Merrick Garland
Merrick Brian Garland was theAttorney General of the United States from 2021 to 2025. He was sworn in on March 11, 2021.[1]PresidentJoe Biden (D) nominated Garland for attorney general on January 7, 2021. In a press release, his transition team said Garland was a "consensus-building voice" who "led investigations into some of the most high-profile cases and crises in modern history, including the 'Unabomber' Ted Kaczynski, and coordinated the government’s response to the Oklahoma City bombing."[2] The Senate confirmed Garland on March 10 by a vote of 70-30.Click here for more information about his confirmation process.
Garland began his career clerking forfederal appellate JudgeHenry Friendly andSupreme Court JusticeWilliam J. Brennan. He worked corporate litigation before becoming an assistant attorney general in theClinton administration. Clinton nominated Garland to serve as anArticle III federal judge on theUnited States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in 1997. Garland served as chief judge forseven years between 2013 and 2020. He retired from the court on March 10, 2021, following his confirmation.[3]
In March 2016, PresidentBarack Obama (D) nominated Garland to fill the late JusticeAntonin Scalia's seat on theUnited States Supreme Court.[4] The Senate did not vote on Garland's nomination. Senate Majority LeaderMitch McConnell said the Senate would wait to vote on a nomination made by the winner of the2016 presidential election. On January 3, 2017, the Senate returned Garland's nomination to President Obama without a vote at the adjournment of the 114th Congress.[5] JusticeNeil Gorsuch ultimately filled Scalia's vacancy after 422 days, which set a record for the longest Supreme Court vacancy since at least 1962.Click here to read more about Garland's nomination.
On July 1, 2022, Garland's office announced five focus areas for the Justice Department during his tenure: "upholding the rule of law, ... counter[ing] both foreign-based and domestic-based threats, ... protecting civil rights, ... ensuring economic opportunity and fairness for all, ... administering a just court and correctional system."[6]
In November 2022, Garland appointed special counsel Jack Smith to investigate whether any individual or entity "unlawfully interfered with the transfer of power following the 2020 presidential election or the certification of the Electoral College vote held on or about January 6, 2021." Garland also tasked Smith with investigating allegations that former PresidentDonald Trump (R) had knowingly taken classified documents to his home at Mar-a-Lago after he left office and obstructed investigators who attempted to retrieve them.[7]
On January 12, 2023, Garland appointed special counsel Robert Hur to investigate allegations Biden had improperly stored classified documents at his home in Delaware.[8] Hur announced he would not pursue charges on February 8, 2024.[9]
Early life and education
Garland was born in Chicago, Illinois. He graduated from Harvard College with his bachelor's degree in 1974 and Harvard Law School with hisJ.D. in 1977.[10]
Professional career
The following is a summary of Garland's career:[10]
- 2021-2025:U.S. attorney general
- 1997-2021: Judge,United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
- 2013-2020: Chief judge
- 1994-1997: Principal Associate Deputy U.S. Attorney General
- 1993-1994: Deputy Assistant U.S. Attorney, Criminal Prosecutions Division of theUnited States Department of Justice
- 1992-1993: Attorney, private practice
- 1989-1992: Assistant U.S. Attorney for theDistrict of Columbia
- 1981-1989: Attorney, private practice
- 1979-1981: Special Assistant United States Attorney General,United States Department of Justice
- 1978-1979: Law clerk for Associate Justice of the United StatesWilliam J. Brennan, Jr.
- 1977-1978: Law clerk for JudgeHenry Friendly in the United StatesSecond Circuit Court of Appeals
Nomination for attorney general
| Joe Biden's Cabinet | ||
|---|---|---|
| Candidate:Merrick Garland | ||
| Position:Attorney General | ||
 a | Announced: | January 7, 2021 |
| a | Hearing: | February 22-23, 2021 |
| a | Committee: | Judiciary |
| a | Reported: | Favorable (15-7) |
| a | Confirmed: | March 10, 2021 |
| a | Vote: | 70-30 |
On January 7, 2021, PresidentJoe Biden (D) announced that Garland was hisnominee for U.S. attorney general.[11] This position requires Senate confirmation.
