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TheNewWorldOrderandtheglobalpublic

withaglobalbureaucracywill

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theory,educationandpractice.Studentsandscholarsofpublicadministrationwillbelearningtothinkmoregloballyratherthanparochially.Theideaofaglobalpublicadministrationis

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lover.

Thepresentdictionaryexplainsmanynewconceptswhicharecurrentlybeingprac-ticed worldover.

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PublishedbySARUP&SONS4740/23,AnsariRoadDaryaGanj,NewDelhi-110002Tel.:23281029,23244664,41010989Fax:011-23277098e-mail:sarupandsonsin@hotmail.com

DictionaryofPublicAdministration

€>Reserved1stedition2007ISBN-81-7625-784-2

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Publishedb\PrabhatKumarSharmaforSarup&Sons.LaserTypesettingatTwinkleGraphicsandPrintedatRoshanOffsetPrinters.Delhi

Preface

TheNewWorldOrderandtheglobalpublicAdministrationwithaglobalbureaucracywillhavemajorimplicationsforpublicadministrationtheory,educationandpractice.Studentsandscholarsofpublicadministrationwillbelearningtothinkmoregloballyratherthanparochially.Theideaofaglobalpublicadministrationisincreasinglyfindingitswayintheframeofmindamongthesocialscientistsworldover.

Thepresentdictionaryexplainsmanynewconceptswhicharecurrentlybeingpracticedworldover.

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Abandonment

Anapplicationthathasbeendeclaredabandonedis"dead"andnolongerpending.Abandonmentoccursunderseveralcircumstances.ThemostcommonreasoniswhentheUSPTOdoesnotreceivearesponsetoanOfficeActionletterfromanapplicantwithin6monthsfromthedatetheOfficeactionletterwasmailed.AnotherinstanceiswhentheUSPTOdoesnotreceiveaStatementofUse(orrequestforanextensionoftimetofileastatementofuse)fromanapplicantwithin6monthsfromtheissuanceofaNoticeofAllowance).Applicationsaban-doned forfailuretorespondtoanOfficeActionoraNoticeofAllowancecanberevivedorreinstatedincertaincircumstances.

Abdication

Abdication,inapoliticalsense,renunciationofhighpublicoffice,usuallybyamonarch.Someabdicationshavebeenpurelyvoluntaryandresultedinnolossofprestige.Forinstance,HolyRomanEmperorCharlesV,whoabdicatedforreligiousmotives,remainedinfluentialuntilhisdeath,andPhilipVofSpainactuallyresumedthethroneafterabdicating.InJapanithasnotbeenuncommonfortherulertoretirevoluntarilytoalifeofreligiouscontemplation,assuredofaspecialtitleandmanyhonors.However,mostabdicationshaveamountedtoaconfessionofafailureinpolicyandareonlythefinalandformalrenunciationofanauthoritythateventshavealreadytakenaway.IntheChineseEmpireforcedabdicationswerefrequent,theempireitselfendingwiththeabdicationoftheboyrulerHsuanTungin1912.Since1688,whentheEnglishParliamentdeclared

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AbsenceofaQuorum

JamesIItohaveabdicatedbyreasonofflightandsubversionoftheconstitution,abdicationbyaBritishrulerwithoutparlia-mentary consenthasbeenforbidden.WhenEdwardVIIIofEnglandabdicatedin1936inordertomarryanAmericandivorcee(hisministershavingrefusedtoapprovethemarriage),theabdicationwasgivenlegaleffectbyanactofParliament.Thoughseveralwrittenconstitutionscontainprovisionsforabdication,therearefewuniformlyacceptedrulesfordealingwithit.DefeatandpoliticalchaosfollowingWorldWarsIandIIforcedtheabdicationofmanyrulers,mostnotablyEmperorWilliamIIofGermany,FaroukofEgypt,andLeopoldIIIofBelgium.

AbsenceofaQuorum

Iflessthan51Senatorsansweraquorumcall,theAbsenceofaQuorumisestablished.IntheabsenceofaQuorum,theSenatemaynotconductlegislativebusiness.Instead,theSenatemusteitheradjournorcontinuetomakemotionstoobtainaquorum.AmotiontogetaquoruminstructstheSgt.-at-Armstoeitherrequest,compelorarrestabsentSenators.

AbsoluteAdvantage

Ininternationaltrade,thisistheabilityofcompaniesinonecountrytosupplygoodsandservicesatlowercostthancompetitorsinothercountries.Mostworldtradeemanatesfromthisability,asinthecaseofJapan'sexportsofautomobiles.America'sexportsofwheat,orFrance'sexportofprimetablewine.

AbstractMotion

Amotionwhichmerelyrecommendsanexpenditure,impositionoraction.Asitexpressesonlyanopinionordesire,suchamotiondoesnotbindtheHouseortheGovernmenttoanycourseofaction.

AbstractofRecord

Acompletehistoryofthecaseinaconcise,abbreviatedform.

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oopyrig

Acquittal

AbstractoftheDisclosure

Aconcisestatementofthetechnicaldisclosureincludingthatwhichisnewinthearttowhichtheinventionpertains

AccelerationClause

Aclauseinyourmortgagewhichallowsthelendertodemandpaymentoftheoutstandingloanbalanceforvariousreasons.Themostcommonreasonsforacceleratingaloanareiftheborrowerdefaultsontheloanortransferstitietoanotherindividualwithoutinformingthelender.

AccessSpace

Anaisleusedtogainaccesstofacings,slotsorstacks.AccountableStock-Materialsdesignatedforinventoryandsomecontrolofissueand/oraccess.Levelofaccountabilityisdeterminedbytheresponsibleagent.

Acclamation

InCanada,aMemberissaidtobeelectedorreturnedbyacclamationwhennoothercandidatehascomeforwardatanelectionandnovoteisheld.

AspecificcombinationofTub,Org,Fund,Activity,Sub-activityandRootvaluesusedincombinationwithappropriatetransactionalobjectcodestorepresentthefinancialdataofanawardintheHarvardGeneralLedger.TheaccountstringsofanawardarerecordedintheHarvardUniversityResearchInformationSystem(HURIS)andprintonActionMemos.

Accrual

Sumofchildsupportpaymentsthataredueoroverdue.Acquittal

1.Atrialverdictthatindicatesthatthedefendantinacriminalcasehasnotbeenfoundguiltyofthecrimecharged,beyondareasonabledoubt.

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ActofParliament

2.Thejudgementofacourtthatapersonchargedwithacrimehasnotbeenprovedtobeguilty.

ActofParliament

AbillwhichhasbeenpassedbyboththeHouseofCommonsandtheSenate,hasreceivedRoyalAssentandhasbeenproclaimed.UnlessaprovisionoftheActspecifiesotherwise,theActcomesintoforceonthedateofRoyalAssent.

Act

Abillormeasurepassedintolaw.Alsousedtodescribeacomprehensivepieceofproposedlegislationwithmultiplecomponents.

ActingSpeaker

AMember,otherthantheDeputySpeaker,whoiscalledupontotaketheChairduringtheunavoidableabsenceoftheSpeaker.Usually,theDeputyorAssistantDeputyChairofCommitteesoftheWholeischosen,butanyMembermayactinthiscapacity.

ActionTransmittal

Documentsentoutasneeded,whichinstructsStatechildsupportprogramsontheactionstheymusttaketocomplywithnewandamendedFederallaws.HasbasisinFederallawandregulation.

Action

Alegaldisputebroughttocourtfortrialandsettlement.ActiveBlock

Auniformblockafteroneormoreelementshavebeenremoved,i.e.,ablockthatisbeingworked.

ActivityCode

AcodeassignedbytheNationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH)toidentifysupportmecha-nisms.Generalcategoriesincluderesearchgrants,contracts,training,andfellowships.Researchgrantscanbesubdividedintoresearchprojects,researchcenters,andotherresearchgrants.

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Address

Activity

Asix-digitsegmentoftheChartofAccountsthatindicatesthepurposeforwhichthefundsarebeingspent,theprojectoreffortforwhichthemoneyisbeingused.ClassifiestransactionaccordingtoOMBA-21categories.

AdHocCommittee

AnAdHocCommitteereferstoatemporarycommitteeineithertheHouseorSenateoratemporaryjointcommitteeonbehalfofbothchambers.AllHouse-Senateconferencecommitteescreatedtoreconciledifferencesinlegislationareconsideredadhoccommittees.Otheradhoccommitteesarecreatedforaone-timepurpose[e.g.toinvestigateascandal]ortofocusonexaminingaspecificsubject.Mostarecreatedwithadeadlinebywhichtheymustcompletetheirwork,orexpire.

AdValoremDuties

Thesearetaxesonimportedgoodsthatareleviedasapercentageofassessedvalue.Althoughthereareadministrativeproblemsinestablishingjustwhatassessedvaluemightbe,itiseasiertorecordtariffratesbytracingchangesinthepercentageofdutiesacrosstimethantoworkwithspecificduties.

AddressinReplytotheSpeechfromtheThrone

AnaddressexpressingtheCommons'thankstotheSovereignfortheThroneSpeech,adoptedafteradebatedealingwithvariousaspectsoftheGovernment'sprogram.

Address

1.AformalmessagetotheCrownwhichmayeitherexpressawishoranopinionoftheHouseormakearequest.AddressesareusedtoexpresscongratulationstotheRoyalfamilyandalsotorequesttheproductionofdocumentsintheCrown'spossession.Incertaincases,addressesmaybejointlyadoptedbybothHouses.

2.Anumber,oracombinationofnumbersand/orletters,usedtodesignateaparticularwarehouselocationfacingorslot.

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Ademption

Failureofagiftbecausethewill-maker,bythetimeofdeath,nolongerownsthepropertythatthewill-makerattemptedtobequeathinthewill.

AdjournSineDie

Toendthecongressionalsession.

Adjourn

Toendalegislativeday.

AdjournmentofDebate

Oftenadilatorytacticwhichmaybeemployedtodelayprogressonaquestion.Ifamotiontoadjournadebateisadopted,theitemisnotdroppedfromtheOrderPaperbutmaybetakenupagainonalaterday.

AdjournmentoftheHouse

Theterminationofasitting(eitherbymotionorpursuanttoaStandingorSpecialOrder)withinasession.Anadjournmentcoverstheperiodbetweentheendofonesittingandthebeginningofthenext.TheHousemayadjournforafewminutesorforseveralmonths.

Adjournment

AdjournmentistheformalendtoasessionoftheHouseorSenate,oroneofitscommittees.Adjournmentmayendadailysession,anannualsession,ora2-yearCongress.

Amotiontoadjourncanbeofferedwithorwithoutadateandtimesetforthereturnofthechamberorcommittee.Amotiontoadjournisnotdebatableandisputtoanimmediatevote.

Adjudication

1.Givingorpronouncingajudgmentordecree;alsothejudgmentgiven.

2.Theentryofajudgment,decree,ororderbyajudgeorotherdecision-makersuchasamaster,referee,orhearingofficerbasedontheevidencesubmittedbytheparties.

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AdministrativeLaw

Adjustable-RateMortgage(ARM)

Amortgageinwhichtheinterestchangesperiodically,accordingtocorrespondingfluctuationsinanindex.AllARMsaretiedtoindexes.

AdjustmentDate

Thedatetheinterestratechangesonanadjustable-ratemortgage

AdministeredPrices

Thistermreferstothebeliefthatpricesaresetbythedecisionofexecutivesinfirmswithmonopolisticpowerratherthanbytheoperationofsupplyanddemandinanimpersonalmarket.Proponentsoftheideaoffreemarketsdenythatadministeredpricesexist.

Administration

Theorganizedapparatusofthestateforthepreparationandimplementationoflegislationandpolicies,alsocalledbureaucracy.

AdministrativeCode

Aregulationorrulehavingtheeffectoflawandpromulgatedbyanagencytomakealawspecific.SuchregulationsaresubjecttoLegislativeapprovalpriortoenactment.

AdministrativeInstructions

Setouttheprovisionsandrequirementsinrelationtothefilingandprocessingoftheinternational(patent)applicationunderthePCTandareestablishedbytheDirectorGeneralofWIPO.

AdministrativeLawJudge(ALJ)

Approximately1,200peopleserveashearingexaminersinfederalagenciesandareimportantofficialsinindependentregulatorycommissions.

AdministrativeLaw

Therulesandregulationsmadeandappliedbyfederalregulatoryagenciesandcommissions.

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AdministrativeProcedure

Methodbywhichsupportordersaremadeandenforcedbyanexecutiveagencyratherthanbycourtsandjudges.

AdministrativeRegulations

Regulationsthatimplement(1)guidancefromtheOfficeofManagementandBudget(OMB)containedincircularsthatapplytotheadministrationofallfederalgrantsandcooperativeagreements,(2)PresidentialExecutiveOrders(whereregulationisnecessary),and(3)legislationthataffectsallapplicantsorrecipientsoffederalgrantsandcooperativeagreements.

AdministratoroftheGovernmentofCanada

TheChiefJusticeofCanadawhoassumesthepowersoftheGovernorGeneralintheeventofthelatter'sdeath,incapacity,removalorabsencefromthecountry.TheAdministratormay,asnecessary,readtheThroneSpeechandsignifyRoyalAssenttobills.

Administrator

Apersonalrepresentative,appointedbyaprobatecourt,whoadministerstheestateofsomeonewhodieswithoutawillorleavesawillnaminganexecutorwhodiesbeforethewill-makerorwhorefusestoserve.

Admissible

Evidencethatcanbelegallyintroducedincourt.Admonition

AsternwarningbytheSpeakertoaMemberwhoisadjudgedinbreachoftheHouse.

AdvanceAccount

AdvanceaccountsallowthePItoinitiatespendingonhis/herprojectbeforetheUniversityreceivesand/oracceptsanaward.Suchexpendituresincurredaremadeatthedepartment'srisk.Onlythosecostslistedintheproposedbudget,withintheproject

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AffirmativeResolution

period,andinaccordancewithapplicableregulationsshouldbechargedtoadvanceaccounts.

AdversarySystemofJustice

Ajudicialsysteminwhichthepowerofthestateisbalancedbythedefendant'sconstitutionalrightsandbythepresumptionthatapersonisinnocentuntilprovenguiltybeyondareasonabledoubt.

AdversarySystem

ThesystemoftrialpracticeintheU.S.andsomeothercountriesinwhicheachoftheopposingoradversarialpartieshasfullopportunitytopresentandestablishitscontentionsbeforethecourt.

AdviceandConsent

AdviceandConsentisthepowertoadvisethePresident,ratifytreatiesandconfirmnominations.

ArticleIIoftheConstitutiongivesthispowerexclusivelytotheSenate.

AdviceofShipment

Notificationtothepurchaserthatshipmenthasbeenmade.Agency-Adepartmentoradministrativedivisionofagovernmentauthorizedtotransactcertainbusiness.

AffirmativeActionPrograms

Programsofgovernment,universities,andbusinessesthataredesignedtofavorminoritiesandremedypastdiscrimination.

AffirmativeDefense

Withoutdenyingthecharge,thedefendantraisesextenuatingormitigatingcircumstancessuchasinsanity,self-defense,orentrapmenttoavoidcivilorcriminalresponsibility.Thedefendantmustproveanyaffirmativedefenseheorsheraises.

AffirmativeResolution

InanAct,thisexpression,whenusedinrelationtoaregulation,

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AgencyProblem

meansthattheregulationshallbelaidbeforetheHouseofCommonswithintheprescribedperiodoftimeandshallnotcomeintoforceunlessanduntilitisaffirmedbyaresolutionoftheHouseofCommons.

AgencyProblem

Alsosometimesreferredtoastheprincipal-agentproblem.Thedifficultbutextremelyimportantandrecurrentorganizationaldesignproblemofhoworganizationscanstructureincentivessothatpeople("agents")whoareplacedincontroloverresourcesthatarenottheirownwithacontractualobligationtousetheseresourcesintheinterestsofsomeotherpersonorgroupofpeopleactuallywillperformthisobligationaspromised—insteadofusingtheirdelegatedauthorityoverotherpeople'sresourcestofeathertheirownnestsattheexpenseofthosewhoseintereststheyaresupposedtobeserving(their"principals").Enforcingsuchcontractswillinvolvetransactioncosts(oftenreferredtoasagencycosts),andthesecostsmaysometimesbeveryhighindeed.

AgendaSetting

Controllingthefocusofattentionbyestablishingtheissuesforpublicdiscussion.

Agenda

AlistoftheitemsofbusinesstobedealtwithduringasittingoftheHouseorofoneofitscommittees.

Agent(Patent)

(Maybereferredtoasapractitionerorrepresentative)-Onewhoisnotanattorneybutisauthorizedtoactfororinplaceoftheapplicants)beforetheOffice,thatis,anindividualwhoisregisteredtopracticebeforetheOffice.

Agreement

Abargainbetweenpartiesindealingwithoneanothersuchasmaybeappliedinprocurementtodefinetermsandperformance.

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AllegationofUse

AHCPR

AgencyforHealthCarePolicyandResearch

AidtoFamilieswithDependentChildren(AFDC)

Formerentitlementprogramthatmadepublicassistancepaymentsonbehalfofchildrenwhodidnothavethefinancialsupportofoneoftheirparentsbyreasonofdeath,disability,orcontinuedabsencefromthehome;knowninmanyStatesasADC(AidtoDependentChildren).ReplacedwithTemporaryAidtoNeedyFamilies(TANF)underthePersonalResponsibilityandWorkOpportunityReconciliationAct(PRWORA).

Aisle

1.Anypassagewaywithinastoragearea.

2.TheAislereferstothespacewhichdividestheMajoritysidefromtheMinorityontheHouse/SenateFloor.

Indebate,membersoftenrefertotheirpartyaffiliationas"mysideoftheaisle."

ALERTSystem

ADHHSsystemfordisseminatinginformationtoappropriatePHSofficialstofacilitateinformeddecisionsontheawardoffederalmoniestoorganizationsorpersonschargedwithorfoundtohaveengagedinmisconduct.GotothePHSadministrativeactionslisting.

Alimony

Acourt-orderedpaymentforthesupportofonesestrangedspouseinthecaseofdivorceorseparation.

AllegationofUse

Aswornstatementsignedbytheapplicantorapersonauthorizedtosignonbehalfoftheapplicantattestingtouseofthemarkincommerce.Theallegationofusemustincludeonespecimenshowinguseofthemarkincommerceforeachclassofgoods/servicesincludedintheapplication,andtherequiredfee.Iffiledbeforetheexaminingattorneyapprovesthemarkforpublication,

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Allegation

theallegationofuseisalsocalledan"AmendmenttoAllegeUse".IffiledafterissuanceoftheNoticeofAllowance,theallegationofuseisalsocalledaStatementofUse.TheAmendmenttoAllegeUseandtheStatementofUseincludethesameinformation,anddifferonlyastothetimewhenfiled.TheapplicantmaynotfileeitheranAmendmenttoAllegeUseoraStatementofUsebetweenthedatetheexaminingattorneyapprovesthemarkforpublicationandthedateofissuanceofthenoticeofallowance.

Allegation

Theassertion,declaration,orstatementofapartytoanaction,madeinapleading,settingoutwhatheorsheexpectstoprove.

Allocation

Thedivisionofthingsintosharesorportions.Ineconomics,thetermrefersprimarilytothe"allocationofresources,"theprocessbywhicheconomicresourcesgetallotted(apportioned,assigned)totheirparticularusesfordirectlyorindirectlysatisfyinghumanwants.

All-Or-NoneBid

Aninvitationtobidformorethanone,oralistofitemsorservicesforwhichapartialawardwouldnotbemade.

AllottedDay

Adayreservedforthediscussionofthebusinessofsupply,theactualtopicofdebatebeingchosenbyaMemberinopposition.Therearetwenty-twoallotteddaysineachcalendaryearwhicharedividedamongsttheoppositionpartiesinproportiontotheirrepresentationintheHouse.Allmotionsareputtoavoteunlessthesponsorofthemotiondesignatesitasnon-votable.

AllowableCosts

PerOMBA-21,thetestsofallowabilityofacostare:Theymustbereasonable,(2)Theymustbeallocabletosponsoredagree-ments undertheprinciplesandmethodsprovidedherein,

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AmendmentProcessinU.S.A.

(3)Theymustbegivenconsistenttreatmentthroughapplicationofthosegenerallyacceptedaccountingprinciplesappropriatetothecircumstances,and(4)Theymustconformtoanylimitationsorexclusionssetforthintheseprinciplesorinthesponsoredagreementastotypesoramountsofcostitems.

AlternateBid

Abidofferingalternativegoodsorservices.(Thistypeofoffermaysufficewhenrequirementsmaybemetwithvariousitemsorservice.

AlternativeDisputeResolution(ADR)

Meansofsettlingadisputewithoutaformaltrial.

AlternativeRequestforProposals

ARequestforProposalsinvitinginnovativeproposalswhichwouldmeettheneedsoftheusingagency(ies).

AmendingAct

AnActofParliamentwhosesolepurposeistomodifyanotherActorActs.RestrictionsexistonthetypeofamendmentsthatmaybeproposedtobillswhichseektoamendotherActs.

Amendment(AmendedorRevisedApplications)

1.AnAmendmentisamotionofferedtochangethetextofabillorofanotheramendment.

Thereare3typesofamendments:motionstostrike,toinsert,ortostrikeandinsert.

Amendmentstothebillaretermed"firstdegree,"whileamendmentstoanamendmentare"seconddegree."

2.Resubmissionofanunfundedapplicationthathasbeenrevisedinresponsetoapriorreview.

AmendmentProcessinU.S.A.

Likeotherfederalconstitutionsintheworld,theAmericanConstitutionisinwrittenform.TheUnitedStatesConstitution

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Amendment

isthemostrigidconstitutionintheworld.Itcanbeamendedbyalengthyandcumbersomeprocess.Becauseofthecomplicatednatureoftheamendmentprocedure,theCongressplayanimportantroleintheamendmentoftheconstitution.Aproposalforamendmentoftheconstitutionmaybemadeeitherbyatwo-thirdvote<~>fcongressorbyanationalconventioncalledattherequestofthelegislaturesoftwo-thirdofthestate.Suchaproposalwillbecomeapartoftheconstitutionafterithasbeenratifiedbelegislaturesorthree-fourthsoftheStatesorbyconventionsinthree-fourthoftheStates.TheCongresswilldeterminewhichofthetwomethodsofratificationwillbeemployed.TheCongressbesidesdeterminingthemethodsofratificationwillbeemployed.TheCongressbesidesdeterminingthemethodsofratificationmayalsospecifyatimelimitforratification.Whatevermethodisadopted,itisclearthatthecongresstakeanimportantpartintheprocessoftheamendment.ItmaynotbeoutofplacetopointoutthattheamendmentsoftheAmericanConstitutionhavesofarbeeninitiatedonlybythecongress.Nonationalconventionhasbeencalledforproposingamendments.Therigidityoftheconstitutionisobviousfromthefactthatduringalltheseyearsithasbeeninoperation,only26amendmentshavebeenmadeintheconstitution.Despiteitsrigidity,theconstitutionhasbeenabletoadoptitselftothechangingcircumstances.

Amendment

1.Aproposaltochange,oranactualchangeto,agivenpieceoflegislation.

2.Analterationproposedtoamotion,astageorclauseofabill,ortoacommitteereport.Itmayattempttopresentanimprovedformulationofthepropositionunderconsiderationortoprovideanalternativetoit.

AmericanConstitution

LikeotherfederalconstitutionsintheworldtheAmericanConstitutioniswritteninform.Itisabriefdocumentconsistingof7Articlesand26Amendments.Itwasinfactamodelof

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Amortization15

draftsmanship,ofconstitutionalelegance,ofbrevityandofappearanceclarity.Indeeditwasaskeletonconstitution,sinceframersoftheconstitutionleftthedetailstobefilledinbytheActsoftheCongress.TheConstitutionwasthusastartingpointoftakingoffground.Ithasbeenadequatelyclothedwithconventions,customs,judicialdecisionsandlegislativemeasures.Theunwrittenelementintheformofconventionalhasplayedavitalrolesomuchsothattheverynatureoftheconstitutionalstandschangednow.Totakeoneexample,thefathersoftheconstitutionstandschangednow.Totakeoneexample,thefeaturesoftheconstitutionprovidedforindirectelectionofthePresidentbutamatterofconventionstheelectionhasnowbecomedirect.

AmericanPlan

Anaspectofanti-unionismofthe1920s,thissawunionsasantitheticaltotheindividual'sfreedomofcontract.Employeesshouldbehappytosucceedontheirownmerits,soincentiveswereofferedforthepurchaseofcompanystockwhiledemandswereextractedthatemployeeswouldnotjoinunions.

AmicusBrief

Adocumentfiledbyanamicuscuriaeinsupportofapartyinalawsuit.

AmicusCuriae

Friendofthecourt.Apartywhovolunteersinformationonsomeaspectofacaseorlawtoassistthecourtinitsdeliberation.

AmortizationSchedule

Atablewhichshowshowmuchofeachpaymentwillbeappliedtowardprincipalandhowmuchtowardinterestoverthelifeoftheloan.Italsoshowsthegradualdecreaseoftheloanbalanceuntilitreacheszero.

Amortization

Theloanpaymentconsistsofaportionwhichwillbeappliedtopaytheaccruinginterestonaloan,withtheremainderbeing

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AnarchicOrder

appliedtotheprincipal.Overtime,theinterestportiondecreasesastheloanbalancedecreases,andtheamountappliedtoprincipalincreasessothattheloanispaidoff(amortized)inthespecifiedtime.

AnarchicOrder

Orderresultingfrommutualcoordinationintheabsenceofahigherauthority.

Anarchism

Anyofavarietyofideologiessharingthefundamentalbeliefthatthestateandallsimilarformsofgovernmentalauthorityareunjustifiedandoppressiveandillegitimateandthereforeoughttobeabolished,withfuturesocialandeconomiccooperationtobecarriedoutonlybymeansofvoluntaryrelationshipsandconsensualagreementsunderconditionsofperfectlegalequality.

AnarchyinInternationalRelations

AnarchyinInternationalRelationspositsthattheworldsystemisleaderless:thereisnouniversalsovereignorworldwidegovernment.Thereisthusnohierarchicallysuperior,coercivepowerthatcanresolvedisputesororderthesystem.

Politicalscientistsdonotusetheterm"anarchy"tosignifyaworldinchaos,indisorder,orinconflict.Itsimplyreflectstheorderoftheinternationalsystem:independentstateswithnocentralauthorityabovethem.Theconceptofanarchyisthefoundationforrealist,liberal,neorealist,andneoliberalinternationalrelationstheories.Constructivisttheorydisputesthatanarchyisafundamentalconditionoftheinternationalsystem,sayingthat"anarchyiswhatstatesmakeofit."

AncillaryBillorSuit

Acauseofactiongrowingoutofandsupportedbyanotheractionorsuit,suchasaproceedingfortheenforcementofajudgment.

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Anti-Communism

AncillaryMotion

AsubsidiarymotiondependentonanorderalreadymadebytheHousesuchasamotionforthesecondreadingofabillorforconcurrenceinacommitteereport.

Annexation

Annexation,ininternationallaw,formalactbywhichastateassertsitssovereigntyoveraterritorypreviouslyoutsideitsjurisdiction.Manykindsofterritoryhavebeensubjecttoannexation,chiefamongthemthoseinhabitedbysettlersoftheannexingpower,thosewhichalreadyhavehadthestatusofprotectoratesoftheannexingstate,andthoseconqueredbytheforceofarms.Theconsentofotherinterestedpowersmustbeobtainedinorderthattheannexationbegenerallyrecognizedininternationallaw.Effortstoestablishtheself-determinationofinhabitantsastheonlygroundsforthetransferofterritoryhavebeenrealizedintheCharteroftheUnitedNations,whichdoesnotrecognizeannexationasaninstrumentofnationalpolicy.Thetermannexationisalsousedinmunicipalgovernmenttodescribetheprocessbywhichanincorporatedlocalgovernmentmayextenditslegalcontroloversurroundingareas.Usuallythistypeofannexationrequirestheconsentoftheothercommunitiesconcerned.

AnomicGroup

Spontaneouslyformedinterestgroupwithconcernoveraspecificissue.

Apleadingbywhichadefendantresistsorotherwiserespondstotheplaintiffsallegationoffacts.

Anti-Communism

Anti-communismreferstooppositiontocommunism.Historically,theword"communism"hasbeenusedtorefertoseveraltypesofcommunalsocialorganizationandtheirsupporters,but,sincethemid-19thcentury,thedominantschool

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Antifederalists

ofcommunismintheworldhasbeenMarxism.Marxistcommunismdrewfarmoresupportersandopponentsthananyotherformofcommunism.Assuch,thetermanti-communismismostoftenemployedtorefertooppositiontoMarxistcommunism.Marxism,andtheformofcommunismassociatedwithit,rosetoprominenceinthe20thcentury.Organizedanti-communismdevelopedinreactiontothegrowingpopularityofthecommunistmovement,andtookonmanyformsasthe20thcenturyunfolded.ConservativemonarchistsinEuropefoughtagainstthefirstwaveofcommunistrevolutionsfrom1917to1922.FascismandNazismwerebasedonaviolentbrandofanti-communism,theyincitedfearofacommunistrevolutioninordertogainpoliticalpower,andtheyaimedtodestroycommunisminWorldWarII.Nationalistsfoughtagainstcommunistsinnumerouscivilwarsacrosstheglobe.Liberalismshapedmuchoftheanti-communistforeignpolicyoftheWesternpowers,anddominatedanti-communistintellectualthoughtinthesecondhalfofthe20thcentury.

Antifederalists

ThoseAmericanswhoopposedratificationoftheconstitution.

Anti-LapseStatute

Astatelawthatprovidesforagifttogotothedescendantsofcertainwillbeneficiarieswhodiebeforethewill-makerdies.

AntitrustLegislation

Laws(s)enactedtopreventnoncompetitivetrade,supplymonopoliesormarketcontrolbyalimitednumberofproducers.

Apartheid

Apartheid(literally"apartness"inAfrikaans)wasasystemofracialsegregationthatwasenforcedinSouthAfricafrom1948to1994.SouthAfricahadlongbeenruledbywhitesandapartheidwasdesignedtoformalegalframeworkforcontinuedeconomicandpoliticaldominancebypeopleofEuropeandescent.Underapartheid,peoplewerelegallyclassifiedintoa

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AppellateCourt

racialgroup-themainonesbeingWhite,Black,IndianandColoured-andweregeographically,andforcibly,separatedfromeachotheronthebasisofthelegalclassification.TheBlackmajority,inparticular,legallybecamecitizensofparticular"homelands"thatwerenominallysovereignnationsbutoperatedmoreakintoUnitedStatesIndianReservationsandAustralian/CanadianAboriginalReserves.Inrealityhowever,amajorityofBlackSouthAfricansneverresidedinthese"homelands."

Appeal(Trademark)

AnapplicantwhowantstocontestafinalrefusalfromanexaminingattorneymayfileanappealtotheTrademarkTrialandAppealBoard.AnappealistakenbyfilingaNoticeofAppealandpayingtheappealfeewithinsixmonthsofthemailingdateoftheactionfromwhichtheappealistaken.

AppealaDecision

Torequestthereconsiderationofadecisionmadebyacommitteechair.Instanding,specialandlegislativecommittees,theappealismadetothecommitteeitself;decisionsmadebytheChairofaCommitteeoftheWholecanbeappealedtotheSpeaker.DecisionsmadebytheSpeakermaynotbeappealed.

Appeal

1.Aprocedureforcontestingthepeerreviewofagrantapplication.Synonymouswithrebuttal.

2.Arequestbythelosingpartyinalawsuitforhighercourtreviewofalowercourtdecision.

Appearance

Theformalproceedingbywhichadefendantsubmitshimselforherselftothejurisdictionofthecourt.

AppellateCourt

Acourthavingjurisdictiontoreviewthejudgmentsofa"trialcourt.

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AppellateJurisdiction

TherightoftheSupremeCourttohearcasesthatareappealedfromlowerstateorfederalcourtsonthegroundsthattheyconcernviolationsofconstitutionalrights.

Appellee

Thepartyagainstwhomanappealisfiled.Applicant

Inventororjointinventorswhoareapplyingforapatentontheirowninvention,orthepersonmentionedin37CFR1.42,1.43or1.47whoisapplyingforapatentinplaceoftheinventor.

Application(Patent)

Anapplicationforpatentfiledunder35U.S.C.111(a)thatincludesalltypesofpatentapplications(i.e.,utility,design,plant,andreissue)exceptprovisionalapplications.ThenonprovisionalapplicationestaDiisnestneTilingdateanainitiatestneexaminationprocess.Anonprovisionalutilitypatentapplicationmustincludeaspecification,includingaclaimorclaims;drawings,whennecessary;anoathordeclaration;andtheprescribedfilingfee.

