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Annual State Legislative Competitiveness Report: Vol. 14, 2024

From Ballotpedia

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Last updated on November 25, 2024

2024 State Legislative Competitiveness

2026» «2022
Analyses
Annual Report Open seats •Contested primaries •Incumbents in contested primaries •Major party competition •Uncontested incumbents •Incumbents defeated Primary statistics
2024 elections
2024 Election Analysis Hub •State legislative •U.S. Senate •U.S. House •State executive officials
Reports by year

Ballotpedia's14th Annual State Legislative Competitiveness Report analyzed all5,807 state legislative seats that were up for election on November 5, 2024, in 44 states.

State legislative competitiveness in 2024 was below average for even years from 2010 to 2024.

In 2024, the nationwide State Legislative Competitiveness Index was33.2, down from the last three election cycles: 2022 (36.6), 2020 (33.4), and 2018 (36.1).

State legislative competitiveness in 2024 (33.2) was below the 14-year competitiveness index average of 34.0. This average was for even-year elections only. Looking at averages across the last three even-year election cycles: 2024 had fewer open seats, incumbents in contested primaries, and seats with major competition.

Key findings of this report include:

962 seats wereopen (16.6%). This was the second-smallest number of open seats since Ballotpedia began gathering data in 2010.

1,039 incumbents facedcontested primaries (21.4%). This was roughly average compared to previous years, down from 26.8% in 2022 but higher than the 20.1% in 2020.

3,583 seats were contested byboth major parties (61.7%), higher than in 2022 (59.2%) but lower than in 2018 (66.3%) and 2020 (65.2%).

Nationwide State Legislative Competitiveness Index, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	15.7%	21.1%	61.7%	32.8
Senate	20.4%	22.8%	61.9%	35.0
Total	16.6%	21.4%	61.7%	33.2

This report is organized into five sections. They are:

Competitiveness overview

Competitiveness refers to the presence of choice throughout the election cycle. A greater level of competitiveness means voters have the ability to make more decisions. A lower level of competitiveness equals fewer choices.

Ballotpedia uses three factors to determine state legislative competitiveness:

Open seats, those where no incumbents filed to run;
Incumbents in contested primaries, those who could potentially lose to challengers; and,
Major party competition — where Democrats and Republicans meet head-to-head in the general election.

These percentages are averaged to produce a State Legislative Competitiveness Index, which can range from zero (least competitive) to 100 (most competitive).

The table below shows the Competitiveness Indices from 2010 to 2024 as well as the three factors used to calculate the indices.Click here to read more about Ballotpedia's methodology used when calculating Competitiveness Indices.

State legislative Competitiveness Indices, 2010-2024
	2010	2012	2014	2016	2018	2020	2022	2024	AVERAGE
Competitiveness Index	34.6	35.2	30.8	31.7	36.1	33.4	36.6	33.2	34.0
Open seats	18.7%	21.9%	16.8%	17.4%	19.7%	14.9%	23.8%	16.6%	18.7%
Inc. in contested primaries	20.0%	23.3%	19.5%	20.2%	22.2%	20.1%	26.8%	21.4%	21.7%
Seats with major party competition	65.0%	60.4%	56.0%	57.6%	66.3%	65.2%	59.2%	61.7%	61.4%

The graphic below combines these figures for every election cycle from 2010 to 2024, showing the change in competitiveness, and how each criterion affects the overall competitiveness indices, over time.

State overviews

Click [show] on the table below to view each state's State Legislative Competitiveness Index in 2024, along with their respective values for the three criteria and ranks.

State Legislative Competitiveness Indices, 2024
State	Open seats		Incs. in contested primaries		Major party competition		Competitiveness Index
State	%	Rk.	%	Rk.	%	Rk.	#	Rk.
Nationwide	16.6%	-	21.4%	-	61.7%	-	33.2	-
Alaska	14.0%	25	2.3%	44	34.0%	41	16.8	43
Arizona	22.2%	12	45.7%	5	65.6%	19	44.5	8
Arkansas	11.0%	30	9.5%	38	45.8%	33	22.1	41
California	34.0%	4	40.9%	6	79.0%	9	51.3	3
Colorado	28.9%	6	11.9%	33	83.1%	6	41.3	12
Connecticut	5.9%	42	5.1%	42	73.8%	14	28.3	30
Delaware	9.8%	32	15.2%	28	43.1%	35	22.7	40
Florida	22.1%	14	11.9%	33	85.0%	4	39.7	14
Georgia	7.2%	38	19.5%	25	47.9%	32	24.9	35
Hawaii	7.9%	36	32.8%	11	66.7%	18	35.8	21
Idaho	5.7%	43	49.0%	4	71.4%	16	42.0	11
Illinois	4.3%	44	14.4%	29	50.7%	30	23.1	39
Indiana	7.2%	38	25.0%	19	56.0%	27	29.4	28
Iowa	12.8%	27	6.4%	40	64.8%	20	28.0	31
Kansas	18.8%	18	12.7%	32	63.0%	23	31.5	27
Kentucky	13.4%	26	23.3%	22	42.9%	36	26.5	33
Maine	21.0%	16	4.1%	43	79.0%	9	34.7	22
Massachusetts	9.5%	33	9.9%	36	20.0%	44	13.1	44
Michigan	7.3%	37	34.3%	9	99.1%	1	46.9	5
Minnesota	14.9%	24	6.1%	41	94.8%	2	38.6	15
Missouri	31.7%	5	21.1%	24	68.9%	17	40.6	13
Montana	41.6%	2	32.0%	12	84.8%	5	52.8	2
Nebraska	60.0%	1	50.0%	3	76.0%	13	62.0	1
Nevada	28.8%	7	21.6%	23	76.9%	12	42.4	10
New Hampshire	22.4%	11	26.1%	18	82.5%	7	43.7	9
New Mexico	17.0%	22	23.7%	21	41.1%	38	27.3	32
New York	8.0%	34	9.2%	39	62.0%	24	26.4	34
North Carolina	12.4%	28	12.8%	31	77.1%	11	34.1	23
North Dakota	24.6%	9	38.5%	8	50.7%	30	37.9	16
Ohio	24.3%	10	27.6%	16	85.2%	3	45.7	7
Oklahoma	17.6%	21	28.2%	15	27.2%	42	24.3	36
Oregon	18.7%	19	18.0%	26	73.3%	15	36.7	18
Pennsylvania	7.0%	40	9.9%	36	54.4%	29	23.8	38
Rhode Island	8.0%	34	11.5%	35	34.5%	40	18.0	42
South Carolina	11.8%	29	34.0%	10	41.8%	37	29.2	29
South Dakota	34.3%	3	60.9%	2	45.7%	34	47.0	4
Tennessee	7.0%	40	26.2%	17	61.7%	25	31.6	26
Texas	10.3%	31	40.5%	7	60.0%	26	36.9	17
Utah	18.0%	20	16.2%	27	64.0%	22	32.7	25
Vermont	22.2%	12	14.3%	30	35.6%	39	24.0	37
Washington	21.1%	15	24.7%	20	64.2%	21	36.7	18
West Virginia	16.2%	23	30.6%	14	55.6%	28	34.1	23
Wisconsin	26.1%	8	31.5%	13	80.9%	8	46.2	6
Wyoming	20.8%	17	65.6%	1	22.1%	43	36.2	20

Click [show] on the table below to view each state's State Legislative Competitiveness Index from 2010 to 2024.

