state of Missouri which is either not expired or expired after the date of the most recent general election.[3]

To view Missouri state law pertaining to voter identification,click here.

If a voter does not have an ID, he or she can obtain one for free at a Missouri Department of Revenue driver's license office. For more information, fill outthis form, call 573-526-8683, or visitthe Missouri Department of Revenue's website.

See also

External links

Footnotes

  1. 1.01.11.21.3Missouri State Senate, "SJR 14," accessed April 17, 2019
  2. 2.02.1Missouri Secretary of State, "2020 Ballot Measures," accessed May 6, 2019
  3. 3.03.13.23.3Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.Cite error: Invalid<ref> tag; name "quotedisclaimer" defined multiple times with different contentCite error: Invalid<ref> tag; name "quotedisclaimer" defined multiple times with different content
  4. Missouri Ethics Commission, "Candidate or Committee Name Search," accessed July 22, 2019
  5. Alaska Division of Elections, "Alaska's Better Elections Initiative," accessed January 6, 2020
  6. Colorado General Assembly, "Senate Bill 42 (2019)," accessed September 5, 2019
  7. Florida Department of Elections, "Initiative 19-07," accessed March 14, 2019
  8. Massachusetts Attorney General, "Initiative 19-10: Initiative Petition for a Law to Implement Ranked-Choice Voting in Elections," accessed August 7, 2019
  9. Mississippi State Legislature, "House Concurrent Resolution 47," accessed June 30, 2020
  10. Missouri Legislature, "SJR 38 Full Text," accessed February 10, 2020
  11. New Jersey State Legislature, "Assembly Concurrent Resolution 188," accessed July 31, 2020
  12. U.S. Census Bureau, "2020 Census Operational Adjustments Due to COVID-19," accessed August 10, 2020
  13. Virginia General Assembly, "Senate Bill 236," accessed March 5, 2020
  14. Arkansas Legislature, "SJR 15 full text," accessed March 28, 2019
  15. Kentucky Legislature, "House Bill 405 Text," accessed March 11, 2020
  16. Missouri State Senate, "SJR 14," accessed April 17, 2019
  17. Houston Herald, "All Missouri's statewide officials would be term-limited under measure approved by Senate," April 16, 2019
  18. 18.018.118.2Missouri Secretary of State, "Frequently Asked Questions," accessed November 4, 2025Cite error: Invalid<ref> tag; name "faq" defined multiple times with different content
  19. 19.019.119.219.3Missouri Secretary of State, "Register to Vote," accessed November 4, 2025
  20. NCSL, "Automatic Voter Registration," accessed November 4, 2025
  21. NCSL, "Online Voter Registration," accessed November 4, 2025
  22. NCSL, "Same-Day Voter Registration," accessed November 4, 2025
  23. BillTrack50, "MO HB1878," accessed November 4, 2025
  24. Missouri Secretary of State, "Missouri Voter Registration Application," accessed November 4, 2025
  25. Under federal law, the national mail voter registration application (a version of which is in use in all states with voter registration systems) requires applicants to indicate that they are U.S. citizens in order to complete an application to vote in state or federal elections, but does not require voters to provide documentary proof of citizenship.According to the U.S. Department of Justice, the application "may require only the minimum amount of information necessary to prevent duplicate voter registrations and permit State officials both to determine the eligibility of the applicant to vote and to administer the voting process."
  26. Missouri Secretary of State, "How To Vote," accessed November 4, 2025
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