ApplicationNumber(Patent)

Theuniquenumberassignedtoapatentapplicationwhenitisfiled.Theapplicationnumberincludesatwodigitseriescodeandasixdigitserialnumber

Application

Theformusedtoapplyforamortgageloan,containinginformationaboutaborrower'sincome,savings,assets,debts,andmore.

Appraisal

Awrittenjustificationofthepricepaidforaproperty,primarilybasedonananalysisofcomparablesalesofsimilarhomesnearby.

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Appropriation

AppraisedValue

Anopinionofaproperty'sfairmarketvalue,basedonanappraiser'sknowledge,experience,andanalysisoftheproperty.Sinceanappraisalisbasedprimarilyoncomparablesales,andthemostrecentsaleistheoneonthepropertyinquestion,theappraisalusuallycomesoutatthepurchaseprice.

Appraiser

Anindividualqualifiedbyeducation,training,andexperiencetoestimatethevalueofrealpropertyandpersonalproperty.Althoughsomeappraisersworkdirectlyformortgagelenders,mostareindependent.

Appreciation

Theincreaseinthevalueofapropertyduetochangesinmarketconditions,inflation,orothercauses.

AppropriationBill

1.A(proposed)formalactionbyalegislativeassembly(suchastheU.S.Congressorastatelegislature)thatspecifiesexactamountsofthegovernment'smoneythattheTreasurymaylegallypayout(throughnewhiring,contractsforpurchases,findingsofindividuals'eligibilityforincometransferpay-ments, etc.)foreachofalistofparticularpre-authorizedprogramscarriedoutbygovernmentalagenciesoveraspecificperiodoftime(normallyoneyear).

2.Abilltoauthorizegovernmentexpenditures,introducedintheHousefollowingconcurrenceintheMainorSupple-mentary Estimatesorinterimsupply.AnappropriationbillcanonlybeintroducedbyaMinister.

3.BillspassedbyCongresstopayforthespendingithasauthorized.

Appropriation

1.ALegislativedesignationofabudgetorfundingwhichmayonlybeexpendedforacertainpurpose.

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ApprovedBrandorEquivalentSpecification

2.AsumofmoneyallocatedbyParliamentforaspecificpurposeoutlinedintheGovernment'sspendingestimates.

3.Legislationtoprovidespecificfundingforanauthorizedprogram.

ApprovedBrandorEquivalentSpecification

Aspecificationreferencingacertainbrandandmodelofaproductthatmeetsthequalityandperformancesrequired.Thistypeofspecificationmayallowbiddingofothermanufacturer'sbrandswhichcomplywiththestandardscalledfor.Also,knownasa"QualifiedProduct".

ApprovedBranddpecincation

Aspecificationreferencingabrandandmodelorcertainmanufacturer'sproduct.Thisspecificationdoesnotallowequivalentbrands.

ArbitraryMarks

Comprisewordsthatareincommonlinguisticusebut,whenusedtoidentifyparticulargoodsorservices,donotsuggestordescribeasignificantingredient,qualityorcharacteristicofthegoodsorservices(e.g.,APPLEforcomputers;OLDCROWforwhiskey).

Arbitration

1.Aprocesstoresolveadisputebetweentwopartiesbyadecisionpresentedbyoneormoredisinterestedanduninvol-vedparties.

2.Disputesettlementconductedoutsidethecourtsbyaneutralthirdparty.Mayormaynotbebinding.

ArchivalQuality

Paperproductsmanufacturedtowithstandaspecifiedtimeperiodretainingarequiredintegrityoftheoriginalcharacteristics.

Aristocracy

1.Aformofgovernmentinwhichaminorityrulesunderthe

law.

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Assessee

2.Aprivilegedsocialclasswhosememberspossessdisproportionatelylargesharesofasociety'swealth,socialprestige,educationalattainmentandpoliticalinfluence,withtheseadvantageshavingbeenacquiredprincipallythroughgiftorinheritancefromalonglineofsimilarlyprivilegedandcultivatedancestors.Thetermrefersalsotoaformofgovernmentinwhichthestateiseffectivelycontrolledbythemembersofsuchaclass.Thetermtendstohaveasomewhatunsavoryorderogatoryconnotationtodayinthelightofdemocratictheories,butinclassicalpoliticalphilosophyitmeantruleby"thebestpeople"ofthesociety,whowereexpectedtofeelapaternalisticconcernforthehumblermembersofthesocietythatwouldkeepthemfromrulinginapurelyself-seekingfashion.

Arraignment

1.Theproceedingbeforeajudgeinwhichtheformalchargesofanindictmentorinformationarereadtoanaccusedperson,whomaypleadguiltyornotguilty.

2.Theproceedingincriminalcaseswhereanaccusedindividualisbroughtbeforeajudgetohearthechargesfiledagainsthimorher,andtofileapleaofguilty,notguilty,ornocontest.Alsocalledapreliminaryhearing,oraninitialappearance.

Arrest

Totakeintocustodybylegalauthority.ASEAN

AssociationofSouthEastAsianNations.

AssessedValue

Thevaluationplacedonpropertybyapublictaxassessorforpurposesoftaxation.

Thepersontowhomthepropertyorataxisassessed.DICTIONARYOFPUBLICADMINISTRATION

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Assessment

1.Communityassessmentreferstoastudy(notnecessarilyformal)todeterminethecurrentstatusofacommunity.Itmayfocusonboththeneedsandtheassetsofthecommunity,andprecedesdevelopmentofplansandactionforworkinthecommunity.

2.Assessmentofimpactreferstoassessmenttoevaluatetheeffectthataparticularprogramorpolicyhashadonstudents,faculty,communitymembers,aninstitution,orthecommunityasawhole.

Assessor

Apublicofficialwhoestablishesthevalueofapropertyfortaxationpurposes.

Asset

Itemsofvalueownedbyanindividual.Assetsthatcanbequicklyconvertedintocashareconsidered"liquidassets."Theseincludebankaccounts,stocks,bonds,mutualfunds,andsoon.Otherassetsincluderealestate,personalproperty,anddebtsowedtoanindividualbyothers.

Asset-Based

Onewhotakesanasset-basedapproachtoworkwithothersfocusesonothers'resourcesandstrengthsratherthanneedsanddeficiencies.

Assignee

Theentitythatistherecipientofatransferofapatentapplication,patent,trademarkapplicationortrademarkregistrationfromitsownerofrecord(assignor).

Assignment

1.Atransferofownershipofapatentapplicationorpatentfromoneentitytoanother.RecordallassignmentswiththeUSPTOAssignmentServicesDivisiontomaintaincleartitletopendingpatentapplicationsandpatents.

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AssistantRole(ASST)

2.Thetransferofone'sinterestinarightorpropertytoanotherpersonorentity.

AssignmentandRelease

CloseoutdocumentsrequiredonsomeawardstoensurethesponsorandHarvardhavemettheircontractualobligations.Thesedocumentsstatethatbothpartiesdonothaveanyfutureliabilityinregardstothecontract.

AssignmentofSupportRights

ThelegalprocedurebywhichapersonreceivingpublicassistanceagreestoturnovertotheStateanyrighttochildsupport,includingarrearages,paidbythenon-custodialparentinexchangeforreceiptofacashassistancegrantandotherbenefits.Statescanthenuseaportionofsaidchildsupporttodefrayorrecoupthepublicassistanceexpenditure.

Assignor

Theownerofrecordofapatentapplication,patent,trademarkapplicationortrademarkregistrationwhoistransferring(assigning)ownershiptoanotherentity(assignee)

Theawardofmoney,property,orservicestoarecipienttoaccomplishapublicpurposeasauthorizedbyfederalstatute.Assistancerelationships(e.g.,grants)areexpressedinlessdetailthanareacquisitionrelationships(contracts),andresponsibilitiesforensuringperformancerestlargelywiththerecipientoraresharedwiththegovernment.

AssistantDeputyChairofCommitteesoftheWhole

AMemberchosentoserveasareplacementfortheChairofCommitteesoftheWholeduringthelatter'sabsence,includingtakingontheroleofActingSpeakerwhenrequired.

AssistantRole(ASST)

TheAssistant(ASST)roleintheNIHCommonshasbeendesignedtoallowPistodelegatecertainresponsibilitiesfordata

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AssociateMember

entryofgrantinformationandupkeepoftheirpersonalprofiles.TheASSTdoesnothaveanyotherfunctionsinthesystem.

AssociateMember

AMemberwhosenamehasbeenplacedonalistfromwhichmembersofsubcommitteesandsubstitutemembersofcommitteesmaybechosen.ThelistofassociatemembersisestablishedbytheStandingCommitteeonProcedureandHouseAffairsandadoptedbytheHouse.

AssociationalGroup

Formallyorganizedgroupwhicharticulatestheinterestsofitsmembersoverlongperiodsoftime.

AssumableMortgage

Amortgagethatcanbeassumedbythebuyerwhenahomeissold.Usually,theborrowermust"qualify"inordertoassumetheloan.

Assurances

Alistingofavarietyofrequirements,foundindifferentfederallaws,regulations,andexecutiveordersthatapplicantsagreeinwritingtoobserveasacondii.jfreceivingfederalassistance.

Afederalsystemofgovernmentinwhichpowersareunevenlydividedbetweenprovinces,i.e.someprovinceshavegreaterresponsibilitiesormoreautonomythanothers.

Atlanticism

AtlanticismisaphilosophyofcooperationamongEuropeanandNorthAmericannationsregardingpolitical,economic,anddefenseissues.OnewhobelievesinAtlanticismisknownasanAtlantistoranAtlanticist.

IndividualexamplesincludeTony;Blair,ZbigniewBrzezinskiandJavierSolana.NATOisanAtlanticistorganization,andtheF-35JointStrikeFighter,aproductionofLockheedMartin

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AuditorGeneral

(USA)alongwithpartnersNorthropGrumman(USA)andBAESystems((JK),isanAtlanticistproject.OncontinentalEurope,manyEasternEuropeancountriessuchasPolandprofessastrongAtlanticistview.Atlanticismhasundergonesignificantchangesinthe21stcenturyinlightoftheglobalwaronterrorandIraqwar.AftertheSeptember12,2001attacks,NATOinvokedArticle5forthefirsttime,whichstatesthatanyattackonamemberstatewillbeconsideredanattackagainsttheentiregroupofmembers.ThispromptedEuropeancountriestosendasmallamountoftroopstotheUStoassistnon-combatactivities.EuropeanandNorthAmericanforcesarealsoworkingtogetherinAfghanistan.However,theIraqwarcausedfissuresbetweencertainWesternEuropeanstatesandtheUSaswellasEasternEuropeanstatessuchasPoland.CountrieswhichsupportedtheIraqwar,suchasSpainandItaly,sawtheirstaunchlypro-Iraqwargovernmentsloseinrecentelections.CooperationwiththeUShasalsobeencriticizedinlightofcertainunnamedEuropeancountriesassistingtheUSwithsecretCIAprisons.

Attorney

(Maybereferredtoasapractitionerorrepresentative)-AnindividualwhoisamemberingoodstandingofthebarofanyUnitedStatescourtorthehighestcourtofanyStateandwhoisregisteredtopracticebeforetheOffice.

Attorney-at-Law

Alawyerlicensedtoprovidelegaladviceandtoprepare,manageandtrycases.

AuctionPolitics

Adangerindemocraticpoliticsinwhichstatepowermaybe"sold"tothehighestbiddinggroups.

AuditorGeneral

1.AnofficerofParliamentresponsiblefortheindependentexaminationoftheGovernment'saccounts.ReportsofthisexaminationaretabledintheHouseseveraltimesayear.

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AustralianBallot

2.TheofficialofParliamentwhosestaffaudittheexpendituresofgovernmentdepartmentsandwhoprovidesanannualreportoninstancesoffundsbeingunlawfullyorunwiselyspent.

AustralianBallot

Designedtoreducecorruptionandintimidationofvoters,thisreformofthe1890srequiredthatthegovernmentwouldprintalltheballotsandthatvotingwouldbedoneinsecret.Itwasoneofanumberofelectoralreformsthatweakenedpoliticalpartyorganization.

Austromarxism

Austromarxismwastheleft-socialistmovement,ledbyVictorAdler,OttoBauer,KarlRennerandMaxAd/er,membersoftheSocialDemocraticWorkers*PartyofAustriaduringthelatedecadesoftheAustro-HungarianMonarchyandtheFirstAustrianRepublic(1918-1934).Itisknownforitstheoryofnationalityandnationalism,anditsattempttoconciliateitwithsocialismintheimperialcontext.Hence,OttoBauerthoughtofthe"personalprinciple"asawayofgatheringthegeographicallydividedmembersofthesamenation.InSocialDemocracyandtheNationalitiesQuestion(1907),hewrotethat"Thepersonalprinciplewantstoorganizenationsnotintemtonaiooaiesoutinsimpleassociation01persons.,tnusradicallydisjoiningthenationfromtheterritoryandmakingofthenationanon-territorialassociation.

TheAustromarxistgroupcongregatedfrom1904aroundmagazinessuchastheBlatterzurTheorieundPolitikdeswissenschaftlichenSozialismusandtheMarx-Studien.Farfrombeingahomogeneousmovement,itwasahomeforsuchdifferentthinkersandpoliticiansastheNeokantianMaxAdlerandtheorthodoxMarxistRudolfHilferding.

In1921theAustromarxistsformedtheInternationalWorkingUnionofSocialistParties(alsoknownas2V2InternationalortheViennaInternational),hopingtounitethe2ndand3rd

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Authorization

Internationals,somethingwhicheventuallyfailed.Theaustromarxistprincipleofautonomyhasbeenlateradoptedbyvariousparties,amongthemtheBund(GeneralJewishLabourUnion)orleft-wingZionists(HashomerHatzair)infavourofabinationalsolutioninPalestine,ortheJewishFolksparteibetweenthetwoworldwarsortheDemocraticUnionofHungariansinRomania(DAHR)after1989.

Authoritarianism

Asystemofgovernmentinwhichleadersarenotsubjectedtothetestoffreeelections.

Authority

Inpolitics,authority(Latinauctoritas,usedinRomanlawasopposedtopotestasandimperium)isoftenusedinterchangeablywiththeterm"power".However,theirmeaningsdiffer."Power"referstotheabilitytoachievecertainends,'authority'referstothelegitimacy,justificationandrighttoexercisethatpower.Forexamplewhilstamobhasthepowertopunishacriminal,suchasthroughlynching,onlythecourtshavetheauthoritytoordercapitalpunishment.

AuthorizationBill

AnAuthorizationBillprovidestheauthorityforaprogramoragencytoexistanddeterminesitspolicy.Italsorecommendsspendinglevelstocarryoutthedefinedpolicy,buttheselevelsarenotbinding.

Authorizationsmaybeannual,multi-year,orpermanent.Expiringprogramsrequirere-authorization.

HouseandSenaterulesrequirethatauthorizationsbeinplacebeforefinalfundingdecisionsaremade.

Authorization

Authorizesaprogram,specifyingitsgeneralpurposeand,broadly,howthatpurposeistobeachieved,andsetsafundingceilingfortheprogram.

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AuthorizedPriceList

Alistofgoodsorservicesresultingfromacontractwhichprovidesagreeduponpricesandthenecessaryinformationtoplaceorders.

Autocracy

Asystemofgovernmentinwhichsupremepoliticalpowertodirectalltheactivitiesofthestateisconcentratedinthehandsofoneperson,whosedecisionsaresubjecttoneitherexternallegalrestraintsnorregularizedmechanismsofpopularcontrol(exceptperhapsfortheimplicitthreatofcoupd'etatormassinsurrection).

AutomatedVoiceResponseSystem(AVR)

Telephonesystemthatmakesfrequentlyrequestedinformationavailabletoclientsovertouch-tonetelephones.

AutomaticStabilizers

Built-innondiscretionaryfiscalmeasuresrespondtochangesinthebusinesscyclewithoutdirectgovernmentalintervention.Spendingforunemploymentcompensationandforwelfarerisesautomaticallyduringdownturnswithoutcongressionalaction.

Autonomy

Autonomyinapoliticalsense,limitedself-government,shortofindependence,ofapoliticalstateor,morefrequently,ofasubdivision.Thetermisalsousedforotherself-governingunits,suchasaparish,acorporation,orareligioussect.Atestofautonomyistherecognitionthatthegroupmaymaketherulesgoverningitsinternalaffairs.Politicalautonomyisfrequentlybasedonculturalandethnicdifferences.

Autonomywithinempireshasfrequentlybeenapreludetoindependence,asinthecaseoftheevolutionoftheBritishEmpireintotheCommonwealthofNations,containingbothautonomousandcompletelysovereignstates.AutonomyasintheformerSoviet"autonomous"republicsandregionsinRussia,providinglocalcontroloverculturalandeconomicaffairs,oftenisperceivedasinadequatebynationalists,whosometimeshave

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Award

demandedindependence,asinChechnya.ThesamehasproventrueinSlovakia,andprovidesimpetusforterrorismbyBasque,Corsican,andWelshextremists.

Thedollaramountagrantawardisreducedfromtheamountrecommendedbythestudysection(scientificreviewgroup).Thisisdonesoinstitutescanmaintainasufficientnumberofgrantsintheirportfolioandtocombatinflationofgrantcosts.

Award

TheprovisionoffundsbyNIH,basedonanapprovedapplicationandbudget,toanorganizationalentityoranindividualtocarryoutanactivityorproject.Thisincludesbothdirectandindirectcosts(F&A)unlessotherwiseindicated.

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Copyrigt

Back-DoorSelling

Enticementsbyvendorsforagenciestopurchasegoodsorserviceswitnoutseekingcompetitiveottersorbidding.

DacK-vsraer

Anunfilledrequestforissueofwarehousestock.Thetermrequiresthegenerationofapurchaseorderforstockreplenish-ment ifnotalreadyordered.Back-orderfillingisamatterforpolicystatement.

Ball

Anamountofmoney"posted"withthecourtsassecurityinexchangeforadefendant'sfreedomuntilthecasecomestotrial.

Acourtattendantwhosedutiesaretokeeporderinthecourtroomandtohavecustodyofthejury.

Astate'srunningaccountofeconomictransactions(exportsandimports)withtherestoftheworld.

BalanceofPowerPolicy

Theactivepreventionofanyonestatebecomingtoostrongbythemajorpowersinthesystem.

BalanceofPower

BalanceofPower,systemofinternationalrelationsinwhich

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nationsseektomaintainanapproximateequilibriumofpoweramongmanyrivals,thuspreventingthepreponderanceofanyonestate.Crucialtothesystemisawillingnessonthepartofindividualnationalgovernmentstochangealliancesasthesituationdemandsinordertomaintainthebalance.Thucydides'descriptionofGreeceinthe5thcent.B.C.andGuicciardini'sdescriptionof15th-centuryItalyareearlyillustrations.Itsmoderndevelopmentbeganinthemid-17thcent.,whenitwasdirectedagainsttheFranceofLouisXIV.BalanceofpowerwasthestatedBritishobjectiveformuchofthe18thand19thcent.,anditcharacterizedtheEuropeaninternationalsystem,forexample,from1815-1914.AfterWorldWarIthebalanceofpowersystemwasattackedbyproponentsofcooperationandacommunityofpower.InternationalrelationswerechangedradicallyafterWorldWarIIbythepredominanceoftwosuperpowers,theUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnion,withmajorideologicaldifferencesbetweenthem.Afterthe1960s,withtheemergenceofChinaandtheThirdWorld,arevivedEuropeandJapan,itreemergedasacomponentofinternationalrelations.WiththecollapseoftheUSSRin1991,theUnitedStates,asthesoleremainingsuperpower,hasbeendominantmilitarilyand,toalesserdegree,economically.

BalancingTest

TheviewofthemajorityoftheSupremeCourtthatFirstAmendmentrightsmustbeweighedagainstthecompetingneedsofthecommunitytopreserveorder.

Compressiblearticlesormaterialassembledinashapedunitandusuallyboundwithcordormetaltiesundertension.Maybewrappedinpaperortextilematerialorcombinationsthereof.

Amortgageloanthatrequirestheremainingprincipalbalancebepaidataspecificpointintime.Forexample,aloanmaybeamortizedasifitwouldbepaidoverathirtyyearperiod,but

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Ballot

requiresthatattheendofthetenthyeartheentireremainingbalancemustbepaid.

Ballot

Ballot,meansofvotingforcandidatesforoffice.Thechoicemaybeindicatedonorbytheballotformsthemselves—e.g.,coloredballs(hencethetermballot,whichisderivedfromtheItalianballotta,meaning"littleball"),printedtickets,ormechanicalorelectronicdevices—orbythedepositoriesintowhichtheballotsareput.

TheballotwasusedinAthensinthe5thcent.B.C.bythepopularcourtsand,onthequestionofostracism,bythepeopleasawhole;inIndiabefore300B.C.;andinRomebythepopularassembliesandoccasionallybythesenate.BallotswerenotusedduringtheMiddleAges,butreappearedintheItaliancommunesandinelectionstothepapacyduringthe13thcent.Inthe16thand17thcent,theballotappearedinEnglishboroughanduniversityelections.

TheGeneralCourtofMassachusettselectedgovernorsbyballotafter1634;cornandbeanswereoccasionallyusedasballots.EarlyAmericanballotswereknownas"papers":thenameballotdoesnotoccurinAmericabefore1676.TheBritishcoloniesinAmencaweretnenrsttoelectrepresentativesoysecretballot,anditsusewasmadeobligatoryinallbutoneofthestateconstitutionsadoptedintheUnitedStatesbetween1776and1780.Inthe19thcent,theuseoftheballotbecamewidespreadinlocalandnationalelectionsinEurope.Groupswishingtointimidatepopulargovernancehaveopposedtheballot.TheefforttoreformelectionabusesledtothewidespreaduseoftheAustralianballot,whichwasadoptedinVictoriain1857,inGreatBritainin1872,andgrewincreasinglypopularintheUnitedStatesafter1888.Inthelattercountryitgraduallyreplacedearliermethodsofvotingsuchasthelengthy"tickets"distributedbypoliticalparties.IntheAustraliansystemallcandidatesnamesarepnnteaonasingleoauotanaplacedinthepollingplacesatpublicexpense,andtheprinting,distribution,

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Banking

andmarkingoftheballotareprotectedbylaw,thusassuringasecretvote.TheAustralianballotisnowusedinmanyEuropeancountriesandinalmostallsectionsoftheUnitedStates.Separateballotsarefrequentlydistributedforreferendumsandconstitutionalpropositions.Mechanical,computerized,electronic,oropticallyscannablemeansofvotingarenowusedtorecordabout90%ofallvotesintheUnitedStates.Theinstitutionofofficialballotsandtheuseofvotingmachineshavehelpedbringpoliticalpartiesunderthescopeofthelaw.

SomecriticshavedenouncedtheexcessivelengthoftheUnitedStatesballots,claimingthatvotersarethustoopressedfortimeintheirdecisions.Theuseofthepresidentialshortballot,listingonlythecandidates,nottheelectorspledgedtothem,hasnotmuchalleviatedthisproblem.

BandwagonEffect

Thepossibletendencyofsomevotersorconventiondelegatestosupportthecandidatewhoisleadinginthepollsandseemslikelytowin.

Banking

Inthebroadestsenseoftheterm,"banking"isthebusinessofacceptingtemporaryresponsibilityforsafeguardingotherpeople'smoney("deposits")andthenlendingoutthesefunds(alongwiththebankers'ownfunds)inordertoearninterestforthebank'sownaccount.Bankingfirmsthusearntheirprofitsprimarilybyservingas"financialintermediaries"whomobilizethescatteredsavingsofmanyhouseholdsandfirms(byofferingsafekeepingservicesandpayinginterestonatleastsomekindsofaccounts)andthenmakethesepooledfundsavailabletosuitableborrowers(tobusinessfirmsthatwanttofinanceproposedinvestmentprojectsorperhapstoconsumerswhowanttofinancebigticketdurableconsumers'goodslikeautomobilesorperhapstogovernmentalentitieswhosepolicy-makershavedecidedtospendmoremoneythantheyhavereceivedinrevenuecollections).Thebankpledgesitsowncapital(andalsobuysoutsidedepositinsurance)toguaranteethatanydepositorcangetallhis/her

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Bankruptcy

moneybackincashnolaterthansomecontractuallyspecifiedlengthoftimeaftergivingnoticeofwithdrawal.Thebankmakesthissomewhatriskyguaranteeeventhoughitisquitepredictablethatsome(hopefullysmall)percentageoftheloansthebankersmakeusingdepositers'fundswill"turnsour"andnotberepaidbytheborrower.Thebank'sprofitsarisemainlyfromthe(positive)spreadbetweenitscostsofsecuringandservicingdepositsanditsrevenuesfromfeesandinterestontheloansextended.(Ofcoursebanksfrequentlyseektomakeadditionalprofitssellingotherfinancialservicestotheirclientsandcustomersaswell,butthebusinessofacceptingdepositsandmakingloansisthedefiningcoreofthebankingbusiness.)

Bankruptcy

Referstostatutesandjudicialproceedingsinvolvingpersonsorbusinessesthatcannotpaytheirdebtsandseektheassistanceofthecourtingettingafreshstart.Undertheprotectionofthebankruptcycourt,debtorsmaybypayingaportionofeachdebt.

Bar(oftheHouse)

AbrassbarrierinsidethesouthentranceoftheChamberbeyondwhichuninvitedrepresentativesoftheCrownandothernon-Membersmaynotbeadmitted.Itisherethatwitnessesmustappearwhenformallysummoned.

Barter

lracingoigoodsorservicesdirectlytorotnergooesorservices,withoutusingmoneyoranyothersimilarunitofaccountormediumofexchange.Althoughbarterrepresentstheearliestformoftradediscoveredbyprimitivemanthatmadepossibleamoreextensivedivisionoflaborbeyondthelimitedboundsofafamilyorsmallclangrouping,itquicklyencounterssomepracticallimitstoitsefficiencyasthedivisionoflaborbecomessoilmoreextensiveanamorespecialized.Dartenngrequireswhateconomistsrefertoasa"doublecoincidenceofwants."Thatis,foravoluntarybarterexchangetotakeplace,itisnot

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enoughforyoujusttofindsomeonewhohastheexactgoodyouwanttoacquire—hemustalsohappentowantto"buy"theparticulargoodthatyouhavetotradeforitatthesametime.Findingsomeonewhoseimmediateneedsexactlycomplementyourowninthisprecisewaymaytakequitealotofsearching,whichiscostlyintermsoftimeandeffort.Theprimitivepartialsolutiontothismatchingproblemistomakeoneormoreintermediateswapswithstillotherpeopleinordertoacquiresomeotheritemthatwillbemoreacceptabletotheowneroftheitemyoudesire—butthiswillalsotendtobeverytime-consuming.Themorecomplexthedivisionoflabor,themorefinelyspecializedthepopulation'sproductiveroles,andthemorenumerousthevarietyofgoodsandservicesproducedinaneconomy,themorecostlyandcumbersomebartertradingwillbecomebecausethelikelihoodofanytwopeoplehavingadoublecoincidenceofwantsshrinksdramatically.Historystronglysuggests,infact,thatthe(sometimesgradual,sometimesamazinglyrapid)replacementofabartereconomybyanexchangeeconomyemployingsomeformofmoneytofacilitatetradeisanear-absolutenecessitybeforemucheconomicdevelopmentbeyondaratherprimitivetriballevelcanoccur.

Baselineisthestandardusedtoassesshowbills,ifenacted,wouldchangecurrentbudgetarylevels.

Baselinesmustassumeprojectedlevelsoffederalspendingandrevenue,sotheyareoftendisputed.

Bayh-DoleAct

Alawthatencouragesuniversitiesandresearcherstodeveloptheirinventionsintomarketableproducts.

Bayh-DoyleAct

TheBayh-DoleActcreatedauniformpatentpolicyamongtheU.S.federalagenciesthatfundresearchinthenon-profitandsmallbusinesssectors.TheActprovidedrecipientsoffederalresearchanddevelopmentfundswiththerighttoretain

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oopyrig

Bear/BullMarket

ownershipoftheirpatentsandchargedthemwiththeresponsi-bility toensurecommercialuseofinventionscreatedwithfederalfinancialsupport.Bayh-Dolepermitsuniversities,othernonprofitssuchasteachinghospitals,and,inmostcases,commercialfederalcontractorstoretaintitletoinventionsthatareconceivedorfirstreducedtopracticeintheperformanceofafederalaward.TheunderlyingtenetoftheBayh-DoleActisthatfederallyfundedinventionsshouldbelicensedforcommercialdevelopmentinthepublicinterest.

Bear/BullMarket

Anystockorothermarketwherepricesareinadecliningtrend.Overasignificantperiodoftime.Abullmarket,bycontrast,isonewithrisingprices.

Becon

ThefocusofbioengineeringissuesattheNIHistheBioengineeringConsortium(BECON)whichconsistsofsenior-levelrepresentativesfromeachoftheNIHinstitutes,centers,anddivisionsplusrepresentativesofotherfederalagenciesconcernedwithbiomedicalresearchanddevelopment.

Apost-WorldWarIImovementtomakethestudyofpoliticsscientific;itemphasizedquantification,computeranalysisofdata,afocusonindividualpoliticalactorsratherthanonpoliticalinstitutions,andtheneedforexplanatoryempiricaltheory.

BehaviouralRevolution

Theintroductionofmoreempiricalanalysisintothestudyofgovernmentandpolitics.

Bell

AnelectronicbellusedtosummonMembersatthebeginningofasitting,forthetakingofavoteortoestablishaquorumintheHouse.Whenusedwithrespecttoavote,itiscalleda"divisionbelT.

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BicameralSystem

BenchTrial

Atrialheardbyajudgewithoutajury.

BenchWarrant

Orderissuedbyajudgeforthearrestofanindividual.

Beneficiary

Someonenamedtoreceivepropertyorbenefitsinawill.Inatrust,apersonwhoistoreceivebenefitsfromthetrust.

Bequeath

Togiveagifttosomeonethroughawill.

Bequests

Giftsmadeinawill.

BicameralLegislature

Atwo-houselegislature.

BicameralSystem

Bicameralsystemgovernmentalsystemdividingthelegislativefunctionbetweentwochambers,an"upper/'suchastheU.S.SenateandtheBritishHouseofLords,anda"lower,"suchastheU.S.HouseofRepresentativesandtheBritishHouseofCommons.AlthoughthetermbicameralwascoinedbyJeremyBenthamasrecentlyas1832,divisionofthelegislativebranchofgovernmentaccordingtofunctionandcompositionisoflongstanding.ThedivisionoftheEnglishParliamentintoseparatehousesofLordsandCommonsinthe14thcent,mayhavearisensimplyforthesakeofconvenienceintransactingbusiness;however,thisdivisioncametorepresentthehistoriccleavageofinterestbetweennoblesandcommoners,withthebalanceofpower,especiallyaftertheGloriousRevolutionof1688andthegradualdevelopmentofcabinetgovernmentinthe18thcent.,shiftingmoreandmoretothecommoners.ThepowersoftheHouseofLordsweredrasticallyreducedbytheParliamentactsof1911and1949,andthoughthehousecontinuestodebate

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Bicameralism

andvoteonbills,itsfunctionhasbecomeessentiallyadvisory.TheBritishcoloniesinNorthAmericagraduallyadoptedthebicameralsystem;theupperchamber,whetherelectiveorappointive,cametorepresentthecolonyasawhole,whiledelegatestothelowerhousewereattachedtoparticularconstituencies.Accordingtomodernscholars,theadoptionofthesamesystemfortheCongressoftheUnitedStatesreflectedcolonialpractice,Britishexample,andthewidespreaddifferencesinpropertyqualificationforsuffrageandoffice-holdingpurposescurrentatthetime.InFrancesome18th-centurytheorists,suchasMontesquieu,favoredabicamerallegislaturebasedontheBritishexample,butthe"naturalrights"philosophers,suchasRousseau,opposedsuchasystem.FranceexperimentedwithvariousformsoflegislatureduringtheRevolutionaryandNapoleonicperiodsbutthereafter,despitenumerousconstitutionalchanges,retainedabicameralsystem.Wherebicamerallegisla-tures exist,thetwochambersarebasedondifferentprinciplesofrepresentationinadditiontopossessingseparatefunctions.AfterWorldWarItheunicamerallegislativesystemmadeheadwayinEasternEurope,LatinAmerica,andpartsoftheBritishdominions.TheonlyU.S.statetohaveaunicamerallegislatureisNebraska,whichadopteditin1934.

1.Alegislativebodycomprisedoftwochambersorhouses.TheHouseofCommonsandtheSenatearethetwoHousesofCanada'sParliament.

2.Asystemofgovernmentinwhichthelegislatureisdividedintotwochambers,anupperandlowerhouse.

BidAwardFile

Afilemaintainedoncertainbiddersorcommoditiestoprovidecomparableinformationforfuturebiddingortoindicateifcollusionmaybeexpected.