State Legislative Competitiveness Indices, 2010-2024
State	2010		2012		2014		2016		2018		2020		2022		2024
State	#	Rk.	#	Rk.	#	Rk.	#	Rk.	#	Rk.	#	Rk.	#	Rk.	#	Rk.
Nationwide	34.6	-	35.2	-	30.8	-	31.7	-	36.1	-	33.4	-	36.6	-	33.2	-
Alaska	26.4	34	39.2	15	30.0	20	33.1	19	43.9	9	30.1	31	24.9	41	16.8	43
Arizona	50.3	3	41.5	12	42.7	6	34.7	17	50.3	4	38.6	11	50.3	6	44.5	8
Arkansas	28.0	30	31.9	29	22.3	37	15.5	43	25.0	38	19.4	43	29.1	34	22.1	41
California	46.6	6	52.4	3	47.4	3	44.3	7	43.3	10	43.3	4	51.5	4	51.3	3
Colorado	36.6	15	44.1	8	36.1	13	39.4	11	42.4	11	39.6	9	48.6	7	41.3	12
Connecticut	30.4	25	31.9	29	30.0	20	30.7	24	34.2	26	30.9	28	31.3	31	28.3	30
Delaware	29.2	27	29.0	34	26.4	27	20.7	37	34.1	27	22.6	41	26.9	39	22.7	40
Florida	33.5	20	35.4	24	23.6	34	32.9	20	37.1	20	41.9	5	37.9	17	39.7	14
Georgia	23.3	42	19.2	42	16.3	43	16.8	42	23.9	40	26.6	36	34.2	23	24.9	35
Hawaii	48.1	5	36.3	22	36.9	10	30.8	23	29.5	31	33.3	20	46.6	8	35.8	21
Idaho	29.0	28	52.4	3	31.6	16	33.3	18	34.8	24	32.9	22	46.0	9	42.0	11
Illinois	27.6	31	28.3	35	19.6	40	19.3	39	26.7	36	25.1	39	29.1	34	23.1	39
Indiana	33.4	22	33.8	26	22.1	38	31.1	22	33.6	28	31.7	26	31.2	33	29.4	28
Iowa	29.4	26	37.3	19	23.0	35	28.8	27	31.2	29	28.5	33	35.1	22	28.0	31
Kansas	28.3	29	47.9	5	29.7	22	38.7	14	27.5	34	33.7	18	27.6	38	31.5	27
Kentucky	27.0	33	25.4	39	24.2	32	27.3	31	40.6	14	28.0	35	31.3	31	26.5	33
Maine	40.0	10	43.0	9	38.7	9	36.2	16	38.5	19	33.8	17	40.3	14	34.7	22
Massachusetts	24.5	39	16.0	44	19.7	39	13.4	44	17.8	44	13.6	44	18.0	44	13.1	44
Michigan	59.0	1	52.8	1	54.5	1	57.3	1	58.9	1	50.4	1	65.2	1	46.9	5
Minnesota	37.8	11	42.8	10	36.2	12	38.9	12	40.4	15	38.8	10	44.2	11	38.6	15
Missouri	37.6	13	37.0	21	27.6	24	25.9	33	41.7	12	31.8	25	32.3	29	40.6	13
Montana	42.5	7	45.0	7	47.5	2	44.2	8	36.0	22	41.4	6	38.4	16	52.8	2
Nebraska	26.2	35	37.7	18	39.5	8	38.9	12	39.6	17	30.2	30	51.5	4	62.0	1
Nevada	54.2	2	47.0	6	36.5	11	45.9	4	39.1	18	36.1	15	52.3	3	42.4	10
New Hampshire	49.6	4	52.6	2	46.3	4	49.3	3	44.9	8	47.6	3	53.0	2	43.7	9
New Mexico	24.1	41	31.4	31	25.9	29	18.4	40	22.8	43	33.7	18	28.8	36	27.3	32
New York	36.3	16	30.4	32	27.2	25	27.9	30	28.3	33	32.9	22	33.7	25	26.4	34
North Carolina	34.5	19	37.8	17	26.4	27	28.9	26	45.0	6	41.3	7	36.2	20	34.1	23
North Dakota	32.2	24	41.0	14	30.5	19	41.5	10	34.4	25	31.6	27	33.4	27	37.9	16
Ohio	42.1	9	38.7	16	43.0	5	38.5	15	51.2	2	38.4	12	39.9	15	45.7	7
Oklahoma	24.2	40	24.1	40	24.8	31	45.2	6	50.8	3	25.4	38	23.2	42	24.3	36
Oregon	37.7	12	32.7	28	31.3	17	29.4	25	30.2	30	37.9	13	45.4	10	36.7	18
Pennsylvania	27.5	32	26.2	38	25.6	30	24.3	35	28.7	32	28.9	32	32.1	30	23.8	38
Rhode Island	36.9	14	26.7	37	16.9	42	18.1	41	23.9	40	21.6	42	33.7	25	18.0	42
South Carolina	20.9	43	23.2	41	16.3	43	20.3	38	24.6	39	26.3	37	27.7	37	29.2	29
South Dakota	33.5	20	41.1	13	33.4	14	43.8	9	45.0	6	37.6	14	42.2	13	47.0	4
Tennessee	25.9	37	34.8	25	24.1	33	28.4	29	41.2	13	23.3	40	22.6	43	31.6	26
Texas	20.8	44	30.2	33	22.8	36	24.7	34	35.5	23	30.6	29	33.8	24	36.9	17
Utah	33.3	23	37.1	20	32.1	15	28.6	28	36.4	21	31.9	24	26.1	40	32.7	25
Vermont	25.2	38	18.5	43	19.3	41	26.9	32	23.0	42	28.5	33	32.4	28	24.0	37
Washington	34.9	18	33.3	27	31.3	17	32.7	21	39.7	16	41.1	8	37.3	18	36.7	18
West Virginia	42.5	7	42.6	11	41.8	7	51.5	2	47.7	5	50.0	2	42.7	12	34.1	23
Wisconsin	35.1	17	35.8	23	26.7	26	23.2	36	27.2	35	35.1	16	36.6	19	46.2	6
Wyoming	26.1	36	27.2	36	29.5	23	45.5	5	25.7	37	33.2	21	35.6	21	36.2	20

Competitiveness by state

Overview

Alaska

Alaska had a Competitiveness Index of16.8, ranking it 43rd of the 44 states that held elections.

Seven of the 50 seats up for election wereopen (14%).
One of the 43 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (2%).
17 of the 50 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (34%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Alaska, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	15.0%	0.0%	30.0%	15.0
Senate	10.0%	11.1%	50.0%	23.7
Total	14.0%	2.3%	34.0%	16.8

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Alaska, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	10.0%	13.3%	56.0%	26.4	34 / 44
2012	18.6%	29.6%	69.5%	39.2	15 / 44
2014	14.8%	8.5%	66.7%	30.0	20 / 44
2016	18.0%	29.3%	52.0%	33.1	19 / 44
2018	26.0%	29.7%	76.0%	43.9	9 / 44
2020	6.0%	40.4%	44.0%	30.1	31 / 44
2022	33.9%	0.0%	40.7%	24.9	41 / 44
2024	14.0%	2.3%	34.0%	16.8	43 / 44

See also:

Arizona

Arizona had a Competitiveness Index of44.5, ranking it eighth of the 44 states that held elections.

20 of the 90 seats up for election wereopen (22%).
32 of the 70 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (46%).
59 of the 90 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (66%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Arizona, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	25.0%	55.6%	63.3%	48.0
Senate	16.7%	28.0%	70.0%	38.2
Total	22.2%	45.7%	65.6%	44.5

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Arizona, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	43.3%	51.0%	56.7%	50.3	3 / 44
2012	35.6%	40.0%	48.9%	41.5	12 / 44
2014	26.7%	42.4%	58.9%	42.7	6 / 44
2016	28.9%	29.7%	45.6%	34.7	17 / 44
2018	36.7%	47.4%	66.7%	50.3	4 / 44
2020	18.9%	37.0%	60.0%	38.6	11 / 44
2022	47.8%	52.0%	51.1%	50.3	6 / 44
2024	22.2%	45.7%	65.6%	44.5	8 / 44

See also:

Arkansas

Arkansas had a Competitiveness Index of22.1, ranking it 41st of the 44 states that held elections.

13 of the 118 seats up for election wereopen (11%).
10 of the 105 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (10%).
54 of the 118 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (46%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Arkansas, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	12.0%	9.1%	49.0%	23.4
Senate	5.6%	11.8%	27.8%	15.0
Total	11.0%	9.5%	45.8%	22.1

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Arkansas, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	45.3%	6.3%	32.5%	28.0	30 / 44
2012	34.8%	13.6%	47.4%	31.9	29 / 44
2014	26.3%	9.2%	31.4%	22.3	37 / 44
2016	12.8%	9.8%	23.9%	15.5	43 / 44
2018	19.5%	15.8%	39.8%	25.0	38 / 44
2020	8.5%	10.3%	39.3%	19.4	43 / 44
2022	23.7%	27.9%	35.6%	29.1	34 / 44
2024	11.0%	9.5%	45.8%	22.1	41 / 44

See also:

California

California had a Competitiveness Index of51.3, ranking it third of the 44 states that held elections.

