Mayoral election in St. Paul, Minnesota (2025)
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←2021 |
| 2025 St. Paul elections |
|---|
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| Election dates |
| Filing deadline: August 12, 2025 |
| General election: November 4, 2025 |
| Election stats |
| Offices up: Mayor |
| Total seats up: 1(click here for other city elections) |
| Other municipal elections |
| U.S. municipal elections, 2025 |
Kaohly Her defeated incumbentMelvin Carter III and three other candidates in the general election for mayor ofSt. Paul, Minnesota on November 4, 2025. While mayoral elections in St. Paul arenonpartisan, both candidates wereDemocrats. Her was the first woman and the first Hmong American to be elected mayor of St. Paul. Carter was the city's first Black mayor.[1]
Ahead of the election,Fox 9's Nick Longworth wrote, "St. Paul’s next mayor will be tasked with overseeing the rebound of a downtown that has seen a sluggish recovery for businesses since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, dealing with the fallout of an unprecedented cyberattack and a continuing homeless crisis."[2] TheMinnesota Star-Tribune's Josie Albertson-Grove also wrote, "The next mayor will also have to contend with neighborhood-level issues. Some of the biggest include construction on the Summit Avenue bike lanes and the yawning vacancies at malls in the Midway area, especially after the exit of Cub Foods."[3]
Her was a member of theMinnesota House of Representatives. She was first elected to the state House in 2018. Before holding public office, Her worked in the financial services industry for fifteen years, and was the Board Administrator for Saint Paul Public Schools. Her also worked as a policy director for the mayor's office during Carter’s first term.[4] In response toBallotpedia's Candidate Connection survey, Her said, "I’m running for mayor to be an advocate for our values and to ensure our city runs efficiently and transparently. ... Three major components will help get Saint Paul back on track and out of the trap that ‘ok is good enough.’ These are the main principles I will use to govern our city. We need safe communities, a vibrant economy, and affordable, abundant housing."
Carter was first elected mayor of St. Paul in2017 and was re-elected in2021. Before he was elected mayor, Carter was a member of the St. Paul City Council from 2008 to 2013. Carter's other professional experience included working as the executive director of the Minnesota Children's Cabinet and as director of the Minnesota Department of Education's Office of Early Learning.[5] Carter ran on his record. In response toBallotpedia's Candidate Connection survey, he said, "We’re set up well for this next phase. That means making our public spaces more accessible, helping people get connected to care, and contributing to hold accountable those who choose to break our social contract. It means seizing our opportunities to grow — cutting red tape, attracting new investments, and making sure the world knows what we know: Saint Paul is one of the best places anywhere to build a family, a business, and a home."
Yan Chen,Adam Dullinger, andMike Hilborn also ran. Her, Carter, and Hillborn all completedBallotpedia's Candidate Connection survey. Clickhere to read their responses.
St. Paul usedranked-choice voting (RCV) for this election, which asked voters to rank candidates by preference on their ballots.Click here to learn more about that process. The filing deadline for this election was August 12, 2025.
As of 2025, St. Paul does not have term limits for the position of mayor. Mayors serve a four-year term.
Elections
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Candidates and results
General election
General election for Mayor of St. Paul
Theranked-choice voting election was won byKaohly Her in round 2 . The results of Round are displayed below. To see the results of other rounds, use the dropdown menu above to select a round and the table will update.