The Biden Transition said in a press release, "A consensus-building voice, Judge Garland has worked under Democratic and Republican administrations. He led investigations into some of the most high-profile cases and crises in modern history, including the 'Unabomber' Ted Kaczynski, and coordinated the government’s response to the Oklahoma City bombing. Judge Garland’s nomination underscores the [Biden's] commitment to restore integrity and the rule of law, boost morale of the dedicated career professionals at DOJ, and build a more equitable justice system that serves all Americans."[12]
TheSenate Judiciary Committee held Garland's confirmation hearing for February 22-23, 2021. The Senate confirmed him on March 10, 2021, by a vote of 70-30.
| Summary of Senate vote on Merrick Garland's nomination for attorney general (March 10, 2021) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Votes for | Votes against | Not voting |
 Democrats | 48 | 0 | 0 |
 Republicans | 20 | 30 | 0 |
 Independents | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Totals | 70 | 30 | 0 |
Click on the following table to view the full roll call.
| Senate vote on Merrick Garland's nomination for attorney general (March 10, 2021) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | Richard Shelby | Republican | No |
| Alabama | Tommy Tuberville | Republican | No |
| Alaska | Lisa Murkowski | Republican | Yes |
| Alaska | Dan Sullivan | Republican | No |
| Arizona | Kyrsten Sinema | Democrat | Yes |
| Arizona | Mark Kelly | Democrat | Yes |
| Arkansas | John Boozman | Republican | No |
| Arkansas | Tom Cotton | Republican | No |
| California | Dianne Feinstein | Democrat | Yes |
| California | Alex Padilla | Democrat | Yes |
| Colorado | Michael F. Bennet | Democrat | Yes |
| Colorado | John Hickenlooper | Democrat | Yes |
| Connecticut | Richard Blumenthal | Democrat | Yes |
| Connecticut | Chris Murphy | Democrat | Yes |
| Delaware | Tom Carper | Democrat | Yes |
| Delaware | Chris Coons | Democrat | Yes |
| Florida | Rick Scott | Republican | No |
| Florida | Marco Rubio | Republican | No |
| Georgia | Jon Ossoff | Democrat | Yes |
| Georgia | Raphael Warnock | Democrat | Yes |
| Hawaii | Mazie Hirono | Democrat | Yes |
| Hawaii | Brian Schatz | Democrat | Yes |
| Idaho | Mike Crapo | Republican | No |
| Idaho | James E. Risch | Republican | No |
| Illinois | Dick Durbin | Democrat | Yes |
| Illinois | Tammy Duckworth | Democrat | Yes |
| Indiana | Mike Braun | Republican | No |
| Indiana | Todd Young | Republican | No |
| Iowa | Chuck Grassley | Republican | Yes |
| Iowa | Joni Ernst | Republican | Yes |
| Kansas | Roger Marshall | Republican | No |
| Kansas | Jerry Moran | Republican | Yes |
| Kentucky | Mitch McConnell | Republican | Yes |
| Kentucky | Rand Paul | Republican | No |
| Louisiana | Bill Cassidy | Republican | Yes |
| Louisiana | John Kennedy | Republican | No |
| Maine | Susan Collins | Republican | Yes |
| Maine | Angus King | Independent | Yes |
| Maryland | Benjamin L. Cardin | Democrat | Yes |
| Maryland | Chris Van Hollen | Democrat | Yes |
| Massachusetts | Elizabeth Warren | Democrat | Yes |
| Massachusetts | Ed Markey | Democrat | Yes |
| Michigan | Debbie Stabenow | Democrat | Yes |
| Michigan | Gary Peters | Democrat | Yes |
| Minnesota | Amy Klobuchar | Democrat | Yes |
| Minnesota | Tina Smith | Democrat | Yes |
| Mississippi | Roger Wicker | Republican | No |
| Mississippi | Cindy Hyde-Smith | Republican | No |
| Missouri | Josh Hawley | Republican | No |
| Missouri | Roy Blunt | Republican | Yes |
| Montana | Steve Daines | Republican | No |
| Montana | Jon Tester | Democrat | Yes |
| Nebraska | Deb Fischer | Republican | No |
| Nebraska | Ben Sasse | Republican | No |
| Nevada | Jacky Rosen | Democrat | Yes |
| Nevada | Catherine Cortez Masto | Democrat | Yes |
| New Hampshire | Jeanne Shaheen | Democrat | Yes |
| New Hampshire | Maggie Hassan | Democrat | Yes |
| New Jersey | Robert Menendez | Democrat | Yes |
| New Jersey | Cory Booker | Democrat | Yes |
| New Mexico | Ben Ray Luján | Democrat | Yes |
| New Mexico | Martin Heinrich | Democrat | Yes |
| New York | Charles E. Schumer | Democrat | Yes |