34 of the 100 seats up for election wereopen (34%).
27 of the 66 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (41%).
79 of the 100 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (79%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in California, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	28.8%	35.1%	78.8%	47.5
Senate	55.0%	77.8%	80.0%	70.9
Total	34.0%	40.9%	79.0%	51.3

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in California, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	38.0%	9.7%	92.0%	46.6	6 / 44
2012	44.0%	39.3%	74.0%	52.4	3 / 44
2014	33.0%	34.3%	75.0%	47.4	3 / 44
2016	26.0%	33.8%	73.0%	44.3	7 / 44
2018	14.0%	43.0%	73.0%	43.3	10 / 44
2020	14.0%	43.0%	73.0%	43.3	4 / 44
2022	34.0%	46.4%	74.0%	51.5	4 / 44
2024	34.0%	40.9%	79.0%	51.3	3 / 44

See also:

Colorado

Colorado had a Competitiveness Index of41.3, ranking it 12th of the 44 states that held elections.

24 of the 83 seats up for election wereopen (29%).
Seven of the 59 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (12%).
69 of the 83 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (83%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Colorado, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	24.6%	10.2%	84.6%	39.8
Senate	44.4%	20.0%	77.8%	47.4
Total	28.9%	11.9%	83.1%	41.3

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Colorado, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	23.8%	1.6%	84.5%	36.6	15 / 44
2012	38.8%	7.5%	85.9%	44.1	8 / 44
2014	28.0%	3.4%	76.8%	36.1	13 / 44
2016	28.9%	8.5%	80.7%	39.4	11 / 44
2018	30.5%	8.8%	87.8%	42.4	11 / 44
2020	24.1%	7.9%	86.7%	39.6	9 / 44
2022	39.0%	14.0%	92.7%	48.6	7 / 44
2024	28.9%	11.9%	83.1%	41.3	12 / 44

See also:

Connecticut

Connecticut had a Competitiveness Index of28.3, ranking it 30th of the 44 states that held elections.

11 of the 187 seats up for election wereopen (6%).
Nine of the 176 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (5%).
138 of the 187 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (74%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Connecticut, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	6.6%	5.0%	70.9%	27.5
Senate	2.8%	5.7%	86.1%	31.5
Total	5.9%	5.1%	73.8%	28.3

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Connecticut, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	10.2%	6.0%	74.9%	30.4	25 / 44
2012	12.8%	4.3%	78.6%	31.9	29 / 44
2014	12.8%	5.5%	71.7%	30.0	20 / 44
2016	12.3%	6.1%	73.8%	30.7	24 / 44
2018	12.8%	3.1%	86.6%	34.2	26 / 44
2020	9.1%	2.9%	80.7%	30.9	28 / 44
2022	16.0%	2.5%	75.4%	31.3	31 / 44
2024	5.9%	5.1%	73.8%	28.3	30 / 44

See also:

Delaware

Delaware had a Competitiveness Index of22.7, ranking it 40th of the 44 states that held elections.

Five of the 51 seats up for election wereopen (10%).
Seven of the 46 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (15%).
22 of the 51 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (43%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Delaware, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	12.2%	16.7%	51.2%	26.7
Senate	0.0%	10.0%	10.0%	6.7
Total	9.8%	15.2%	43.1%	22.7

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Delaware, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	7.7%	14.6%	65.4%	29.2	27 / 44
2012	16.1%	20.8%	50.0%	29.0	34 / 44
2014	3.9%	18.4%	56.9%	26.4	27 / 44
2016	3.8%	12.0%	46.2%	20.7	37 / 44
2018	27.5%	8.1%	66.7%	34.1	27 / 44
2020	3.8%	14.0%	50.0%	22.6	41 / 44
2022	11.3%	14.5%	54.8%	26.9	39 / 44
2024	9.8%	15.2%	43.1%	22.7	40 / 44

See also:

Florida

Florida had a Competitiveness Index of39.7, ranking it 14th of the 44 states that held elections.

31 of the 140 seats up for election wereopen (22%).
13 of the 109 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (12%).
119 of the 140 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (85%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Florida, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	19.2%	10.3%	85.0%	38.2
Senate	40.0%	25.0%	85.0%	50.0
Total	22.1%	11.9%	85.0%	39.7

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Florida, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	32.2%	18.6%	49.7%	33.5	20 / 44
2012	33.1%	28.2%	45.0%	35.4	24 / 44
2014	12.9%	17.2%	40.7%	23.6	34 / 44
2016	38.8%	14.3%	45.6%	32.9	20 / 44
2018	27.1%	18.6%	65.7%	37.1	20 / 44
2020	28.6%	17.0%	80.0%	41.9	5 / 44
2022	29.4%	28.1%	56.3%	37.9	17 / 44
2024	22.1%	11.9%	85.0%	39.7	14 / 44

See also:

Georgia

Georgia had a Competitiveness Index of24.9, ranking it 35th of the 44 states that held elections.

17 of the 236 seats up for election wereopen (7%).
43 of the 220 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (20%).
113 of the 236 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (48%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Georgia, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	7.2%	18.5%	50.0%	25.2
Senate	7.1%	23.1%	41.1%	23.8
Total	7.2%	19.5%	47.9%	24.9

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Georgia, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	16.1%	20.7%	33.1%	23.3	42 / 44
2012	11.9%	22.9%	22.9%	19.2	42 / 44
2014	7.2%	21.5%	20.3%	16.3	43 / 44
2016	8.9%	22.9%	18.6%	16.8	42 / 44
2018	8.5%	24.5%	38.6%	23.9	40 / 44
2020	11.0%	20.0%	48.7%	26.6	36 / 44
2022	21.6%	33.5%	47.5%	34.2	23 / 44
2024	7.2%	19.5%	47.9%	24.9	35 / 44

See also:

Hawaii

Hawaii had a Competitiveness Index of35.8, ranking it 21st of the 44 states that held elections.

Five of the 63 seats up for election wereopen (8%).
19 of the 58 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (33%).
42 of the 63 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (67%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Hawaii, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	7.8%	38.3%	66.7%	37.6
Senate	8.3%	9.1%	66.7%	28.0
Total	7.9%	32.8%	66.7%	35.8

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Hawaii, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	12.1%	41.4%	90.9%	48.1	5 / 44
2012	10.5%	36.6%	61.8%	36.3	22 / 44
2014	7.9%	34.5%	68.3%	36.9	10 / 44
2016	4.7%	39.3%	48.4%	30.8	23 / 44
2018	14.3%	42.6%	31.7%	29.5	31 / 44
2020	12.5%	35.7%	51.6%	33.3	20 / 44
2022	19.7%	39.7%	80.3%	46.6	8 / 44
2024	7.9%	32.8%	66.7%	35.8	21 / 44

See also:

Idaho

Idaho had a Competitiveness Index of42.0, ranking it 11th of the 44 states that held elections.

Six of the 105 seats up for election wereopen (6%).
49 of the 100 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (49%).
75 of the 105 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (71%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Idaho, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	7.1%	48.5%	71.4%	42.4
Senate	2.9%	50.0%	71.4%	41.4
Total	5.7%	49.0%	71.4%	42.0

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Idaho, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	8.6%	27.1%	51.4%	29.0	28 / 44
2012	34.3%	48.6%	74.3%	52.4	3 / 44
2014	10.5%	31.9%	52.4%	31.6	16 / 44
2016	8.6%	32.3%	59.0%	33.3	18 / 44
2018	15.2%	34.8%	54.3%	34.8	24 / 44
2020	17.1%	32.2%	49.5%	32.9	22 / 44
2022	34.3%	60.8%	42.9%	46.0	9 / 44
2024	5.7%	49.0%	71.4%	42.0	11 / 44

See also:

Illinois

Illinois had a Competitiveness Index of23.1, ranking it 39th of the 44 states that held elections.

SIx of the 138 seats up for election wereopen (4%).
19 of the 132 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (14%).
70 of the 138 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (51%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Illinois, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	4.2%	15.0%	50.0%	23.1
Senate	5.0%	10.5%	55.0%	23.5
Total	4.3%	14.4%	50.7%	23.1

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Illinois, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	8.6%	16.5%	57.6%	27.6	31 / 44
2012	19.2%	22.8%	42.9%	28.3	35 / 44
2014	8.8%	11.2%	38.7%	19.6	40 / 44
2016	8.9%	11.8%	37.3%	19.3	39 / 44
2018	17.8%	13.2%	49.0%	26.7	36 / 44
2020	10.9%	18.0%	46.4%	25.1	39 / 44
2022	12.4%	16.1%	58.8%	29.1	34 / 44
2024	4.3%	14.4%	50.7%	23.1	39 / 44

See also:

Indiana

Indiana had a Competitiveness Index of29.4, ranking it 28th of the 44 states that held elections.