BidBond

Anagreementbyathirdpartyfinancierthatacertifiedamount

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BillofLading

ofmoneyisinsuredandpayableifabidderrefusestoacceptacontract.

BidDeposit

Thedepositofaspecifiedamountsubmittedbyabiddertoapurchaserwhichwouldbeforfeitedshouldthebidderfailtoacceptthecontractifawarded.

BidOpening

Thetimelyprocessofopeningbidsmadetoaninvitationandmakingthemavailabletoreviewforthefirsttime.

BidSample

Anexactexampleofaproductofferedbyabidderasarequirement.Suchsamplesmaybecomparedand/ortestedtodeterminecompliancewithbidspecifications.

BiddersList(orVendorsList)

Alistofvendorsmaintainedbyapurchasingagencydesignatingsourcesforcertaingoodsandservicesthatwouldberequiredbybidsolicitation.

BigTent

Inpolitics,abigtentpartyorcatch-allpartyisapoliticalparti;seekingtoattractpeoplewithdiverseviewpoints.Thepartydoesnotrequireadherencetosomeideologyasacriterionformembership.

BilateralAgreement

AgeneralscienceagreementbetweentheU.S.andaforeigncountry.GrantapplicationsfrominstitutionsinthesecountriesthathavebeenrecommendedforapprovalbythescientificreviewgrouparegivenspecialfundingconsiderationbyCouncil.

BillofLading

Adocumentbywhichatransportationlineacknowledgesreceiptoffreightandcontractsforitsmovement.

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BillofMaterials

Alistingofmaterialsrequiredbyasuppliertocompleteorproduceaspecifiedproductrequiredbyanagency(asrequiredbycertainbidsoraRequestforProposal).

BillofRights

thefirsttenamendmentstotheConstitution(sometimesdefinedasonlythefirsteightornineamendments),whichsetforthbasicprotectionsforindividuals.

BillofSale

Awrittendocumentthattransferstitletopersonalproperty.Forexample,whensellinganautomobiletoacquirefundswhichwillbeusedasasourceofdownpaymentorforclosingcosts,thelenderwillusuallyrequirethebillofsale(inadditiontootheritems)tohelpdocumentthissourceoffunds.

Bill

1.AproposedlawsubmittedtoParliamentforitsapproval.ItmayoriginateeitherwiththeGovernment,withaprivateMemberorfromacommittee,andmayrelateeithertopublicorprivateinterests.BillsmaybefirstintroducedineithertheHouseortheSenate,butbillsforappropriationofpublicrevenueorfortaxationmustbeintroducedintheHouse.

2.Aproposedlaw.Bimetallism

Alatenineteenth-centurymovementofwesternersandpopulistsaimedatexpandingthesupplyofmoneybybackingitwithsilveraswellaswithgold.

BinationalState

Twonationsco-existingwithinonestate.

BindingInstruction

Aninstructioninwhichajuryistoldthatifitfindscertain

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BiweeklyMortgage

conditionstobetrue,itmustdecideinfavoroftheplaintiff,or-defendant,asthecasemightbe.

BindingRule

Requiresalldelegatesofnationalconventionstovote,onthefirstballot,forthepresidentialcandidateunderwhosebannertheywereelected.

BiomedicalResearchandDevelopmentPriceIndex(BRDPI)

TheBRDPIwasdevelopedfortheNIHtomeasurerealannualchangesinthepricesofitemsandservicesrequiredforresearchanddevelopment(R&D)activities.

Bio-SequenceListings

Adocumentthatmustbeincludedonlyifanucleotideoraminoacidsequenceispartoftheinvention.WithEFS,paperdocumentsarenotrequiredforbio-sequenceorsubsequentbio-sequencesubmissions.

AviewthatbothmajorpoliticalpartiesshouldbroadlysupportthePresidentonforeignpolicyissues.

BiweeklyMortgage

Amortgageinwhichyoumakepaymentseverytwoweeksinsteadofonceamonth.Thebasicresultisthatinsteadofmakingtwelvemonthlypaymentsduringtheyear,youmakethirteen.Theextrapaymentreducestheprincipal,substantiallyreducingthetimeittakestopayoffathirtyyearmortgage.Note:thereareindependentcompaniesthatencourageyoutosetupbi-weeklypaymentscheduleswiththemonyourthirtyyearmortgage.Theychargeaset-upfeeandatransferfeeforeverypayment.Yourfundsaredepositedintoatrustaccountfromwhichyourmonthlypaymentisthenmade,andtheexcessfundsthenremaininthetrustaccountuntilenoughhasaccruedtomaketheadditionalpaymentwhichwillthenbepaidtoreduceyourprinciple.Youcouldsavemoneybydoingthesamethingyourself,plusyouhavetohavefaiththatonceyoutransfer

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BlackMarket

moneytothemthattheywillactuallytransferyourfundstoyourlender.

BlackMarket

Amarketinwhichcertaingoodsorservicesareroutinelytradedinamannercontrarytothelawsorregulationsofthegovernmentinpower.Typicalreasonswhythemarketgoesundergroundinthiswayincludethedesirebysubstantialnumbersofbuyersandsellerstoevaderestrictivegovernmentpricecontrolsorinconvenientrationingschemes,toavoidpayingheavytaxesonthegoodorserviceinquestion,orsimplytobeabletoobtainforbiddengoodsorservicesthatthegovernmentdoesnotwantthepeopletohaveatall.Thesizeandrelativeimportanceofblackmarketsvarygreatlyfromonecountrytoanotherandfromonehistoricalperiodtothenextwithinanysinglecountry.Ingeneral,thegreatertheextenttowhichthegovernmenttriestodominateandcontroltheeconomy,thelargerthefractionofeconomicactivitythattakesplacethroughtheblackmarketcanbeexpectedtobe.Partiallyoffsettingthistendencyofmoreinterventionistpoliciestospawneverlargerblackmarkets,thesizeoftheblackmarketinanygivencountryatanygiventimealsoreflectsthesizeandeffectivenessofthebureaucraticmachinerythegovernmentmobilizestocatchpeoplewhoviolateitseconomicregulationsandtheseverityofthepunishmentsthatareroutinelyinflictedonthosewhogetcaught.Thusitwassurelynoaccidentthattheultra-highlyregulatedeconomicinstitutionsofNaziGermany,SovietRussia,EasternEuropeandCommunistChinacoexistedinsymbiosiswithgiganticregulatoryandsecretpoliceestablishments,extensiveinformernetworks,crowdedprisonsystemsfeaturingthousandsofslavelaborcamps,andfrequentimpositionofthedeathpenaltyforso-called"economiccrimes."TheNaziregimewasdestroyedbyWorldWarIIbeforeitwasoldenoughtoundergoanyveryextensivemodifications,butitwassurelynoaccidentthateventhefirstverytentativeandpartialgesturesbythevariousCommunistregimestoabolishorrestrainmanyoftheirmoreextreme"police-state"practicesduringtheselastfew

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Blues

decadesquicklyresultedinanenormousexpansionofblackmarketactivity,despitethefactthatthesegovernmentswerealsojustbeginningtoloosenuptheircontroloftheeconomyatthesametime.

BlackoutPeriod

TheperiodbetweenthedatetheexaminingattorneyapprovesthemarkforpublicationandthedateofissuanceoftheNoticeofAllowance.TheapplicantmaynotfileanAllegationofUseduringthisperiod.

Bloc,Parliamentary

Bloc,parliamentary,groupoflegislatorsformedtosupportspecialinterests.Ablocmayformbecauseofaspecificissueanddissolvewhenthatissuehasbeenresolved,oritmayhaveamorepermanentcharacter,basedonamoregeneralinterest.Itisusuallymoretightlyknitandaggressivethanacoalition.Theblochasbeenacommondeviceinlegislaturesmadeupofmanyparties,whereithastendedtocreatetwoloosegroupsof"left"and"right."Innominallybipartisanlegislatures,suchasthoseoftheUnitedStates,blocsaresmallergroupsandareusuallyorganizedtopromoteaspecificeconomicorsocialinterestorpolicyas,forexample,thefarmbloc.Thelate20thcent,sawthedevelopmentofblocvotingbygroupsofstatesintheGeneralAssemblyoftheUnitedNations.

BlockGrants

BlockGrantsarefundsgivenstatesbythefederalgovernmenttorunprogramswithindefinedguidelines.

BlueDogDemocrat

Oneof33conservativeDemocraticMembersoftheHouseofRepresentativeswhohavebandedtogethertosupportamorecentristpositiononeconomicissuesthanthatheldbytheirparty'sleadership.

Blues

TheuneditedinextensotranscriptofproceedingsintheHouseDICTIONARYOFPUBLICADMINISTRATION

BoardofInternalEconomy

orinoneofitscommittees,socalledbecausetheywereformerlyprintedonbluepaper.

BoardofInternalEconomy

ThegoverningbodyoftheHouseofCommons.PresidedoverbytheSpeaker,theBoardisresponsibleforallmattersoffinancialandadministrativepolicyaffectingtheHouseofCommons.TheBoardisconstitutedandempoweredbystatuteandnotbyorderoftheHouse.TheClerkoftheHouseisitsSecretary.BOCCAdministrationprovidesexecutivelevelsupporttotheBoardofCountyCommissioners.Thedepartmentrespondstocitizeninquiries,schedulespublichearingsandstudysessions,managesadvisoryboardsandcommitteesandcoordinatesmeetingswithlocaljurisdictionsandagencies.

BondMarket

Usuallyreferstothedailybuyingandsellingofthirtyyeartreasurybonds.Lendersfollowthismarketintenselybecauseastheyieldsofbondsgoupanddown,fixedratemortgagesdoapproximatelythesamething.ThesamefactorsthataffecttheTreasuryBondmarketalsoaffectmortgageratesatthesametime.Thatiswhyrateschangedaily,andinavolatilemarketcananddochangeduringthedayaswell.

BorrowingAuthority

PowerrequiredbytheGovernmenttomakeupanyshortfallbetweenrevenuesandexpenditures,andobtainedbywayofaborrowingauthoritybill.

Borrowings

Fundsobtainedfromrepayablesources,includingloanssecuredbythegovernmentfromfinancialinstitutionsandothersources,bothinternalandexternal,tofinancedevelopmentprojectsand/orbudgetsupport.

Bossism

Bossism,inthehistoryoftheUnitedStates,isasystemofpoliticalcontrolcenteringaboutasinglepowerfulfigure(the

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BridgeAwards

boss)andacomplexorganizationoflesserfigures(themachine)boundtogetherbyreciprocityinpromotingfinancialandsocialself-interest.Bossismwasaverylargeissueinthelate1800sandtheearly1900s.

BourgeoisNationalism

BourgeoisNationalismisatermfromMarxistphraseology.Itreferstothepracticeofdividingpeoplebynationality,race,ethnticity,orreligion,whichwereallegedtodeflectthemfromclasswarfare.Itisseenasadivideandconquerstrategyusedbytherulingclassestopreventtheworkingclassfromunitingagainstthem(hencetheMarxistslogan,Workersofallcountries,unite!).

BPAIIS

BoardofPatentAppealsandInterferencesInformationSystem.

Alegallyinexcusablefailuretoperformacontractualobligation.

BreachofPrivilege

AninfringementofoneofthespecificprivilegesoftheHouseoritsMemberswhichpreventsthemfromcarryingouttheirfunctions.TheHouseisaskedtodealwithanallegedbreachonlywhenitappearstotheSpeakertobeevident{primafacie).

BrettonWoodsAgreement

AttheU.N.MonetaryandFinancialConferenceatBrettonWoods,NewHampshire,in1944,forty-fournationsestablishedtheInternationalMonetaryFundandtheInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment(WorldBank).

BridgeAwards

ProvideoneyearoffundingsoinvestigatorscancontinueresearchwhilereapplyingforanR01grant,orenablenewinvestigatorstogatherpreliminarydatatoimprovetheirapplications.InvestigatorsdonotapplyforbridgeawardsbutareselectedfromR01grantsatthepaylinemargin.Abridgeawardismade

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BridgeLoan

asanR21withoneyearoffunding,whichthePIcanchoosetospendoveratwo-yearperiod.ThisenablesthePItosubmitanamendedR01applicationforthenextreceiptdatewhilereceivinginterim(bridge)fundingundertheR21mechanism.

BridgeLoan

Notusedmuchanymore,bridgeloansareobtainedbythosewhohavenotyetsoldtheirpreviousproperty,butmustcloseonapurchaseproperty.Thebridgeloanbecomesthesourceoftheirfundsforthedownpayment.Onereasonfortheirfallfromfavoristhattherearemoreandmoresecondmortgagelendersnowthatwilllendatahighloantovalue.Inaddition,sellersoftenprefertoacceptoffersfrombuyerswhohavealreadysoldtheirproperty.

Brief

Awrittenstatementpreparedbyeachsideinalawsuittoexplaintothecourtitsviewofthefactsinacaseandtheapplicablelaw.

Broket

Brokerhasseveralmeaningsindifferentsituations.MostRealtorsare"agents"whoworkundera"broker."Someagentsarebrokersaswell,eitherworkingformthemselvesorunderanotherbroker.Inthemortgageindustry,brokerusuallyreferstoacompanyorindividualthatdoesnotlendthemoneyfortheloansthemselves,butbrokerloanstolargerlendersorinvestors.Asanormaldefinition,abrokerisanyonewhoactsasanagent,bringingtwopartiestogetherforanytypeoftransactionandearnsafeefordoingso.

BudgetAct

TheBudgetActreferstothe1974CongressionalBudgetAct.Itcreatedthecurrentbudgetprocess.ItalsocreatedtheCongressionalBudgetOffice(CBO)andtheHouseandSenateBudgetCommittees.Theannualbudgetresolutionandreconci-liation billsareprocessedunderthetermsofthe1974BudgetAct.

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BudgetSpeech

BudgetAppropriation

TheyearlyamountgiventoagovernmentagencybyCongress.

BudgetAuthorization

Legislationauthorizingthegovernmenttospendmoneyonaprogramforseveralyears.

BudgetDebate

AdebateonamotionapprovingtheGovernment'sbudgetarypolicy.ThemotionismovedbytheMinisterofFinancefollowingthepresentationofthebudgetspeech.

BudgetDeficit

Theamountbywhichtotalgovernmentspendingismorethangovernmentincomeduringaspecifiedperiod;theamountofmoneywhichthegovernmenthastoraisebyborrowingorcurrencyemissioninordertomakeupfortheshortfallintaxrevenues.

BudgetPeriod

Intervalintowhichagrantprojectperiodisdividedforfundingandreportingpurposes,usually12months.

BudgetResolution

TheBudgetResolutionistheannualdecisionmadebyCongresstosetspendingandrevenuelevels.

ItprovidesavoluntaryframeworkwithinwhichCongressagreestolimitsubsequentmoneybills.

TheBudgetResolutionmayalsoinstructcommitteestochangecurrentlawinordertosavemoney.

BudgetSpeech

ApresentationmadeintheHousebytheMinisterofFinanceintroducingtheGovernment'splansconcerningfiscal,economicandsocialpolicy(thebudget).Oftenreferredtoas"bringingdownthebudget".

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BudgetSurplus

Theamountbywhichgovernmentrevenuesaremorethangovernmentspendingduringaspecifiedperiod.

Budget

1.Astatementofagovernment'splannedorexpectedfinancialpositionforaspecifiedperiodoftime(usuallyoneyear)basedonestimatesoftheexpenditurestobemadebythegovernment'smainsubdivisions(wagesandsalariesofgovernmentemployees;consultantstees;purcnasesotequip-ment, supplies,realestate,etc.;moneytransferredtobenefi-ciaries ofvariousprograms,andsoon)duringthespecifiedperiod,alongwithestimatesoftherevenuestoberealizedfromthevarioussourcesofincomethatwillbeavailableforpayingfortheseexpenditures.Thebudgetofagovernmentmaybeseenasacomprehensiveplanofwhatthegovernmentwillspendforitsvariousprogramsduringthenextfiscalyearandhowitexpectstoraisethemoneytopayforthem(taxreceipts,chargesforservices,saleofassets,borrowing,newemissionsofcurrency,etc.)Somewhatconfusingly,thesametermisusedtodenoteboththeadvanceestimateorplanofwhatthegovernmentwillbetakinginandspendingandalsotheactualamountsthatfinallyendupbeingtakeninandspent—eventhoughtheplannedandactualnumbersneverreallymatchperfectlywhenthereturnscomein!

2.AnannualproposalthatoutlinesanticipatedFederalrevenueanddesignatesprogramexpendituresfortheupcomingfiscal

year.

BuUyPulpit

inistermstemstromrresidentineodoreKooseveitsreferencetotheWhiteHouseasa"bullypulpit,"meaningaterrificplatformfromwhichtopersuasivelyadvocateanagenda.Rooseveltoftenusedtheword"bully"asanadjectivemeaningsuperb/wonderful.RooseveltalsohadpoliticalaffiliationwiththeProgressiveParty,nicknamedthe"BullMoose"party.Itgotthemonikerwhen

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BudgetDebate

RooseveltranforPresidentasitscandidatein1912,afterdeclaringhimselfas"fitasabullmoose."

BurdenofProof

1.Thedutyofapartytoproducethegreaterweightofevidenceonapointatissue.

2.Thestandardbywhichacaseisdecided.Incriminalcases,theprosecutormustprovehis/hercase"beyondareasonabledoubt."Incivilcases,theplaintiffmustprovehis/hercasebya"preponderanceofevidence,"or,insomecases,by"clearandconvincing"evidence.

BudgetDebate

1.Atypeofadministrationcharacterizedbyspecialization,professionalism,andsecurityoftenure.

2.Inordinaryusage,"bureaucracy"referstoacomplex,specia-lized organization(especiallyagovernmentalorganization)composedofnon-elected,highlytrainedprofessionaladministratorsandclerkshiredonafull-timebasistoperformadministrativeservicesandtasks.Bureaucraticorganizationsarebrokenupintospecializeddepartmentsorministries,toeachofwhichisassignedresponsibilityforpursuingalimitednumberofthegovernment'smanyofficialgoalsandpolicies—thosefallingwithinasinglerelativelynarrowfunctionaldomain.Thedepartmentsorministriesaresubdividedintodivisionsthatareeachassignedevenmorespecializedresponsibilitiesforaccomplishingvariousportionsoraspectsofthedepartment'soveralltasks,andthesedivisionsareinturncomposedofmultipleagenciesorbureauswithevenmoreminutelyspecializedfunctions(andtheirownsub-divisions). Bureaucraticorganizationsalwaysrelyheavilyontheprincipleofhierarchyandrank,whichrequiresaclear,unambiguouschainofcommandthroughwhich"higher"officialssupervisethe"lower"officials,whoofcoursesupervisetheirownsubordinateadministratorswithinthevarioussubdivisionsandsub-subdivisionsoftheorganization.

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BureaucraticPolitics

Bureaucraticpoliticstheoriesorexplanationsofwhyparticularpublicpolicydecisionsgotmadethewaytheydidstressthemotivationbytherelevantofficialsinthegovernmentbureaucracytoprotectorpromotetheirownagency'sspecialinterests(incompetitionwithotheragencies)asamajormotivatingfactorinshapingthetimingandthecontentofgovernmentdecisions.Eachbureau(orothergovernmentalsub-division)continuallystrivestomaximizeitsbudgetanditsauthorizedmanpower,aswellastoprotectorextenditsoperatingautonomyanddiscretion,indecision-makingintheareaofitsassignedresponsibilities.Oftenthiscanbemostreadilyaccomplishedbylobbyingforanexpansionofthescopeofthebureau'sresponsibilitiesthatareprescribedbyCongressorthelegislature.Becausebureaucraticagenciesareincompetitionwitheachotherforbudgetsharesandforpersonnelallocationsaswellasforgainingresponsibilityforjuicynewprogramsjustifyingexpansion,thepoliciesandpolicyrecommendationsgeneratedintheexecutivebranchofthegovernmentandpassedontoboththechiefexecutiveandthelegislativeauthoritiesareoftenbetterunderstoodastheby-productotbureaucraticturt-oattiesandexpedientcompromisesbetweenbureaucraticchieftainsthanastheproductofreasonedanalysisofhowmosteffectivelyandefficientlytocarryoutthepolicycommitmentsoftheelectedchiefexecutiveortoservethepublicinterest.

BusinessCycle

1.Itencompassesthelengthoftimefrompeakbusinessactivitythroughthefollowingtroughandbacktothenextpeak.So-calledKitchincyclesaverageaboutfortymonthsinduration,buttherearealsoverylongKondratieffcyclesofperhapssixtyyears.TheprivateNationalBureauofEconomicResearchistheofficialarbiterofthebeginningandendingofbusinesscyclesinAmerica.

2.Moreorlessregularswingsorwave-likefluctuationsinthepaceofacountry'seconomicgrowth,wellaboveandwell

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Buvdown

belowthelong-termtrendinthegrowthrateoftotalproduction;theupsanddownsofoverallbusinessactivity,asevidencedbysurgesanddeclinesinGNPandGDP,unemploymentrates,andthegeneralpricelevel;theboom-and-bustpatternofrecession(ordepression)andrecovery.Inoldereconomicliterature(andstilltodayinBritishusage)tnetermtradecycleisoftenusedasasynonymtorbusinesscycle."

BusinessofSupply

TheprocessbywhichtheGovernmentsubmitsitsprojectedannualexpendituresforparliamentaryapproval.ItincludesconsiderationoftheMainandSupplementaryEstimates,interimsupply,motionstorestoreorreinstateitemsintheEstimates,appropriationbills,andmotionsdebatedonallotteddays.

BusinessoftheHouse

Anyquestion,motionorbillwhichisplacedbeforetheHouse,whetherintroducedbyaMinisterorbyaprivateMember.

BusinessofWaysandMeans

TheprocessbywhichtheGovernmentobtainsthenecessaryresourcestomeetitsexpenses.Ithastwoessentialelements:thepresentationofthebudgetandthemotionswhichleadtotheintroductionoftaxbills.

Buydown

Usuallyreferstoafixedratemortgagewheretheinterestrateis"boughtdown"foratemporaryperiod,usuallyonetothreeyears.Afterthattimeandfortheremainderoftheterm,theborrower'spaymentiscalculatedatthenoterate.Inordertobuydowntheinitialrateforthetemporarypayment,alumpsumispaidandheldinanaccountusedtosupplementtheborrower'smonthlypayment.Thesefundsusuallycomefromtheseller(orsomeothersource)asafinancialincentivetoinducesomeonetobuytheirproperty.A"lenderfundedbuydown"iswhenthelenderpaystheinitiallumpsum.They

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canaccomplishthisbecausethenoterateontheloan(afterthebuydownadjustments)willbehigherthanthecurrentmarketrate.Onereasonfordoingthisisbecausetheborrowermaygetto"qualify"atthestartrateandcanqualifyforahigherloanamount.Anotherreasonisthataborrowermayexpecthisearningstogoupsubstantiallyinthenearfuture,butwantsalowerpaymentrightnow.

By-Election

AnelectionheldtofillavacancyarisingduringthecourseofaParliament.Thedateoftheby-electionisfixedbytheGovernorinCouncil.

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CabinetMinister

Amemberoftheexecutive,appointedbytheGovernorGeneralontheadviceofthePrimeMinister.UsuallychosenfromamongexistingMembersandSenators,MinistersareresponsibletoParliamentfortheirofficialactionsandthoseoftheirdepartments.CabinetMinistersaregiventhetitle"Honourable"andmembershiponthePrivyCouncilforlife.

CabinetSolidarity

Aconventionthatallcabinetministerspubliclysupportwhateverdecisionsthecabinethastaken,regardlessoftheirpersonalviews.

Cabinet

1.TheexecutiveoftheGovernment,consistingofthoseMembersandSenatorsappointedbytheGovernorGeneralontheadviceofthePrimeMinister.FormallyacommitteeofthePrivyCouncil,itisresponsiblefortheadministrationoftheGovernmentandtheestablishmentofitspolicy.

2.ThePresident,theVicePresident,andtheofficialswhoruntheexecutivedepartmentsofthegovernment.(Attimes,otherofficialsareincludedinthecabinet.)

CalendarWednesday

CalendarWednesdayisanolderprocedurelettingcommitteescallupbillsoftheirchoiceonWednesdays.Itisroutinelysetasideeachweek.Itwascreatedin1910tochallengethespeaker'scontroloftheagenda.

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Calendar

1.Theclerkofthecourt'slistofcaseswithdatesandtimessetforhearings,trialsorarguments.

1nelistoiDillsorresolutionstooeconsideredoycommittees,orbyeitherchamber.

CalloftheHouse

Atypeofquorumcall,usedtobringabsentmemberstothefloorwhennovoteispending.

Itisalsousedautomaticallyafteranyvotewhichhadlessthanaquorumparticipating.

CallOption

Similartotheaccelerationclause.

CallupaBill

ToCallupaBillistoraiseitonthefloorforimmediateconsideration.

CallingtheDocket

Thepubliccallingofthedocketorlistofcases,forthepurposeofsettingatimefortrialorenteringorders.

Campaign,Political

Campaign,Political,organizedefforttosecurenominationandelectionofcandidatesforgovernmentoffices.IntheUnitedStates,themostimportantpoliticalcampaignsarethoseforthenominationandelectionofcandidatesfortheofficesofpresidentandvicepresident.Ineachpoliticalpartysuchnominationsaremadeatanationalconventionprecedingthepresidentialelection.

Campaigncostshavebecomeenormous,politicaladvertising,especiallytelevision,beingthegreatestexpense.Asaresult,partiesandcandidatesneedtoraisemanymillionsofdollars.Financialcontributionsbycorporations,laborunions,andotherorganizations,individuals,andfederalemployeesaswellasexpendituresbytheparties'nationalcommitteeshavebeen

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CanceledClaim

restrictedbylaw.CloserregulationofcontributionswasattemptedbyestablishmentoftheFederalEectionsCommission(FEC)in1974and1976;theFECprovidespublicfinancinginreturnforspendinglimits.Inthelate1990s,however,theFECnegatedsomeofitsownrulesandweakenedtherestrictions.Additionally,politicalactioncommitteesarepermittedasprivatecampaign-fundingvehicles,andunlimited"softmoney"mayberaisedbypoliticalparties(asopposedtocandidates)for"partydevelopment"(nearly$500millionin2000).

Also,anumberofpresidentialcandidates,beginningwithGeorgeW.Bushinthe2000presidentialcampaign,havechosentoforgopublicfinancinginordertoavoidtheassociatedspendinglimits.Thusthereformshavenotslowedtheescalatingcostofcampaigns.

Attemptsinthelate1990storevampthewaynationalpoliticalcampaignsarefinancedweresuccessfullyfilibusteredintheU.S.Senate,butin2002Congresspassedlegislationtoeliminatesoftmoneyonthenationallevelandrestrictitonthestateandlocallevelwhileincreasingtheamountthatcouldbedonatedtoacandidate.Thebillalsorestrictedtheabilityofpoliticalactionscommitteestoattackcandidatesbynameimmediatelybeforeanelection;thatandtheprovisionsregardingsoftmoneywerechallengedincourtbutnarrowlyupheld(2003)bytheSupremeCourt.

InGreatBritainthesystemofparliamentarygovernmentpermitstheoverthrowofthecabinetbyavoteofnoconfidenceatanytime,and,comparedwithU.S.congressionalelections,thisresultsinamoreunifiedpartycampaign.Britishparliamentaryandlocalelectionsareneverheldconcurrently;campaignsareshortandintensive,andpartyexpendituresarecomparativelyverymoderateandarefixedbylaw.

CanceledClaim

Aclaimthatiscanceledordeleted."Canceled"isthestatusidentifierthatshouldbeusedwhenaclaimiscanceledinanapplication.

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Canceled

Trademarkregistrationisnolongerviable.Itmaybeduetotheregistrant'sfailuretofiletherequiredcontinueduseaffidavitunderSection8oftheTrademarkAct,toacancellationproceedingattheTrademarkTrialandAppealBoardortotheoutcomeofacivilcourtaction.

CancellationProceeding

AproceedingbeforetheTrademarkTrialandAppealBoardinwhichtheplaintiffseekstocancelanexistingregistrationofamark.Theproceedingmayonlybefiledafterissuanceofaregistration.Apetitionforcancellationmaybefiledbyanypersonwhobelievesthatheorsheisorwillbedamagedbytheregistrationofthemark.

CanonsofTaxation

AdamSmith'sfivedesiderataforaprudentsystemoftaxationwereadequacy,certainty,efficiency,easeofadministration,andequity.

Cap

AdjustableRateMortgageshavefluctuatinginterestrates,butthosefluctuationsareusuallylimitedtoacertainamount.Thoselimitationsmayapplytohowmuchtheloanmayadjustoverasixmonthperiod,anannualperiod,andoverthelifeoftheloan,andarereferredtoas"caps."SomeARMs,althoughtheymayhavealifecap,allowtheinterestratetofluctuatefreely,butrequireacertainminimumpaymentwhichcanchangeonceayear.Thereisalimitonhowmuchthatpaymentcanchangeeachyear,andthatlimitisalsoreferredtoasacap.

CapitalExpenditures/Outlays

Expendituresfortheacquisitionoffixedassetsandothergoodsandservicestheproductivebenefitsofwhichextendbeyondthefiscalyear.TheseincludeinvestmentsinthecapitalstockofGovernmentOwnedorControlledCorporationsandtheirsubsidiariesandinvestmentsinpublicutilitiesandloansoutlays

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Capitalism

CapitalGains

Thedifferencebetweenthepriceatwhichanassetwasoriginallypurchasedandthehigherpricethatitbroughtwhenitwasfinallysold.Economicconservativesusuallybelievethat,forseveralreasons,capitalgainsshouldnotbetaxed;liberalsusuallyfavortaxingthembecausetheywereearnedbyhumanphysicaleffort.

CapitalRevenue

Proceedsfromthesaleoffixedorcapitalassets,suchasland,building,machinery,stocksandintangibles,includingreceiptsofunrequitedtransfersforcapitalpurposesfromnon-governmentalsources.

Capital

Theexistingstockofgoodswhicharetobeusedintheproductionofothergoodsorservicesandwhichhavethemselvesbeenproducedbyprevioushumanactivities.Capitalisconventionallysubdividedinto"fixedcapital"and"circulatingcapital,"althoughthedistinctionismainlyamatterofdegreeofdurabilityratherthanaclear-cutdifferenceinkind.Fixedcapitalreferstodurableproducers'goodssuchasbuildings,plantandmachinery,whilecirculatingcapitalreferstostockpilesofmaterials,semi-finishedgoods,andcomponentsthatarenormallyusedupveryrapidlyinproduction.Noticethat"capital"inthestrictesteconomicsenserefersonlytoreal,physicalmeansofproductionalreadyinbeing,nottothesumsofmoneyputasidethroughsavingstopurchaserealcapitalwithinthefuture(althoughthetotalamountofcapitalinaparticularfirmmayforconveniencebedescribedorsummarizedinmonetarytermsbythepotentialresalevaluesofalltheseparateitemsofcapitaladdedtogetherinonegrandsum).

Capitalism

1.Aformofeconomicordercharacterizedbyprivateownershipofthemeansofproductionandthefreedomofprivateownerstouse,buyandselltheirpropertyorservicesonthe

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CapitolHill

marketatvoluntarilyagreedpricesandterms,withonlyminimalinterferencewithsuchtransactionsbythestateorotherauthoritativethirdparties.

2.Aneconomicsystemoffreeenterprisewithprivateownershipofthemeansofproduction.

3.Thiseconomicsystemispremisedonprivateownership,market-baseddecisionmakingbylargenumbersofbuyersandsellers,andreinvestmentofprofitsintothefirm.Thetermfree-enterprisesystemispreferredtoday.

CapitolHill

CapitolHillreferstotheareaencompassingtheU.S.Capitol,andtheHouse&Senateofficebuildings.

Thetermreferstoaninclineonceknownas"JenkinsHill,"andincludesthesurroundingresidentialarea.

CapturedAgency

Agovernmentagency,especiallyaregulatoryagency,thatislargelyundertheinfluenceoftheeconomicinterestgroupfs)mostdirectlyandmassivelyaffectedbyitsdecisionsandpolicies—typicallybusinessfirms(andsometimesprofessionalassociations,laborunions,orotherspecialinterestgroups)fromtheindustryoreconomicsectorbeingregulated.Acapturedagencyshapesitsregulationsandpoliciesprimarilytobenefitthesefavoredclientgroupsattheexpenseoflessorganizedandoftenlessinfluentialgroups(suchasconsumers)ratherthandesignstheminaccordancewithsomebroaderormoreinclusiveconceptionofthepublicinterest.