Candidate | % | Total Votes | Transfer | Round eliminated | ||
 | Kaohly Her | 51.5 | 32,295 | 6,411 | Won (2) | |
 | Melvin Carter III | 48.5 | 30,418 | 2,807 | 2 | |
| Yan Chen | 0.0 | 0 | -6,522 | 1 | ||
 | Mike Hilborn | 0.0 | 0 | -5,815 | 1 | |
 | Adam Dullinger | 0.0 | 0 | -1,619 | 1 |
Candidate | % | Total Votes | Transfer | Round eliminated | ||
| Kaohly Her | 38.3 | 25,884 | 0 | Won (2) | |
| Melvin Carter III | 40.8 | 27,611 | 0 | 2 | |
| Yan Chen | 9.6 | 6,522 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Mike Hilborn | 8.6 | 5,815 | 0 | 1 | |
| Adam Dullinger | 2.4 | 1,619 | 0 | 1 | |
Undeclared Write-insUndeclared write-in candidates may advance past the first round in some ranked-choice elections. If the official source reports write-in votes by candidate name, Ballotpedia displays them alongside the ballot-qualified candidates. However, if write-in votes are reported without a name, they will instead be included in the total write-in votes figure in Round 1. Please consult the official elections source for more details about unnamed write-in candidate vote totals past Round 1. | 0.2 | 166 | 0 | |||
| Incumbents arebolded and underlined. Source 1 Source 2 | Total votes: 67,617 | ||
 = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
Additional elections on the ballot
- See also:Minnesota elections, 2025
February 11, 2025
February 25, 2025
March 11, 2025
August 12, 2025
August 26, 2025
November 4, 2025
- Minnesota state legislative special elections, 2025
- City elections in Minneapolis, Minnesota (2025)
- Mayoral election in Minneapolis, Minnesota (2025)
- Saint Paul Public Schools, Minnesota, School District Question 1, Increase Property Tax Measure to Fund Public Education Needs Measure (November 2025)
- St. Paul, Minnesota, City Question 1, Allow for Administrative Citations Referendum (November 2025)
December 16, 2025
Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey responses
Ballotpedia asks all federal, state, and local candidates to complete a survey and share what motivates them on political and personal levels. The section below shows responses from candidates in this race who completedBallotpedia's Candidate Connection survey. Candidates are asked three required questions for this survey, but they may answer additional optional questions as well.
Survey responses from candidates in this race
Click on a candidate's name to visit their Ballotpedia page.
Note: Ballotpedia reserves the right to edit Candidate Connection survey responses. Any edits made by Ballotpedia will be clearly marked with [brackets] for the public. If the candidate disagrees with an edit, he or she may request the full removal of the survey response from Ballotpedia.org. Ballotpedia does not edit or correct typographical errors unless the candidate's campaign requests it.
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Melvin Carter III (Nonpartisan)
We’re not just building units — we’re building stability, community, and opportunity. That means deeply affordable housing, expanded pathways to homeownership, and new tools to help families stay rooted in the neighborhoods they love. It means deeply through our innovative Inheritance Fund to help families who had homes taken in our Old Rondo and West Side Flats neighborhood build family wealth through home ownership. In this next phase, we’ll focus on cutting red tape, unlocking more places to build, and supporting struggling residents so we can keep growing with intention and care.
A Safer City, Built Together:In the years since the pandemic, we’ve reduced violent crime — and we did so by reimagining what public safety can be. Our Community-First model invests in mental health response, youth outreach, and neighborhood-based teams. But we’re not stopping there. We’ll continue holding people accountable, helping more residents get connected to care, and making every part of our city safer and stronger together.
A 21st Century Downtown:
Kaohly Her (Nonpartisan)
We all deserve to feel safe in our neighborhoods. Non-police emergency calls have doubled in the last year. We face continued challenges with mental health and drug use. I’ll support all of our first responders and build strong partnerships with county and state partners to make all of our neighborhoods safer.
Vibrant economyA thriving economy is essential for our city. Development has stalled — at the Ford site, Midway, and downtown. We are losing critical retailers in our neighborhoods, like grocery stores and restaurants, and our tax base is stretched thin. We must collaborate with residents, community organizations, local unions, developers, and the state to help Saint Paul’s economy thrive.
Affordable, abundant housing
Mike Hilborn (Nonpartisan)
Saint Paul has the highest sales tax and highest property taxes in Minnesota. Saint Paul is the most expensive place to live and most expensive place to run a business. We have to lower taxes and make Saint Paul affordable.
Taxes in St. Paul are increasing faster than our population, suggesting that money isn’t being spent efficiently. The average homeowner here pays $4,168 per year in property taxes, which is $1,768 more than the national average. Since 2021, office property values have dropped by over 15%, while costs for some businesses have risen by 41%. These tax changes directly affect how expensive it is to run a business.
Lower CrimeCrime hurts everyone. Especially the poor. We have to hold our criminals accountable and support our police.
I am a huge supporter of our law enforcement officers. LEOs are the backbone of a safe community. Right now, the St. Paul Police Department (SPPD) is short 18% of its officers, and this has contributed to a sharp rise in crime. St. Paul’s crime rate is 89.5% higher than the state average and 94% higher than the national average—these are troubling statistics!