Nine of the 125 seats up for election wereopen (7%).
29 of the 116 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (25%).
70 of the 125 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (56%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Indiana, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	8.0%	23.9%	60.0%	30.6
Senate	4.0%	29.2%	40.0%	24.4
Total	7.2%	25.0%	56.0%	29.4

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Indiana, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	9.6%	18.6%	72.0%	33.4	22 / 44
2012	18.4%	16.5%	66.4%	33.8	26 / 44
2014	6.4%	9.4%	50.4%	22.1	38 / 44
2016	13.6%	15.7%	64.0%	31.1	22 / 44
2018	11.2%	20.7%	68.8%	33.6	28 / 44
2020	8.0%	20.0%	67.2%	31.7	26 / 44
2022	11.2%	26.3%	56.0%	31.2	33 / 44
2024	7.2%	25.0%	56.0%	29.4	28 / 44

See also:

Iowa

Iowa had a Competitiveness Index of28.0, ranking it 31st of the 44 states that held elections.

16 of the 125 seats up for election wereopen (13%).
Seven of the 109 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (6%).
81 of the 125 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (65%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Iowa, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	13.0%	5.7%	63.0%	27.2
Senate	12.0%	9.1%	72.0%	31.0
Total	12.8%	6.4%	64.8%	28.0

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Iowa, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	13.6%	7.4%	67.2%	29.4	26 / 44
2012	23.8%	16.0%	72.2%	37.3	19 / 44
2014	12.0%	7.3%	49.6%	23.0	35 / 44
2016	10.4%	8.0%	68.0%	28.8	27 / 44
2018	17.6%	4.9%	71.2%	31.2	29 / 44
2020	13.6%	5.6%	66.4%	28.5	33 / 44
2022	34.3%	15.1%	56.0%	35.1	22 / 44
2024	12.8%	6.4%	64.8%	28.0	31 / 44

See also:

Kansas

Kansas had a Competitiveness Index of31.5, ranking it 27th of the 44 states that held elections.

31 of the 165 seats up for election wereopen (19%).
17 of the 134 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (13%).
104 of the 165 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (63%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Kansas, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	16.0%	7.6%	58.4%	27.3
Senate	27.5%	31.0%	77.5%	45.3
Total	18.8%	12.7%	63.0%	31.5

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Kansas, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	8.0%	20.0%	56.8%	28.3	29 / 44
2012	31.5%	42.5%	69.7%	47.9	5 / 44
2014	10.4%	18.8%	60.0%	29.7	22 / 44
2016	20.0%	29.5%	66.7%	38.7	14 / 44
2018	10.4%	23.2%	48.8%	27.5	34 / 44
2020	13.9%	21.8%	65.5%	33.7	18 / 44
2022	19.2%	15.7%	48.0%	27.6	38 / 44
2024	18.8%	12.7%	63.0%	31.5	27 / 44

See also:

Kentucky

Kentucky had a Competitiveness Index of26.5, ranking it 33rd of the 44 states that held elections.

16 of the 119 seats up for election wereopen (13%).
24 of the 103 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (23%).
51 of the 119 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (43%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Kentucky, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	12.0%	21.6%	44.0%	25.9
Senate	21.1%	33.3%	36.8%	30.4
Total	13.4%	23.3%	42.9%	26.5

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Kentucky, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	5.9%	18.8%	56.3%	27.0	33 / 44
2012	10.9%	20.8%	44.5%	25.4	39 / 44
2014	9.2%	13.9%	49.6%	24.2	32 / 44
2016	8.4%	14.7%	58.8%	27.3	31 / 44
2018	17.6%	19.4%	84.9%	40.6	14 / 44
2020	14.3%	12.7%	57.1%	28.0	35 / 44
2022	17.6%	31.0%	45.4%	31.3	31 / 44
2024	13.4%	23.3%	42.9%	26.5	33 / 44

See also:

Maine

Maine had a Competitiveness Index of34.7, ranking it 22nd of the 44 states that held elections.

39 of the 186 seats up for election wereopen (21%).
Six of the 147 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (4%).
147 of the 186 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (79%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Maine, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	21.9%	3.4%	76.2%	33.8
Senate	17.1%	6.9%	91.4%	38.5
Total	21.0%	4.1%	79.0%	34.7

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Maine, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	23.1%	2.8%	94.1%	40.0	10 / 44
2012	33.9%	4.1%	90.9%	43.0	9 / 44
2014	27.4%	2.2%	86.6%	38.7	9 / 44
2016	19.9%	2.7%	86.0%	36.2	16 / 44
2018	30.1%	1.5%	83.9%	38.5	19 / 44
2020	20.4%	4.7%	76.3%	33.8	17 / 44
2022	37.6%	2.6%	80.6%	40.3	14 / 44
2024	21.0%	4.1%	79.0%	34.7	22 / 44

See also:

Massachusetts

Massachusetts had a Competitiveness Index of13.1, ranking it 44th of the 44 states that held elections.

19 of the 200 seats up for election wereopen (10%).
18 of the 181 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (10%).
40 of the 200 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (20%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Massachusetts, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	10.0%	10.4%	18.1%	12.8
Senate	7.5%	8.1%	27.5%	14.4
Total	9.5%	9.9%	20.0%	13.1

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Massachusetts, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	17.0%	8.4%	48.0%	24.5	39 / 44
2012	5.0%	10.0%	33.0%	16.0	44 / 44
2014	11.0%	9.6%	38.5%	19.7	39 / 44
2016	6.5%	10.7%	23.0%	13.4	44 / 44
2018	12.0%	11.4%	30.0%	17.8	44 / 44
2020	7.5%	12.4%	21.0%	13.6	44 / 44
2022	12.0%	11.9%	30.0%	18.0	44 / 44
2024	9.5%	9.9%	20.0%	13.1	44 / 44

See also:

Michigan

Michigan had a Competitiveness Index of46.9, ranking it fifth of the 44 states that held elections.

Eight of the 110 seats up for election wereopen (7%).
35 of the 102 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (34%).
109 of the 110 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (99%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Michigan, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	7.3%	34.3%	99.1%	46.9
Senate	Did not hold elections
Total	7.3%	34.3%	99.1%	46.9

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Michigan, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	54.1%	25.0%	98.0%	59.0	1 / 44
2012	20.0%	40.2%	98.2%	52.8	1 / 44
2014	34.5%	28.9%	100.0%	54.5	1 / 44
2016	38.2%	33.8%	100.0%	57.3	1 / 44
2018	47.3%	29.5%	100.0%	58.9	1 / 44
2020	23.6%	28.6%	99.1%	50.4	1 / 44
2022	44.6%	52.4%	98.6%	65.2	1 / 44
2024	7.3%	34.3%	99.1%	46.9	5 / 44

See also:

Michigan House of Representatives elections, 2024

Minnesota

Minnesota had a Competitiveness Index of38.6, ranking it 15th of the 44 states that held elections.

20 of the 134 seats up for election wereopen (15%).
Seven of the 114 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (6%).
127 of the 134 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (95%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Minnesota, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	14.9%	6.1%	94.8%	38.6
Senate	Did not hold elections
Total	14.9%	6.1%	94.8%	38.6

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Minnesota, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	11.9%	4.5%	97.0%	37.8	11 / 44
2012	25.4%	7.1%	96.0%	42.8	10 / 44
2014	11.2%	4.2%	93.3%	36.2	12 / 44
2016	13.9%	6.4%	96.5%	38.9	12 / 44
2018	17.2%	6.3%	97.8%	40.4	15 / 44
2020	9.5%	10.4%	96.5%	38.8	10 / 44
2022	31.3%	14.1%	87.1%	44.2	11 / 44
2024	14.9%	6.1%	94.8%	38.6	15 / 44

See also:

Minnesota House of Representatives elections, 2024

Missouri

Missouri had a Competitiveness Index of40.6, ranking it 13th of the 44 states that held elections.

57 of the 180 seats up for election wereopen (32%).
26 of the 123 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (21%).
124 of the 180 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (69%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Missouri, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	28.8%	19.0%	67.5%	38.4
Senate	58.8%	57.1%	82.4%	66.1
Total	31.7%	21.1%	68.9%	40.6

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Missouri, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	41.7%	14.3%	56.7%	37.6	13 / 44
2012	33.9%	27.8%	49.4%	37.0	21 / 44
2014	18.3%	15.0%	49.4%	27.6	24 / 44
2016	21.1%	14.8%	41.7%	25.9	33 / 44
2018	35.0%	16.2%	73.9%	41.7	12 / 44
2020	31.7%	13.8%	50.0%	31.8	25 / 44
2022	27.2%	26.5%	43.3%	32.3	29 / 44
2024	31.7%	21.1%	68.9%	40.6	13 / 44

See also:

Montana

Montana had a Competitiveness Index of52.8, ranking it second of the 44 states that held elections.

