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Geosteering involves intentionally directing a drill bit during the well drilling process using geological markers.^[1][2]

Background

An example of a drill bit

Geosteering is the placement and navigation of a well path using real-time data. During horizontal drilling, drillers rely on placing a proposed well at a specific point in order to avoid drilling problems, such as tight formations that produce littleoil ornatural gas. To resolve the issue, drillers gather geological information using different methods. Before geosteering occurs, drillers use surveys, imaging, and 2D and 3D projections of the areas around anoil ornatural gas reservoir. Oil and gas operators may use seismic testing to determine whether the site is a viable energy source. In some instances, test wells are drilled to perform further tests about the area's underground conditions. The above data are used by operators to plan how and where to place the drill. Because surface conditions change, operators engage in real-time data monitoring as drilling occurs.^[3][4][5]

Fracking

Hydraulic fracturing, also known asfracking, is a method of oil and natural gas extraction. The process involves injecting fluid into subterranean rock formations at high pressure. The high-pressure fluid produces a fracture network that allowscrude oil andnatural gas inside dense rocks to flow into awellbore and be extracted at the surface. The fluid (known asfrac fluid) contains between 98 percent and 99.5 percent water and sand; between 0.5 percent and 2 percent of the fluid is composed of chemical additives, which are used to stop the growth of microorganisms, prevent well casing corrosion, increase the rate at which the fluid is injected, and reduce pressure, among other things.^[6]

According to theU.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), there were approximately 23,000 hydraulically fractured wells in the United States in 2000. In 2015, the United States contained approximately 300,000 hydraulically fractured wells, accounting for 67 percent of U.S. natural gas production and 51 percent of U.S. crude oil production.^[7][8][9]

Energy in the 50 states

Click on a state below to read more about that state's energy policy.

See also

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  Energy policy in the United States

• 

  Fracking in the United States

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  Glossary of energy terms

Footnotes

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