| New York | Kirsten Gillibrand | Democrat | Yes |
| North Carolina | Richard Burr | Republican | Yes |
| North Carolina | Thom Tillis | Republican | Yes |
| North Dakota | John Hoeven | Republican | No |
| North Dakota | Kevin Cramer | Republican | No |
| Ohio | Rob Portman | Republican | Yes |
| Ohio | Sherrod Brown | Democrat | Yes |
| Oklahoma | James M. Inhofe | Republican | Yes |
| Oklahoma | James Lankford | Republican | Yes |
| Oregon | Ron Wyden | Democrat | Yes |
| Oregon | Jeff Merkley | Democrat | Yes |
| Pennsylvania | Pat Toomey | Republican | No |
| Pennsylvania | Robert P. Casey | Democrat | Yes |
| Rhode Island | Jack Reed | Democrat | Yes |
| Rhode Island | Sheldon Whitehouse | Democrat | Yes |
| South Carolina | Lindsey Graham | Republican | Yes |
| South Carolina | Tim Scott | Republican | No |
| South Dakota | John Thune | Republican | Yes |
| South Dakota | Mike Rounds | Republican | Yes |
| Tennessee | Bill Hagerty | Republican | No |
| Tennessee | Marsha Blackburn | Republican | No |
| Texas | John Cornyn | Republican | Yes |
| Texas | Ted Cruz | Republican | No |
| Utah | Mitt Romney | Republican | Yes |
| Utah | Mike Lee | Republican | No |
| Vermont | Patrick Leahy | Democrat | Yes |
| Vermont | Bernie Sanders | Independent | Yes |
| Virginia | Mark R. Warner | Democrat | Yes |
| Virginia | Tim Kaine | Democrat | Yes |
| Washington | Maria Cantwell | Democrat | Yes |
| Washington | Patty Murray | Democrat | Yes |
| West Virginia | Shelley Moore Capito | Republican | Yes |
| West Virginia | Joe Manchin | Democrat | Yes |
| Wisconsin | Ron Johnson | Republican | Yes |
| Wisconsin | Tammy Baldwin | Democrat | Yes |
| Wyoming | John Barrasso | Republican | No |
| Wyoming | Cynthia Lummis | Republican | No |
Judicial career
 |
| Nominee Information |
| Name: Merrick Garland |
| Court:United States Supreme Court |
| Progress |
| Returned 293 days after nomination. |
 ANominated: March 16, 2016 |
| AABA Rating:Unanimously Well Qualified |
| Questionnaire:Questionnaire |
 AHearing: |
| QFRs:(Hover over QFRs to read more) |
| AReported: |
| AConfirmed: |
| AReturned: January 3, 2017 |
On March 16, 2016, PresidentBarack Obama announcedMerrick Garland as his nominee to fill the late JusticeAntonin Scalia's seat on theUnited States Supreme Court.[13] TheAmerican Bar Association rated GarlandUnanimously Well Qualified for the nomination.[14] On January 3, 2017, Garland's nomination was returned to President Obama at the sine die adjournment of the 114th Congress.[5]
Finalist
On March 12, 2016,The Washington Post reported, per sources, that Garland was one of three finalists forPresidentObama's nomination to succeed deceased JusticeAntonin Scalia on theUnited States Supreme Court. According to thePost's report, "Obama said this week that he wanted to make a decision quickly, and his announcement could come as early as next week."[15]
Interview
On March 9, 2016,National Public Radio reported Garland was interviewed byPresidentBarack Obama as a candidate to succeed deceased JusticeAntonin Scalia on theUnited States Supreme Court.[13]
D.C. Circuit
Garland was first nominated to theUnited States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit by former PresidentBill Clinton in 1995. He received a hearing in December 1995, but a vote on his nomination was delayed due to a dispute in the Senate on whether the court's twelfth seat should be filled.[16]
Clinton renominated Garland on January 7, 1997, to a seat vacated byAbner Mikva when Mikva assumedsenior status.[17]
The American Bar Association rated GarlandUnanimously Well Qualified at the time of his nomination process.[18]
Garland was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on March 19, 1997, on a Senate voice vote of 76 to 23; he received his commission on March 20, 1997.[17] He served aschief judge of the court from 2013 to 2020.[19]
Noteworthy cases
D.C. Circuit reverses district court ruling over CIA drone program (2013)
On March 15, 2013, a three-judge panel of theD.C. Circuitreversed a lower court's judgment inAmerican Civil Liberties Union et al. v. Central Intelligence Agency. JudgeMerrick Garland delivered the opinion of the circuit panel.