My office will work to secure funding and resources for the SPPD to recruit and retain more officers, ensuring they have the support needed to protect our city.
HomelessnessAddress severe mental illness and expand access to shelter. No one should sleep outside.
Ramsey County has the highest rate of homelessness in the metro area, with about 10,000 people experiencing homelessness in St. Paul alone. However, there are only 6,200 beds available to shelter them, leaving many without a safe place to stay.
To solve this issue, we need to increase housing options and address the root causes of homelessness, such as job loss, substance abuse, mental health challenges, and the lack of affordable housing. I will work to bring together organizations and resources to tackle these problems and create lasting solutions for our community.Melvin Carter III (Nonpartisan)
Kaohly Her (Nonpartisan)
- Gun Violence Prevention- Tenants Rights and Housing Availability- Public Pensions and Retirement Policy- Reproductive Health Care- Equal Rights Amendment- Investments in Renewable Energy Technology - Public Education Funding for English Language Learners- Minimum Wage Increases- Affordability of Health Care
- Protecting Workers' RightsMike Hilborn (Nonpartisan)
Saint Paul is our Minnesota capitol. Our downtown should be a clear reflection of our beautiful state. We are going to make downtown Saint Paul a beautiful and safe destination for businesses, families and visitors.
Live…work…play! From our beloved Minnesota Wild and St. Paul Saints, to multiple museums, numerous performing arts theaters and a teeming restaurant scene, downtown Saint Paul is the heartbeat of our state! My administration will immediately implement policies to restore Saint Paul to the thriving city we know it to be. We aim to bolster our tourism industry and attract new residents and businesses by reminding everyone of Saint Paul’s unrivaled vibrancy!Mike Hilborn (Nonpartisan)
Mike Hilborn (Nonpartisan)
Kaohly Her (Nonpartisan)
Mike Hilborn (Nonpartisan)
2. Transparency: open and honest in decision making processes. Public needs to see how and why decisions are made.3. Accountability: must take responsibility for their actions and decisions.4. Leadership: effectively guide their staff and their constituents. Be able to make difficult decisions.5. Listening and communication: listen to their constituents and effectively communicate with a wide range of people.6. Empathy: understand the needs and concerns of a diverse population.
7. Commitment to public service: prioritize the best interest of the public over personal gain.Mike Hilborn (Nonpartisan)
Show UpGet Things DoneDo the Right ThingGrow or Die
These four core values are why my business has been so successful. My company and I live these core values every day.Kaohly Her (Nonpartisan)
Mike Hilborn (Nonpartisan)
2. Making policy decisions: develop policies, laws and regulations that promote freedom and liberty.3. Budgeting and financial oversight: allocate resources and provide oversight to ensure public funds are used responsibly.4. Collaborating with other officials: work with government officials, citizens, and organizations to address community needs.5. Ensuring transparency and accountability: ensure that government actions are transparent, accountable and responsive to the public.
6. Promoting public welfare: promote the welfare, safety, and prosperity of their communities by addressing social issues and promoting economic development.Mike Hilborn (Nonpartisan)
Melvin Carter III (Nonpartisan)
Mike Hilborn (Nonpartisan)
Mike Hilborn (Nonpartisan)
Mike Hilborn (Nonpartisan)
Mike Hilborn (Nonpartisan)
Mike Hilborn (Nonpartisan)
Mike Hilborn (Nonpartisan)
The ideal relationship between the mayor and the city council should be one of collaboration, mutual respect, and clear delineation of roles. The mayor, as the executive, should set a strategic vision for Saint Paul, propose budgets, and execute policies while keeping the council informed and engaged. The city council, as the legislative body, should focus on passing ordinances, approving budgets, and representing the diverse interests of Saint Paul’s residents. Regular communication—through meetings, briefings, or joint planning sessions—helps align priorities and avoid conflicts.