Carryover

1.AsindicatedbytheNoticeofGrantAward,carryoverauthorityprovidesgranteespermissiontocarryoverfundsthatareunobligatedattheendofabudgetperiodtothenextbudgetperiod.ForawardsundertheStreamlinedNoncompetingAwardProcess(SNAP),fundsareautomaticallycarriedoverandareavailableforexpenditureduringtheentireproject

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Case

period.However,underthoseawards,thegranteewillberequiredtoindicate,aspartofitsnoncompetingcontinuationrequest,whetheritsestimatedunobligatedbalance(includingprioryearcarryover)isexpectedtobegreaterthan25percentofthecurrentyear'stotalbudget.Ifso,thegranteemustprovideanexplanationandindicateplansforexpenditureofthosefundsifcarriedforward.

2.Theabilityofgranteestousegrantfundsfromonebudgetperiod(typically,oneyear)inthenextperiodforgrants.

Cartel

Aformalorganizationsetupbyagroupoffirmsthatproduceandsellthesameproductforthepurposeofexactingandsharingmonopolisticrents.Theintendedpurposeofacartelistoreapmonopolyprofitsbyartificiallyrestrictingoutputandthusdrivingthepriceabovethelevelthatwouldprevailiftheyremainedincompetitionwithoneanother.Thistheynormallyaccomplishbyagreeingonarelativelyhighcommonaskingpricefortheirproductthatnoneofthememberfirmswillbepermittedunderbid,butsometimesthememberfirmsmaysimplyagreetodividethemarketgeographicallyandgranteachotherlocalmonopolieswithoutnecessarilyenforcingauniformpricestructure.

CaseInitiation

Firststepinthechildsupportenforcementprocess.

CaseLaw

1.Lawbasedonpublishedjudicialdecisions.

2.Lawestablishedbythehistoryofjudicialdecisionsincases.

CaseMember

Participantinchildsupportcase;amembercanparticipateinmorethanonecase.

Case

1.Acollectionofpeopleassociatedwithaparticularchild

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Casework

supportorder,courthearing,and/orrequestforIV-Dservices.ThistypicallyincludesaCustodialParty(CP),adependents),andaNon-custodialParent(NCP)and/orPutativeFather(PF).EverychildsupportcasehasauniqueCaseIDnumberand,inadditiontonamesandidentifyinginformationaboutitsmembers,includesinformationsuchasCPandNCPwagedata,courtorderdetails,andNCPpaymenthistory.

2.Alegaldispute.Casework

CaseworkreferstointermediaryworkperformedbymembersofCongressforconstituentswhomayhaveproblems,or"cases",withthefederalgovernment.

CashBudget

Aggregateofrevenues,borrowingsanddisbursementsofthenationalgovernmentshowingacashdeficitorsurplus.ItreflectstheactualdepositsandwithdrawalsofcashbythenationalgovernmentagenciestotheBureauoftheTreasury.

Cash-OutRefinance

Whenaborrowerrefinanceshismortgageatahigheramountthanthecurrentloanbalancewiththeintentionofpullingoutmoneyforpersonaluse,itisreferredtoasa"cashoutrefinance."

CastingVote

ThedecidingvoteaccordedtotheSpeaker(or,incommittee,tothechair)intheeventofatie.TheSpeakerorchairmayvoteonlyinordertoavoidadeadlock,andtraditionallyvotessoastomaintainthestatusquo.

Caucus

1.AgroupcomposedofallMembersandSenatorsofagivenparty.

2.Agroupormeetingofagroupofapoliticalpartyororganizationinwhichsuchmattersasselectionofcandidates,leaders,orpositionsonissuesaredecided.

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uopyng

CBO

Caudillo

Caudillo,typeofSouthAmericanpoliticalleaderthatarosewiththe19th-centurywarsofindependence.Thefirstcaudilloswereoftengeneralswho,leadingprivatearmies,usedtheirmilitarymighttoachievepowerinthenewlyindependentstates.Manywerelargelandowners{hacendados)whosoughttoadvancetheirprivateinterests.Theyhadincommonmilitaryskillandapersonalmagnetismcapableofcommandingtheallegianceofthemasses.Caudilloswerenotassociatedwithparticularideologiesorpoliticalphilosophies.Althoughtheyoftenbegantheircareerbyopposingtheoligarchy,theyalmostinvariablybecameoligarchsandrarelyupsettheexistingsocialorder.Inpower,theirauthoritywaslargelyunchecked.Caudillos,orcaudilhosinPortuguese-speakingBrazil,lefttheirmarkonthehistoriesofallSouthAmericannations.Well-knowncaudilloswereJuanManueldeRosasandJuanFacundoQuirogainArgentina,GabrielGarciaMorenoinEcuador,AntonioLopezdeSantaAnaandPorfirioDiazinMexico,andRafaelLeonidasTrujilloMolinaintheDominicanRepublic.InSpain,GeneralFranciscoFrancogavehimselfthetitleofelCaudillo,usingthetermliterallywithoutitsdisparagingconnotations.

CauseofAction

Factsgivingrisetoalawsuit.

Cause

Alawsuit,litigationorlegalaction.

CaveatEmptor

Letthebuyerbeware.Thisphraseexpressesthe19thcenturyruleoflawthatthepurchaserbuysathisownrisk.

CBO

CBO,ortheCongressionalBudgetOffice,conductsnon-partisaneconomicanalysisandresearch.

CBOalsoevaluatesproposedbillsandamendments,assessingtheirpotentialcost.

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CensureMotion

AmotioncondemningtheGovernment,aMinisteroraprivateMemberforsomepositionwhichtheyholdorforsomeactionorlackofactionforwhichtheyareresponsible.

CenterforScientificReview(CSR)

TheNIHcomponentresponsibleforthereceiptandreferralofapplicationstothePHS,aswellastheinitialreviewforscientificmeritofmostapplicationssubmittedtotheNIH.

Center

1.Center,inpolitics,apartyfollowingamiddlecourse.ThetermwasfirstusedinFrancein1789,whenthemoderatesoftheNationalAssemblysatinthecenterofthehall.Itcanrefertoaseparatepartyinapoliticalsystem,e.g.,theCatholicCenterpartyofimperialandWeimarGermany,ortothemiddlegroupofapartyconsistingofseveralideologicalfactions.

2.Centergrantsareawardedtoinstitutionsonbehalfofprogramdirectorsandgroupsofcollaboratinginvestigators.Theyprovidesupportforlong-term,multi-disciplinaryprogramsofresearchanddevelopment.

CentralAgency

GovernmentagenciessuchasthePMO,thePCO,theTreasuryBoard,andtheFinanceDepartmentthathavecertaincoordina-ting functionsacrossthewholefederalpublicservice.

CentralRegistry

Acentralizedunit,maintainedbyeveryStateIV-Dagencythatisresponsibleforreceiving,distributing,andrespondingtoinquiriesoninterstateIV-Dcases.

CentralizedCollectionUnit

Asingle,centralizedsiteineachStateIV-Dagencytowhichemployerscansendchildsupportpaymentstheyhavecollectedforprocessing.Thiscentralizedpayment-processingsiteiscalled

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CertificationMark

theStateDisbursementUnit(SDU)andisresponsibleforcollecting,distributing,anddisbursingchildsupportpayments.

CertificateofDepositIndex

Oneoftheindexesusedfordetermininginterestratechangesonsomeadjustableratemortgages.Itisanaverageofwhatbanksarepayingoncertificatesofdeposit.

CertificateofElection

AdocumenttransmittedbytheChiefElectoralOfficertotheClerkoftheHouseofCommons,followingageneralelectionoraby-election,certifyingthatacandidatehasbeendulyelectedtoserveasaMemberofParliamentforaparticularconstituency(orelectoraldistrict).Acertificateofelectionmaylistthenamesofmorethanonedulyelectedcandidate.AMembercannotbesworninuntilthecertificateofelectionissenttotheClerkoftheHousefollowingtheelection.

CertificateofEligibility

AdocumentissuedbytheVeteransAdministrationthatcertifiesaveteran'seligibilityforaVAloan.

CertificateofNomination

Acertificatewhichprovidesforanappointmenttoanon-judicialpostmadebyaMinister.CopiesofsuchnominationsmustbetabledintheHousewheretheymaybesubjecttoreviewbutnotrevokedbyacommittee.

CertificateofRegistration

OfficialdocumentfromtheUSPTOevidencingthatamarkhasbeenregistered.

CertificationMark

Anyword,name,symbol,device,oranycombination,used,orintendedtobeused,incommercebysomeoneotherthanitsowner,tocertifyregionalorotherorigin,material,modeofmanufacture,quality,accuracy,orothercharacteristicsofsuchperson'sgoodsorservices,orthattheworkorlaboronthe

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Certification

goodsorserviceswasperformedbymembersofaunionorotherorganization.

Certification

Astatement,signedbyanapplicantorrecipientasaprerequisiteforreceivingfederalfunds,thatitmeetsorwilladheretocertainconditionsand/orwillundertakeornotundertakecertainactions.

Certiorari,Writof

Awritwhich,ifgrantedbytheSupremeCourt,meansthatitagreestohearacase.

CeterisParibus

Latinexpressionfor"otherthingsbeingequal."Thetermisusedineconomicanalysiswhentheanalystwantstofocusonexplainingtheeffectofchangesinone(independent)variableonchangesinanother(dependent)variablewithouthavingtoworryaboutthepossibleoffsettingeffectsofstillotherindependentvariablesonthedependentvariableunderexamination.Forexample,"anincreaseinthepriceofbeefwillresult,ceterisparibus,inlessbeefbeingsoldtoconsumers."[Puttingasidethepossibilitythatthepricesofchicken,pork,fishandlambsimultaneouslyincreasedbyevenlargerpercentages,orthatconsumerincomeshavealsojumpedsharply,orthatCBSNewshasjustannouncedthatbeefpreventsAIDS,etc.—anincreaseinthepriceofbeefwillresultinlessbeefbeingsoldtoconsumers.

ChainofTitle

Ananalysisofthetransfersoftitletoapieceofpropertyovertheyears.

ChairofCommitteesoftheWhole

TheMemberelectedbytheHouseatthebeginningofeachParliament,chargedwithpresidingoverallCommitteesoftheWhole.TheChairofCommitteesoftheWholealsoservesasDeputySpeaker.

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ChangeofName67Chair

ThepresidingofficeratameetingoftheHouse,whethertheSpeaker,theDeputySpeaker,theActingSpeakeroratacommittee.Jointcommitteeshaveco-chairs,onefromeachChamber.

Chairperson

1.Memberofthemajoritypartywhopresidesovertheworkofacommitteeorsubcommittee.

2.TheChairpersonistheleaderofacongressionalcommittee.Chairmenarealwaysmembersofthemajorityparty,oftenthosewithseniority;theirpowersincludetheabilitytoschedulehearingsandallocatecommitteebudget.

ChallengeforCause

Theobjectiontotheinclusionofapersononajuryforastatedreason.Attorneyscanmakethischallengeasnecessaryduringvoirdire.

ChallengeGrants

Nonprofitinstitutionsinterestedindevelopingnewsourcesoflong-termsupportforeducational,scholarly,preservation,andpublicprograms.Granteesarerequiredtoraiseadditionaldollarsinneworincreaseddonationsforeveryfederaldollaroffered.

Chamber

TheroominwhichtheHouseofCommonsortheSenatemeetstoconductitsbusiness.

ChangeofName

Sometimes,ownersoftrademarkapplicationsandregistrationschangetheirnames,eventhoughtheactualownershipoftheapplicationorregistrationhasnotbeentransferred.Whenthisoccurs,trademarkownersshouldrecordthenamechangewiththeUSPTOAssignmentBranchtomaintainaclearrecordofownership.Namechangesarerecordedinthesamemannerasassignments.

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ChangeofVenue

Movingatrialtoanewlocation,generallybecausepre-trialpublicityhasmadeitdifficulttoselectanimpartialjury.

ChaplainoftheHouseorSenate

TheChaplainoftheHouseorSenateopensthedayinhisrespectiveChamberwithprayerandgivespastoralcounseltoitsmembers.

ChargetotheJury

Thejudge'sinstructionstothejuryconcerningthelawapplicabletothecase.

CharismaticAuthority

Authoritybasedontheadmirationofpersonalqualitiesofanindividual.

CharitableTrust

Atrustsetuptobenefitacharity.

ChartofAccounts

Theorganizingframeworkusedtobudget,recordandreportonallfinancialtransactionsandaccountbalances.Harvardemploysa33-digitcodethatidentifiesdetailsabouteachUniversityfinancialtransaction.

Charter

Charter,documentgrantingcertainrights,powers,orfunctions.Itmaybeissuedbythesovereignbodyofastatetoalocalgoverningbody,university,orothercorporationorbytheconstitutedauthorityofasocietyorordertoalocalunit.ThetermwaswidelyappliedtovariousroyalgrantsofrightsintheMiddleAgesandinearlymoderntimes.ThemostfamouspoliticalcharteristheMagnaCartaofEngland.Charteredcompaniesheldbroadpowersoftradeandgovernmentbyroyalcharter.IncolonialAmerica,charteredcolonieswereintheory,andtoanextentinfact,lesssubjecttoroyalinterferencethanwereroyalcolonies.

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ChildSupportEnforcement(CSE)Agency

CharteredAdvisoryCommittee

Anycommitteeformedforadvisorypurposescomposednotwhollyoffederalofficials.UndertheFederalAdvisoryCommitteeAct,standingcommitteesmustbechartered,i.e.,approvedbytheirparentagencyincollaborationwiththeGovernmentServicesAgencytoensureaproperlybalancedrepresentation(geographical,women,minorities)andthatotherlegalrequirementsaremet.

ChecksandBalances

1.Asystemofgovernmentinwhichpowerisdividedbetweentheexecutive,legislativeandjudicialbranchesofgovernment,andthesepowerscheckandbalanceeachother.

2.TheprovisionsoftheConstitutionthatdividepoweramongthreeconstitutionallyequalandindependentbranchesofgovernment-legislative,executive,andjudicial-inthehopeofpreventinganysinglebranchfrombecomingtoopowerful.

ChicagoSchool

ThestudentsordisciplesofGeorgeStigler,MiltonFriedman,FriedrichvonHayek,andothereconomistsattheUniversityofChicago;Chicagoistsrejectgovernmentalinterventionintheeconomyandhaveastrongpreferenceformarkets;theybecameimportantinsuchagenciesastheAntitrustDivisionoftheDepartmentofJusticeduringtheReaganadministration.

ChiefElectoralOfficer

AnofficerofParliament,appointedbyresolutionoftheHouseofCommons,responsiblefortheadministrationoffederalelections,includingthemonitoringofcompliancewithstatutoryprovisionsrespectingelectionexpenses.

ChildSupportEnforcement(CSE)Agency

AgencythatexistsineveryStatethatlocatesnon-custodialparents(NCPs)orputativefathers(PF),establishes,enforces,andmodifieschildsupport,andcollectsanddistributeschildsupportmoney.OperatedbyStateorlocalgovernmentaccordingtotheChild

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70ChildSupportEnforcementNetwork(CSENet)

SupportEnforcementProgramguidelinesassetforthinTitleIV-DoftheSocialSecurityAct.Alsoknownasa"IV-DAgency".

ChildSupportEnforcementNetwork(CSENet)

State-to-Statetelecommunicationsnetwork,whichtransfersdetailedinformationbetweenStates'automatedchildsupportenforcementsystems.

ChildSupportPass-Through

Provisionbywhichatleast$50fromachildsupportpaymentcollectedonbehalfofapublicassistancerecipientisdisburseddirectlytothecustodialparent.ThePersonalResponsibilityandWorkOpportunityReconciliationAct(PRWORA)of1996eliminatedthepass-througheffectiveOctober1,1996.AfewStateshaveelectedtoretainthepass-through,payingitoutofState,ratherthanFederal,money.AlsoknownasChildSupport"Disregard."

CIP

Continuation-in-Part.Anapplicationfiledduringthelifetimeofanearliernonprovisionalapplication,repeatingsomesubstantialportionoralloftheearliernonprovisionalapplicationandaddingmatternotdisclosedintheearliernonprovisionalapplication.

CircuitCourts

Inseveralstates,thenamegiventoatribunal,theterritorialjurisdictionofwhichmaycompriseseveralcountiesordistricts.Inthefederalsystem,thecourtsofappealbeneaththeU.S.SupremeCourt.

Citation

1.Anumberedparagraphinaproceduralauthority,usuallyreferredtointhecourseofdebateonaquestionofprivilegeorapointoforder.

2.Areferencetoasourceoflegalauthority.Also,adirectiontoappearincourt,aswhenadefendantiscitedintocourt,ratherthanarrested.

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Citizen

Citizen,memberofastate,nativeornaturalized,whoowesallegiancetothegovernmentofthestateandisentitledtocertainrights.Citizensmaybesaidtoenjoythemostprivilegedformofnationality,theyareatthefurthestextremefromnon-nationalresidentsofastate,buttheymayalsobedistinguishedfromnationalswithsubjectorservilestatus(e.g.,slavesorserfs).(Itshouldbenoted,however,thatinGreatBritainandsomeotherconstitutionalmonarchiesacitizeniscalledasubject.)

Thetermcitizenoriginallydesignatedtheinhabitantofatown.InancientGreecepropertyownersinthecity-stateswerecitizensand,assuch,mightvoteandweresubjecttotaxationandmilitaryservice.CitizenshipintheRomanEmpirewasatfirstlimitedtotheresidentsofthecityofRomeandwasthenextendedinA.D.212toallfreeinhabitantsoftheempire.UnderfeudalisminEuropetheconceptofnationalcitizenshipdisappeared.Intime,however,citydwellerspurchasedtheimmunityoftheircitiesfromfeudaldues,therebyachievingaprivilegedpositionandapowerinlocalgovernment;theserightswereakintothoseofcitizenshipandsuppliedmuchofthecontentoflaterlegislationrespectingcitizenship.

ModernconceptsofnationalcitizenshipwerefirstdevelopedduringtheAmericanandFrenchrevolutions.Todayeachcountrydetermineswhatclassofpersonsareitscitizens.Insomecountriescitizenshipisdeterminedaccordingtothejussanguinis[Lat.,=lawofblood],wherebyalegitimatechildtakesitscitizenshipfromitsfatherandanillegitimatechildfromitsmother.Insomecountriesthejussoli[Lat.,=lawofthesoil]governs,andcitizenshipisdeterminedbyplaceofbirth.Thesedivergentsystemsmayleadtoconflictsthatoftenresultindualnationalityorlossofcitizenship(statelessness).

AlthoughtheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,aswrittenin1787,usesthewordcitizenandempowersCongresstoenactuniformnaturalizationlaws,thetermwasnotdefineduntiltheadoption(1868)oftheFourteenthAmendment,whichgave

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Citizenship

citizenshiptoformerblackslaves.Asthisamendmentindicates,theUnitedStatesgenerallyfollowsthejussoli.However,Congresshasalsorecognized,subjecttostrictrules,theprincipleofjussanguinissothatchildrenbornofAmericanparentsabroadarecitizensduringtheirminorityandcanretainthiscitizenshipatmajorityiftheymeetcertainconditions.Inaddition,in2000.CongressgrantedautomaticcitizenshiptomostminorchildrenofAmericanparentswhowereadoptedfromabroad;previouslysuchadoptedchildrenneededtobenaturalized.Untilthe1940stheUnitedStatesrecognizedseveralclassesofnationalswhowerenotcitizens,e.g.,FilipinosandPuertoRicans.Today,however,allU.S.nationalsarecitizens.TheUnitedStatesrecognizestherightofvoluntaryextradition,andin1967theSupremeCourtruledthatcitizenshipcanbelostonlyiffreelyandexpresslyrenounced;Congressdoesnothavethepowertotakeitaway.

Citizenship

1.Citizenshipismembershipinapoliticalcommunity(originallyacityortownbutnowusuallyacountry;)andcarrieswithitrightstopoliticalparticipation;apersonhavingsuchmembershipisacitizen.Itislargelycoterminouswithnationality,althoughitispossibletohaveanationalitywithoutbeingacitizen(i.e.,belegallysubjecttoastateandentitledtoitsprotectionwithouthavingrightsofpoliticalparticipationinit);itisalsopossibletohavepoliticalrightswithoutbeinganationalofastate.

2.Thewords'citizen'andcitizenship'owetheirorigintotheLatinwords'civis'whichmeansaresidentofacity.Citizen,therefore,isonewholivesinacityandcitizenshipisthestatusofthecitizen,asymbolthatgivesrecognitiontothefactthatacitizenisaresidentofacity.Butthisiswhatweunderstandcitizenshipetymologically.Suchameaningofcitizen,andtherefore,ofcitizenshipisnarrowanddoesnotincludeinitthecharacteristicswenormallyattachtotheminourtimes.

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CityGovernment

Citizenshipimpliesmembershipofapoliticalcommunitycalledthestate.We,asmembersofcommunityorsociety,aresocialbeings;webecomepoliticalbeingsonlyafterhavingacquiredmembershipofthestate,orhavingborninastate.Ourmembershipofthestate,ifweextendthemeaningofcitizenship,grantsusalegalstatus,astatusbehindwhichtherearesetandwell-definedrightsandduties.Thisisnottosaythatassocialbeings,wearewithoutrightsorareabsolvedofoursocialresponsibilities.Whatwedonothaveinsocietyandwhatwehaveinastateisthelegalsanction.Oureighttovoteisalegallyrecognizedrightwhereasourrighttohelpthepoorhasasocialormoralbearing.

CityCentralUnions

Inanumberofcitiesduringthe1820sand1830s,individualcraftunionsfounditusefultobandtogethertoformasinglecity-wideworkingmen'sorganization.Thesecity-basedcentralunionswerethestepbetweentheisolatedcraftunionsoftheearlynationalperiodandtheemergenceofnationalunionsinthe1850s.

CityGovernment

CityGovernment,politicaladministrationofurbanareas.

TheEnglishtraditionofincorporatingurbanunits(cities,boroughs,villages,towns)andallowingthemfreedominmostlocalmattersisgeneralintheUnitedStates.ThetraditionalU.S.citygovernmenthadamayorandcouncil,whosemembers(aldermen)representeddistricts(wards).Asthecomplexityofurbanlifeincreasedinthe19thcent.,theoldsystembecamelessefficient:problemsincludedoverlappingofoldofficeswithnew,poormethodsofaccountingandtaxation,andmuchblatantgraft.Fromtheseabusesarosemovementsformunicipalreform,whichhavebecomearecurrentfeatureofAmericanpoliticallife.TheyhavefamiliarizedAmericanswithagalleryofsuchpoliticalfiguresasWilliamM.TweedofNewYorkCity,FrankHagueofJerseyCity,andWilliamHaleThompsonofChicago.Althoughtheurbanpoliticalmachinehas,inmostcities,lostits

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formerpower,thetraditionaltypeofcitygovernment,alsoknownastheindependentexecutivetype,remainsthemostcommonurbangovernmentalform.Itisoftensubdividedintothestrongmayortype(e.g.,NewYorkCity)andtheweakmayor-strongcounciltype(e.g.,LosAngeles).

Reformeffortshaveresultedinthedevelopmentoftwofairlywidespreadalternativegovernmentaltypes.Thecommissionformhasaboard,bothlegislativeandadministrative,usuallyelectednonpartisanandatlarge.FirstadoptedbyGalveston,Tex.(1901),thissystemachievedgreatpopularityintheearly1900s,butmanycities(e.g.,BuffaloandNewOrleans)laterabandonedit.Thecitymanagerplangivestheadministrationtooneprofessionalnonpoliticaldirector.Thesystemhasgainedinpopularity;notableexamplesareinStaunton,Va.,thefirst(1908)toadoptit,andCincinnati,Ohio.

AperennialproblemofU.S.urbangovernmentisthedivisionofurbanareasamongseveralindependentcitygovernments,survivalsofoldseparatecommunities.TheEasternmetropolisesallprovideexamples,aggravatedinsome(e.g.,NewYorkCityandPhiladelphia),wherestatelinesrunthroughtheheartofthemetropolitanarea.AttemptsatefficiencyhaveproducedsuchorganizationsasthePortAuthorityofNewYorkandNewJersey,acorporationsetupbyjointactionofNewYorkstateandNewJersey,andassignedspecificpowersformerlyheldbylocalgovernments.Anotherprobiembesettingcitygovernmentisthemigrationofmiddle-classfamiliestothesuburbanareas,thusshrinkingthetaxbaseandfinancialresourcesofthecities.IntherestoftheEnglish-speakingworldandwhereverelsethereismuchlocalself-government,Americanformsandproblemsareparalleled.Elsewhere,astypicallyinFrance,thelocalofficers,albeitelectedmayorandcouncillors,arelargelyfigureheads,servingmainlytocarryouttheregulationsofthecentralbureaucracy.

City

City,denselypopulatedurbancenter,largerthanavillageora

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CivilDisobedience

town,whoseinhabitantsareengagedprimarilyincommerceandindustry.IntheUnitedStatesacityislegallyanincorporatedmunicipality

CivicNationalism

CivicNationalism,orCivilNationalism,istheformofnationalisminwhichthestatederivespoliticallegitimacyfromtheactiveparticipationofitscitizenry,fromthedegreetowhichitrepresentsthe"willofthepeople".ItisoftenseenasoriginatingwithJean-JacquesRousseauandespeciallythesocialcontracttheorieswhichtaketheirnamefromhis1762bookTheSocialContract.

Civicnationalismlieswithinthetraditionsofrationalismandliberalism,butasaformofnationalismitiscontrastedwithethnicnationalism.Membershipofthecivicnationisconsideredvoluntary.Civic-nationalidealsinfluencedthedevelopmentofrepresentativedemocracyincountriessuchastheUnitedStatesandFrance.

CivicResponsibility

Thecommitmentofacitizentohisorhercommunity.Service-learningandcommunityengagementareoftencitedaswaysofdevelopingcivicresponsibility.

CivilActions

Noncriminalcasesinwhichoneprivateindividualorbusinesssuesanothertoprotect,enforce,orredressprivateorcivilrights.

CivilCases

Courtcasesthatconcernrelationsbetweenindividualsandorganizations,suchasadivorceactionorasuitfordamagesarisingfromanautomobileaccidentorforviolationofabusinesscontract.

CivilDisobedience

Theconsciousrefusaltoobeylawsthatarebelievedtobeunjust,unconstitutional,orimmoral.

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CivilLiberties

ThefundamentalrightsofafreesocietythatareprotectedbytheBillofRightsagainstthepowerofthegovernment,suchasfreedomofspeech,religion,press,andassembly.

CivilRights

Theconstitutionalrightsofallindividualsandespeciallyofblacksandotherminorities,toenjoyfullequalityandequalprotectionofthelaws.

CivilService

1.CivilService,entirebodyofthoseemployedintheciviladministrationasdistinctfromthemilitaryandexcludingelectedofficials.ThetermwasusedindesignatingtheBritishadministrationofIndia,anditsfirstapplicationelsewherewasin1854inEngland.Moderncivilservicepersonnelareusuallychosenbyexaminationandpromotedonthebasisofmeritratings.Indemocraticnationsrecruitmentandadvancementproceduresaredesignedtodivorcethecivilservicefrompoliticalpatronage.

2.Thecivilianemployeesofthegovernmentandtheadministrativesysteminwhichtheywork.

Claim

1.Ademandforcompensationduetonon-compliance,damagesorinjuryasauthorizedbycontractorLaw.

2.Anassertionofarighttomoneyorpropertymadebytheinjuredpartythatisusing.

ClassDivisioninSociety

AccordingtheMarxist,viewmanissocialandthesociety,onthebasisoftheownershipofthemeansofproduction,hasbeenhistoricallyaclass-dividedsociety.This,however,doesnotmeanthatMarxismdoesnotrecognizetheexistenceofotherformsofconflictssuchasethnic,religious,nationaletc.,withinthesociety.Butitconsiderstheserivalries,conflictsandwarsas

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Classification

directlyorindirectlyderivedfromorrelatedtoclassconflict.InMarxismtheessentialprimaryfocusinthecontextofsocietyisonclassdivisionandclassconflict.

ClassStrugglePolitics

PoliticsasaformofclassstruggleisthehallmarkofMarxism.Liketheliberalviewofpolitics,Marxismalsostartsfromthenotionofconflictinginteiestsinthesociety.However,whileliberalismbelievesthatconflictsamongtheindividualsandgroupsisaproblemtobesolvedandconvertedintocooperationandharmony,Marxismseesconflictinatotallydifferentperspective.Declaringthattherootsofconflictsintheprocessoffulfillingthephysicalandmentalneedsofmanlivinginthesociety,itwantstostudythenatureandoutcomeoftheseconflicts.Againinsteadofresolvingtheconflicts,itwantstoeliminatetherootsoftheconflictsandconsequentlytheconflictsthemselvesthroughrevolutionaryreconstitutionofthesociety.However,beforewetalkabouttheMarxistnotionofconflicts,letushavealookattheirviewofmanandsociety.

ClassicalLiberalism

1.Aliberalideologyentailingaminimalroleforgovernmentinordertomaximizeindividualfreedom.

2.Comingfromlibertas,meaning"liberty"or"freedom",thisconceptreferstofreedomfromcontrolbygovernment,tradition,oranestablishedchurch.Ittypicallycelebratesthepotentialoftheindividualandismoretheantecedentoftoday'sconservatismthanofNewDealliberalism.

ClassificationofGoodsandServices

GoodsandServicesareclassifiedbyaninternationalsystem,accordingtointernationaltreatiestowhichtheUnitedStatesisasignatory.AllgoodsandservicesincludedintrademarkapplicationsareclassifiedbytheOfficeaccordingtothissystem.

Classification

Patentsareclassified(organized)intheU.S.byasystemusing

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Clause(ofaBill)

a3digitclassanda3digitsubclasstodescribeeverysimilargroupingofpatentart.Asingleinventionmaybedescribedbymultipleclassificationcodes.

Clause(ofaBill)

Adivisionofabillconsistingofanindividualsentenceorstatement.Onceabillbecomeslaw,itsclausesarereterredto

as"sections".

Clause-by-ClauseStudy

Thefinalphaseofacommittee'sconsiderationofabill,involvingdetailedstudyofitsprovisions.Eachclauseofthebillisconsideredindividually.

ClearandConvincingEvidence

Alevelofproofrequiringthetruthofthefactsassertedtobehighlyprobable.

ClearandPresentDangerTest

AtestestablishedbySupremeCourtJusticeOliverWendellHolmesin1919todefinethepointatwhichspeechlosestheprotectionoftheFirstAmendment.

ClearTitle

Atitlethatisfreeofliensorlegalquestionsastoownershipoftheproperty.

ClerkandRecorderiselectedbyvotersandisresponsibleforservingastheclerktotheboardandrecordingdeeds,registeringautomobiles,issuingmarriagelicenses,registeringvoters,administeringelectionsandmaintainingrecordsfortheBoardofCountyCommissioners.

ClerkofPetitions

TheproceduralclerkresponsibleforexaminingtheformandcontentofpublicpetitionspriortotheirpresentationintheHouse.OnlypetitionscertifiedbytheClerkofPetitionstobeinconformitywiththerequirementsoftheStandingOrdersmaybepresented.

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CloseOut(Closeout,Close-Out)

ClerkoftheCourt

Acourtemployeewhoisresponsibleformaintainingpermanentrecordsofallcourtproceedingsandexhibits,andadministeringtheoathtojurorsandwitnesses.

ClerkoftheHouse

TheClerkoftheHousecreatesandmaintainslegislativedocuments,votingtallys,andotherrecords.

ThebusinessmanagementoftheHouseishandledbythenewChiefAdministrativeOfficer.

ClerkoftheParliaments

ThetitleaccordedtheClerkoftheSenatewhoisresponsibleforthereadingoutofbilltitlesatRoyalAssentandannouncingtheRoyalAssentofsupplybills.HeorshealsohascustodyofalloriginalActsofParliamentandmayissuecertifiedcopiesofthemasrequired.

ClerkoftheSenate

ThechiefproceduraladvisertotheSpeakeroftheSenateandtoSenators.TheClerkisappointedbytheGovernorinCouncilandisresponsibleforawiderangeofproceduralandadministrativedutiesrelatingtotheroleoftheSenateanditscommittees.

Client

AtermoftenusedtorefertotherecipientofaTANFgrantorIV-Dservices.

ClientAgency

Ausingagencybenefitingbyapurchasemadeoracontractestablishedbyaprocurementadministration.

CloseOut(Closeout,Close-Out)

Aproceduretoofficiallyconcludeagrant.Institutestaffmustassurethatnecessaryscientific,administrative,andfinancialreportshavebeenreceived,implementedanddocumentedin

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CloseOut(FederalOnly)

compliancewithfederalrecordsmanagementpolicy.ThisincludestheFinalFinancialStatusReport(FSR),FinalInventionReport,andFinalProgressReport.

CloseOut(FederalOnly)

Finalactionstakenwithin90daysfollowingtheendofanaward.ThePImayneedtosubmitafinancialstatusreport,finalinventionstatementandcertifications,apropertyreport,andafinaltechnicalreport.