The plaintiff in this case, theAmerican Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and the American Civil Liberties Union Foundation, filed a request under the Freedom of Information Act for records held by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) pertaining to the use of unmanned aerial vehicles. Unmanned aerial vehicles are commonly referred to as UAVs or drones. The CIA refused to confirm or deny that it had any such records and moved forsummary judgment, arguing that whether or not the CIA had such records was exempt from disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act. A federal district court upheld the CIA’s response and grantedsummary judgment in favor of the CIA. A three-judge panel of theD.C. Circuit, in an opinion by JudgeMerrick Garland,reversed the district court. In his opinion for the panel, Judge Garland wrote,[20]
| “ | The question before us, then, is whether it is 'logical or plausible,' ... for the CIA to contend that it would reveal something not already officially acknowledged to say that the Agency 'at least has an intelligence interest' in such strikes. Given the extent of the official statements on the subject, we conclude that the answer to that question is no. ... Given ... official acknowledgments that the United States has participated in drone strikes, it is neither logical nor plausible for the CIA to maintain that it would reveal anything not already in the public domain to say that the Agency 'at least has an intelligence interest' in such strikes ... The defendant is, after all, the CentralIntelligence Agency. And it strains credulity to suggest that an agency charged with gathering intelligence affecting the national security does not have an 'intelligence interest' in drone strikes, even if that agency does not operate the drones itself.[21] | ” |
Noteworthy events
Congress votes to find Garland in contempt (2024)
On June 12, 2024, theU.S. House of Representatives voted 216-207 to hold U.S. Attorney GeneralMerrick Garland in contempt of Congress for refusing to release audio of special counsel Robert Hur's interview of PresidentJoe Biden (D) recorded during theU.S. Department of Justice'sinvestigation of Biden's handling of classified documents.[22] All Republican representatives voted in favor of the resolution except for Rep.David Joyce (R-Ohio), who voted no with 206 Democrats. Garland was the third attorney general to be found in contempt of Congress in U.S. history.[23]
Garland responded to the vote in a statement, saying, "It is deeply disappointing that this House of Representatives has turned a serious congressional authority into a partisan weapon. Today’s vote disregards the constitutional separation of powers, the Justice Department’s need to protect its investigations, and the substantial amount of information we have provided to the Committees."[22]
On June 14, 2024, Assistant Attorney General Carlos Uriarte told House SpeakerMike Johnson (R-La.) in a letter that theDepartment of Justice would not pursue legal charges against Garland. Uriarte wrote, "The longstanding position of the Department is that we will not prosecute an official for contempt of Congress for declining to provide subpoenaed information subject to a presidential assertion of executive privilege. [...] Consistent with this longstanding position and uniform practice, the Department has determined that the responses by Attorney General Garland to the subpoenas issued by the Committees did not constitute a crime."[24]
Approach to the law
According toThe Houston Chronicle in 2010:
| “ | Garland is regarded by legal scholars as a moderate, and he is well respected by both Democrats and Republicans in Washington.[25][21] | ” |