The mayor should respect the council’s legislative authority, ensuring their input shapes major decisions, while the council should avoid micromanaging executive functions, trusting the mayor to implement policies effectively. When disagreements arise, such as over budget priorities or vetoes, both sides should prioritize transparent dialogue and compromise to serve the city’s best interests. For example, addressing shared goals like public safety or economic development requires the mayor to propose actionable plans and the council to provide legislative support, ensuring checks and balances without gridlock.Kaohly Her (Nonpartisan)
Kaohly Her (Nonpartisan)
Mike Hilborn (Nonpartisan)
Melvin Carter III (Nonpartisan)
Kaohly Her (Nonpartisan)
Mike Hilborn (Nonpartisan)
Kaohly Her (Nonpartisan)
Mike Hilborn (Nonpartisan)
Key elements of this relationship include:
Clear Communication: Regular briefings between the mayor’s office and police leadership ensure the mayor is informed about crime trends, resource needs, and community concerns.
Shared Priorities: The mayor should work with the police to set goals like reducing violent crime or improving community trust, while respecting the department’s operational autonomy.
Accountability and Oversight: The mayor must hold the police accountable for misconduct or inefficiencies, supporting reforms when needed, such as enhanced training or body camera policies. The police should provide transparent reporting to the mayor’s office to maintain public trust.
Community Bridge: The mayor acts as a liaison between the police and residents, ensuring community input shapes policing strategies. Town halls or public safety forums can facilitate this dialogue.
This relationship avoids micromanagement by the mayor’s office while ensuring the police operate under civilian oversight. It balances the mayor’s executive authority with the police’s professional expertise, fostering a partnership that enhances safety and responsiveness in Saint Paul.Melvin Carter III (Nonpartisan)
Unions: MNA, Carpenters, IUPAT District Council 82, Steamfitters/Pipefitters – Local 455, Sprinkler Fitters 417, Plumbers Local 34, IBEW Local 110, SEIU
Other organizations: Faith in Minnesota, Sierra Club, Sustain Saint Paul, Mom's Demand Action, Everytown for Gun Safety.Kaohly Her (Nonpartisan)
Mike Hilborn (Nonpartisan)
Kaohly Her (Nonpartisan)
Candidate profiles
This section includes candidate profiles that may be created in one of two ways: either the candidate completedBallotpedia's Candidate Connection survey, or Ballotpedia staff may compile a profile based on campaign websites, advertisements, and public statements after identifying the candidate as noteworthy. For more on how we select candidates to include, clickhere.
Incumbent: Yes
Political Office: None
Submitted Biography: "I’m Melvin Carter — a father, husband, lifelong Saint Paul resident, and the proud Mayor of the city I’ve always called home. I grew up in the Rondo neighborhood and learned early that strong communities don’t just happen — they’re actively built by people who show up, work hard, and build something together. Today, Sakeena and I are raising our family on Saint Paul’s Eastside — in a neighborhood full of the same energy and deep community pride that’s shaped me from the start. In my eight years leading this city, we have faced one unprecedented challenge after the next — from COVID-19, to the murder of George Floyd, to civil unrest, a rock slide, a cyberattack, and now new Trump-era uncertainty. Each crisis tested our resolve, but through it all we’ve not only learned how to better support each other in tough times — but how to come out of those times stronger. We’ve come a long way — and we’re not done. That’s why I’m running for re-election: because I believe in this moment, and I believe that there’s so much more we can build — together. We’re set up well for this next phase. That means making our public spaces more accessible, helping people get connected to care, and contributing to hold accountable those who choose to break our social contract. It means seizing our opportunities to grow — cutting red tape, attracting new investments, and making sure the world knows what we know: Saint Paul is one of the best places anywhere to build a family, a business, and a home."
Key Messages
To read this candidate's full survey responses,click here.
A Home for Every Family: We’re not just building units — we’re building stability, community, and opportunity. That means deeply affordable housing, expanded pathways to homeownership, and new tools to help families stay rooted in the neighborhoods they love. It means deeply through our innovative Inheritance Fund to help families who had homes taken in our Old Rondo and West Side Flats neighborhood build family wealth through home ownership. In this next phase, we’ll focus on cutting red tape, unlocking more places to build, and supporting struggling residents so we can keep growing with intention and care.
A Safer City, Built Together:In the years since the pandemic, we’ve reduced violent crime — and we did so by reimagining what public safety can be. Our Community-First model invests in mental health response, youth outreach, and neighborhood-based teams. But we’re not stopping there. We’ll continue holding people accountable, helping more residents get connected to care, and making every part of our city safer and stronger together.