ClosedPrimary

Aformofprimaryelectioninwhichonlyregisteredmembersofapoliticalpartyorpersonsdeclaringtheiraffiliationwithapartycanvote.

ClosedRule

AClosedRulebansamendmentstoabillontheHousefloor,withtheexceptionofCommitteeamendments.Committeeamendmentsareapprovedinadvancebyacommitteeandofferedbyitschairmanorhis/herdesignee.

ClosedShop

Aplaceofworkinwhichonlyunionmembersmaybehired.

ClosingCosts

Closingcostsareseparatedintowhatarecalled"non-recurringclosingcosts"and"pre-paiditems."Non-recurringclosingcostsareanyitemswhicharepaidjustonceasaresultofbuyingthepropertyorobtainingaloan."Pre-paids"areitemswhichrecurovertime,suchaspropertytaxesandhomeownersinsurance.Alendermakesanattempttoestimatetheamountofnon-recurring closingcostsandprepaiditemsontheGoodFaithEstimatewhichtheymustissuetotheborrowerwithinthreedaysofreceivingahomeloanapplication.

Closing

Thishasdifferentmeaningsindifferentstates.Insomestatesarealestatetransactionisnotconsider"closed"untilthedocuments

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Co-Borrower

recordatthelocalrecordersoffice.Inothers,the"closing"isa-meetingwhereallofthedocumentsaresignedandmoneychangeshands.

Closure

Aprocedurepreventingfurtheradjournmentofdebateonanymotionoronanystageofabillandrequiringthatthemotioncometoavoteattheendofthesittinginwhichitisinvoked.

CloudonTitle

Anyconditionsrevealedbyatitlesearchthatadverselyaffectthetitletorealestate.Usuallycloudsontitlecannotberemovedexceptbydeed,release,orcourtaction.

ClusterSampling

Atechniqueusedbypollingorganizationsinwhichseveralpeoplefromthesameneighborhoodareinterviewed.

CoalitionGovernment

Aparliamentarygovernmentinwhichthecabinetiscomposedofmembersofmorethanoneparty.

Coalition

1.Analliancebetweentwoormorepoliticalunitsinresponsetoopposinglorces.

2.Alliancesofsegmentsoftheelectorate,interestgroups,andunorganizedmassesofvoterswhocoalescebehindapoliticalcandidateorparty.

CoattailEffect

Theabilityofamajorcandidate,suchasapresidentialorgubernatorialcandidate,tohelpcarryintoofficelessercandidatesfromthesamepartywhoarealsoontheballot.

Co-Borrower

Inadditionalindividualwhoisbothobligatedontheloanandisontitletotheproperty.

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82Co-CurhcularService-Learning

Co-CurricularService-Learning

Signifiescommunityservicethatisnotconnectedtoanacademiccoursebutstillretainssomeaspectofreflection.

CodeCivil

TheuniquesystemofcivillawusedinQuebec.

CodeofEthics

Awrittenpublicationofbehavioralaspectsrequiredofappointed,electedorindividualsundertheemploymentofajurisdiction.

CodeofFederalRegulations(CFR)

1.AnannuallyrevisedcodificationofthegeneralandpermanentrulesDublishedintheFederalRegister.

2.Thiscodeorganizesthousandsofadministrativerulesintofifty"titles"issuedbythevariousdepartmentsandagenciesofthefederalgovernment.

CodeofLaw

Acomprehensivesetofinterrelatedlegalrules.

Codel

CodelstandsforCongressionalDelegation.Itreferstoatripabroadbyagroupofmembers.

Coercion

tormoipowerbasedontorcedcompliancetnrougntearandintimidation.

The"counterintelligenceprogram"oftheFBIthatharassedAmericancitizensanddisruptedtheirorganizationsthroughawidevarietyofclandestinetechniques.

Coinventor

Aninventorwhoisnamedwithatleastoneotherinventorinapatentapplication,whereineachinventorcontributestothe

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CollectiveSecurity

conception(creation)oftheinventionsetforthinatleastoneclaiminapatentapplication.

Co-investigator

IndividualwhocollaborateswiththePrincipalInvestigator(PI)intheexecutionoftheresearchproject.

Collateral

Inahomeloan,thepropertyisthecollateral.Theborrowerriskslosingthepropertyiftheloanisnotrepaidaccordingtothetermsofthemortgageordeedoftrust.

Colleagueisatermofaddressusedbymemberstorefertooneanother,asin"mydistinguishedcolleague."

Collection

Whenaborrowerfallsbehind,thelendercontactstheminanefforttobringtheloancurrent.Theloangoesto"collection."Aspartofthecollectioneffort,thelendermustmailandrecordcertaindocumentsincasetheyareeventuallyrequiredtoforecloseontheproperty.

CollectiveMark

Atrademarkorservicemarkused,orintendedtobeused,incommerce,oytnemembersoracooperative,anassociauon,orothercollectivegroupororganization,includingamarkthatindicatesmembershipinaunion,anassociation,orotherorganization.

CollectiveSecurity

1.Acommitmentbyanumberofstatestojoininanallianceagainstmemberstatesmattnreatenpeace.

2.AprincipleembracedbytheUnitedStatesduringtheVrumanandDsenhoweradministrations,underwhichthenationattemptedtocontaincommunismanaentereaintoasenesofmilitaryallianceswithothercountriesforthispurpose.

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CoUoquy

Colloquy

AColloquyisapre-scriptedfloordialoguebetweenthechairmanofacommitteeandanothercongressman.

Thedialogueseekstoclarifytheintentbehindcertainprovisionsforpurposesoflegislativehistory.

Collusion

Analliancebetweenbiddersorpersonsdesignedtointerferewithjustaccomplishmentofapurposeorafairopportunitytobid.

Colonization

Colonization,extensionofpoliticalandeconomiccontroloveranareabyastatewhosenationalshaveoccupiedtheareaandusuallypossessorganizationalortechnologicalsuperiorityoverthenativepopulation.Itmayconsistsimplyinamigrationofnationalstotheterritory,oritmaybetheformalassumptionofcontrolovertheterritorybymilitaryorcivilrepresentativesofthedominantpower.

Overpopulation,economicdistress,socialunrest,andreligiouspersecutioninthehomecountrymaybefactorsthatcausecolonization,butimperialism,moreorlessaggressivehumanitarianism,andadesireforadventureorindividualimprovementarealsocauses.Colonizationmaybestatepolicy,oritmaybeaprivateprojectsponsoredbycharteredcorporationsorbyassociationsandindividuals.Beforecolonizationcanbeeffected,theindigenouspopulationmustbesubduedandassimilatedorconvertedtothecultureofthecolonists;otherwise,amodusvivendimustbeestablishedbytheimpositionofatreatyoranalliance.

Column

Twoormoreunitstieredontopofoneanother.

CombinationPatent

Apatentgrantedforaninventionthatunitesexistingcomponentsinanovelway

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CommissionerofOfficialLanguages

Cominform

"CommunistInformationBureau";aninternationalcommunist~"organizationafterWorldWarII.

Coming-into-ForceClause

TheclauseofabillstatingthedateuponwhichanActwillcomeintoeffect.SuchaclausemayalsoindicateonlythatanActorsomepartofitwillcomeintoforceonadatefixedbyorderoftheGovernorinCouncil.

Comintern

"CommunistInternational";alsoknownastheThirdInternational,thecommunistinternationalorganizationbetweenthetwoWorldWars.

CommercialLaw

LawregulatingCommerceandtradeactivities.SuchLawsprovidedirectionforpurchasingpersonnelaswellassuppliers.

CommissionPlan

Aformofcitygovernmentunderwhichaboardofcitycommissionersispopularlyelected(oftenonanonpartisanballot).Thecommissionersmakepolicyasacitycouncil,buttheyalsoruncitydepartmentsasadministrators.

Commission

Mostsalespeopleearncommissionsfortheworkthattheydoandtherearemanysalesprofessionalsinvolvedineachtransaction,includingRealtors,loanofficers,titlerepresentatives,attorneys,escrowrepresentative,andrepresentativesforpestcompanies,homewarrantycompanies,homeinspectioncompanies,insuranceagents,andmore.Thecommissionsarepaidoutofthechargespaidbythesellerorbuyerinthepurchasetransaction.Realtorsgenerallyearnthelargestcommissions,followedbylenders,thentheothers.

CommissionerofOfficialLanguages

AnofficerofParliamentchargedwithensuringcompliancewith

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Commissioner

federallanguagepolicyassetoutintheOfficialLanguagesAct.

AnofficialnamedbytheGovernorinCouncilforthepurposeofcarryingoutsomeofficialact.TheClerk,theDeputyClerk,theLawClerkandParliamentaryCounsel,theClerkAssistantandtheSergeant-at-ArmsarecommissionersforthepurposeofadministeringtheoathofallegiancetoMembersasrequiredbytheConstitutionAct,1867.

CommitmentBase

Fundsusedfornoncompeting(type5orongoingawards),typically70-80percentofthedollarsspentforresearchprojectgrants.

v^ornmilxccv^icrrv

Theproceduralclerkactingasadministrativeofficerandadviseronparliamentaryproceduretoacommittee.Thecommitteeclerktakestheminutesofproceedingsatallcommitteemeetingsandmaydraftrulingsonproceduralquestionsforthecommitteechair.

CommitteeofSupply

Formerly,aCommitteeoftheWholeresponsibleforapprovingtheGovernment'sexpenditureplans.Abolishedin1968,itsfunctionshavebeenassumedbythevariousstandingcommitteesoftheHouse.

CommitteeoftheWhole(House)

AlloftheMembersoftheHousesittingintheChamberasacommittee.PresidedoverbyachairratherthanbytheSpeaker,itstudiesappropriationbillsandanyothermattersreferredtoitbytheHouse.

CommitteeoftheWhole

1.AdeviceusedbytheHouseofrepresentativeswhenitconsiderslegislationsenttoitbytheRulesCommittee.When

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Committee

theHousesitsasaCommitteeoftheWhole,itisabletoconductbusinesswithlessformality,andwithaquorumofonly100members.

2.TheCommitteeoftheWholeistheentireHousemeetingintheformofacommittee.

Thisallowsmemberstofollowthemoreexpeditiousrulesofacommittee.

HouserulesrequirethatallmoneybillsbeconsideredintheCommitteeoftheWhole.

CommitteeonIndustrialOrganization

ThiscommitteewasformedwithintheAFLinlate1935inanattempttoorganizealongmore"industrial"lines.Disagreementensued,andmostofitsleaderseitherresignedfromtheparentunionorwereexpelledby1938,whenitwasreconstitutedastheCongressofIndustrialOrganizations(CIO).TheCIOandAFLmergedin1955.

CommitteeStage(ofaBill)

Detailedstudyoftheclausesofabillbyacommittee.Thisstage,whichmayincludethehearingofwitnesses,isthefirstatwhichamendmentsmaybeproposedtospecificprovisionsofthebill.

Committee

1.AbodyofMembers,Senators,orMembersandSenators,selectedtoconsidersuchmattersastheHousemayrefertoitorempowerittoexamine,includingbills.Thereareseveraltypesofcommittees:standing,legislative,specialandjointaswellasCommitteesoftheWhole.

2.Committee,oneormorepersonsappointedorelectedtoconsider,reporton,ortakeactiononaparticularmatter.Becauseoftheadvantagesofadivisionoflabor,legislativecommitteesofvariouskindshaveassumedmuchoftheworkoflegislaturesinmanynations.StandingcommitteesareappointedinbothhousesoftheU.S.Congressatthebegin-

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CommitteesofCorrespondence

ningofeverysessiontodealwithbillsinthedifferentspecificclasses.Importantcongressionalcommitteesincludewaysandmeans;appropriations;commerce;armedservices;foreignrelations;andjudiciary.Thenumber,butnotthescope,ofthecommitteeswasmuchreducedin1946.Sincethentherehasbeenalargeincreaseinthenumberofsubcommittees,whichhavebecomesteadilymoreimportant.

CommitteesofCorrespondence

Apoliticalcommunicationsnetworkestablishedin1772bySamuelAdamstounitethecolonistsintheirfightagainstBritishrule.

Commodity

Anytangibleitemofpropertypurchased,leasedorotherwiseobtainedbytheStateanditsagencies.Includesdeferredpaymentinterestonpurchaseoftangiblepersonalpropertyandlettingofpublicationsuponcontract.Commoditydoesnotincludegoods/propertypurchasedforresale.

InsomeareastheyarecalledHomeownersAssociationFees.TheyarechargespaidtotheHomeownersAssociationbytheownersoftheindividualunitsinacondominiumorplannedunitdevelopment(PUD)andaregenerallyusedtomaintainthepropertyandcommonareas.

CommonAreas

Thoseportionsofabuilding,land,andamenitiesowned(ormanaged)byaplannedunitdevelopment(PUD)orcondominiumproject'shomeowners'association(oracooperativeproject'scooperativecorporation)thatareusedbyalloftheunitowners,whoshareinthecommonexpensesoftheiroperationandmaintenance.Commonareasincludeswimmingpools,tenniscourts,andotherrecreationalfacilities,aswellascommoncorridorsofbuildings,parkingareas,meansofingressandegress,etc.

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Commonwealth

i*tommoninventor

Aninventorwhosenameislistedonmultiplepatentapplicationsorgrantedpatents,makingtheinventionsatleastpartiallytheworkofthesameperson.

CommonLaw

Abodyoflawdevelopedfromjudicialdecisionsorcustomratherthanlegislativeenactments.

CommonLawAction

Acaseinwhichtheissuesaredeterminedbycommonlawlegalprinciplesestablishedbycourtsandtradition,asopposedtostatutes.

CommonLawRights

Propertyorotherlegalrightsthatdonotabsolutelyrequireformalregistrationinordertoenforcethem.Provingsuchrightsforatrademarkincourtcanbeverydifficult,requiresmeticulousdocumentation,andplacesaheavyburdenontheindividual.ActiveFederalregistrationoftrademarkcanprovideahigherdegreeoflegalprotectionandreadily-demonstratedevidenceofownershipofamark.

CommonLaw

1.Theaccumulationofjudicialprecedentsasthebasisforcourtdecisions.

2.Thecumulativebodyoflawasexpressedinjudicialdecisionsandcustomratherthanbystatute.

Commonwealth

Commonwealth,formofadministrationsignifyinggovernmentbythecommonconsentofthepeople.ToLockeandHobbesandother17th-centurywritersthetermmeantanorganizedpoliticalcommunitysimilartowhatismeantinthe20thcent,bythewordstate.CertainstatesoftheUnitedStatesareknownascommonwealths(Massachusetts,Pennsylvania,Virginia,andKentucky),andthefederatedstatesofAustraliaareknown

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Communalism

collectivelyastheCommonwealthofAustralia.Inthesamecollectivesense,thenowindependentcomponentsoftheformer-BritishEmpireandBritain'sremainingdependenciesaredescribedastheCommonwealthofNations.TheCommonwealth,inEnglishhistorywasthegovernmentsetupbythevictoriousarmypowerfollowingtheEnglishcivilwarandtheexecution(1649)ofKingCharlesI.TheCommonwealthwasdominatedfromtheoutsetbyOliverCromwell,whobytheInstrumentofGovernment(1653)wasmadelordprotectoroftheCommonwealth.ThesubsequentgovernmentisusuallyknownastheProtectorate,thoughtheCommonwealthformallycontinueduntilRestorationin1660.

Communalism

By'communalism'wemeantheoppositionofreligiouscommunitiesofeachother.Itisanideologywhichemphasisestheseparateidentityofreligiousgroupinrelationtoothergroupsandoftenatendencytopromoteitsowninterestattheirexpense.Inawayitisbasedontheideaofaninherentantagonismonirreconciledwithnationalism.Butwhentherelationsbetweengroupsbecomehostilethenationalism.Butwhentherelationsbetweengroupsbecomehostiletheproblemstarts,becausethentheantagonisticpostureofthegroupsitselfbecomesasubstituteforreligionandleadstoclassesinsociety,whichinturnadverselyaffectthespiritofnationalcohesion.Communalismistheantagonisticassertivenessinpolitical,socialandeconomicspheresbyoneaggregationofindividualsagainstanotherafterbeingorganisedalongreligionsaggregationofindividualsagainstanotherafterbeingorganisedalongreligionwithcasteorotherascriptivelines.Inotherwordscommunalismmeanstobelieveortopropagatethatthesocio-economicandpoliticalinterestofonereligion,casteoranascriptivegrouparedissimilar,divergentandantagonistictothoseofanother.Communalismexploitbothreligionsandpoliticsandisbornoutofarealoranimaginaryfearoftheothercommunities,eitherduetoignoranceorduetomisrepresentation.Communalismisopposedtosecularchange.Itseekstoconvertreligiosityintopoliticalbellicosity.

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Communism

ItPerceivesotherreligiouscommunitiesasenemieswithinanation.CommunalismisapoliticalorientationthatrecognisesreligiouscommunityandnotthenationorthenationStateasthefocalpointofpoliticalallegiance.Therefore,communalismisapoliticalstrategyopposedtonationalismasaprocessofintegratedofmulti-ethnic,multi-religiousandmulti-lingualcommunities.Communalismisopposedtosecularismasapatternofsocio-culturalco-existence.Itisopposedtorationalcivicbasisofpartyformationsandpoliticalsystem.Itisopposedtohumanismandcompassiontaughtbyallgreatreligionsandbyallgreatphilosophies.Communalismstrivesfordivisionswithinapolityandanotion,orreligiouslineandnotonanyotherbasislikepolitical,ideological,partyofclassconsiderationswhichisthehallmarkofamodernpoliticalsystem.

CommunicationServicesdirectsthemarketing,mediaandemployeecommunicationprogramforArapahoeCountyandcoordinatesactivitiesandeventsthatfacilitatecommunicationamongemployees,citizens,newsmediaandvisitors.Thedepart-ment providesmarketing,creativeservices,printingservices,eventplanningandcommunicationssupporttodepartmentsandelectedofficesinordertoenhanceArapahoeCounty'simageanditsabilitytoachieveitsgoalsandmission.

jmmunications(Mass)Media

Ageneraltermforallmodernmeansofconveyinginformation.

1.Apoliticalideologycharacterizedbyabeliefineliminatingexploitationthroughpublicownershipandcentralplanningoftheeconomy.

2.Communismisanideologythatseekstoestablishaclassless,statelesssocialorganization,baseduponcommonownershipofthemeansofproduction.Itcanbeclassifiedasabranchofthebroadersocialistmovement.Earlyformsofhumansocialorganizationhavebeendescribedas'primitivecommunism'byMarxists.However,communism

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CommunistPartyofChina

asapoliticalgoalisgenerallyaconjecturedformoffuturesocialorganization.Thereisaconsiderablevarietyofviewsamongself-identifiedcommunists,includingMaoism,Trotskyism,councilcommunism,Luxemburgism,anarchistcommunism,Christiancommunism,andvariouscurrentsofleftcommunism,whicharegenerallythemorewidespreadvarieties.However,variousoffshootsoftheSoviet(whatcriticscallthe'Stalinist')andMaoistinterpretationsofMarxism-Leninismcompriseaparticularbranchofcommunismthathasthedistinctionofhavingbeentheprimarydrivingforceforcommunisminworldpoliticsduringmostofthe20thcentury.ThecompetingbranchofTrotskyismhasnothadsuchadistinction.

CommunistPartyofChina

1«

InChinatheCommunistPartyhasnotbeenonlyanarchitectofRevolutionbutalsohasbeeninstrumentalinitsconsolidation.Ithassuccessfullywithstoodthediplomaticonslaughtsofthecapitalistcountries.RecognitionofChinabyerstwhileUSSRandthelatter'sattempttowooitstandswitnesstothefactthatChinaundertheinspiringguidanceofthePartybosseshasbeenabletofindaprominentplaceintheworldpolitics.ItisthebiggestpowerinAsiabotheconomicallyandmilitary,IthasbeenabletogetarightfulplaceasapermanentmemberoftheSecurityCouncil.ThuseventheU.N.hasultimately,recogniseditsimportance.ForthepresentsupremestatureacquiredbyChinathecreditgoestothePartlyandonceitsundisputedleaderMaoTse-tung.

AcoalitiongovernmentofKMTandtheCommunistPatyfailedandcivilwarstartedinChina,whichlasterfrom1945-1949.TillhisdeathinSeptember1976,MaoTse-tung,becamethesuprememasterofChinaandexercisedunquestionedauthorityoveralltheorgansofstatepower.

CommunityDevelopment

Thetermscommunitydevelopmentandeconomicdevelopmentaregenerallyusedtoexpressasimilaridea:thatofcommunity

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ComparativeGovernment

membersworkingtogethertoachievelong-termbenefitsforthecommunityandanoverallstrongersenseofcommunity.

CommunityProperty

Insomestates,especiallythesouthwest,propertyacquiredbyamarriedcoupleduringtheirmarriageisconsideredtobeownedjointly,exceptunderspecialcircumstances.ThisisanoutgrowthoftheSpanishandMexicanheritageofthearea.

Community

Communitycanbeatroublingterm.Oftenwhenpeopleoncampustalkaboutcommunity,theyarereferringtotheorganizationsthatthecollegeoruniversitypartnerswith.However,thecommunityisoftennotfullyrepresentedbytheorganizationsthatclaimtoserveit.Communitycanbeusedinanumberofwaystoapplytoalmostanygroupofindividuals.Inthemostgeneralsenseitdescribesageographicgroupwhosemembersengageinsomeface-to-faceinteraction.Suchcommunitiesexistallaroundusinourneighborhoods,ourschools,ourworkplaces,ourcampuses,etc.

CompanionBill

ACompanionBillissimilarormaybeidenticaltooneintroducedintheotherhouseofCongress.

ComparativeGovernment

ComparativeGovernmentorComparativePoliticsisamethodinpoliticalscienceforobtainingevidenceofcausaleffectsbycomparingthevaryingformsofgovernmentintheworld,andthestatestheygovern,althoughgovernmentsacrossdifferentperiodsofhistorymayalsobetheunitsofcomparison.Thereareseveralmethodsatworkincomparativegovernment{methodofdifferenceasopposedtomethodofagreementandvariableasopposedtocasestudyapproaches)butallhaveincommontheexplanationofdifferentialchangesindependentvariablebythepresenceofdifferentindependentvariablesinthesystemsundercomparison.Thenatureofdependent(whatistobe

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explained)andindependentvariables(whatexplainsthepatternofthedependentvariable)inthemethodisalmostunlimited,fromgovernmentformtoelectoralsystemtoeconomicorculturalfactors

Ithasareasofconcentrationthatincludetopicssuchasdemocratization,stale-societyrelations,identityandethnicpolitics,socialmovements,institutionalanalysis,andpoliticaleconomy.Methodologiesusedincomparativepoliticsincluderationalchoicetheory,andpoliticalcultural,politicaleconomy,andinstitutionalapproaches.Aristotle(withhiscomparativestudyofconstitutionsingreekstates),Jean-JacquesRousseau,JohnLocke,BarondeMontesquieu,andThomasHobbesaresomeofthekeyearlythinkersinthissubdiscipline.

Anothermethodofcomparisonlooksattheinputsandoutputsofthepoliticalsystem.Inputsincludesocialization,recruitment,interestarticulation,interestaggregation,politicalpartiesandmethodsofcommunicatingpolicy.Outputsaregenericallyrulemaking,applicationandadjudication.

ComparativePoliticalAnalysis

InPoliticalScienceduringthecourseoflastfewdecadesalargenumberofwordshavebeencoined.ThisledS.E.Finertoremarkthat,"thecoinageofneologismshasbecomealmostfrantic."Thisstudyofgovernmentandpolitics,particularlycomparativestudy,hasgraduallyemergedasaseparatediscipline.Theworld'government'hasbeenvariouslyused.Foranundergraduatestudentitwillsufficetounderstandthattheinstitutionlookingafterlawandorderinasocietyisgovernment.FinersaysthatagovernmentisM...astandardisedarrangementfortakingdecisionsaffectingthegroupandforgivingeffecttothem—Thegovernmentofunitslikethefamily,thechurch,hetradeunion...mayproperlybecalled'private'government.Itishowever...'public'government,thatistosay,thegovernmentoftheterritorialstate,thattheterm'government'iscommonlyapplied."Thetermcomparativegovernmentandpolitics,asiscommonlyunderstood,meansthatcomparativestudyof

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CompetitiveRange

governmentandpolitics,infactthatentirepoliticalsystemofonecountrywithanothercountry.Itissaidtobeanexaminationofpasthistoryandpresentpolitics.AlthoughcomparativestudyofgovernmenthasbeenheldsincetheancientGreekperiod,theabundantmaterialthatisavailabletodaywasnottobefoundatthattime.

Inthefieldofcomparativegovernmentandpoliticswestudy"thepoliticalexperience,institutions,behaviourandprocessesofthemajorsystemsofmoderngovernment."Itspurposeistoanalysesimilaritiesanddissimilaritiesofthegovernmentandpoliticsofdifferentcountries,sothatitmaybepossibletopredictforthefuture.ThematerialforcomparativestudythatisavailabletodayhasmadethecomparativeanalysiscentralbasisofthestudyofPoliticalScience.

ComparativePolitics

Anareaofpoliticalstudyconcernedwiththerelativesimilaritiesanddifferencesofpoliticalsystems.

Applicationsthatareeitherneworrecompetingthatmustundergoinitialpeerreview.

CompetingResearchProjectGrant(RPG)

AnapplicationforaResearchProjectGrantthatrequirescompetitivepeerreview.Also,numberofobligationswhichservesasaninputfordeterminingsuccessrates.

CompetitiveQuotations

Apurchasingmethodusedtoobtaincompetitivepricingforgoodswhentheanticipatedcostislessthantheamountrequiredforformalorcompetitivesealedbids.Thismethodisusedonlyforsmallpurchasersandshouldbedocumentedorrecordedbywrittenstatementsfromthesuppliers.

CompetitiveRange

Acontractingtermdenotingagroupofproposalsconsideredto

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beacceptablebytheinitialpeerreviewgroupandthatarepotentialcandidatesforanaward.

CompetitiveSealedBidding

Amethodofacquiringgoodsaboveacertaindollaramountwhenvarioussourcesareavailable.Thisprocurementprocessallowsforlevelsofquality,termsandconditionstobedefinedwniieouuaiiiingcornpeiiuvepricing.

CompetitiveSealedProposals

Amethodofestablishingacontractforsourceselectionbyissuingarequestforcompetitiveofferswherebynegotiationandchangesintheoffersmaybeallowedtosecurethemostadvantageousandcosteffectivetermsforthepurchaser.

Complainant

1.Personwhoseekstoinitiatecourtproceedingsagainstanotherperson.Inacivilcasethecomplainantistheplaintiff;inacriminalcasethecomplainantistheState.

2.Theindividualwhoinitiatesalawsuit;synonymouswith"plaintiff."

Complaint(Civil)

Initialdocumentfiledbytheplaintiffinacivilcasestatingtheclaimsagainstthedefendant.

Complaint

Theformalwrittendocumentfiledinacourtwherebythecomplainantsetsforththenamesoftheparties,theallegations,andtherequestforreliefsought.Sometimescalledtheinitialpleadingorpetition.

Comprising

Atransitionalphrasethatissynonymouswith(meansthesamethingas)"including,""containing"or"characterizedby;"isinclusiveoropen-endedanddoesnotexcludeadditional,unrecitedelementsormethodsteps.Comprisingisatermof

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CondominiumHo'jl

artusedinclaimlanguagewhichmeansthatthenamedelementsareessentialindescribingtheinvention.

ComputerRetrievalofInformationonScientificProjects(CRISP)

Asearchablebiomedicaldatabaseoffederally-supportedproposedresearchconductedatuniversities,hospitals,andotherresearchinstitutions.,'

iki.t!*i•<,-•'■kii•■.•:■::•'**■.!:i»j•i:5*:0

Theearliest,planningstageofaninitiative[requestforapplications(RFA),requestforproposals(RFP),orprogramannouncement(PA)].ConceptsarebroughtbeforetheadvisoryCouncilforconceptclearance.NotallconceptsclearedbyCouncilarepublishedasinitiativesdependingontheavailabilityoffunds.

Concurrence(inaReport)wiinwrO*>na%*tm>0

Agreementwithacommitteereport,includingtheconclusionsorrecommendationsitcontains.ConcurrenceisarrivedatintheHouseeitherbytheadoptionofamotionorautomaticallyinaccordancewithvariousprovisionsoftheStandingOrders.

Powersofgovernmentexercisedindependentlybyboththefederalandstategovernments,suchasthepowertotax.

ConditionalReleaserwvS'vm^MrK/J

Areleasefromcustody,withoutthepaymentofbail,whichimposesregulationsontheactivitiesandassociationsofthedefendant.

CondominiumConversion

Changingtheownershipofanexistingbuilding(usuallyarentalproject)tothecondominiumformofownership.

CondominiumHotel

Acondominiumprojectthathasrentalorregistrationdesks,short-termoccupancy,foodandtelephoneservices,anddaily

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Condominium

cleaningservicesandthatisoperatedasacommercialhoteleventhoughtheunitsareindividuallyowned.TheseareoftenfoundinresortareaslikeHawaii.

Condominium

Atypeofownershipinrealpropertywherealloftheownersowntheproperty,commonareasandbuildingstogether,withtheexceptionoftheinterioroftheunittowhichtheyhavetitle.Oftenmistakenlyreferredtoasatypeofconstructionordevelopment,itactuallyreferstothetypeofownership.

Confederation

Afederalsystemofgovernmentinwhichsovereignconstituentgovernmentscreateacentralgovernmentbutbalanceofpowerremainswithconstituentgovernments.

ConferenceCommittee

1.AConferenceCommitteeisatemporarypanelofHouseandSenatenegotiators.

AConferenceCommitteeiscreatedtoresolvedifferencesoetweenversionsoisimilarMouseanaoenateDius.

2.AcommitteecomposedofseniormembersoftheHouseandSenatethattriestoreconciledisagreementsbetweenthetwoorancnesoicongressoverdiiienngversionsoiaDill.

ConferenceReport

AConferenceReportreferstothefinalversionofabillproposedbyHouseandSenateconferees.

Italsocontainsthe"statementofmanagers,"asection-by-sectionexplanationoftheagreement

Confessionalism(Politics)

Confessionalismisasystemofgovernmentthatdistributespoliticalandinstitutionalpowerproportionallyamongreligiouscommunities.Postsingovernmentandseatsinthelegislatureareapportionedamongstdifferentgroupsaccordingtothe

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ConfirmationNumber

relativedemographiccompositionofthosegroupsinasociety,whichisseenasawayofformallyrecognizingthecommunalpoliticalrightsofindigenousgroups.Currently,thepoliticalsystemofLebanonismodeledinsuchaway,andthetermisusuallyassociatedwithLebanon.

Proponentsofconfessionalismciteitasaneffectivewaytosecurethepeacefulco-existenceofdiversereligiousandethniccommunitiesbyempoweringeachaccordingtoits"weight"intheregion.However,criticspointoutthatsuchasystemmayactuallydeepenconflictbetweenethnicgroups.Theyarguethatwhichevergroupholdsthemostpoliticalpowermayusegovernmenttofavoritselfattheexpenseofothergroups,oreventooppressrivalgroups.Also,asdemographicschange,thepositionsandpowerheldbyaparticulargroupmaynolongerappropriatelyreflectthesizeofthatgroup.

Confidence(Politics)

Inpoliticalscienceconfidencereferstoagovernment'ssupportinthelegislature.Ifamotionofnoconfidenceispassedinalegislaturegovernmentsareforcedtoresign.Voteofconfidencecanbeusedbyagovernmenttoprovethatithasasupport.

Confidence

Supportforthegovernmentbythemajorityofthemembersofparliament.

ConfidentialInformation(also,ProprietaryInformation)

Anyinformationconveyedtoapublicemployee,duetopositionintheprocurementprocess,byamanufactureroffirmsuchas,producttestingortradesecretwhichwouldnotbeavailableasgeneralknowledge.

ConfirmationNumber

Afour-digitnumberthatisassignedtoeachnewlyfiledpatentapplication.Theconfirmationnumber,incombinationwiththeapplicationnumber,isusedtoverifytheaccuracyoftheapplica-tion numberplacedoncorrespondencefiledwiththeOfficeto

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avoidmisidentificationofanapplicationduetoatranspositionerror(misplaceddigits)intheapplicationnumber.TheOfficerecommendsthatapplicantsincludetheapplication'sconfirmationnumber(inadditiontotheapplicationnumber)onallcorrespondencesubmittedtotheOfficeconcerningtheapplication.


	1

rmation

contirmanonreierstotneoenatesconstitutionaldutytoapproveorrejectpresidentialnominations.

••■■

ConflictofInterestCode

AcodeappendedtotheStandingOrdersthatprovidesMemberswithcommonstandardsforreconcilingtheirprivateinterestswiththeirpublicdutiesandfunctions.