Garland appeared before the Senate Judiciary Committee in 1995 after his first nomination to the D.C. Circuit. When asked where he would place the judicial branch in relation to the legislative and executive branches, Garland said, "Well, in terms of primacy there is no way to do that. The constitution sets all three branches out as co-equal. The obligation of the judicial branch — as far back as the decision in Marbury v. Madison — is to review the constitutionality and legality of actions by the other branches. And that is its only job, to decide cases and controversies in front of it under article three."[26]
He also noted the three justices he most admired:William Brennan,John Marshall andOliver Wendell Holmes.[26]
Media
On August 26, 2016, Judge Garland discussed his legal career, reflected on his own experiences at Harvard Law School, and offered advice to the class of 2019.[27]
See also
- Supreme Court nomination of Merrick Garland
- United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
- 2016 presidential candidates on U.S. Supreme Court nominee Merrick Garland
- U.S. Senators on the nomination of Merrick Garland
- Process to fill the vacated seat of Justice Antonin Scalia
- U.S. Supreme Court
- Antonin Scalia
External links
Footnotes
- ↑Department of Justice, "Attorney General Merrick B. Garland," accessed August 10, 2023
- ↑President-elect Joe Biden Announces Key Nominees for Department of Justice," January 7, 2021
- ↑Department of Justice, "Attorney General Merrick B. Garland," accessed August 10, 2023
- ↑NPR, "President Obama To Announce Merrick Garland As Supreme Court Nominee," accessed March 16, 2016
- ↑5.05.1United States Congress, "PN 1258 — Merrick B. Garland — Supreme Court of the United States," accessed January 3, 2017
- ↑Department of Justice - Office of Public Affairs, "Attorney General Merrick B. Garland Announces Department of Justice 2022-26 Strategic Plan," July 1, 2022
- ↑Department of Justice, "Appointment of a Special Counsel," November 18, 2022
- ↑Reuters, "Special counsel appointed to probe Biden's handling of classified documents," January 12, 2023
- ↑The Washington Post, "Special counsel: No charges for Biden in classified documents probe," February 8, 2024
- ↑10.010.1Federal Judicial Center, "Garland, Merrick B.," accessed November 6, 2015
- ↑Biden-Harris Transition, "President-elect Biden Announces Key Nominations for the Department of Justice," January 7, 2021
- ↑4President, "President-elect Joe Biden Announces Key Nominees for Department of Justice," January 7, 2021
- ↑13.013.1National Public Radio, "President Obama meets with Supreme Court candidates," March 9, 2016
- ↑American Bar Association, "Ratings of Article III and Article IV judicial nominees, 114th Congress, accessed June 21, 2016
- ↑The Washington Post, "President Obama reportedly is down to three finalists for Supreme Court vacancy," March 12, 2016
- ↑SCOTUSblog, "The Potential Nomination of Merrick Garland," April 26, 2010
- ↑17.017.1The Library of Congress, "PN6-105," accessed November 6, 2015
- ↑American Bar Association, "Ratings of Article III Judicial Nominees, 105th Congress," accessed February 15, 2016
- ↑Federal Judicial Center, "Garland, Merrick B.," accessed June 5, 2020
- ↑U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit,American Civil Liberties Union et al. v. Central Intelligence Agency, March 15, 2013
- ↑21.021.1Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑22.022.1Politico, "House GOP holds Garland in contempt of Congress, escalating Justice Department feud," June 12, 2024
- ↑NPR, "House votes to hold Attorney General Garland in contempt," June 12, 2024
- ↑Politico, "June 14, 2024, letter," accessed June 14, 2024
- ↑The Houston Chronicle, "Supreme Court contender profile: Judge Merrick Garland," April 14, 2010
- ↑26.026.1The Wall Street Journal, "Judge Merrick Garland, In His Own Words," March 16, 2016
- ↑YouTube, "The Honorable Merrick Garland addresses HLS Class of 2019," August 27, 2016
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Monty Wilkinson | U.S. Attorney General 2021-2025 | Succeeded by James McHenry |
| Preceded by - | United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit 1997-2021 | Succeeded by Ketanji Brown Jackson |
| |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominated | |||