52 of the 125 seats up for election wereopen (42%).
24 of the 75 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (32%).
106 of the 125 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (85%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Montana, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	35.0%	31.3%	85.0%	50.4
Senate	68.0%	37.5%	84.0%	63.2
Total	41.6%	32.0%	84.8%	52.8

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Montana, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	40.5%	14.7%	72.2%	42.5	7 / 44
2012	34.9%	20.7%	79.4%	45.0	7 / 44
2014	36.0%	22.5%	84.0%	47.5	2 / 44
2016	37.6%	17.5%	77.6%	44.2	8 / 44
2018	28.8%	11.2%	68.0%	36.0	22 / 44
2020	32.8%	27.4%	64.0%	41.4	6 / 44
2022	31.2%	15.1%	68.8%	38.4	16 / 44
2024	41.6%	32.0%	84.8%	52.8	2 / 44

See also:

Nebraska

Nebraska had a Competitiveness Index of62.0, ranking it first of the 44 states that held elections.

15 of the 25 seats up for election wereopen (60%).
Five of the 10 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (50%).
19 of the 25 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (76%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Nebraska, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	N/A
Senate	60.0%	50.0%	76.0%	62.0
Total	60.0%	50.0%	76.0%	62.0

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Nebraska, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	12.5%	28.6%	37.5%	26.2	35 / 44
2012	36.0%	25.0%	52.0%	37.7	18 / 44
2014	70.8%	14.3%	33.3%	39.5	8 / 44
2016	44.0%	28.6%	44.0%	38.9	12 / 44
2018	33.3%	31.3%	54.2%	39.6	17 / 44
2020	24.0%	10.5%	56.0%	30.2	30 / 44
2022	54.2%	54.5%	45.8%	51.5	4 / 44
2024	60.0%	50.0%	76.0%	62.0	1 / 44

See also:

Nebraska State Senate elections, 2024

Nevada

Nevada had a Competitiveness Index of42.4, ranking it 10th of the 44 states that held elections.

15 of the 52 seats up for election wereopen (29%).
Eight of the 37 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (22%).
40 of the 52 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (77%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Nevada, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	26.2%	16.1%	76.2%	39.5
Senate	40.0%	50.0%	80.0%	56.7
Total	28.8%	21.6%	76.9%	42.4

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Nevada, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	50.9%	19.2%	92.5%	54.2	2 / 44
2012	30.8%	33.3%	76.9%	47.0	6 / 44
2014	18.9%	30.2%	60.4%	36.5	11 / 44
2016	21.2%	41.5%	75.0%	45.9	4 / 44
2018	28.3%	21.1%	67.9%	39.1	18 / 44
2020	25.0%	17.9%	65.4%	36.1	15 / 44
2022	35.8%	38.2%	83.0%	52.3	3 / 44
2024	28.8%	21.6%	76.9%	42.4	10 / 44

See also:

New Hampshire

New Hampshire had a Competitiveness Index of43.7, ranking it ninth of the 44 states that held elections.

95 of the 424 seats up for election wereopen (22%).
86 of the 329 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (26%).
350 of the 424 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (83%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in New Hampshire, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	22.8%	27.5%	81.5%	43.9
Senate	16.7%	5.0%	100.0%	40.6
Total	22.4%	26.1%	82.5%	43.7

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in New Hampshire, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	24.1%	38.5%	86.3%	49.6	4 / 44
2012	29.5%	46.0%	82.3%	52.6	2 / 44
2014	26.7%	33.2%	79.0%	46.3	4 / 44
2016	27.8%	40.7%	79.5%	49.3	3 / 44
2018	24.8%	27.2%	82.8%	44.9	8 / 44
2020	19.1%	29.1%	94.6%	47.6	3 / 44
2022	29.7%	38.4%	91.0%	53.0	2 / 44
2024	22.4%	26.1%	82.5%	43.7	9 / 44

See also:

New Mexico

New Mexico had a Competitiveness Index of27.3, ranking it 32nd of the 44 states that held elections.

19 of the 112 seats up for election wereopen (17%).
22 of the 93 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (24%).
46 of the 112 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (41%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in New Mexico, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	11.4%	21.0%	44.3%	25.6
Senate	26.2%	29.0%	35.7%	30.3
Total	17.0%	23.7%	41.1%	27.3

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in New Mexico, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	4.3%	20.9%	47.1%	24.1	41 / 44
2012	19.6%	26.4%	48.2%	31.4	31 / 44
2014	15.7%	11.9%	50.0%	25.9	29 / 44
2016	8.9%	8.8%	37.5%	18.4	40 / 44
2018	12.9%	9.8%	45.7%	22.8	43 / 44
2020	9.8%	19.8%	71.4%	33.7	18 / 44
2022	17.1%	20.7%	48.6%	28.8	36 / 44
2024	17.0%	23.7%	41.1%	27.3	32 / 44

See also:

New York

New York had a Competitiveness Index of26.4, ranking it 34th of the 44 states that held elections.

17 of the 213 seats up for election wereopen (8%).
18 of the 195 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (9%).
132 of the 213 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (62%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in New York, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	8.7%	12.4%	60.7%	27.2
Senate	6.3%	1.7%	65.1%	24.4
Total	8.0%	9.2%	62.0%	26.4

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in New York, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	11.8%	19.8%	77.4%	36.3	16 / 44
2012	11.3%	17.5%	62.4%	30.4	32 / 44
2014	9.9%	14.1%	57.7%	27.2	25 / 44
2016	8.9%	17.0%	57.7%	27.9	30 / 44
2018	8.5%	15.9%	60.6%	28.3	33 / 44
2020	15.5%	19.4%	63.8%	32.9	22 / 44
2022	11.7%	24.1%	65.3%	33.7	25 / 44
2024	8.0%	9.2%	62.0%	26.4	34 / 44

See also:

North Carolina

North Carolina had a Competitiveness Index of34.1, ranking it 23rd of the 44 states that held elections.

21 of the 170 seats up for election wereopen (12%).
19 of the 149 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (13%).
131 of the 170 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (77%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in North Carolina, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	12.5%	15.2%	74.2%	34.0
Senate	12.0%	6.8%	84.0%	34.3
Total	12.4%	12.8%	77.1%	34.1

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in North Carolina, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	10.6%	25.7%	67.1%	34.5	19 / 44
2012	27.1%	29.1%	57.1%	37.8	17 / 44
2014	8.2%	18.6%	52.4%	26.4	27 / 44
2016	11.8%	20.7%	54.1%	28.9	26 / 44
2018	11.2%	25.5%	98.2%	45.0	6 / 44
2020	15.3%	16.7%	91.8%	41.3	7 / 44
2022	17.6%	22.9%	68.2%	36.2	20 / 44
2024	12.4%	12.8%	77.1%	34.1	23 / 44

See also:

North Dakota

North Dakota had a Competitiveness Index of37.9, ranking it 16th of the 44 states that held elections.

17 of the 69 seats up for election wereopen (25%).
20 of the 52 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (38%).
35 of the 69 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (51%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in North Dakota, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	19.6%	45.9%	47.8%	37.8
Senate	34.8%	20.0%	56.5%	37.1
Total	24.6%	38.5%	50.7%	37.9

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in North Dakota, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	20.8%	3.5%	72.2%	32.2	24 / 44
2012	24.0%	16.4%	82.7%	41.0	14 / 44
2014	18.1%	6.8%	66.7%	30.5	19 / 44
2016	21.7%	13.0%	89.9%	41.5	10 / 44
2018	16.7%	10.0%	76.4%	34.4	25 / 44
2020	8.7%	7.9%	78.3%	31.6	27 / 44
2022	26.5%	36.0%	37.8%	33.4	27 / 44
2024	24.6%	38.5%	50.7%	37.9	16 / 44

See also:

Ohio

Ohio had a Competitiveness Index of45.7, ranking it seventh of the 44 states that held elections.

28 of the 115 seats up for election wereopen (24%).
24 of the 87 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (28%).
98 of the 115 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (85%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Ohio, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	22.2%	28.6%	83.8%	44.9
Senate	37.5%	20.0%	93.8%	50.4
Total	24.3%	27.6%	85.2%	45.7

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Ohio, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	25.0%	16.1%	85.3%	42.1	9 / 44
2012	16.2%	14.3%	85.5%	38.7	16 / 44
2014	22.4%	25.6%	81.0%	43.0	5 / 44
2016	25.2%	16.3%	73.9%	38.5	15 / 44
2018	36.2%	27.0%	90.5%	51.2	2 / 44
2020	20.0%	15.2%	80.0%	38.4	12 / 44
2022	26.7%	23.3%	69.8%	39.9	15 / 44
2024	24.3%	27.6%	85.2%	45.7	7 / 44

See also:

Oklahoma

Oklahoma had a Competitiveness Index of24.3, ranking it 36th of the 44 states that held elections.