...>■'••••'••...«•{}..;'A

ConflictofInterest

1.Aconflictarisingfromanyinterest,pecuniaryorother,whichinterfereswithaMember'sabilitytoperformhisorherfunctions.SuchaconflictmaypreventaMemberfromvotingonagivenissue.

2.Interestsorinvolvementsthatapublicemployeeoracommercerepresentativemayhavewhichwouldweakenadecisionprocessandnotbefairandimpartialtobusinessnegotiations.

Conglomerates

Multi-interestandoftenmultinationalcorporationsthat,under

___________a____X_||_,-__,______,.X__*.,,_.__,,jJ_.,_•_,i_,_X__.___].._a_

onecorporateroot,maymanuiactureawiaevanetyorproaucts.

•••

Referstothe2-yearcycleofactivitiesofthelegislativebranch.Forexample,the4101stCongress'beganJanuary3,1989andincludeda1989anda1990'session.'Proposedlegislationintroducedduringa2-yearCongressmaybetakenupatanytimeduringthatperiod,butoncetheCongresshasended,pendingmeasuresarenolongerviableandmustbeintroducedanewinthenextCongressinordertobeconsidered.

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CongressionalBudgetOffice(CBO)

CreatedintheBudgetActof1974,itprovidesCongresswithitsownalternative,legislativebranch-basedfiscalpolicyprojectionsandestimates.

OneoftheactivitiesofmembersofCongressandtheirstaffsis

workingtosolvetheproblemoftheirconstituents.Theseefforts

helptoingratiatememberstothevotersandareoneofthe

reasonsthatmostincumbentsarereelectedmostofthetime.

)\)%}<"ifci.i.v-'■•:\--.••'

CongressionalResearchService

1.Congressionalsupportagencythatprovidespoliticalanalysisandinformationattherequestofindividualmembersof

2.CRSreferstotheCongressionalResearchServiceoftheLibraryofCongress.

CRSrespondstorequestsforgeneralinformationandissueanalysisonlyfromMembers,Committees,orstaff.

ConnecticutCompromise

TheplanadoptedduringtheConstitutionalConventionof1787providingforaHouseofRepresentativesbasedonpopulationandaSenatewithtwomembersfromeachstate.(AlsoknownastheGreatCompromise.)

ConscientiousObjector

ConscientiousObjector,personwho,onthegroundsofcons-cience, resiststheauthorityofthestatetocompelmilitaryservice.Suchresistance,emergingintimeofwar,maybebasedonmembershipinapacifisticreligioussect,suchastheSocietyofFriends(Quakers),theDukhobors,orJehovah'sWitnesses,oronpersonalreligiousorhumanitarianconvictions.Politicaloppositiontotheparticularaimofconscription,suchasthatmaintainedbytheCopperheadsduringtheCivilWar,byradicalgroupsduringWorldWarIand,toamorelimitedextent,during

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ConsentAgreement

WorldWarII,andbylargenumbersduringtheVietnamWar,isusuallyconsideredinaseparatecategory.Theproblemofconscientiousobjectors,althoughpresentindifferentformssincethebeginningoftheChristianera,becameacuteinWorldWarsIandIIbecauseoftheurgentdemandsformanpowerofthewarringgovernments.TheUnitedStatesandGreatBritainallowedmembersofrecognizedpacifisticreligiousgroupstosubstituteforcombatservice:(1)noncombatantmilitaryservice,(2)nonmilitaryactivityrelatedtothewareffort,or(3)activityconsideredsociallyvaluable.Pacifistswithoutrecognizedclaimtoexemptionwereliabletoharshertreatment,andabout5,000conscientiousobjectorswereimprisonedintheUnitedStatesbetween1940and1945.ThepostwarSelectiveServiceAct,passedin1948andamendedin1951,requiredthatconscientiousobjectionbebasedonreligiousbeliefandtrainingthatincludedbeliefinaSupremeBeing.In1970theSupremeCourtremovedthereligiousrequirementandallowedobjectionbasedonadeeplyheldandcoherentethicalsystemwithnoreferencetoaSupremeBeing.In1971theSupremeCourtrefusedtoallowobjectiontoaparticularwar,adecisionaffectingthousandsofobjectorstotheVietnamWar.Some50,000-100,000menareestimatedtohavelefttheUnitedStatestoavoidbeingdraftedtoserveinthatwar.

Voluntarywrittenadmissionofpaternityorresponsibilityforchildsupport.

ConsequentialAmendment

Subsequentamendment(s)tothetextofamotionorbillmadenecessaryforcoherencefollowingtheadoptionofanamendment.

Theattempttomanagenaturalresourcesinordertomaximizebenefitsoveralongperiodoftime.

Conservatism

1.Apoliticalideologygenerallycharacterizedbyabeliefin

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individualismandminimalgovernmentinterventionintheeconomyandsociety;alsoabeliefinthevirtueofthestatusquoandgeneralacceptanceoftraditionalmorality.

2.Conservatism,inpolitics,thedesiretomaintain,orconserve,theexistingorder.Conservativesvaluethewisdomofthepastandaregenerallyopposedtowidespreadreform.Modernpoliticalconservatismemergedinthe19thcent,inreactiontothepoliticalandsocialchangesassociatedwiththeerasoftheFrenchRevolutionandtheIndustrialRevolution.By1850thetermconservatism,probablyfirstusedbyChateaubriand,generallymeantthepoliticsoftheright.TheoriginaltenetsofEuropeanconservatismhadalreadybeenformulatedbyEdmundBurke,JosephdeMaistre,andothers.Theyemphasizedpreservingthepowerofkingandaristocracy,maintainingtheinfluenceoflandholdersagainsttherisingindustrialbourgeoisie,limitingsuffrage,andcontinuingtiesbetweenchurchandstate.Theconservativeviewthatsocialwelfarewastheresponsibilityoftheprivilegedinspiredpassageofmuchhumanitarianlegislation,inwhichEnglishconservativesusuallyledtheway.Inthelate19thcent,greatconservativestatesmen,notablyBenjaminDisraeli,exemplifiedtheconservativetendencytoresorttomoderatereforminordertopreservethefoundationsoftheestablishedorder.Bythe20thcent,conservatismwasbeingredirectedbyerstwhileliberalmanufacturingandprofessionalgroupswhohadachievedmanyoftheirpoliticalaimsandhadbecomemoreconcernedwithpreservingthemfromattackbygroupsnotsofavored.Conservatismlostitspredominantlyagrarianandsemifeudalbias,andaccepteddemocraticsuffrage,advocatedeconomiclaissez-faire,andopposedextensionofthewelfarestate.Thisformofconservatism,whichisbestseeninhighlyindustrializednations,wasexemplifiedbyPresidentReaganintheUnitedStatesandPrimeMinisterThatcherinGreatBritain.Ithasbeenflexibleandreceptivetomoderatechange,favorsthemaintenanceoforderonsocialissues,andactivelysupportsderegulationand

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Conservatorship

privatizationintheeconomicsphere.Conservatismshouldbedistinguishedbothfromareactionarydesireforthepastandtheradicalright-wingideologyoffascismandNationalSocialism.

Conservatorship

Legalrightgiventoapersontomanagethepropertyandfinancialaffairsofapersondeemedincapableofdoingthatforhimselforherself.

Consideration

Somethingofvaluegiveninreturnforanother'sperformanceorpromiseofperformance;generallyrequiredtomakeapromisebindingandtomakeagreementofpartiesenforceableasacontract.Considerationmaybeeitherexecutedorexecutory,expressorimplied.

ConsociationalState

PoliticalscientistsdefineaConsociationalStateasastatewhichhasmajorinternaldivisionsalongethnic,religious,orlinguisticlines,yetnonethelessmanagestoremainstable,duetoconsultationamongtheelitesofeachofitsmajorsocialgroups.Consociationalstatesareoftencontrastedwithstateswithmajorityrule.

ClassicalexamplesofconsociationalstatesareBelgium,Switzerland,India,Israel,LebanonandtheNetherlands.

Consociationalism

Aformofdemocracyinwhichharmonyinsegmentedsocietiesismaintainedthroughthedistinctiverolesofelitesandtheautonomyoforganizedinterests.

ConsolidatedReports

AreportgeneratedfromHURISwhichgivesthestatusofnonreportableaccounts,unreconciledaccounts,financialreportspendingapprovalbylocalunitandaccountsreceivableproblems.

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ConsolidatedRevenueFund

ThegovernmentaccountwhichisdrawnuponwheneveranappropriationisapprovedbyParliamentandreplenishedthroughthecollectionoftaxes,tariffsandexcises.ms+irittono-*

ConsortiumAgreement

1.Acollaborativearrangementinsupportofaresearchprojectinwhichsomeportionoftheprogrammaticactivityiscarriedoutthroughaformalizedagreementbetweenthegranteeandoneormoreotherorganizations.

2.Acollaborativearrangementinsupportofaresearchprojectinwhichsomeportionoftheprogrammaticactivityiscarriedoutthroughaformalizedagreementbetweenthegranteeandoneormoreotherorganizationsthatareseparatelegalentitiesadministrativelyindependentofthegrantee.

ConstantDollars

Dollaramountsadjustedforinflation,basedonbuyingpowerinaselectedbaseyear.TheBRDPIisusedtodetermineconstantdollarsfromcurrentdollars.5:

Constituencies

Votersinapoliticaldistrict;interestgroupsorclientgroupseitherdirectlyregulatedbythebureaucracyorvitallyaffectedbyitsdecisions.

Constituency

Aelectoraldistrictwithabodyofelectorswhovoteforarepresentativeinanelectedassembly.

constituents

MembersrefertomepeoplewholiveintheirCongressionaldistrictorstateastheir"constituents."

ContinuingResolution

AContinuingResolution,alsoknownasaMCR,"continuesfundingforaprogramifthefiscalyearendswithoutanew

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Constitution

appropriationinplace.

A"CR"providestemporaryfundingatcurrentlevelsorless.Constitution

1.Constitution,fundamentalprinciplesofgovernmentinanation,eitherimpliedinitslaws,institutions,andcustoms,orembodiedinonefundamentaldocumentorinseveral.Inthefirstcategory—customaryandunwrittenconstitutions-istheBritishconstitution,whichiscontainedimplicitlyinthewholebodyofcommonandstatutorylawoftherealm,andinthepracticesandtraditionsofthegovernment.BecauseitcanbemodifiedbyanordinaryactofParliament,theBritishconstitutionisoftentermedflexible.ThisenablesBritaintoreactquicklytoanyconstitutionalemergency,butitaffordsnofundamentalprotectionsofcivilorpersonalliberty,oranyareasinwhichparliamentarylegislationisexpresslyforbidden.Thetheoryofthesocialcontract,developedinthe17thcent,byThomasHobbesandJohnLocke,wasfundamentaltothedevelopmentofthemodernconstitution.TheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,writtenin1787andratifiedin1789,wasthefirstimportantwrittenconstitution,andamodelforavastnumberofsubsequentconstitutionaldocuments.ThoughtoalargeextentbasedontheprinciplesandpracticesoftheBritishconstitution,theConstitutionoftheUnitedStateshassuperiorsanctiontotneordinarylawsortneland,interpretedtnrougnaprocessofjudicialreviewthatpassesjudgmentontheconstitutionalityofsubsequentlegislation,andthatissubjecttoaspeciallyprescribedprocessofamendment.Therigidityofitswrittenformathasbeencounterbalancedbygrowthandusage:inparticular,statutoryelaborationandjudicialconstructionhavekeptthewrittendocumentabreastofthetimes.Butawrittenconstitution,withoutacommitmenttoitsprinciplesandciviljustice,hasoftenprovedtobeatemporaryorrapidlyreversedgesture.Inthe18th,19th,and20thcent.,manycountries,havingmadesharppoliticalandeconomicdeparturesfromthepast,hadlittlelegalcustomtorelyuponandtherefore

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setforththeirorganiclawsinwrittenconstitutions—someofwhicharejudiciallyenforced.AdolfHitlerneverformallyabolishedtheconstitutionoftheWeimarRepublic,andtheprotectionsofpersonallibertiescontainedintheSovietconstitutionof1936provedtobeemptypromises.Sincethe1960s,manyofthenewlyindependentcountriesofAsiaandAfricahaveadoptedwrittenconstitutions,oftenonthemodeloftheAmerican,British,orFrenchconstitutions.

2.Thefundamentalrulesandprinciplesbywhichastateisorganized.

ConstitutionalAmendment

AchangetotheConstitutionproposedbyatwo-thirdsvoteofbothhousesofCongressoraconstitutionalconvention,andratifiedbylegislaturesorratifyingconventionsinthree-fourthsofthestates.

ConstitutionalAutochthony

ConstitutionalAutochthonyisatermusedbypoliticialscientiststodescribetheprocessofassertingnationalismthroughsymbolsinlaw.

ConstitutionalPatriotism

ConstitutionalPatriotismisaconceptassociatedwiththeGermanphilosopherJiirgenHabermas.Itisakeypartoftheoriesofpost-nationalism,andhasbeeninfluentialinthedevelopmentoftheEuropeanUnion.Accordingtotheprincipleofconstitutionalpatriotism,citizenshipshouldrelyonasharedsenseofvaluesratherthanacommonhistoryorethnicorigin.

Constitutionalism

1.Constitutionalismisthelimitationofgovernmentbylaw.Constitutionalismimpliesalsoabalancebetweenthepowerofthegovernmentontheonehandandtherightsofindividualsontheother.

Typically,agovernmentcanbeconsideredconstitutionalifitpossessesthefollowingfourlimitations:(1)Thelegislature

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ConstructionLoan

canconveneandcannotbedismissedbypartiesotherthanitself.(2)Courts,onceappointed,areindependentofthelegislativebranch.(3)Theexecutivebranchcannotappointministersunilaterallywithouttheapprovalofthelegislativebranch.(4)Onlythelegislaturecanmakelawsalthoughavetopowermightbedelegatedtoanexecutiveofficial.

2.Thebelieithatgovernmentswilldefertotherulesandprinciplesenshrinedinaconstitutionandupholdtheruleoflaw.

ConstructionLoan

Ashort-term,interimloanforfinancingthecostofconstruction.Thelendermakespaymentstothebuilderatperiodicintervalsastheworkprogresses.

ConstructiveVoteofConfidence

Asysteminwhichthemajorityinthelowerhousecanbringdownthegovernment,butnotuntilthatmajorityapprovesanothergovernment(e.g.inGermany).

Consultant

Anindividualwhoprovidesprofessionaladviceorservicesonthebasisofawrittenagreementforafee.Suchindividualsarenotemployeesoftheorganizationreceivingtheservices.

ConsumerCreditAgencies(CCA)

PrivateagenciesthataStatecanusetolocateobligorstoestablishandenforcechildsupport.

Containment

TheforeignpolicyoftheUnitedStatesduringtheColdWar,designedtocontaintheexpansionofSovietpower.

ContemptofCourt

Anyactcalculatedtoembarrass,hinder,orobstructacourt.Contemptsareoftwokinds:directandindirect.Directcontemptsarethosecommittedintheimmediatepresenceofthecourt;

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indirectisthetermmostlyusedwithreferencetothefailureorrefusaltoobeyacourtorder.Anypartyfoundincontemptofcourtnormallyreceivessanctions.

LontemptoiJraruament

AnyoffenceagainsttheauthorityordignityofParliament,includingdisobediencetoitscommandsorlibelagainstitoritsMembers.Punishmentforsuchanoffencemaytakeavarietyofforms,uptoandincludingimprisonment.

Contingency

1.Aconditionthatmustbemetbeforeacontractislegallybinding.Forexample,homepurchasersoftenincludeacontingencythatspecifiesthatthecontractisnotbindinguntilthepurchaserobtainsasatisfactoryhomeinspectionreportfromaqualifiedhomeinspector.

2.Anallowancemadetoprovidefororprotectdesirableconditionsinthefuture.Suchconditionsthatmaybethreatenedbycausesoreventsunforeseeableinthefuture.

Continuance

Thepostponementofaproceedingtoalaterdate.

Continuation

Asecondapplicationforthesameinventionclaimedinapriornonprovisionalapplicationandfiledbeforethefirstapplicationbecomesabandonedorpatented

ContinuingApplication

Acontinuation,divisional,orcontinuation-in-partpatentapplication

ContinuingExclusiveJurisdiction(CEJ)

Thedoctrinethatonlyonesupportordershouldbeeffectiveandenforceablebetweenthesamepartiesatanyonetimeandthatwhenaparticularcourthasacquiredjurisdictiontodeterminechildsupportandcustody,itretainsauthoritytoamendand

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ContinuingResolution

modifyitsorderstherein.ThisCourtofContinuingExclusiveJurisdiction(CCEJ)continuestohavejurisdictionoverasupport-issueuntilanothercourttakesitaway.DefinedintheUniformInterstateFamilySupportAct(UIFSA).

ContinuingResolution

AjointresolutionofCongresstoprovidecontinuedfundingforgovernmentagencies,generallyatthesamerateasthepreviousyear'sappropriation,thathavenotyetbeenfundedthroughtheenactmentofregularappropriationsbills.

Contract(R&D)

AnawardinstrumentestablishingabindinglegalprocurementrelationshipbetweenNIHandarecipientobligatingthelattertofurnishaproductorservicedefinedindetailbyNIHandbindingtheInstitutetopayforit.

ContractAdministration

Themanagementandmonitoringoflegalagreementstoascertainthatthecontractor'scommitmentstothepurchasingentityarebeingfulfilledaccordingtocontract.

Contract

Alegallyenforceableagreementbetweentwoormorecompetentpartiesmadeeitherorallyorinwriting.

contractingL/Ut

Thehiringofprivateorganizationstoprovidepublicservices.

ContractingParty

AcountryorintergovernmentalorganizationthatisamemberoftheMadridProtocol.

contractingMate

AnationalOfficeoranintergovernmentalorganizationwhichispartytothePatentCooperationTreaty.

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ContributoryNegligence

Legaldoctrinethatsaysthataplaintiffcannotrecoverdamagesinacivilactionfornegligenceiftheplaintiffwasalsonegligent.

ControlNo.

Uniquenumberassignedtoapatentreexaminationrequestwnenitisfiled,havinga2-digitseriescode(90forexpartereexaminationrequests;95forinterpartesreexaminationrequests),anda6-digitcontrolnumber.

ConvenienceTerminationClause

•••■pit#

Aconditionstatedinacontractthatallowsthepurchasingentitytocanceltheagreementpartlyorentirelyandsettleanyvalidclaimswiththecontractorasappropriateandaccordingtotheconditionalclause.

Convention

1.Apracticeorcustomfollowedingovernmentalthoughnotexplicitlywrittenintheconstitutionorinlegislation.

2.Convention,inU.S.politics,agatheringofdelegatestonominatecandidatesforelectiveofficeandtoformulatepartypolicy.Theyareheldatthenational,state,andlocallevels.

Converter

Amanufacturingfirmwhichconstructsfromoneusablematerialaproducttobeusedforadifferentpurpose.Forexample:processingsheetorrollpaperstomanufactureenvelopes.

Conviction

Atrialverdictorjudgmentthatacriminaldefendantisguiltyofacrime.

AsaconditionofTANFeligibilitywherebytherecipientisrequiredtocooperatewiththechildsupportagencyinidentifyingandlocatingthenon-custodialparent,establishingpaternity,and/orobtainingchildsupportpayments.

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Cooperative(Co-op)

Atypeofmultipleownershipinwhichtheresidentsofamultiunithousingcomplexownsharesinthecooperativecorporationthatownstheproperty,givingeachresidenttherighttooccupyaspecificapartmentorunit.

CooperativeAgreement

1.Amechanismofsupportthatinvolvesgreaterinvolvementbythefederalgovernmentinthescientific/programmaticoutcomeoftheawardthanintheprovisionoffunds.

2.Anawardmechanismusedinlieuofagrantinwhichsubstantialprogrammaticinvolvementbythesponsorisanticipated.

CooperativePurchasing

Theassessmentofconsumerneedsbetweengovernmentagenciesinordertocentralizeaprocurementprocess.Thisendeavorwouldcontributetoareductionofadministrationaswellasprovidelowercostsbyvolumepurchasing.

Co-PrincipalInvestigator

Harvardfacultyorstaffmemberwhosharesequallywithanotherfacultyorstaffmembertheresponsibilityfordirectingthetechnicalandadministrativeworkofasponsoredproject.

Coronation

Coronation,ceremonyofcrowningandanointingasovereignonhisorheraccessiontothethrone.Althoughapublicceremonyinauguratinganewkingorchiefhadlongexisted,anewreligiousservicewasaddedwhenEuropebecameChristianized.Theservice,derivedfromOldTestamentaccountsoftheanointingofSaulandDavidbySamuel,helpedtoaltertheconceptofkingship,becauseanointmentwasthoughttoendowaprincewithdivineblessingandsomedegreeofpriestly(possiblyevendivine)character.InEngland,fromthecoronation(973)ofEdgar,theceremonyincludedacoronationoath,anointment,investiture,enthronement,andhomage.ThepageantryoftheEnglish

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coronation,whichsince1066hastakenplaceinWestminsterAbbey,isstillthatofmedievaltimes.KingsofScotlandwerecrownedatSconeonthecoronationstone,which,accordingtotradition,isthestoneJacobusedatBethel;itwastheLiaFail,orStoneofDestiny,ofearlykingsofIreland,and,takentoScotland,wasusedincoronationceremoniesthere.In1296EdwardItookthestonetoWestminster,whereitisnowundertheseatofthecoronationchair.InFrance,PepintheShort,firstkingoftheCarolingianline,wastwiceanointedbypopes,partlytolegitimizehissupersessionoftheMerovingiandynasty.LatertheFrenchcoronationcametoresembletheEnglishform,whichwasprobablyintroducedintoFranceinthe10thcent.ThecustomwherebytheHolyRomanemperorwascrownedbythepopedatesfromthecoronationofCharlemagneonChristmasDay,800.TheanointingoftheemperorbythepopewasinstitutedbyLouisIin816.In1804,NapoleonIbroughtPopePiusVIItoParistocrownhiminNotreDamecathedral;but,inafamousepisode,heseizedthecrownfromthepope'shandsandcrownedhimself.

Coroneriselectedbyvoterstoinvestigatedeathsandissuedeathcertificates.TheCoronerisaphysiciantrainedandboardcertifiedinForensicPathology,whichisthebranchofmedicineconcernedwiththeinvestigationofsuddenandunexpectedviolentorsuspiciousdeaths.

CorporateStatism

CorporateStatismisafascistconceptinwhichtherulingpartyactsasamediatorbetweentheworkersandthecapitalists.

Corporation

Acorporationisalegalentitywhich,whilebeingcomposedofnaturalpersons,existscompletelyseparatelyfromthem.Thisseparationgivesthecorporationuniquepowerswhichotherlegalentitieslack.Theextentandscopeofitsstatusandcapacityisdeterminedbythelawoftheplaceofincorporation.Investorsandentrepreneursoftenformjointstockcompaniesandincorporatethemtofacilitateabusiness;asthisformofbusiness

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Corporatism

isnowextremelyprevalent,thetermcorporationisoftenusedtoreferspecificallytosuchbusinesscorporations.Corporationsmayalsobeformedforlocalgovernment{municipalcorporation),political,religious,andcharitablepurposes(not-for-profitcorporation),orgovernmentprograms(government-ownedcorporation).

Corporatism

Theorganizationofliberaldemocraciesinsuchawaythatthestateisthedominantforceinsocietyandtheactivitiesofallinterestsinsocietyaresubordinatetothatforce.

CorpusDelecti

Bodyofthecrime.Theobjectiveproofthatacrimehasbeencommitted.

Corrigendum

TermusedintheJournals,Debates,CommitteeMinutesofProceedingsandCommitteeEvidencetoindicatethatasubstantivecorrectionhasbeenmadetoapreviousissue.

CorroboratingEvidence

Supplementaryevidencethatsupportstheinitialevidence.

CorruptPractices

CorruptPractices,inpolitics,fraudconnectedwithelections.Thetermalsoreferstovariousoffensesbypublicofficials,includingbribery,thesaleofoffices,grantingofpubliccontractstofavoredfirmsorindividuals,andgrantingoflandorfranchisesinreturnformonetaryrewards.Electionfraudmayconsistofeffortstoinfluenceorintimidatethevoterortotamperwiththeofficialballotorelectioncount.Toeliminatethesepracticesnearlyalldemocraticnationshavepassedlawsthatattempttosafeguardthehonestyofpoliticalcampaigns,elections,andofficials.InGreatBritaintheActsof1883and1918,frequentlyamended,defineelectionabusesandlimitpoliticalspendingbyoronbehalfofcandidatesforParliament.IntheUnitedStatesindividualstateshavetheirownelectionlaws,precedingfederal

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statutes.InlargecitiesoftheUnitedStateselectionfraudhashistoricallybeenassociatedwithpoliticalmachines.Onthefederallevel,theCorruptPracticesActof1925,theHatchActof1940,partsoftheTaft-HartleyActof1947,andthecampaignfinancinglegislationof1974wereattemptstolimitcampaignspendingandthesizeofcontributions.Requiringpublicdisclosureandprovidingpublicfundingofthepresidentialcampaignwereinresponsetoabusesconnectedwithsecretcampaignfundsusedinthe1972presidentialelection.Subsequently,theSenateandtheHouseestablishedethicscommitteesandcodesofconduct,andrequiredpublicaccountingofincomeandcampaigncontributions.TheEthicsActof1978andthestricterGovernmentEthicsReformActof1989bartopgovernmentofficialsfromlobbyingprivatecorporationsorothergovernmentsforspecifiedperiodsafterleavingoffice.Thelatteractalsobarsformerexecutivebranchofficials,congressmen,andtheirstaffmembersfromtryingtoinfluencesenioremployeesintheirformerbranchesforoneyearaftertheyleaveoffice.Theseretorms,nowever,navenotpreventedtneprolireration01roiiticalActionCommittees,amarkedincreaseincampaignspending,andthecreativeuseofloopholes,suchas"softmoney"forparty-building,withnocontributionlimits.Theterm"corruptpractices"hasalsobeenappliedtobusinessesandlaborunions,intheformercaseforpricefixing,andinthelatterformisappropriationoffundsortheriggingofunionelections.

ACosponsorisamemberwhoformallyaddshis/hernameasasupportertoanothermember'sbill.

Aninitialcosponsorisonewhowaslistedatthetimeofthebill'sintroduction,notaddedonlater.

(CAS)

Standardsdesignedtoachieveuniformityandconsistencyinthecostaccountingpracticesgoverningmeasurement,assignmentandallocationsofcoststocontracts,grantsandcooperativeagreementswiththeUnitedStatesgovernment.

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CostofFundsIndex(COFI)

Oneoftheindexesthatisusedtodetermineinterestratechangesforcertainadjustable-ratemortgages.Itrepresentstheweighted-averagecostofsavings,borrowings,andadvancesofthefinancialinstitutionssuchasbanksandsavings&loans,inthe11thDistrictoftheFederalHomeLoanBank.

CostofLivingAllowance(COLA)

Afederalcontracttermallowingreimbursementofanemployeetorcertainexcesscosts,exclusiveotanyquarterscosts,wnicnresultfromanindividualbeingofficiallystationedinaforeignarea.

CostRe-imbursement

Atypeofcontractthatprovidesforpaymentofallowableincurredcosts,totheextentprescribedinthecontract.Thesecontractsestablishanestimateoftotalcostforthepurposeofobligatingfundsandestablishingaceilingthatthecontractormaynotexceed(exceptatitsownrisk)withouttheapprovalofthesponsor.

Council/Board,Advisory

NationalAdvisoryCouncilorBoard,mandatedbystatute,thatprovidesthesecondlevelofreviewforgrantapplicationsforeachinstitute/centerthatawardsgrants.TheCouncils/Boardsarecomprisedofbothscientificandlayrepresentatives.Council/Boardrecommendationsarebasedonscientificmerit(asjudgedbytheinitialreviewgroups)andtherelevanceoftheproposedstudytoaninstitute'sprogramsandpriorities.Withsomeexceptions,grantscannotbeawardedwithoutrecommendationsforapprovalbyaCouncil/Board.

Council-ManagerPlan

Aformofcitygovernmentunderwhichacouncil,usuallyelectedonanonpartisanticket,hiresaprofessionalcitymanager,whorunsthecitygovernmentandhaspowertohireandfireofficials.

Counsel

Legaladvice;alsoatermusedtorefertolawyersinacase.

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CountOut

AnadjournmentoftheHouseduetotheabsenceofquorum.TheSpeakerdeterminesthatquorumisnolongerpresentbycountingthenumberofMembersactuallyinattendance;theirnamesarethenrecordedintheJournals.

Count

Unlessnoted,thetotalnumberofgrantsshown,excludingadministrativesupplements.

Counterclaim

Aclaimbyadefendantinacivilcasethattheplaintiffhasinjuredhimorher.

Counterpart

Anapplicationfiledinaforeignpatentofficethatissubstantiallysimilarto(like)thepatentapplicationfiledwiththeUSPTOandisbaseduponsomeorallofthesameinvention.Thetwoapplicationswouldgenerallyhavethesameapplicant.CountyAttorneyprovideslegalsupportandassistancetotheBoardofCountyCommissioners,HectedOfficials,Countydepartments,andappointedboards,committeesandcommissions.

CoursePattern

Thearrangementofagroupofunitsinacourse.

Course

Asinglelayerofunitsmakingupaunitload.Alsotier.CourtCosts

Theexpensesinadditiontolegalfeesofprosecutingordefendingalawsuit.

CourtofLastResort

Thefinalcourtthatdecidesacaseonappeal(forexample,theSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatesorthesupremecourtofanystate).

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CourtOrder

Alegallybindingedictissuedbyacourtoflaw.Issuedbyamagistrate,judge,orproperlyempoweredadministrativeornAcourtorderrelatedtochildsupportcandictatehowoften,howmuch,whatkindofsupportanon-custodialparentistopay,howlongheorsheistopayit,andwhetheranemployermustwithholdsupportfromtheirwages.

CourtReporter

Apersonwhorecords,transcribes,orstenographicallytakesdowntestimony,motions,orders,andotherproceedingsduringtrials,hearings,andothercourtproceedings.

Court-PackingPlan

►tiltiPi<

AplanproposedbyPresidentFranklinD.Rooseveltin1937,wnicncongressrejected,toaddyoungerjusticestotneoupremeCourtwhowouldbemoresympathetictotheNewDeal.

Courtswhoseproceedingsarepermanentlyrecorded,andthathavethepowertofineorimprisonforcontempt.

CovertOperations

Secretpoliticalactionwithinothercountries.CraftUnions

Workersareorganizedaccordingtotheirskillsratherthantotheindustriesthatemploythem.Machinists,forexample,mightbeemployedbyrailroadsinthetransportationindustryorbycamsnattmakersinenginemanutactunng.craftunionsaredescendantsofmedievalguilds.TheAFL'scraftunionmemberswereinhospitabletolower-skilledworkers,whoclamoredforindustrialunionsduringthe1930sandwhosplitofftoformtheCIO.

Craftivism

Craftivismisaformofactivism,typicallyforsocialjusticeor

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environmentalist™,thatiscentredaroundpracticesofcraftespeciallyhandicrafts.Practitionersareknownascraftivists.

Crate

Arigidshippingcontainerofframedconstructionjoinedtogetherwithnails,bolts,oranyequivalentmethodoffastening.Theframeworkmayormaynotbeenclosedwithsheathing.

CreativeFederalism

AtermcoinedbyPresidentLyndonB.JohnsontodescribehisownviewoftherelationshipbetweenWashingtonandthestates.

Thebodyofapoliticalconventionthatdecideswhichdelegatesshouldbeseated,subjecttoapprovaloftheentireconvention.

CreditReport

Areportofanindividual'scredithistorypreparedbyacreditbureauandusedbyalenderindeterminingaloanapplicant'screditworthiness.

CreditRepository

Anorganizationthatgathers,records,updates,andstoresfinancialandpublicrecordsinformationaboutthepaymentrecordsofindividualswhoarebeingconsideredforcredit.

CreditTransaction

Thereturnofacommoditytoinventoryfromacostcenter,increasingthevalueofinventoryandrestoringbudgetdollarstothecostcenter.Onlyallowedforcommoditiesthatareunusedandusablefortheintendedpurpose(i.e.havenotexceededthemanufacturer'srecommendedusedateorexpirationdate).

1.Anagreementinwhichaborrowerreceivessomethingofvalueinexchangeforapromisetorepaythelenderatalaterdate.

2.Apersontowhommoneyisowed.

Credit

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CriminalCase

1.Casebroughtbythegovernmentagainstanindividualaccusedofcommittingacrime.

2.Courtcasesthatconcerncrimescommittedagainstthepublicorder.

CriticalPeriod

thisperiodreferstotheyearsbetweentheendoftheAmericanRevolutionandthebeginningofthenewgovernmentundertheConstitution(1783to1789).ThenationwasgovernedbytheArticlesofConfederationduringthisperiod,andalthoughmanytextbooksrecountalonglistofpublicillsofthattime,itwasaperiodofaccomplishmentaswell.