A 21st Century Downtown:We are hard at work bringing downtown back to life. We are doing it by converting vacant buildings into housing, launching new festivals and events, and working with small businesses to help them grow. Today, Saint Paul is hosting more major events than ever before — from the Yacht Club music festival to the World Juniors hockey tournament — while attracting new development interest from national investors. Now it’s time to accelerate that growth — and make our downtown a place that generates wealth for our communities, while being a neighborhood people are proud to call home.
This information was current as of the candidate's run for Mayor of St. Paul in 2025.
Incumbent: No
Political Office: None
Submitted Biography: "Hi, I’m Kaohly Her. I’m a mom, a finance and non-profit professional, and State Representative for Saint Paul. I’m running for mayor to be an advocate for our values and to ensure our city runs efficiently and transparently.I am a leader who has worked in our public schools, at City Hall, in corporate boardrooms, and at the Minnesota Capitol. I’m ready to bring my experience as a champion for affordable housing, safe communities, a vibrant economy, and our neighbors’ rights to City Hall.As a city, we face significant challenges that must be met with strong leadership and true collaboration to defend our community and our democracy. We need a leader who will bring people together to hear their perspectives and forge ahead with an inclusive vision for the future. We need a leader who knows that we are stronger together, and that’s how I’ll govern as your mayor.Three major components will help get Saint Paul back on track and out of the trap that ‘ok is good enough.’ These are the main principles I will use to govern our city. We need safe communities, a vibrant economy, and affordable, abundant housing."
Key Messages
To read this candidate's full survey responses,click here.
Safe CommunitiesWe all deserve to feel safe in our neighborhoods. Non-police emergency calls have doubled in the last year. We face continued challenges with mental health and drug use. I’ll support all of our first responders and build strong partnerships with county and state partners to make all of our neighborhoods safer.
Vibrant economyA thriving economy is essential for our city. Development has stalled — at the Ford site, Midway, and downtown. We are losing critical retailers in our neighborhoods, like grocery stores and restaurants, and our tax base is stretched thin. We must collaborate with residents, community organizations, local unions, developers, and the state to help Saint Paul’s economy thrive.
Affordable, abundant housingWe all deserve a place to call home. I've heard from too many of our neighbors, from students to seniors, that housing is too expensive. As mayor, I’ll work with the county and state to build more public housing, local independent developers to build affordable housing, and large developers to build more market-rate units.
This information was current as of the candidate's run for Mayor of St. Paul in 2025.
Incumbent: No
Political Office: None
Submitted Biography: "I was born in Minneapolis in 1963 and raised in the Twin Cities by my parents, Lloyd and Sally Hilborn. Lloyd retired as a UAW worker on the assembly line at the Saint Paul Ford plant, and Sally worked at Control Data soldering circuit boards. My parents instilled in me a deep work ethic and taught me to work hard, play fair, do the right thing, and expect the best in life—values I now pass on to my own family. I graduated from Bethel University in 1985. To pay for college, I worked nights at UPS and was promoted to full-time management in 1985. I raised my three sons in a house in Saint Paul. Today, they are 36, 34, and 32. In 1995, I started a small business out of my garage in Saint Paul that grew so that I had to leave UPS in 2000. My company has been in Saint Paul for 30 years and has grown to 45 employees. We power wash in the spring, summer, and fall, and plow snow during the winter. As a second-chance employer, we hire men and women who have been incarcerated or are in recovery. Our employees start at $25 an hour, with health and dental insurance, 401K, and paid time off (PTO). My business and my home are in Saint Paul.I serve on the Board of Directors for AccessAbility, Inc., which helps people with disabilities and other challenges find meaningful employment. I regularly speak to men and women at Minnesota Adult and Teen Challenge, which assists individuals in overcoming chemical addictions and other life-controlling problems."
Key Messages
To read this candidate's full survey responses,click here.
Lower TaxesSaint Paul has the highest sales tax and highest property taxes in Minnesota. Saint Paul is the most expensive place to live and most expensive place to run a business. We have to lower taxes and make Saint Paul affordable.Taxes in St. Paul are increasing faster than our population, suggesting that money isn’t being spent efficiently. The average homeowner here pays $4,168 per year in property taxes, which is $1,768 more than the national average. Since 2021, office property values have dropped by over 15%, while costs for some businesses have risen by 41%. These tax changes directly affect how expensive it is to run a business.