22 of the 125 seats up for election wereopen (18%).
29 of the 103 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (28%).
34 of the 125 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (27%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Oklahoma, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	13.9%	24.1%	24.8%	20.9
Senate	33.3%	50.0%	37.5%	40.3
Total	17.6%	28.2%	27.2%	24.3

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Oklahoma, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	17.6%	11.7%	43.2%	24.2	40 / 44
2012	18.4%	18.6%	35.2%	24.1	40 / 44
2014	24.0%	13.7%	36.8%	24.8	31 / 44
2016	32.8%	33.3%	69.6%	45.2	6 / 44
2018	34.4%	45.1%	72.8%	50.8	3 / 44
2020	8.8%	28.9%	38.4%	25.4	38 / 44
2022	16.0%	24.8%	28.8%	23.2	42 / 44
2024	17.6%	28.2%	27.2%	24.3	36 / 44

See also:

Oregon

Oregon had a Competitiveness Index of36.7, ranking it 18th of the 44 states that held elections.

14 of the 75 seats up for election wereopen (19%).
11 of the 61 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (18%).
55 of the 75 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (73%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Oregon, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	11.7%	18.9%	71.7%	34.1
Senate	46.7%	12.5%	80.0%	46.4
Total	18.7%	18.0%	73.3%	36.7

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Oregon, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	9.2%	13.0%	90.8%	37.7	12 / 44
2012	13.2%	6.1%	78.9%	32.7	28 / 44
2014	20.0%	10.0%	64.0%	31.3	17 / 44
2016	22.7%	6.9%	58.7%	29.4	25 / 44
2018	11.0%	13.8%	65.8%	30.2	30 / 44
2020	20.0%	8.3%	85.3%	37.9	13 / 44
2022	32.0%	17.6%	86.7%	45.4	10 / 44
2024	18.7%	18.0%	73.3%	36.7	18 / 44

See also:

Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania had a Competitiveness Index of23.8, ranking it 38th of the 44 states that held elections.

16 of the 228 seats up for election wereopen (7%).
21 of the 212 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (10%).
124 of the 228 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (54%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Pennsylvania, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	6.4%	11.1%	52.7%	23.4
Senate	12.0%	0.0%	68.0%	26.7
Total	7.0%	9.9%	54.4%	23.8

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Pennsylvania, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	9.2%	14.0%	59.2%	27.5	32 / 44
2012	11.0%	15.8%	51.8%	26.2	38 / 44
2014	11.8%	20.7%	44.3%	25.6	30 / 44
2016	8.3%	13.4%	51.3%	24.3	35 / 44
2018	14.0%	11.2%	61.0%	28.7	32 / 44
2020	8.3%	13.4%	64.9%	28.9	32 / 44
2022	18.0%	22.1%	56.1%	32.1	30 / 44
2024	7.0%	9.9%	54.4%	23.8	38 / 44

See also:

Rhode Island

Rhode Island had a Competitiveness Index of18.0, ranking it 42nd of the 44 states that held elections.

Nine of the 113 seats up for election wereopen (8%).
12 of the 104 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (12%).
39 of the 113 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (35%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Rhode Island, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	6.7%	12.9%	33.3%	17.6
Senate	10.5%	8.8%	36.8%	18.7
Total	8.0%	11.5%	34.5%	18.0

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Rhode Island, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	13.3%	34.7%	62.8%	36.9	14 / 44
2012	11.5%	26.0%	42.5%	26.7	37 / 44
2014	7.1%	17.1%	26.5%	16.9	42 / 44
2016	7.1%	17.1%	30.1%	18.1	41 / 44
2018	13.3%	20.4%	38.1%	23.9	40 / 44
2020	8.0%	25.0%	31.9%	21.6	42 / 44
2022	12.4%	30.3%	58.4%	33.7	25 / 44
2024	8.0%	11.5%	34.5%	18.0	42 / 44

See also:

South Carolina

South Carolina had a Competitiveness Index of29.2, ranking it 29th of the 44 states that held elections.

20 of the 170 seats up for election wereopen (12%).
51 of the 150 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (34%).
71 of the 170 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (42%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in South Carolina, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	12.1%	34.9%	37.9%	28.3
Senate	10.9%	31.7%	52.2%	31.6
Total	11.8%	34.0%	41.8%	29.2

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in South Carolina, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	9.7%	23.2%	29.8%	20.9	43 / 44
2012	14.1%	15.5%	40.0%	23.2	41 / 44
2014	7.3%	17.4%	24.2%	16.3	43 / 44
2016	10.0%	27.5%	23.5%	20.3	38 / 44
2018	6.5%	31.0%	36.3%	24.6	39 / 44
2020	8.2%	23.1%	47.6%	26.3	37 / 44
2022	12.1%	30.6%	40.3%	27.7	37 / 44
2024	11.8%	34.0%	41.8%	29.2	29 / 44

See also:

South Dakota

South Dakota had a Competitiveness Index of47.0, ranking it fourth of the 44 states that held elections.

36 of the 105 seats up for election wereopen (34%).
42 of the 69 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (61%).
48 of the 105 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (46%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in South Dakota, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	31.4%	66.7%	44.3%	47.5
Senate	40.0%	47.6%	48.6%	45.4
Total	34.3%	60.9%	45.7%	47.0

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in South Dakota, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	32.4%	9.9%	58.1%	33.5	20 / 44
2012	29.5%	33.8%	60.0%	41.1	13 / 44
2014	29.5%	23.0%	47.6%	33.4	14 / 44
2016	40.0%	28.6%	62.9%	43.8	9 / 44
2018	24.8%	25.3%	84.8%	45.0	6 / 44
2020	27.6%	32.9%	52.4%	37.6	14 / 44
2022	32.4%	49.3%	44.8%	42.2	13 / 44
2024	34.3%	60.9%	45.7%	47.0	4 / 44

See also:

Tennessee

Tennessee had a Competitiveness Index of31.6, ranking it 26th of the 44 states that held elections.

Eight of the 115 seats up for election wereopen (7%).
28 of the 107 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (26%).
71 of the 115 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (62%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Tennessee, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	7.1%	21.7%	60.6%	29.8
Senate	6.3%	53.3%	68.8%	42.8
Total	7.0%	26.2%	61.7%	31.6

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Tennessee, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	8.6%	11.3%	57.8%	25.9	37 / 44
2012	18.3%	35.7%	50.4%	34.8	25 / 44
2014	10.3%	24.0%	37.9%	24.1	33 / 44
2016	5.2%	31.2%	48.7%	28.4	29 / 44
2018	23.3%	27.0%	73.3%	41.2	13 / 44
2020	5.2%	24.8%	40.0%	23.3	40 / 44
2022	14.7%	15.2%	37.9%	22.6	43 / 44
2024	7.0%	26.2%	61.7%	31.6	26 / 44

See also:

Texas

Texas had a Competitiveness Index of36.9, ranking it 17th of the 44 states that held elections.

17 of the 165 seats up for election wereopen (10%).
60 of the 148 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (41%).
99 of the 165 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (60%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Texas, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	10.7%	43.3%	59.3%	37.8
Senate	6.7%	14.3%	66.7%	29.2
Total	10.3%	40.5%	60.0%	36.9

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Texas, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	5.4%	17.8%	39.2%	20.8	44 / 44
2012	19.3%	34.7%	36.5%	30.2	33 / 44
2014	9.1%	26.0%	33.3%	22.8	36 / 44
2016	9.6%	30.7%	33.7%	24.7	34 / 44
2018	8.5%	33.1%	64.8%	35.5	23 / 44
2020	6.6%	20.6%	64.5%	30.6	29 / 44
2022	16.6%	29.6%	55.2%	33.8	24 / 44
2024	10.3%	40.5%	60.0%	36.9	17 / 44

See also:

Utah

Utah had a Competitiveness Index of32.7, ranking it 25th of the 44 states that held elections.