CriticalStock

Acommoditythatmustbemaintainedininventory,thoughlittleused,torespondtoexpressedneed.Thesecommoditiesdonotnecessarilymeetthecriteriatobeclassifiedasemergencystockbutarerequiredtokeepequipmentorprogramsoperating.

CrossStacking

Theplacingofalayerofcontainersatrightanglestothosejustbelowtoincreasethestabilityofthestack.

CrosstheFloor

Tochangepoliticalallegiance,signifiedintheHouseofCommonsbytakingaseatasanindependentoramongtheMembersofone'snewparty,usuallylocatedacrosstheChamberfromone'sformerparty.

CrossTie

Crosslayersofsuppliesasincrossstackingexceptthatonlyanoccasionallayeriscrossedandnoteveryotherone.

Crossdocking

Theacquiringofcommoditiesbyadistributioncenterusingjust-in-timescheduling,sothatproductscanbemovedfromthe

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receivingareathroughstaging,andontoatransportvehiclewithouteverhavingtobeputaway.

Cross-Examination

Questioningofawitnessbyanattorneyforthesideagainstwhichthewitnesstestified.

CrownCorporation

Corporationsownedbythegovernmentthatassumeastructuresimilartoaprivatecompanyandthatoperatesemi-independentlyofthecabinet.

Crown

1.HerMajestytheQueeninherroleasheadofstate,representedinCanadabytheGovernorGeneral.

2.Theexecutivebranchofgovernment,theQueenactingthroughHeragents(themembersoftheCabinet).

CubeUtilization

Theratiodeterminedbycountingthetotalcubicfeetotmaterialsstoredinthewarehouseandexpressingthisnumberasapercentageofthetotalcubicdimensionsofthewarehouse.

CulturalLiberalism

CulturalLiberalismisaliberalviewofsocietythatstressesthefreedomofindividualsfromculturalnorms.Someculturalliberalsbelievethatsocietyshouldnotimposeanyspecificcodeofbehaviour,andtheyseethemselvesasdefendingtherightsofnon-conformiststoexpresstheirownidentityhowevertheyseefit.Otherculturalliberalsholdthatsocietyshouldsupportliberalcodesofbehavior,andsuppressilliberalcodesofbehavior,suchasracialandgenderprejudice.

TheculturewarsinmodernAmericanpoliticsareusuallydrawnbetweenculturalliberalsandculturalconservatives.Culturalliberalsarguethatallreligionsandformsofworship(orlackthereof)shouldbetolerated,theyarestronglyopposedtocensorshiporanykindofoversightofspokenorwrittenmaterial,

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CurrentAccount

theybelievethatthestructureofone'sfamilyandthenatureofmarriageshouldbeleftuptoindividualdecision,andtheyarguethatnolifestyleisinherentlybetterthananyother.AmericanconservativesusuallyarguethatthegovernmentshouldsupportChristianityandthetraditionalfamily,andopposepornography.

CurrentAccount

Itisastatementofvnation'stradewithothernationsatanyparticulartime.

CurrentFilingBasis

Inapplicationsunder§§1and44oftheTrademarkAct,theapplicantmayclaimmorethanonebasis,andmayaddorsubstituteabasisafterfilingtheapplication.The"currentfilingbasis'meansthebasis,asamended(changedaftertheinitialororiginalfiling).Ifthebasishasnotbeenamended,thecurrentfilingbasisisthesameastheoriginalfilingbasis.

CurrentOperatingExpenses

Amountbudgetedforthepurchaseofgoodsandservicesfortheconductofnormalgovernmentoperationswithinthebudgetyear.Itincludesgoodsandservicesthatwillbeusedorconsumedduringthebudgetyear.

Custodian

intnesenseorinventorycontrol,tnepersonresponsiblelortnecustodvanddistributionofstoreroomorwarehousestock.

Custom

Agenerallyacceptedpracticeorbehaviourdevelopedovertime.

CustomaryLaw

Rulesofconductdevelopedovertimeandenforceableincourt.

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DarkHorse

DarkHorse,inU.S.politics,apersonunexpectedlychosenbyamajorpartyasacandidateforpublicoffice,especiallyforthepresidency.Apresidentialdarkhorseisusuallychosenatapartynationalconventionandoftenhasacquiredonlyalocalorlimitedreputationatthetimeofhisnomination.Heisinvariablytheoffspringofcompromiseafterrivalfactionshavedeadlockedtheconvention.Probablythebest-knownexampleofadarkhorseisJamesK.Polk,whowasselectedattheDemocraticconventionof1844ontheninthballot,althoughhehadnotbeennominateduntiltheeighthballot.

Dealignment

Dealignmentisatermusedbypoliticalscientists,incontrasttorealignment,todescribeatrendorprocesswherebyalargeportionoftheelectorateabandonsitspreviouspartisanaffiliation,withoutdevelopinganewonetoreplaceit.ManyscholarsarguethatthetrendsinelectionsintheUnitedStatesoverthelastseveraldecadesarebestcharacterizedasdealignment.ItisalsobelievedtheUnitedKingdomhasbecomedealignedfromclassoverthepastthreedecades.

DeanoftheHouse

TheMemberwiththelongestunbrokenrecordofservicewhoisneitheraMinisternoraholderofanyofficewithintheHouse.

DearColleagueLetter

ADearColleaguereferstoamass-producedlettersentbyonemembertoallfellowmembers.

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DebatableMotion

"DearColleagues"usuallydescribeanewbillandaskforcosponsorsoraskforamember'svoteonanissue.

DebatableMotion

Amotionwhich,becauseofitssubstantivenatureorproceduralimportance,issubjecttodebatebeforebeingputtoavote.TheStandingOrdersgiveacompleteenumerationofthevarioustypesofmotionswhicharedebatable.

DebatesoftheHouseofCommons

Theinextensoreport—transcribed,edited,andcorrected—ofwhatissaidintheHouseandinaCommitteeoftheWhole.TheDebatesarepublishedinbothofficiallanguagesaftereachsitting.TheDebatesareoftenidentifiedas"Hansard"whichisthenameoftheBritishfamilyoriginallyresponsibleforarrangingtheofficialreportingofdebatesintheBritishHouseofCommons.

Debit

Anytransactionwhichsendsmoneyoutofthecountry(e.g.paymentsfortheimportofgoods).

DebtService

Thesumofloanrepayments,interestpayments,commitmentfeesandotherchargesonforeignanddomesticborrowings.

Debt

Anamountowedtoanother.Decision

1.(oftheSpeaker)ArulingontheproceduralacceptabilityofsomematterbeforetheHousewhich,unlessotherwisespecified,servesasaprecedenttogovernfutureproceedings.Suchrulingsarefinal;theymaynotbedebatedorappealed.

2.(ofachair)Arulingontheproceduralacceptabilityofsomematterbeforeacommitteewhichmayserveasaprecedentinfuturecommitteeproceedings.AChair'srulingmaybeappealedtothecommitteeor,ifdeliveredinCommitteeoftheWhole,totheSpeaker.

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Declaration

Adocumentinwhichanapplicantforpatentdeclares,underpenaltyoffineorimprisonment,orboth(18USC1001),that(1)heorsheistheoriginalorsoleinventor,(2)shallstateofwhatcountryheorsheisacitizen,(3)thatheorshehasreviewedandunderstandsthecontentsofthespecificationandclaimswhichthedeclarationrefersto,and(4)acknowledgesthedutytodiscloseinformationthatismaterialtopatentabilityasdefinedby37CFR§1.56.Anoathordeclarationmustbefiledineachnonprovisionalpatentapplication.

DeclaratoryJudgment

Ajudgmentthatdeclarestherightsofthepartiesorexpressestheopinionofthecourtonaquestionoflaw,withoutorderinganythingtobedone.

DeclareNullandVoid

DecisionoftheHouseorrulingbytheSpeakerinvalidatinganybusinesswhichtheHouseoroneofitscommitteesisorhasbeenconsidering.

DeedofTrust

Somestates,likeCalifornia,donotrecordmortgages.Instead,theyrecordadeedoftrustwhichisessentiallythesamething.

Deed

Thelegaldocumentconveyingtitletoaproperty.Default-Non

Complianceofafirmtoprovidegoodsorservicesaccordingtocontractualterms.

Default

1.Failuretomakethemortgagepaymentwithinaspecifiedperiodoftime.Forfirstmortgagesorfirsttrustdeeds,ifapaymenthasstillnotbeenmadewithin30daysoftheduedate,theloanisconsideredtobeindefault.

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Defect

2.Occurswhenadefendantdoesnotfiletheproperresponsewithinthetimeallowedorfailstoappearatthetrial.

Defect

Aregularityornon-conformitywhichisnotallowablebyspecifica-tions.

Defendant

1.Inacivilcase,thedefendantisthepersonagainstwhomthelawsuitisbrought.Inacriminalcase,thedefendantisthepersonaccusedofcommittingthecrime.

2.Thepersonagainstwhomacivilorcriminalproceedingisbegun.

DeferredDivision

Arecordeddivisionwhichisnotheldatthecloseofadebate,butatalatertimepursuanttovariousprovisionsintheStandingOrdersorbyaspecialorderoftheHouse.

Deficit

1.Itreferstothedifferencethatresultswhenoutlaysexceedrevenuesforanysingleyear.Thenationaldebtistheaggregationoftheseannualdeficits.

2.Shortfall/deficiencyofrevenuesoverexpendituresofthegovernment.

Degradable(asBio-Degradable)

Aproductwhichwillundergoaprocessofdeterioration.Thedegradingprocessofbio-degradableitemsmustbeadeteriorationunaidedbytheadditionofchemicalsorapplicationofotherdestructionmeasures.

Thisisthedeclineinthemanufacturingsectorandriseoftheservicessectoroftheeconomy.Sincemanufacturingjobspaywell,oneconsequenceofdeindustrializationisadeclineinwagesandtheaveragestandardofliving.

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Deinking

Aprocessofremovinginkortonerfromprintingandwritingpapersinordertoreprocessandrecycle.

Delegate

1.ADelegateisamemberoftheHousefromSamoa,Guam,PuertoRico,VirginIslands,orWashington,D.C.

TheConstitutionprohibitsdelegatesfromvotingontheHousefloor,butpermitsthemtovoteinCommittee.

2.Arepresentativeroleinwhichtheindividualsubordinateshis/herviewstothoseoftheirconstituents.

DelegatedLegislation

Regulationsmadebydepartments,boardsoragenciesbyvirtueofthepowerconferredonthembysomeActofParliament.DelegatedlegislationmaybereviewedbytheStandingJointCommitteefortheScrutinyofRegulationsandrevokedbytheHouse.

Delegates

Themenandwomenformallyentitledtoselectthepresidentialnomineesofthetwomajorpartiesattheirparty'spresidentialnominatingconvention.

Deliberation-Theprocessbywhichajuryreachesaverdictatthecloseofatrial.

Demand

1.FormPCT/IPEA/401,filedwithanInternationalPreliminaryExaminingAuthority,demandingthataninternationalapplicationshallbethesubjectofaninternationalpreliminaryexamination.

2.Whatpeopleandgroupswantfromthepoliticalsystem.Democracy

1.DemocracytermoriginatinginancientGreecetodesignateagovernmentwherethepeopleshareindirectingtheactivities

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DemocraticCentralism

ofthestate,asdistinctfromgovernmentscontrolledbyasingleclass,selectgroup,orautocrat.Thedefinitionofdemocracyhasbeenexpanded,however,todescribeaphilosophythatinsistsontherightandthecapacityofapeople,actingeitherdirectlyorthroughrepresentatives,tocontroltheirinstitutionsfortheirownpurposes.Suchaphilosophyplacesahighvalueontheequalityofindividualsandwouldfreepeopleasfaraspossiblefromrestraintsnotself-imposed.Itinsiststhatnecessaryrestraintsbeimposedonlybytheconsentofthemajorityandthattheyconformtotheprincipleofequality.

2.Theterm'democracy'inallitsformsdenotesthecommonparticipationofthepeople,directlyorindirectlyIndiahasadoptedtherepresentativeparliamentarydemocracy.TheConstitutionmakesnoprovisionfordirectcontrolbythepeoplethroughsuchdevicesas'referendum'and'initiative'.However,thepeopleofIndiaexercisetheirsovereigntythroughaParliamentattheCentreandalegislatureineachStateelectedonthebasisofuniversaladultfranchise.TheExecutiveisresponsibletothepopularhouseofthelegislature.

DemocraticCentralism

1.DemocraticCentralismwasacclaimedasthemostoriginalcontributionofSovietConstitution.InUSSRdemocraticcentralismexplainedasasystemofgovernmentinwhichlocalunitsororgansofgovernmentenjoycompleteindependenceinmanagingtheirownaffairsandgivenenoughopportunitiesofparticipatingintheactivitiesofhigherunitsororgansorgovernment.Thismakesthesystemdemocratic.Simultaneously,thehighergovernmentalbodiesexercisethepowerofformulatingbasicpolicyandofsupervising,checkingandvoting,theactsanddecisionsofthosebelowthem.Centralisminthesysteminthusreflected.

OggandZinkhaveverywellportrayedtheautonomyenjoyedbytheunitsandthecentralizedcontrolexercisedbythecentreovertheunitsinthesewords,"Thereisliterallynothing

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thattheycannotdoiftheylike,whichonthesurfacewouldseemtomakehomerule,citiesintheUnitedStateblushwithshameattheirlackoffreedom....Thelocalunitsdoexactlyastheylikeaslongastheagentsofthegovernmentwhichareabovethemdonotobject."AnotherwellknownwriterVyshinkyemphasizesthatdemocraticcentralisminUSSRensureslocalselfhelpandindependencebytakingstockofsingularityandthedemandsofseparatepartsoftheState.It,atthesametimestrivestounitetheseparts,bycommonconsciouswillandcommoninteresttasks.Obviously,therefore,democraticcentralismPresupposesdemocraticcentralisminbasicquestions,ingeneralguidanceandinthemaximumunificationofeconomicactivityinaccordancewithonestatewideplan.TheRussianclaimthattheirdemocraticcentralismdiffersfundamentallyfrombureaucraticcentralisprevailinginthecapitalistcountries.Inthelatter,controlliesinthehandsofofficialswhodonotownanyresponsibilitytothepeopleanduniformityiseffectedfromthetopwhereastheformerleaveconsiderableinitiationwiththelocalunitsandvestsauthoritywiththepopularlyelectedrepresentativeswhoareresponsibletothepeople.

ThecombinationofdemocracyandcentralismisparadoxicalandisopposedtothetheoryofseparationofPowers.TheCommunistpartyofChinahadadoptedthedemocraticcentralisminitsorganizationandworkingevenbeforetherevolution.Theprinciplewasappliedtotheogansofstatepowerbytheorganiclawof1949whichdeclared,"TheGovernmentofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaisaGovern-ment ofthePeoplesCongresssystembasedontheprincipleofdemocraticcentralism."Thesamepointisassertedintheconstitutionof1982.

2.Theconcentrationofpowerintheleadershipofthecommunistparty,whichintheoryactsintheinterestsofthepeople.

ucmocraticKeahsm

DemocraticRealismisaphilosophyofcommunicationcham-

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DemonstrationProject

pionedbyCharlesKrauthammer.Itisthevisionofspreadingdemocracybyforcetostrategicallyvitalareasthroughouttheglobe.

DemonstrationProject

ADemonstrationProjectisfundedbythefederalgovernmentinordertotestnewtechnologyorpolicies.

Itisintendedtodemonstratethefeasibilityoftechnologywhichmightnotfindprivatefunding.

Demur

Insomestatecourts,tofileapleading(calledademurrer)admittingthetruthofthefactsinthecomplaint,oranswer,butcontendingtheydonotmakeoutacauseofaction.

Demurrage

Anassessmentagainsttheshipperorconsigneeasapenaltyforthedetentionofacommoncarrier'sequipmentbeyondtheperiodoffreetimeallowedforloadingorunloading.

DepartmentofFinance

Thegovernmentdepartmentthathasoverallresponsibilityforthegovernment'sfinancesanditsroleintheeconomy.

Dependent

Achildwhoisunderthecareofsomeoneelse.Mostchildrenwhoareeligibletoreceivechildsupportmustbeadependent.Thechildceasestobeadependentwhentheyreachthe"ageofemancipation"asdeterminedbyStatelaw,butdependingontheState'sprovisions,mayremaineligibleforchildsupportforaperiodaftertheyareemancipated.

Deportation

Deportation,expulsionofanalienfromacountrybyanactofitsgovernment.Thetermisnotappliedordinarilytosendinganationalintoexileortocommittingoneconvictedofcrimetoanoverseaspenalcolony(historicallycalledtransportation).In

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internationallawtherighttosendanalientothecountrytowhichheorsheowesallegiance(ortoanycountrythatwillaccepthimorher)derivesfromagovernment'ssovereignty.IntheUnitedStates,deportationistheresponsibilityoftheBureauofImmigrationandCustomsEnforcementoftheDept.ofHomelandSecurity.

ExceptundertheAlienandSeditionActsof1798therewasnoAmericandeportationlawuntiltheenactmentin1882ofastatuteaimedatcertainChineseimmigrants.Theclassof

toincludepersonswhobeforetheirentryintotheUnitedStateswereinsane,feeble-minded,illiterate,ordiseasedinvariousways.Manyforeignerssuspectedofinvolvementinradicalpoliticalactivityweredeportedduringthe"RedScare"of1919.TheImmigrationandNationalityActof1952removedthestatuteoflimitationsonanykindofdeportation.Thelargestgroupofdeportedpersonsarethosewhohaveenteredthecountryillegally.Inthe1980sand1990sexpulsionofsomeofthenumerousrefugeesfromsuchCaribbeancountriesasCubaandHaitiraisedcontroversy.AdeportedaliencannotreentertheUnitedStateswithoutspecialpermissionfromtheattorneygeneral.

Deposit

Asumofmoneygiveninadvanceofalargeramountbeingexpectedinthefuture.Oftencalledinrealestateasan"earnestmoneydeposit."

Deposition

Anoralstatementmadebeforeanofficerauthorizedbylawtoadministeroaths.Beforetrial,suchstatementsareoftentakentoexaminepotentialwitnessesandtoobtaininformation.

Adeclineinthevalueofproperty;theoppositeofappreciation.Depreciationisalsoanaccountingtermwhichshowsthedecliningmonetaryvalueofanassetandisusedasanexpensetoreducetaxableincome.Sincethisisnotatrueexpensewheremoney

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DeputyChairofCommitteesoftheWhole

isactuallypaid,lenderswilladdbackdepreciationexpenseforself-employedborrowersandcountitasincome.

DeputyChairofCommitteesoftheWhole

AMemberchosentoserveasareplacementfortheChairofCommitteesoftheWholeduringthelatter'sabsence,includingtakingontheroleofActingSpeakerwhenrequired.

DeputyClerk

TheseniorofficialappointedbytheGovernorinCounciltoactasdeputytotheClerkoftheHouseforproceduralandadministrativepurposes.

DeputyMinister

1.TheCanadianpublicservantwhoheadseachgovernmentdepartment,managesthedepartment,andadvisestheminister.

2.Thepublicservant,reportingdirectlytotheminister,whoisthepermanentadministrativeheadofagovernmentdepartmentandisresponsibleforitsday-to-daymanagement.AppointmenttosuchapositionisbyOrderinCouncil.

DeputyoftheGovernorGeneral

Aperson,usuallyoneofthejusticesoftheSupremeCourt,selectedtorepresenttheGovernorGeneraloncertainoccasionssuchasforthegrantingofRoyalAssentorprorogation.

DeputySpeaker(oftheHouse)

TitlegiventotheMemberelectedasChairofCommitteesoftheWholeatthebeginningofeveryParliament.TheDeputySpeakerreplacestheSpeakerwhenthelatterisunavoidablyabsent.

DeregulationMovement

Duringthe1970s,itwasfeltthatregulationmoreoftenservedtheinterestsoftheregulatedindustriesthanthoseofthepublic.Thisbelief,plustheuneconomicconsequencesofcentralized

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routeplanninginthefaceoffuelshortagesandinflation,causedbothliberalsandconservativestodismantlemanyNewDeal-eraeconomicregulatoryrules.

Deregulation

1.Agovernmentpolicydesignedtoremoveregulationsonmarketactivity.

2.Theeliminationorreductionofgovernmentregulationofindustry.

DesignPatent

Maybegrantedtoanyonewhoinventsanew,original,andornamentaldesignforanarticleofmanufacture

DesignSpecification

Agenericspecificationwhichwoulddescribeaparticularconfiguration.Amethodoftestingorinspectionmaybeincluded.

Designation

Anindicationmadebyapplicant,intheRequestforanInternationalApplicationfiledunderthePatentCooperationTreaty,astotheContractingStatesinwhichprotectionforaninventionisdesired.

Despotism

Anindividualrulingthroughfearwithoutregardtolawandnotanswerabletothepeople.

DeviatingElections

Electionsinwhichthemajorityparty(accordingtopartyidentification)isdefeatedinatemporaryreversal.

Deviationism

InStalinistCommunismadeviationismisanexpressedbeliefwhichisnotinaccordancewithofficialpartydoctrineforthetimeandarea.

Adeviationistispersonwhoexpressesadeviation.

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Devolution

1.Asystemofgovernmentinwhichthesovereigncentralgovernmentdevolves(delegates)powertoregionalgovernments.

2.TheReaganadministrationshiftedresponsibilityforfinancingandadministeringmanysocialprogramstothestategovernments.Althoughtheprofessedgoalwastoputgovernmentclosertothepeople,itraisedanequityprobleminthosestatesthatlackedtheeconomicbaseforprovidingtheseservices.

Dictablanda

Dictablandaisawordusedbypoliticalscientiststodescribeadictatorshipinwhichcivillibertiesaremostlypreservedratherthandestroyed.

TheworddictablandaisaportmanteauoftheSpanishwordsdictadura("dictatorship")andblanda("soft");thereisalsoanelementofpunninginvolvedinthatblandareplacesdura("hard").

ThetermwasfirstusedinSpainin1930whenGen.DamasoBerenguerreplacedGen.MiguelPrimodeRiverayOrbanejaastheheadoftherulingmilitaryjunta(directoriomilitar)andattemptedtoreducetensionsinthecountrybyrepealingsomeoftheharshermeasuresthathadbeenintroducedbythedictator.ItwasalsousedtorefertothelatteryearsoftheregimeofGen.FranciscoFranco,andtothehegemonic70-yearone-partyruleoftheInstitutionalRevolutionaryParty(PRI)inMexico.

Theterm"dictablanda"canbeusefullycontrastedwithdem-ocradura,meaninganilliberaldemocracy—asysteminwhichthegovernmentanditsleadersareelected,butisneverthelessrelativelydeficientincivilliberties.

Dictator

1.Dictator,originallyaRomanmagistrateappointedtorulethestateintimesofemergency;inmodernusage,anabsolutist

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orautocraticrulerwhoassumesextraconstitutionalpowers.From501B.C.untiltheabolitionoftheofficein44B.C.,Romehad88dictators.Theywereusuallyappointedbyaconsulandwereinvestedwithsweepingauthorityoverthecitizens,buttheywerelimitedtoatermofsixmonthsandlackedpoweroverthepublicfinances.Dictatorswereheldtostrictaccountfortheirconductinoffice.LuciusCorneliusSullaandJuliusCaesarabolishedthelimitationstodictatorshipandgovernedunconstitutionally.TheRomansabandonedtheinstitutionafterCaesar'smurder.Moderndictatorshaveusuallycometopowerintimesofemergency.Frequentlytheyhaveseizedpowerbycoup,butsome,mostnotablyBenitoMussoliniinItalyandAdolfHitlerinGermany,achievedofficebylegalmeansandonceinpoweroverthrewconstitutionalrestraints.IntheUSSRthe"dictatorshipoftheproletariat"tooktheformofaconcentrationofpowerinthehandsoftheCommunistparty.UnderJosephStalinitdevelopedintoapersonaldictatorship,butafterhisdeaththereemergedasystemofcollectiveleadership.LatinAmericannationshaveundergonemanydictatorships,usuallybymilitaryleadersattheheadofajunta.

2.InRomanLaw,anappointedindividualgivenexceptionalpowersintimesofcrisis.

DieontheOrderPaper

ToremainontheOrderPaperattheendofasessionwithoutafinaldecisionhavingbeentaken.Governmentmotionsandbillswhich"die"arelostandarenotproceededwithfurther,unlesstheyarere-introducedinthenextsession.

DilatoryAction

Aparliamentarymotionusednotforitsintendedpurpose,buttodelayproceedingsbyusingupfloortime.Motionsoftenusedfordilatorypurposesincludethosetoadjourn,toreconsider,totable,andtocallforunnecessaryvotes.Theminoritypartymostoftenusesdilatorystrategiesasleveragefornegotiationswiththemajorityparty.

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DilatoryMotion

AsupersedingmotiondesignedtodisposeoftheoriginalquestionbeforetheHouse,eitherforthetimebeingorpermanently.AmotiontoadjournthedebateandamotiontoadjourntheHouseareexamplesofdilatorymotions.

Diplomacy

Asystemofformal,regularizedcommunicationthatallowsstatestopeacefullyconducttheirbusinesswitheachother.

DirectCosts

1.Coststhatcanbeidentifiedspecificallywithaparticularprojectorprogram.

2.Coststhatcanbespecificallyidentifiedwithaparticularprojects)oractivity.Examplesofresearchproject-specificexpensesincludeexpensesforequipment,personnel,travel,andotherexpensesnecessarytocarryoutaresearchproject.

DirectDemocracy

Asystemofgovernmentbasedonpublicdecisionsmadebycitizensmeetinginanassemblyorvotingbyballot.

DirectExamination

Thefirstinterrogationofawitnessbythepartyonwhosebehalfheorsheiscalled.

DirectIncomeWithholding

Aprocedure,wherebyanincomewithholdingordercanbesentdirectlytothenon-custodialparent's(NCPs)employerinanotherState,withouttheneedtousetheIV-DAgencyorcourtsystemintheNCP'sState.ThistriggerswithholdingunlesstheNCPcontests,andnopleadingsorregistrationarerequired.TheActdoesnotrestrictwhomaysendanincomewithholdingnoticeacrossStatelines.AlthoughthesenderwillordinarilybeachildsupportAgencyortheobligee,theobligororanyotherpersonmaysupplyanemployerwithanincomewithholdingorder.

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DirectManrunaKaising

Atechniquetoraisemoneydirectlyfromthepublicwiththeaidofcomputerizedmailinglists.

DirectOperations

Fundsforsalaryandotheradministrativecosts.

DirectedVerdict

Aninstructionbythejudgetothejurytoreturnaspecificverdictbecauseoneofthepartiesfailedtomeetitsburdenofproof.

DirectivePrinciple

DirectivePrincipleaimatthepromotionofthegeneralwelfareofthesociety.DirectivePrinciplearepositiveinstructionstotheGovernmenttotakestepstoestablishajustsocial,economicandpoliticalorder.DirectivePrinciplearenotenforceablebythecourtsiftheStatehasnotimplementedthem.DirectivePrinciplelegislationisrequiredbeforeanydirectiveisimplemented.DirectivePrinciplenotsubjecttoanysuchlimitationcanbeenforcedbytheStateAccordingtoresourcesavailable.

Disallowance

ApowergiventothefederalgovernmentintheConstitutionAct,1867,underwhichthecabinetcannullifyanyprovinciallaw,eventhoughithasreceivedroyalassentfromthelieutenant-governoroftheprovince.

DischargeanOrder

TocancelanorderpreviouslymadebytheHouse,oftenwithaviewtopresentingsomealternative.Theorderforsecondreadingofabillmustbedischargedbeforethesubjectmatterofthebillcanbereferredtoacommittee.

DischargePetition

1.ADischargePetitionstartsaprocesstoforceabilloutofcommittee.

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Disciplines

Asuccessfulpetitionrequiresthesignaturesof218members,whichisamajorityoftheHouse.

2.ApetitionwhichcanbefiledbyamajorityofHousemembersinordertodislodgeabillfromanyHousecommittee.

Disciplines

Disciplinesaresimplytopics,majors,subjects,orprogramsoncampus.MostdisciplineshavenationalassociationssuchastheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationandtheNationalCouncilofTeachersofEnglish.Theseassociationsmayhavefundsavailableforstudent/facultyworkinserviceandcivicengagement,orhaveopportunitiestopresentatnationalconferences.Disciplinesareoftenorganizedoncampusaroundcollegesanddepartments.Collegesaregroupingsofsimilardepartments,suchastheCollegeofHumanities,CollegeofSocialScience,etc.Specificdisciplinesareorganizedbydepartments.TheadministratorofacollegeisusuallyreferredtoasaDean,theadministratorofadepartmentisreferredtoasaChair.

Disclaimer

1.Apatentee,whetherofthewholeoranysectionalinteresttherein,may,onpaymentofthefeerequiredbylaw,makedisclaimer(giveupallorpartoftheowner'srightstoenforceclaims)ofanycompleteclaim,statingthereintheextentoitneirinterestinsucnpatent,oucnaisciaimersarerequiredtobeinwritingandrecordedintheUSPTO,andareconsideredaspartoftheoriginalpatenttotheextentoftheinterestactuallypossessedbythedisclaimantandbythoseclaimingunderhim.Anypatenteeorapplicantmaydisclaimordedicatetothepublictheentireterm,oranyterminalpartoftheterm(fromacertainpointintimethroughtheprojectedendoftheentireterm),ofthepatentgrantedortobegranted.Therearetwotypesofdisclaimers:astatutorydisclaimerandaterminaldisclaimer.

2.Astatementthattheapplicantorregistrantdoesnotclaimtheexclusiverighttouseaspecifiedelementorelementsof

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themark.Thepurposeofadisclaimeristopermittheregistrationofamarkthatisregistrableasawholebutcontainsmatterthatwouldnotberegistrablestandingalone,withoutcreatingafalseimpressionoftheextentoftheregistrant'srightwithrespecttocertainelementsinthemark.

DiscountPoints

Inthemortgageindustry,thistermisusuallyusedinonlyinreferencetogovernmentloans,meaningFHAandVAloans.Discountpointsrefertoany"points"paidinadditiontotheonepercentloanoriginationfee.A"point"isonepercentoftheloanamount.

DiscountRate

Thepercentageofinterestthatanyofthetwelveregionalfederalreservebankschargestoitsmembercommercialbanksforashort-termloaniscalledthediscountratebecausethelendinginstitution'sreturnalreadyhasbeendeducted,or"discounted,"beforetheloanarrives.Givenaloanfor$100,000at6percent,forexample,therecipientwouldreceiveonly$940,000.

DiscountSchedule

Apricelistingbaseduponquantityselectionsofitems.Savingsrealizedbyincreasedvolumes.

Discourse

Inorderforcommunitiestofunctionwithinademocracy,commu-nity membersmustengageindiscussionanddialogue,whichincludesdiversevoicesandopinions,throughwhichtheyarriveatsharedideasandvisionsfortheircommunity.

Discovery

Thepre-trialprocessbywhicheachpartyascertainsevidencetheotherpartywillrelyuponattrial.

Discretion

Theflexibilityaffordedgovernmenttodecidesomethingwithinthebroaderframeworkofrules.

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DiscretionaryFunds

Discretionaryfundsorbudgetsarepoolsofmoneysetasideforspecificpeopleoncampustosupportprojectsthatarisethrough-out theyear.Theseareveryflexiblebudgetsthatcanvaryinsizes.TheChiefAcademicOfficermayusetheirfundstosupportastudentresearchprojectordevelopmentofanewclass.TheDeanofStudentsmaygivesmallgrantsforuniquecollaborativeeventssponsoredbyanumberofclubsoncampus.Thekeyquestionyoumustanswerwhenapplyingforfundsfromthesebudgetsishowyourevent/projectwillbenefitthegreatercampus.Collegedeansanddepartmentchairsmayalsohavediscretionaryfundsintheirbudgets.

DiscretionaryGrant

Anawardoffinancialassistanceintheformofmoney,orpropertyinlieuofmoney,bythefederalgovernmenttoaneligiblerecipient,usuallymadeonthebasisofacompetitivereviewprocess.

DiscretionarySpending

DiscretionarySpendingreferstospendingsetbyannualappropriationlevelsmadebydecisionofCongress.

Thisspendingisoptional,andincontrasttoentitlementprogramsforwhichfundingismandatory.

Dismissal

Acourtorderterminatingacase.Maybevoluntary(attherequestoftheparties)orinvoluntary.

Disposition(SurplusProperty)

Thedisposalofgoodsandinventorythatareinexcessorlongerrequired.Methodsoftransferring,tradinginorsellingsuchitemsarecommonlyused.