| |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1993 | Adams •Ambrose •Barnes •Brinkema •Bucklew •Chasanow •Coffman •Daughtrey •Ferguson •Ginsburg •Hagen •Jackson •Lancaster •Leval •Lindsay •Messitte •Michael •Piersol •Saris •Schwartz •Seybert •Shanahan •Shaw •Stearns •Trager •Vazquez •Wilken •Wilson | ||
| 1994 | Baer •Barkett •Batts •Beaty •Benavides •Bennett •Berrigan •Biery •Block •Borman •Breyer •Briones •Bryson •Bucklo •Burgess •Burrage •Cabranes •Calabresi •Carr •Casellas •Castillo •Chatigny •Chin •Cindrich •Coar •Collins •Cooper •Cote •Currie •Davis •Dominguez •Downes •Duval •Friedman •Furgeson •Garcia •Gertner •Gettleman •Gillmor •Gilmore •Gleeson •Haggerty •Hamilton •Hannah •Hawkins •Henry •Holmes •Hood •Hull •Hurley •Jack •Jones •Jones •Kaplan •Katz •Kern •Kessler •Koeltl •Lisi •Manning •McKee •McLaughlin •Melancon •Miles-LaGrange •Moore •Motz •Murphy •O'Malley •O'Meara •Oliver •Paez •B. Parker •F. Parker •R. Parker •Perry •Ponsor •Pooler •Porteous •Rendell • Riley •Robertson •Rogers •Ross •Russell •Sands •Sarokin •Scheindlin •Silver •Squatrito •Stewart •Sullivan •Tatel •Thompson •Timlin •Urbina •Vanaskie •Vance •Walls •Wells •Williams | ||
| 1995 | Arterton •Atlas •Black •Blake •Briscoe •Tena Campbell •Todd Campbell •Chesney •Cole •Collier •Daniel •Davis •Dennis •Dlott •Donald •Duffy •Economus •Evans •Fallon •Folsom •Gaughan •Goodwin •Heartfield •Hunt •Illston •Jones •King •Kornmann •Lawson •Lenard •Lucero •Lynch •McKinley •Moody •Moore •Moskowitz •Murphy •Murtha •Nugent •O'Toole •Orlofsky •Pogue •Sessions •C. Smith •O. Smith •Stein •Thornburg •Tunheim •Wallach •Wardlaw •Webber •Whaley •Winmill • Wood | ||
| 1996 | Broadwater •Clevert •Fenner •Gershon •Gottschall •Greenaway •Hinkle •Jones •Kahn •Laughrey •Lemmon •Marten •Miller •Molloy •Montgomery •Pregerson •Rakoff •Sargus •Tashima •Thomas •Zapata | ||
| 1997 | Adelman •Bataillon •Breyer •Caputo •Casey •Chambers •Clay •Damrell •Droney •Friedman •Gajarsa •Garland •Gilman •Gold •Gwin •Hall •Hayden •Hull •Ishii •Jenkins •Kauffman •Kennedy •Kimball •Kollar-Kotelly •Lazzara •Marbley •Marcus •Middlebrooks •Miller •Moon •Pratt •Rendell •Sippel •Siragusa •Snyder •Thrash | ||
| 1998 | Aiken •Barbier •Barzilay •Berman •Buttram •Carter •Collins •Dawson •Dimitrouleas •Fletcher •Fogel •Frank •Graber •Hellerstein •Herndon •James •Johnson •Kane •Kelly •G. King •R. King •Lasnik •Lee •Lemelle •Lindsay •Lipez •Manella •Matz •McCuskey •McKeown •McMahon •Mickle •Mollway •Mordue •Moreno •Morrow •Munley •Murphy •Pallmeyer •Pauley •Polster •Pooler •Rawlinson •Ridgway •R. Roberts •V. Roberts •Sack •Scott •Seitz •Seymour •Shea •Silverman •Sleet •Sotomayor •Steeh •Story •Straub •Tagle •Tarnow •Trauger •Traxler •Tyson •Wardlaw •Whelan •Young | ||
| 1999 | Alsup •Barry •Brown •Buchwald •Cooper •Eaton •Ellison •Feess •Fisher •Gould •Guzman •Haynes •Hibbler •Hochberg •Hurd •Huvelle •Jordan •Katzmann •Kennelly •Linn •Lorenz •Lynn •Marrero •Murguia •Pannell •Pechman •Pepper •Phillips •Schreier •Stewart •Underhill •Ward •Williams •Wilson | ||
| 2000 | Ambro •Antoon •Battani •Berzon •Bolton •Brady •Bye •Cavanaugh •Daniels •Darrah •Dawson •Dyk •Fuentes •Garaufis •Garcia-Gregory •Hamilton •Huck •Hunt •Lawson •Lefkow •Lynch •Martin •McLaughlin •Moody •Murguia •Paez •Pisano •Presnell •Rawlinson •Reagan •Schiller •Singal •Steele •Surrick •Swain •Tallman •Teilborg •Tucker •Whittemore | ||
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- Appointed by Bill Clinton
- Confirmed 1997
- District of Columbia
- Executive cabinet members of the United States
- Federal judiciary nominee, January 1997
- Former member, Biden administration
- Nonpartisan
- Retired judges, March 2021
- U.S. attorneys general
- United States of America
- Returned nominee 2017
- Noteworthy case
- Former federal judge, DC Circuit
- Former chief judge, DC Circuit
- Former chief judge
- SCOTUS nomination, 2016
- Federal judiciary nominee, March 2016
- Joe Biden presidential nominee
- Former federal judge
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