16 of the 89 seats up for election wereopen (18%).
12 of the 74 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (16%).
57 of the 89 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (64%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Utah, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	18.7%	12.9%	65.3%	32.3
Senate	14.3%	33.3%	57.1%	34.9
Total	18.0%	16.2%	64.0%	32.7

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Utah, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	10.0%	11.1%	78.9%	33.3	23 / 44
2012	16.5%	17.9%	76.9%	37.1	20 / 44
2014	13.5%	5.2%	77.5%	32.1	15 / 44
2016	15.6%	7.9%	62.2%	28.6	28 / 44
2018	27.0%	4.6%	77.5%	36.4	21 / 44
2020	14.4%	15.6%	65.6%	31.9	24 / 44
2022	8.9%	18.3%	51.1%	26.1	40 / 44
2024	18.0%	16.2%	64.0%	32.7	25 / 44

See also:

Vermont

Vermont had a Competitiveness Index of24.0, ranking it 37th of the 44 states that held elections.

40 of the 180 seats up for election wereopen (22%).
20 of the 140 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (14%).
64 of the 180 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (36%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Vermont, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	24.0%	7.9%	31.3%	21.1
Senate	13.3%	42.3%	56.7%	37.4
Total	22.2%	14.3%	35.6%	24.0

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Vermont, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	11.7%	8.2%	55.6%	25.2	38 / 44
2012	14.4%	7.7%	33.3%	18.5	43 / 44
2014	15.0%	5.2%	37.8%	19.3	41 / 44
2016	15.6%	17.8%	47.2%	26.9	32 / 44
2018	17.8%	12.8%	38.3%	23.0	42 / 44
2020	12.2%	16.5%	56.7%	28.5	33 / 44
2022	31.7%	14.4%	51.1%	32.4	28 / 44
2024	22.2%	14.3%	35.6%	24.0	37 / 44

See also:

Washington

Washington had a Competitiveness Index of36.7, ranking it 18th of the 44 states that held elections.

26 of the 123 seats up for election wereopen (21%).
24 of the 97 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (25%).
79 of the 123 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (64%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Washington, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	18.4%	25.0%	62.2%	35.2
Senate	32.0%	23.5%	72.0%	42.5
Total	21.1%	24.7%	64.2%	36.7

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Washington, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	16.3%	23.3%	65.0%	34.9	18 / 44
2012	21.0%	15.3%	63.7%	33.3	27 / 44
2014	9.8%	20.7%	63.4%	31.3	17 / 44
2016	16.9%	31.1%	50.0%	32.7	21 / 44
2018	13.8%	32.1%	73.2%	39.7	16 / 44
2020	13.0%	35.5%	74.8%	41.1	8 / 44
2022	21.3%	32.3%	58.2%	37.3	18 / 44
2024	21.1%	24.7%	64.2%	36.7	18 / 44

See also:

West Virginia

West Virginia had a Competitiveness Index of34.1, ranking it 23rd of the 44 states that held elections.

19 of the 117 seats up for election wereopen (16%).
30 of the 98 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (31%).
65 of the 117 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (56%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in West Virginia, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	16.0%	27.4%	56.0%	33.1
Senate	17.6%	50.0%	52.9%	40.2
Total	16.2%	30.6%	55.6%	34.1

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in West Virginia, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	12.0%	50.5%	65.0%	42.5	7 / 44
2012	16.2%	45.9%	65.8%	42.6	11 / 44
2014	9.4%	32.1%	83.8%	41.8	7 / 44
2016	21.4%	40.9%	92.3%	51.5	2 / 44
2018	15.4%	40.4%	87.2%	47.7	5 / 44
2020	20.5%	48.4%	81.2%	50.0	2 / 44
2022	19.7%	36.7%	71.8%	42.7	12 / 44
2024	16.2%	30.6%	55.6%	34.1	23 / 44

See also:

Wisconsin

Wisconsin had a Competitiveness Index of46.2, ranking it sixth of the 44 states that held elections.

30 of the 115 seats up for election wereopen (26%).
28 of the 89 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (31%).
93 of the 115 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (81%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Wisconsin, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	27.3%	34.2%	82.8%	48.1
Senate	18.8%	15.4%	68.8%	34.3
Total	26.1%	31.5%	80.9%	46.2

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Wisconsin, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	19.8%	14.0%	71.6%	35.1	17 / 44
2012	20.0%	16.0%	71.3%	35.8	23 / 44
2014	25.0%	3.4%	51.7%	26.7	26 / 44
2016	11.3%	7.8%	50.4%	23.2	36 / 44
2018	13.8%	4.0%	63.8%	27.2	35 / 44
2020	17.4%	9.5%	78.3%	35.1	16 / 44
2022	25.9%	10.5%	73.3%	36.6	19 / 44
2024	26.1%	31.5%	80.9%	46.2	6 / 44

See also:

Wyoming

Wyoming had a Competitiveness Index of36.2, ranking it 20th of the 44 states that held elections.

16 of the 77 seats up for election wereopen (21%).
40 of the 61 incumbents who ran for re-election facedcontested primaries (66%).
17 of the 77 seats up for election were contested by bothmajor parties (22%).

In 2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Wyoming, 2024
Chamber	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index
House	17.7%	64.7%	%	27.5
Senate	33.3%	70.0%	20.0%	41.1
Total	20.8%	65.6%	22.1%	36.2

2010-2024

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State Legislative Competitiveness Index in Wyoming, 2010-2024
Year	Open seats	Incs. in contested primaries	Major party competition	Competitiveness Index	Rank
2010	20.0%	25.0%	33.3%	26.1	36 / 44
2012	20.0%	35.0%	26.7%	27.2	36 / 44
2014	14.7%	40.6%	33.3%	29.5	23 / 44
2016	26.7%	36.4%	73.3%	45.5	5 / 44
2018	13.3%	29.2%	34.7%	25.7	37 / 44
2020	20.0%	51.7%	28.0%	33.2	21 / 44
2022	26.9%	49.1%	30.8%	35.6	21 / 44
2024	20.8%	65.6%	22.1%	36.2	20 / 44

See also:

Open seats

See also:Open seats in state legislative elections, 2024

There were5,807 state legislative seats up for election on November 5, 2024, in 44 states. Of that total, there were962 open seats, guaranteeing at least17% of all seats would be won by newcomers. This was the second-smallest number of open seats since Ballotpedia began gathering data in 2010.

Ballotpedia uses the number and percentage of open seats to help determine the overall competitiveness of an election cycle. A greater number of open seats guarantees more newcomers entering legislatures and typically results in more candidates running for office. A smaller number of open seats guarantees fewer newcomers and typically results in fewer candidates running for office.

In 2024:

There were407 open Democratic seats, those most recently held by Democrats at the time of filing.

There were545 open Republican seats, those most recently held by Republicans at the time of filing.

There were10 other open seats. This includes those most recently held by minor party or independent officeholders at the time of filing.

The total number of open seats—962—was higher than in 2020 (876), the last time all 44 states held elections, representing a 10% increase.

Open state legislative seats, 2024
Chamber	Seats
		Democratic	Republican	Other	Total
		Democratic	Republican	Other	#	%
House	4,712	323	408	8	739	15.7%
Senate	1,095	84	137	2	223	20.4%
Total	5,807	407	545	10	962	16.6%

Historical comparison

The chart below shows a breakdown of open seats from 2010 to 2024. The "Other" value includes seats left open by minor party and independent officeholders.

Incumbents in contested primaries

See also:State legislative incumbents in contested primaries, 2024

There were5,807 state legislative seats up for election on November 5, 2024, in 44 states. Overall, 4,853 incumbents filed for re-election and were running at the time of their respective primaries. Of that total,1,039 incumbents faced contested primaries, representing21% of all incumbents who filed for re-election. This was roughly average compared to previous years, down from 27% in 2022 but higher than the 20% in 2020.

Ballotpedia uses the number and percentage of incumbents in contested primaries to help determine the overall competitiveness of an election cycle. A larger number of contested primaries indicates more opportunities for voters to elect a non-incumbent to office. A smaller number indicates fewer of those opportunities.

In 2024:

There were365 Democratic incumbents in contested primaries, representing 17% of all Democratic incumbents who filed for re-election, a 26% decrease from 2020.

There were674 Republican incumbents in contested primaries, representing 26% of all Republican incumbents who filed for re-election, a 32% increase from 2020.

The total number of incumbents in contested primaries—1,039—was higher than in 2020 (1,006), the last time all 44 states held elections, representing a 3% increase.

State legislative incumbents in contested primaries, 2024
Chamber	Seats
		Democratic			Republican			Total^[1]
		Filed	Cont.	%	Filed	Cont.	%	Filed	Cont.	%
House	4,712	1,813	289	15.9%	2,158	551	25.5%	3,982	840	21.1%
Senate	1,095	403	76	18.9%	468	123	26.3%	871	199	22.8%
Total	5,807	2,216	365	16.5%	2,626	674	25.7%	4,853	1,039	21.4%

Historical comparison

The chart below shows a breakdown of incumbents in contested primaries from 2010 to 2024.