Lower CrimeCrime hurts everyone. Especially the poor. We have to hold our criminals accountable and support our police.I am a huge supporter of our law enforcement officers. LEOs are the backbone of a safe community. Right now, the St. Paul Police Department (SPPD) is short 18% of its officers, and this has contributed to a sharp rise in crime. St. Paul’s crime rate is 89.5% higher than the state average and 94% higher than the national average—these are troubling statistics!My office will work to secure funding and resources for the SPPD to recruit and retain more officers, ensuring they have the support needed to protect our city.
HomelessnessAddress severe mental illness and expand access to shelter. No one should sleep outside.Ramsey County has the highest rate of homelessness in the metro area, with about 10,000 people experiencing homelessness in St. Paul alone. However, there are only 6,200 beds available to shelter them, leaving many without a safe place to stay.To solve this issue, we need to increase housing options and address the root causes of homelessness, such as job loss, substance abuse, mental health challenges, and the lack of affordable housing. I will work to bring together organizations and resources to tackle these problems and create lasting solutions for our community.
This information was current as of the candidate's run for Mayor of St. Paul in 2025.
Mayoral partisanship
St. Paul has a Democratic mayor. As of November 2025, 66 mayors in thelargest 100 cities by population are affiliated with theDemocratic Party, 23 are affiliated with theRepublican Party, one is affiliated with theLibertarian Party, three are independents, five identify as nonpartisan or unaffiliated, and two mayors' affiliations are unknown.Click here for a list of the 100 largest cities' mayors and their partisan affiliations.
Mayoral elections are officially nonpartisan in most of the nation's largest cities. However, many officeholders are affiliated with political parties. Ballotpedia uses one or more of the following sources to identify each officeholder's partisan affiliation: (1) direct communication from the officeholder, (2) current or previous candidacy for partisan office, or (3) identification of partisan affiliation by multiple media outlets.
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About the city
- See also:St. Paul, Minnesota
St. Paul is a city inRamsey County,Minnesota. As of 2020, its population was 311,527.
City government
- See also:Mayor-council government
The city of St. Paul uses a strong mayor and city council system. In this form of municipal government, the city council serves as the city's primary legislative body while the mayor serves as the city's chief executive.[6]
Demographics
The following table displays demographic data provided by theUnited States Census Bureau.
| Demographic Data for St. Paul, Minnesota | ||
|---|---|---|
| St. Paul | Minnesota | |
| Population | 311,527 | 5,706,494 |
| Land area (sq mi) | 51 | 79,631 |
| Race and ethnicity** | ||
| White | 55.2% | 81.6% |
| Black/African American | 15.5% | 6.4% |
| Asian | 19.1% | 4.9% |
| Native American | 0.8% | 1% |
| Pacific Islander | 0% | 0% |
| Other (single race) | N/A | 2.1% |
| Multiple | 6.3% | 3.9% |
| Hispanic/Latino | 9% | 5.5% |
| Education | ||
| High school graduation rate | 87.6% | 93.4% |
| College graduation rate | 41.3% | 36.8% |
| Income | ||
| Median household income | $59,717 | $73,382 |
| Persons below poverty level | 17.9% | 9.3% |
| Source: population provided by U.S. Census Bureau,"Decennial Census" (2020). Other figures provided by U.S. Census Bureau,"American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2015-2020). | ||
| **Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the censushere. | ||
See also
| St. Paul, Minnesota | Minnesota | Municipal government | Other local coverage |
|---|---|---|---|
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External links
Footnotes
- ↑CBS News, "Minnesota state Rep. Kaohly Her projected to win St. Paul mayoral race," November 5, 2025
- ↑Fox 9, "Here’s who’s running for St. Paul Mayor in 2025: List," October 24, 2025
- ↑Minnesota Star-Tribune, "Kaohly Her wins historic election, will be St. Paul’s first Hmong mayor,"November 5, 2025
- ↑LinkedIn, "Kaohly Her," accessed November 12, 2025
- ↑LinkedIn, "Melvin W. Carter III," accessed November 12, 2025
- ↑St. Paul City Charter, "Ch. 3.01 and 4.01," accessed October 27, 2014
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