All contested primaries

See also:Contested state legislative primaries, 2024

This section shows figures onall contested state legislative primaries, regardless of whether an incumbent was present. There were5,470 state legislative districts up for election nationwide, creating10,642 possible primaries. Of that total, there were1,731 contested primaries, meaning16% of all primaries were contested. This percentage is tied with 2014 (16%) as the lowest percentage of contested primaries since Ballotpedia began gathering data in 2010.

In 2024:

There were608 contested Democratic primaries, representing 12% of all possible Democratic primaries and a 27% decrease from 2020, the last time all 44 states held elections.

There were1,005 contested Republican primaries, representing 19% of all possible Republican primaries and a 14% increase from 2020, the last time all 44 states held elections.

There were118 contested top-two/four primaries, representing 40% of all possible top-two/four primaries and an 8% increase from 2020, the last time all 44 states held elections.

The total number of contested primaries—1,731—was down from 2020 (1,827), the last time all 44 states held elections, representing a 5% decrease.

Contested state legislative primaries, 2024
Chamber	Districts
		Democratic		Republican		Top-two/four		Total
		#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%
House	4,389	484	11.6%	784	18.8%	79	36.2%	1,347	15.7%
Senate	1,081	124	12.4%	221	22.1%	39	48.8%	384	18.4%
Total	5,470	608	11.8%	1,005	19.4%	118	39.6%	1,731	16.3%

The chart below shows a breakdown of contested primaries from 2010 to 2024.

Major party competition

See also:Major party competition in state legislative elections, 2024

There were5,807 state legislative seats up for election on November 5, 2024, in 44 states. Of that total,2,224 (38%) were uncontested and had no major party competition. This was roughly average compared to previous years, down from 41% in 2022 but higher than the 34% and 35% in 2018 and 2020, respectively. The remaining 3,583 (62%) seats were contested by both major parties.

Ballotpedia uses the level of major party competition to help determine the overall competitiveness of an election cycle. A larger number of seats without major party competition indicates fewer options on the ballot. A smaller number indicates more options.

In 2024:

Democrats were guaranteed to win 1,111 seats (19%) that lacked Republican competition, an 8% increase from 2020, the last time all 44 states held elections.

Republicans were guaranteed to win 1,109 seats (19%) that lacked Democratic competition, a 10% increase from 2020, the last time all 44 states held elections.

Overall, Democrats ran for 4,694 seats (81%) and Republicans ran for 4,692 (81%).

There werefour seats guaranteed to minor party or independent candidates because no major party candidates ran.

The total number of seats without major party competition—2,224—was more than in 2020 (2,044), the last time all 44 states held elections, representing a 9% increase.

One of the two major parties wasguaranteed a simple majority in19 chambers across14 states due to the lack of major party competition.

Major party competition in state legislative elections, 2024
Chamber	Seats
		Uncontested						Contested
		Only Democrats		Only Republicans		Total		Contested
		#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%
House	4,712	902	19.1%	901	19.1%	1,807	38.3%	2,905	61.7%
Senate	1,095	209	19.1%	208	19.0%	417	38.1%	678	61.9%
Total	5,807	1,111	19.1%	1,109	19.1%	2,224	38.3%	3,583	61.7%

Historical comparison

The chart below shows a breakdown of major party competition in state legislative elections from 2010 to 2024.

Terms and definitions

Use the links below to view terms, definitions, and methodologies specific to the three competitiveness criteria:

Footnotes

↑Totals may include minor party or independent officeholders.

v • e Competitiveness in State Legislative Elections

Background	A "Competitiveness Index" for capturing competitiveness in state legislative elections •Creating an absolute measure for the "Competitiveness Index" in state legislative elections •Year-by-year comparison of results •Factors Affecting Competitiveness in State Legislative Elections

2025	Competitiveness Analysis Main Page •Impact of term limits •Open seats •Contested primaries •Incumbents in contested primaries •Major party competition •Incumbents defeated •Uncontested incumbents •Primary statistics

2024	Competitiveness Analysis Main Page •Impact of term limits •Open seats •Contested primaries •Incumbents in contested primaries •Major party competition •Incumbents defeated •Uncontested incumbents •Primary statistics

2023	Competitiveness Analysis Main Page •Impact of term limits •Open seats •Contested primaries •Incumbents in contested primaries •Major party competition •Incumbents defeated •Primary statistics

2022	Competitiveness Analysis Main Page •Impact of term limits •Open seats •Contested primaries •Incumbents in contested primaries •Major party competition •Incumbents defeated •Primary statistics

2021	Competitiveness Analysis Main Page •Major party competition •Open seats •Impact of term limits •Incumbents in contested primaries •Primary competitiveness •Incumbents defeated

2020	Competitiveness Analysis Main Page •Major party candidates with major party opposition •Open seats •Impact of term limits •Incumbents in contested primaries •Primary competitiveness •Incumbents defeated

2019	Competitiveness Analysis Main Page •Major party candidates with major party opposition •Open seats •Impact of term limits •Primary competitiveness •Incumbents defeated

2018	Competitiveness Analysis Main Page •Major party candidates with major party opposition •Open seats •Aftermath of the 2016 presidential election

2017	Primary competitiveness •Open seats •Incumbents with no primary challenger •Major party candidates with major party opposition •Incumbents defeated

2016	Competitiveness Analysis Main Page •Open Seats •Incumbents with no primary challenger •Major party candidates with major party opposition •Incumbents defeated

2015	Competitiveness Analysis Main Page •Open Seats •Incumbents with no primary challenger •Major party candidates with major party opposition •States Compared by Competitiveness •Incumbents defeated •Victorious challengers •List of candidates with no primary or general election opposition

2014	Competitiveness Analysis Main Page •Open Seats •Incumbents with no primary challenger •Major party candidates with major party opposition •States Compared by Competitiveness •Incumbents defeated •Victorious challengers •List of candidates with no primary or general election opposition

2013	Competitiveness Analysis Main Page •Open Seats •Incumbents with no primary challenger •Major party candidates with major party opposition •States Compared by Competitiveness •Incumbents with no primary or general election opposition •Incumbents defeated •Victorious challengers •List of candidates with no major party opposition

2012	Competitiveness Analysis Main Page •Open Seats •Incumbents with no primary challenger •Major party candidates with major party opposition •States Compared by Competitiveness •Incumbents with no primary or general election opposition •Incumbents defeated •Victorious challengers •List of candidates with no major party opposition •Impact of term limits

2011	Competitiveness Analysis Main Page •Open Seats •Incumbents with no primary challenger •Major party candidates with major party opposition •States Compared by Competitiveness •Incumbents with no primary or general election opposition •Incumbents defeated •Victorious challengers •List of candidates with no major party opposition •Impact of term limits

2010	Competitiveness Analysis Main Page •Open Seats •Incumbents with no primary challenger •Major party candidates with major party opposition •States Compared by Competitiveness •Incumbents with no primary or general election opposition •Incumbents defeated •Victorious challengers •List of candidates with no major party opposition •Impact of term limits

2009	Competitiveness Analysis Main Page •Open Seats •Incumbents with no primary challenger •Major party candidates with major party opposition

2007	Competitiveness Analysis Main Page •Open Seats •Incumbents with no primary challenger •Major party candidates with major party opposition

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Annual State Legislative Competitiveness Report: Vol. 14, 2024

Competitiveness overview

State overviews

Competitiveness by state

Overview

Alaska

In 2024

2010-2024

Arizona

In 2024

2010-2024

Arkansas

In 2024

2010-2024

California

In 2024

2010-2024

Colorado

In 2024

2010-2024

Connecticut

In 2024

2010-2024

Delaware

In 2024

2010-2024

Florida

In 2024

2010-2024

Georgia

In 2024

2010-2024

Hawaii

In 2024

2010-2024

Idaho

In 2024

2010-2024

Illinois

In 2024

2010-2024

Indiana

In 2024

2010-2024

Iowa

In 2024

2010-2024

Kansas

In 2024

2010-2024

Kentucky

In 2024

2010-2024

Maine

In 2024

2010-2024

Massachusetts

In 2024

2010-2024

Michigan

In 2024

2010-2024

Minnesota

In 2024

2010-2024

Missouri

In 2024

2010-2024

Montana

In 2024

2010-2024

Nebraska

In 2024

2010-2024

Nevada

In 2024

2010-2024

New Hampshire

In 2024