Disposition

Thecourt'sdecisionofwhatshouldbedoneaboutadisputethathasbeenbroughttoitsattention.Forinstance,thedisposition

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ofthecourtmaybethatchildsupportisorderedoranobligationismodified.

Dissolution

ThebringingtoanendofaParliament,eitherattheconclusionofitsfive-yeartermorbyproclamationoftheGovernorGeneral.Itisfollowedbyageneralelection.

Distribution

Theallocationofchildsupportcollectedtothevarioustypesofdebtwithinachildsupportcase,asspecifiedin45CFR302.51,(e.g.,monthlysupportobligations,arrears,orderedarrears,etc.).

DistributiveLaws

Lawsdesignedtodistributepublicgoodsandservicestoindividualsinsociety.

DistributivePolicy

Apublicpolicythatbenefitseveryone.

DistrictAttorney

Astategovernmentlawyerwhoprosecutescriminalcases.Alsoreferredtoasaprosecutor.

DistrictAttorneyiselectedbyvoterstorepresenttheminthe18thJudicialDistrict,whichincludesArapahoe,Douglas,EbertandLincolncounties,theyelecttheDistrictAttorneytorepresenttheCountyincriminalmattersandprosecution.

Diversion

Theprocessofremovingsomeminorcriminal,traffic,orjuvenilecasesfromthefulljudicialprocess,ontheconditionthattheaccusedundergosomesortofrehabilitationormakerestitutionfordamages.Diversionmaytakeplacebeforethetrialoritsequivalent,aswhenajuvenileaccusedofacrimemayconsenttoprobationwithoutanadmissionofguilt.Ifthejuvenilecompletesprobationsuccessfully(takesacourseormakesamendsforthecrime),thentheentiremattermaybeexpunged(erased)fromtherecord.

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DivideaBill

Tosplitabillintomorethanonebill.IftheHousedesiresthedivisionofabill,itmayadoptanorderofinstructiontothecommitteestudyingthebill,givingitthepowertomakesuchadivision.

DividedGovernment

ThephenomenonofRepublicanpresidentsandDemocraticCongresseshasbeencommonsince1953.Thisdivisioninpartycontrolwasblamedforthepolicy-makinggridlockinWashingtonandinsomestatecapitalsaswell.

DivineRight

DivineRight,doctrinethatsovereignsderivetheirrighttorulebyvirtueoftheirbirthalone—arightbasedonthelawofGodandofnature.Authorityistransmittedtoarulerfromhisancestors,whomGodhimselfappointedtorule.Becausethesovereignwasresponsiblenottothegoverned,buttoGodalone,activeresistancetoakingwasasinensuringdamnation.Thedoctrineevolvedpartlyinreactionagainstpapalclaimstowieldauthorityinthepoliticalsphere.InEngland,KingJamesIandhissonCharlesImademanyclaimsbasedondivineright,andanotableexponentofthetheorywasSirRobertFilmer.ItceasedtobeimportantinEnglandaftertheGloriousRevolutionof1688.TheepitomeofthedoctrineisfoundintheruleofLouisXIVofFrance.

DivisionList

Alistgivingtheresultsofarecordeddivision,printedintheJournalsandtheDebates.Members,identifiedbyname,arelistedunderYeasorNaysoronthelistofpairedMembersasappropriate.

DivisionVote:House

ADivisionVoterequiresmemberstostandandbecounted.Thechairfirstcountstheayes,thenthenays.

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Thenumbersareannounced,butnamesarenotrecorded.Itisusedmostlywhentheresultsofavoicevoteisindoubt.

DivisionVote:Senate

ADivisionVoterequiresSenatorstoeitherstandorraisetheirhandstobecounted.Thechairfirstcountstheayes,thenthenays.Thenumbersarenotannouncednorarethenamesrecorded.Adivisionvoteisusedwhentheresultsofavoicevoteareindoubt.

DivisionalApplication

Alaterapplicationforanindependentordistinctinventiondisclosingandclaiming(on/yaportionofand)onlysubjectmatterdisclosedintheearlierorparentapplication.

DockLeveller

Ahingedbridgebetweenthedocksurfaceanddifferentloadbedheightsofvehicles.Levellersautomaticallyadjusttodifferentvehicleheightsandtheriseofvehiclespringsasitisunloaded.

Docket

1.Alistofcases(applications)awaitingofficeactions.

2.Alogcontainingbriefentriesofcourtproceedingsandfilingsoflegaldocumentsinacase.

DoctrineofEquivalents

Ajudiciallycreatedtheoryforfindingpatentinfringementwhentheaccusedprocessorproductfallsoutsidetheliteralscopeofthepatentclaims.Theessentialobjectiveinquiryis:"Doestheaccusedproductorprocesscontainelementsidenticalorequivalenttoeachclaimedelementofthepatentedinvention?"

DollarItem

AnitemintheSupplementaryEstimatesforatokenamountofonedollar.Dollaritemsareincludedforanumberofpurposeswhichdonotentailadditionalexpendituressuchasthetransferoffundsbetweenvotes.

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DomesticRepresentative

ApersonresidingwithintheUnitedStateswhoisappointedbyapatenteeorassigneeofatrademarkapplicationorregistrationthatdoesnotresideinorisnotdomiciledwithintheUnitedStates.Adomesticrepresentativemaybeservedprocessornoticeofproceedingsaffectingtheapplication,patentortrademarkregistration,orrelatedrights.

Domicile

Theplacewhereapersonhashisorhertrueandpermanenthome.Apersonmayhaveseveralresidences,butonlyonedomicile.

Dominion

Dominion,powertorule,orthatwhichissubjecttorule.Before1949thetermwasusedofficiallytodescribetheself-governingcountriesoftheCommonwealthofNations—e.g.,Canada,Australia,orIndia.In1949IndiabecamearepuWicwithintheCommonwealth,andtheuseofthetermdominionhassincebeenlargelyabandonedbecauseitisthoughttoimplysubordination.NowthesestatesaresimplyreferredtoasmembersoftheCommonwealth.

DoubleJeopardy

1.Morethanoneprosecutionforthesameoffense.ProhibitedbytheConstitution.

2.Thecommon-lawandconstitutionalprohibitionagainstmorethanoneprosecutionforthesamecrime,transactionoromission.

DowJonesIndustrialAverage(DJIA)

Anindexofmarketperformancecomprisedofthirtycorporatestocks.Inthe1880sitwascomputedbyaddingthevalueofitscomponentstocksanddividingbythirty;butbecauseofdozensofstocksplitsovertheyearsandchangesinthesetofcompaniesthemselves,thedivisorhaschangedfrom30toabout0.3today.

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DownPayment

Thepartofthepurchasepriceofapropertythatthebuyerpaysincashanddoesnotfinancewithamortgage.

Downsizing

Reductionofthesizeandscopeofgovernment.

Doxa

Greekwordforanopinionthatmaybeatleastpartlytruebutcannotbefullyexpounded.

Drawing

Patentdrawingsmustshoweveryfeatureoftheinventionasspecifiedintheclaims.Omissionofdrawingsmaycauseanapplicationtobeconsideredincompletebutareonlyrequiredifdrawingsarenecessaryfortheunderstandingofthesubjectmattersoughttobepatented.

DredScottDecision

ArulingbytheSupremeCourtin1857-reversedbytheFourteenthAmendmentin1868-thatblackAmericanswerenotcitizensundertheConstitution.

Applicationssimultaneouslyassignedtotwoinstitutes,centers,ordivisions.Theprimaryinstitutehascompleteresponsibilityforadministeringandfundingtheapplication;thesecondaryassumesthisresponsibilityonlyiftheprimaryisunableorunwillingtosupportit.

DualFederalism

1.DualFederalismisthebeliefthathavingseparatebutequalbranchesofgovernmentisthebestoption.Thisformofgovernmentworksontheprinciplethatthenationalandstategovernmentsaresplitintotneirownspheres,anaeacnissupremeinitsrespectivesphere.Specifically,dualfederalismdiscussestherelationshipbetweenthenationalgovernment

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DualReviewSystem

andthestates'governments.Accordingtothistheory,therearecertainlimitsplacedonthefederalgovernment.

2.Theconcept-accepteduntil1937-ofthefederalgovernmentandthestatesascompetingpowercenters,withtheSupremeCourtasreferee.

DualReviewSystem

PeerreviewprocessusedbyNIH.Thefirstlevelofreviewprovidesajudgmentofscientificmerit.Thesecondlevelofreview,usuallyconductedbyanICD'sadvisoryCouncil,assessesthequalityofthefirstreview,setsprogrampriorities,andmakesfundingrecommendations.

DueProcess

UnitedStateslawinitsregularcourseofadministrationthroughthecourts.Theconstitutionalguaranteeofdueprocessrequiresthateveryonereceivesuchconstitutionalprotectionsasafairtrial,assistanceofcounsel,andtherightstoremainsilent,toaspeedyandpublictrial,toanimpartialjury,andtoconfrontandsecurewitnesses.

Due-on-SaleProvision

Aprovisioninamortgagethatallowsthelendertodemandrepaymentinfulliftheborrowersellsthepropertythatservesassecurityforthemortgage.

Duress

Referstoconductthathastheeffectofcompellinganotherpersontodowhatheorshewouldnototherwisedo.Itisarecognizeddefensetoanyact,suchasacrime,contractualbreachortort,allofwhichmustbevoluntarytocreateliabilityorresponsibility.

DutyRoster

AlistindicatingwhichMembersofagivenpartymustbeinattendanceintheHouseatagiventime.Itispreparedbytheparty'swhipwhoisalsochargedwithseeingthatitisrespected.

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Adepositmadebythepotentialhomebuyertoshowthatheorsheisseriousaboutbuyingthehouse.

Arightofwaygivingpersonsotherthantheowneraccesstooroveraproperty.

Eco-Imperialismreferstheforcefulimpositionofwesternenvironmentalviewsondevelopingcountries.Thedegreetowhichthisimpositionactuallyoccursisatopicofdebate,asiswhethersuchimposition(ifitoccurs)wouldbeethicallyjustifiable.

Thetermeco-imperialismwasusedbyenvironmentalskepticandfree-marketadvocatePaulDriesseninhisbookEco-Imperialism—GreenPower,BlackDeath.LiketheEuropeanimperialistsofthesixteenthandseventeenthcenturies,Driessenclaims,today'seco-imperialistskeepdevelopingcountriesdestituteforthebenefitofthedevelopedworld.Byadvocatingfortheprecautionaryprinciple,corporatesocialresponsibilityandsustainabledevelopment,Driessenclaims,environmentalgroupslegitimizetheirdemandsongovernmentbutoftenengenderpovertyanddeathintheprocess.Driessenalsoassertsthatenvironmentalists*demandscansometimescauseenvironmentaldegradation.Driessen'sargumentsaresimilartothoseofenvironmentalskepticBjornLomborg.

Eco-imperialismissaidtooccurwhenenvironmentalistsplacethewell-beingoftheenvironmentoverthewell-beingofhumans,

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EconomicDeterminism

particularlythoselivingindevelopingcountries.Examplesofeco-imperialismmightincludethebanningofgeneticallymodifiedfoodsinastarvingnation,barringtheuseofDDTincountrieswithhighratesofmalariaandintroducingpollutionregulationsthatrestricteconomicgrowthindevelopingeconomies.RoyInnischairmanoftheCongressofRacialEqualityhasarguedthatEuropeanUnionrestrictionsontheuseofthepesticideDDTtocombatmalariaare'killingblackbabies'.EnvironmentalhistorianRamachandraGuhahasaccused'authoritarianbiologists'ofvaluingtheprotectionofendangeredspeciesoverthewell-beingoflocalpeopleinIndiaandotherdevelopingnations.

EconomicDeterminism

Thebeliefthatallpoliticalissuesorproblemsarecausedbyfactorsthatareultimatelyeconomicfallaciouslyignorestheindependentettectsorinterpersonalcontact,raceandetnnicity,religion,regionalrivalry,orsocialization.

EconomicEquality

LaskialsoagreeswithBarkerwhenhesaysthat'politicalequality',isneverrealunlessitisaccompaniedbyvirtualeconomicequality;politicalpower,otherwise,isboundtobethehand-maidofeconomicpower.Historicallyspeaking,thepoliticalpowerhasalwaysbeenmonopolizedbythosewhopossessedeconomicpower.Aristotlepointedouttheequationbetweendemocracyandtheruleoftherich.Inmoderntimes,KarlMarxaneconomicinterpretationofhistorywhichpowerfullysuggestedthatpoliticalpowerhasalwaysbeenownedandcontrolledbythepropertiedclass.Bryce,however,holdsadifferentview.HeremarksinhisModernDemocraciesthatsincedemocracy,"ismerelyaformofgovernment,notaconsiderationofthepurposetowhichgovernmentmaybeturned,(it)hasnothingtodowithEconomicEquality....PoliticalEqualitycanexisteitheralongwithorapartfromEqualityinproperty".ButwecannotagreewithBryce.Thefactisthatpoliticalpowerisintrinsicallyrelatedwitheconomicpowerevenindemocracies.AccordingtoLaski,MA

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statedividedintoasmallnumberofrichandalargenumberofpoorwillalwaysdevelopagovernmentmanipulatedbytherichtoprotecttheamenitiesrepresentedbytheirproperty".

EconomicIndicators

Beingabletomanagetheeconomyimpliestheavailabilityofusefulandtimelyindexesofperformance.Althoughtherearehundredsofsuchmeasures,theyareusuallycategorizedasleading,coincident,andlaggingindicatorsofperformance.

EconomicOrderQuantity(EOQ)

Alevelofquantityorinventoryindicatingthatare-ordertoreplenishshouldbemadeinordertomaintainorcontrolasafeinventory.

EconomicRegulation

Thisregulationisdesignedtoaffectthepriceoravailabilityofgoodsorserviceswhileleavingtheproductionitselfinprivatehands.AftertheCivilWaritbeganwiththeregulationofrailroads,thenspreadtobankingandtradepracticesintheearlypartofthetwentiethcentury.Economicregulationwasthespecialtargetofthederegulationmovementofthe1970sand1980s.

Economismisatermusedtocriticizeeconomicreductionism,thatisthereductionofallsocialfactstoeconomicaldimensions.Itisalsousedtocriticizeeconomicsasanideology,inwhichsupplyanddemandaretheonlyimportantfactorsindecisions,andliterallyoutstriporpermitignoringallotherfactors.Itiswidelybelievedtobeasideeffectofneoclassicaleconomicsandblindfaithinan"invisiblehand"or"laissez-faire"meansofmakingdecisions,extendedfarbeyondcontrolledandregulatedmarkets,andusedtomakepoliticalandmilitarydecisions.Conventionalethicswouldplaynoroleindecisionsunderpureeconomism,exceptinsofarassupplywouldbewithheld,demandcurtailed,bymoralchoicesofindividuals.Thus,criticsofeconomisminsistonpoliticalandotherculturaldimensionsin

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society.Thetermof"economism"hasbeenwidelyusedintheMarxistdiscoursesinceLeninwhocriticizedKarlKautsky.Marxisttheoristshavealsooftencriticized"vulgarMarxism"foritseconomismideologicaldiscourse.ItwasalsousedbyeconomistCharlesBettelheim,andissometimesusedtodaytocriticizeneoliberalism(astheterm"singlethought").

EffortReporting/Certification

Mechanismbywhichfaculty/administrativeeffortcommitmentsandsalarychargesmadetosponsoredprojectsaredocumented,reportedonandsignedbytheindividualworkingontheaward,orbyanindividualpossessingfirsthandknowledgeaboutpersonnelworkingontheaward.

ElasticClause

ArticleI,Section8oftheConstitution,whichallowsCongresstomakealllawsthatare"necessaryandproper"tocarryoutthepowersoftheConstitution.

Election(PCT)

Anindicationmadebyapplicant,intheDemandforanInternationalApplicationfiledunderthePatentCooperationTreaty,astotheContractingStatesinwhichapplicantintendstousetheresultsoftheinternationalpreliminaryexamination.

ejection

1.AnElectionisadecisionmakingprocesswherepeoplechoosepeopletoholdofficialoffices.Thisistheusualmechanismbywhichmoderndemocracyfillsofficesinthelegislature,andsometimesintheexecutiveandjudiciary,andinregionalandlocalgovernment.Thisisalsotypicallythecaseinawiderangeofotherprivateandbusinessorganizations,fromclubstovoluntaryassociationsandcorporations.

Theuniversalacceptanceofelectionsasatoolforselectingrepresentativesinmoderndemocraciesisinsharpcontrastwiththepracticeinthedemocraticarchetype,ancientAthens,

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whereelectionswereconsideredanoligarchicinstitutionandwheremostpoliticalofficeswerefilledusingsortition,alsoknownasallotment.

Electoralreformdescribestheprocessofintroducingfairelectoralsystemswheretheyarenotinplace,orimprovingthefairnessoreffectivenessofexistingsystems.Psephologyisthestudyofresultsandotherstatisticsrelatingtoelections(especiallywithaviewtopredictingfutureresults).

2.Eection,choosingacandidateforofficeinanorganizationbythevoteofthoseenfranchisedtocastaballot.

ElectiveDictatorship

ThephraseElectiveDictatorship(alsocalledExecutiveDominanceinpoliticalscience)wascoinedbytheformerLordChancelloroftheUnitedKingdom,QuintinHogg,BaronHailshamofStMarylebone,inanacademicpaperofthesamenamewrittenin1976.ItdescribesthestateinwhichParliamentisdominatedbythegovernmentoftheday.ItreferstothefactthatthelegislativeprogrammeofParliamentisdeterminedbythegovernment,andgovernmentbillsvirtuallyalwayspasstheHouseofCommonsbecauseofthenatureofthegoverningparty'smajority.

ElectoralBoundariesCommission

PursuanttotheElectoralBoundariesReadjustmentAct,acommissioncreatedineachprovinceaftereachdecennialcensustoestablishtheboundariesoftheelectoraldistrictsintheprovince.Thechiefjusticeofaprovinceappointsajudgeaschairofthecommissionfortheprovince,andtheSpeakeroftheHouseofCommonsappointsitsothertwomembers.

ElectoralCollege

1.Thebodycomposedofelectorsfromthefiftystates,whoformallyhavethepowertoelectthePresidentandVicePresidentoftheUnitedStates.EachstatehasanumberofelectorsequaltoitsnumberofsenatorsandrepresentativesinCongress.

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ElectoralDistrict

2.ThebodywhichformallychoosesthepresidentoftheUnitedStates.

3.ThisarticleisaboutElectoralCollegesingeneral.FortheU.S.systemofelectingthePresident.

Anelectoralcollegeisasetofelectorswhoareempoweredasadeliberativebodytoelectacandidatetoaparticularoffice.Oftentheseelectorsrepresentadifferentorganizationorentitywitheachorganizationorentityrepresentedbyaparticularnumberofelectorsorwithvotesweightedinaparticularway.Manytimes,though,theelectorsaresimplyimportantpersonswhosewisdom,itishoped,wouldprovideabetterchoicethanalargerbody.

ElectoralDistrict

AnyplaceorterritorialareaentitledtoreturnaMembertorepresentitintheHouseofCommons.Duringdebate,Membersareidentifiednotbytheirownnamesbutbythenameoftheirelectoraldistrict.

ElectoralReforms

Thereformssuggestedforovercomingmisuseofmoneypowerarefour-foldthattheStateshouldfinancetheelectionofcandidates,bycreatinganelectionfundofaboutRs.10()croreforthispurpose;that,asinthecaseofindividualcandidates,aceilingontheelectionexpenditureofpoliticalpartiesshouldalsobefixed;thatboththeindividualcandidatesandpartiesshouldsubmitauditedaccountsofelectoralexpenseswithinafixedperiodoftimetotheElectionCommission,thatanall-partynationalconsensusshouldbebuiltforfindingwaysandmeansofmakingelectionslessexpensiveforovercomingthecorruptinginfluenceofmoneyinelections.

Somemechanismshouldbedevisedtoensurethattheseatsobtainedbyapartyareinproportiontothepopularvotesitpolls.ThisisaproblemexistinginotherParliamentarydemocracies,likeGreatBritain,aswell.Onesuggestedreformistheintroductionoftheproportionalrepresentationsystem.

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Butitsdrawbackisthatitcontributestotheriseofseveralsmallparties,thattendstofragmentpoliticalloyaltiesintheParliamentandStatelegislatures,makingitdifficultforasinglepartytorulewithconfidenceandcreatingconditionsofpoliticalinstability.

Otherreformssuggestedare:

(a)Theofficialtoursbytheministersshouldbesuspendedintheperiodbetweentheannouncementofelectionsandthedeclarationofresults.

(b)Transfersandpostingsofofficialsonalargescaleontheeveoftheelectionsshouldbeavoided;

(c)Theelectoralrollsshouldbepreparedandpublishedfairlyinadvancetohelpscrutinisethenamesofthevoters,andforsuggestingadditionsordeletions;

(d)Votersshouldbeissuedidentitycards,withphotographsandaddressestoensuregenuineidentity,andavoidbogusvoting;

(e)Revisionofpollpetitionrulestoovercomeexistingloopholesregardingcorruptpractices.

(/)Candidates,politicalpartiesandgroups,seekingvotesonthebasisofreligion,caste,tribeorlocalfeelingsorthoseusingmoneyormusclepowertoenticeorintimidatevoters,shouldbedisqualifiedanddebarredfromcontestingelectionsforatermortwo.

(g)Allpartiesandcandidatescontestingelectionsshouldaffirmtheiradherencetotheprinciples,valuesandgoalsinscribedinthepreambletotheconstitution,asthebasiccredooftheIndianpoliticalsystem,whichtheyarecalledupontoupholdandtodefend.Butlegalprovisionsandelectoralreformsmaynotbythemselvesguaranteefairelectionsandhealthypoliticalatmosphere.Whatisneededisthedevelopmentofanenlightenedcitizenrycapableofvigilanceagainstcorruptpracticesandmisuseofpowerandinfluence.Removalofpoverty,eradicationofilliteracyandspreadofeducationandanoverallimprovementintheconditionsandstandardsoflivingofthecommonpeoplewouldcreateafraternityof

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ElectronicDataInterchange(EDI)

genuinelyfreeandequalcitizens,capableofdefendingthemajestyoftheIndianDemocraticRepublic.

ElectronicDataInterchange(EDI)

ProcessbywhichinformationregardinganElectronicFundsTransfer(EFT)transactionistransmittedelectronicallyalongwiththeEFTfundstransfer.

ElectronicFileWrapper

Asystemthatprovidesawaytoaccesselectroniccopiesofthecorrespondence,documentsanaotnerpertinentrecordsusedinconsideringaparticularcase

ElectronicFundsTransfer(EFT)

Processbywhichmoneyistransmittedelectronicallyfromonebankaccounttoanother.

ElectronicResearchAdministration(ERA)

1.ElectronicandWeb-basedsystemsdesignedtosupporttheadministration,managementandknowledgebaseofsponsoredresearch.

2.TheNIH'sinfrastructureforconductinginteractiveelectronictransactionsforthereceipt,review,monitoring,andadministrationofN1Hgrantawardstobiomedicalinvestigatorsworldwide.

EliteTheoryofPolitics

Thisistheideathatpoliticalpowerisheldbyafewinfluentialpeopleatthetopofthesocialpyramid.Insomeconceptualizationsthiselitepositionderivesfrominheritanceorsomeothernonmeritoriousfactor;inothersitisderivedfromsomeinstitutionalpositionandmaybeassociatedwithmerit.Eitherway,thedecisionsofelitesdonotreflectthewishesofthosewhoareruled.

EliteTheory

ThepoliticalviewthatpowerinAmericaisheldbythefew,notthemassesofpeople.

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Bite

Asmallgroupofpeoplewithadisproportionateamountofpublicdecision-makingpower.

ElitistTheoryofDemocracy

Theelitisttheoryofdemocracyisanamalgamationoftwoopposing,ratherconflictingstrands:elitistanddemocracy.Elitismimpliestheruleofthefewwhereasdemocracy,initsdirectform,meanstheruleofall.Theelitisttheoryofdemocracyisnotelitistinsofarasitclaimstobedemocratic;itisnotdemocraticinsofarasittracesitsrootsinelitism.Theelitist,notablyVilfredoParetoandGaetanoMosca(bothItalians)andRobertMichels(Swiss),neverfounddemocracyasaviableproposition.Theirargumentis:democracyinthesenseofpopularexerciseofpowerandpeoplesparticipationinsociety'spublicaffairscannotbe,inpractice,realized;poweris,andhasalwaysremainedtheprivilegeofthedominatingfew;democraticsystemisimpossibleandimpracticable.Theelitists,therefore,accepttheviewthatdemocracyisadevicethatmarkstheharshrealityofeliteruleandthathistoryisnothingbutthegraveyardofoligarchies—orwhatMichelsdeclaredas,"theironlawofoligarchy".

Embargo

Arestrictiononthedistributionorpublicationofadocumentortheinformationitcontains,untilthetimestipulatedforitsrelease.AnembargoisoftenplacedondocumentsgivenalimiteddistributionpriortotheirtablingintheHouseandonnoticesofmotionpriortothereleaseoftheNoticePaperinwhichtheyappear.

EmbeddedLiberalism

ThetermEmbeddedLiberalismiscreditedtoJohnRuggie,anAmericanpoliticalscientist.Heusestocharacterizethepost-WorldWarIIinternationaleconomicsystemamongstthewesterncapitaliststates:thesystempromotedandinstitutionalizedliberalism(i.e.GATT)butatthesametime,allowedindividual

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Embodiment

statestopracticeautonomyindomesticeconomicaffairs.Thissystemwastheproductofahistoricalevolution.

Embodiment

Amannerinwhichaninventioncanbemade,used,practicedorexpressed

EmergencyDebate

Adebateheldonamotiontoadjourn,devotedtothediscussionofaspecificandimportantmatterrequiringurgentconsideration.WhenaMemberrequestsanemergencydebate,theSpeakerdecideswhetherornottherequestwillbegranted;afterweighingcertaincriteriasuchaswhetherthematterrelatestoagenuineemergencyandwhetheritcanbedealtwithbytheHouseinanotherway.

EmergencyPurchase

Apurchasemadewhenunpredictableneedsmustbemet.Thistypeofpurchaseismostoftenmadewhenhealth,safetyorconservationrisksareimminentorwhenotherimperativeneedsarise.

EmergencyStock

Thequantityofacommoditythatmustbemaintainedonhandatalltimestoprovideforinitialresponsetoanunplannedcatastrophicevent.

EminentDomain

Therightofagovernmenttotakeprivatepropertyforpublicuseuponpaymentofitsfairmarketvalue.Eminentdomainisthebasisforcondemnationproceedings.

Emperor

Emperor,thesovereignheadofanempire.IntheRomanrepublicthetermimperatorreferredtothechiefmilitarycommanderandwasusedonlyonthebattlefield.ItwasfirstusedcontinuouslybyJuliusCaesarandwasretainedbyhissuccessorAugustus.ItwasthenadoptedbyallsucceedingRomanrulersasanofficial

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title.AnemperorcontinuouslyruledovertheeasternsegmentoftheRomanEmpire,whichbecameknownastheByzantineEmpire,untilthe15thcent.IntheWest,afterthefalloftheempire,thetitlewasrevivedwiththecrowningofCharlemagne(800).EventuallytheterritoryreignedoverbythesuccessorsofCharlemagnebecameknownastheHolyRomanEmpire,whichlasteduntil1806.In1721theRussianczarPeterIadoptedthetitleemperor,andhisexamplewasfollowedinthe19thcent,bythemonarchsinAustria,France,Germany,andGreatBritain(IndianEmpire,1877-1947).ThetitlewasalsousedbyseveralrulersintheAmericas—inBrazilfrom1822to1889;inMexicobyAgustindeIturbideandMaximilian;andinHaitibyJeanJacquesDessalinesandHenriChristophe.Inageneralsensethetitlehasbeenusedtodescribeanon-Europeanrulerofconsiderableterritory,e.g.,theemperorofJapanandtheemperorofEthiopia.

Empire-Building

Inthecontextofpoliticalscienceandtheworldatlarge,empire-buildingreferstothetendencyofcountriesandnationstoacquireresources,land,andeconomicinfluenceoutsideoftheirbordersinordertoexpandtheirsize,power,andwealth.

EmployerIdentificationNumber(EIN)

ThenumbertheInternalRevenueServiceassignstoeveryemployer.UniversityofPittsburgh'sEINnumber

EmploymentActof1946

Thisstatutechargedthepresidentwithmanagingtheeconomyinordertoattainfullemploymentwhileminimizinginflation.TheCouncilofEconomicAdviserswascreatedbythislawtohelpmeettheseconflictinggoals.

Empowerment

Recognizingpowerinequalitiesandseekingtoreducethembyworkingtogether.

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EnBanc

Allthejudgesofanappellatecourtsittingtogethertohearoralargumentsinacaseofunusualsignificanceandtodecidethecase.

EnablingAct

Acongressionalactthatallowsthepeopleofaterritorydesiringstatehoodtoframeastateconstitution.

EnablingClause

Thepartofabillgivingtheappropriateauthoritiesthepowertobringtheprovisionsofthebillintoforce.

EnablingLegislation

Legislationwhichconfersthepowertodosomething;manygovernmentproposals,suchasinternationaltradeagreements,requiresuchmeasuresbeforetheycanbeactedupon.

EnactingClause

1.AshortparagraphprecedingthesectionsofanAct,whichindicatestheauthoritybywhichitismade.InCanada,legislationisenactedontheauthorityofHerMajestytheQueen.

2.TheEnactingClausegivesthelegalforceoflawtoaproposedbill.Itappearsrightafterthebillnumber.

Itsays:"BeitenactedbytheSen.&HouseofRep.oftheUnitedStatesofAmericainCongressassembled...w

Encumberance

Anexpense"earmarked"tobeincurredinaparticulartimeperiod.Allowsfortheaccountingoffundstobespentinthefuturewhilekeepingtrackoffundstrulyavailableonaproject.

Encumbrance

Anythingthataffectsorlimitsthefeesimpletitletoaproperty,suchasmortgages,leases,easements,orrestrictions.

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Endowment

EndowmentsandgiftsaredonationsmadetotheUniversityintheformofcash,securities,orotherassetsthatprovideincomeforitsoperation.Thedonationsaresetupandaccountedfor,asa"fund"andgenerallyhavedonorrestrictionsastotheirusage.Thesefundsareestablishedtoprovideapermanentsourceofincome(apermanentendowment)orincomeforaspecifiedperiod(atermendowment).

End-UseStores

Merchandisepurchasedfortheexclusiveuseofaspecificcostcenterwhichpaysforthecommodityondeliverytotheware-house. Thematerialisthenkeptininventoryfortheconvenienceofthepurchasingcostcenterandisnotchargeabletotheinventorygeneralledgeroranytrustaccount.

End-Use

Commoditiesdeliveredtoausinglocationandnolongeraccountableasinventory.End-useitemsmayalsobesubjecttoissuecontrolattheusinglocation.

EnforceabilityofPatent

Therightofthepatentownertobringaninfringementsuitagainstapartywho,withoutpermission,makes,usesorsellstheclaimedinvention.Theperiodofenforceabilityofapatentisthelengthofthetermofthepatentplusthesixyearsunderthestatuteoflimitationsforbringinganinfringementaction.

EngagedCampus

Theengagedcampusisacollegeoruniversitywhichemphasizescommunityengagementthroughitsactivitiesanditsdefinitionofscholarship.Theengagedcampusisinvolvedin:communityrelationships;communitydevelopment;communityempower-ment; communitydiscourse;andeducationalchange.

EngrossedAddress

OnceanaddressisadoptedbytheHouseorbytheHouseand

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EngrossedBill

Senate,itisprintedinacalligraphicfontonaspecialpaperandthecompletedcopyissignedbytheSpeakerorSpeakers.

EngrossedBill

AnEngrossedBillisthefinalversionpassedbyonechamber.Itincludesanyflooramendments.

Enjoin

Torequireaperson,throughtheissuanceofaninjunction,toperformortoabstainfromsomespecificact.

EnrolledBill

LAnEnrolledBillisthefinalversionpassedinidenticalformbybothchambersandsenttothepresident.

EachpersoneligibleforbenefitsbylawreceivesthemunlessCongresschangestheeligibilitycriteria.Entitlementpaymentsrepresentthelargestportionofthefederalbudget.

2.AnEnrolledBillisthefinalversionpassedinidenticalformbybothchambersandsenttothepresident.

EntitlementPrograms

DevelopedespeciallyduringtheGreatSocietyofthe1960s,thesearebenefitstowhichtherecipientisentitledbyrightifcertaincriteriaaremet.Partofthe"uncontrollable"partofthebudget,mostareinthewelfarepolicyarea.Theirincreasesaresaidtoberesponsiblefortheincreasesinfederalexpenditures.

EntitlementSpending

1.EntitlementSpendingreferstofundsforprogramslikeMedicare/Medicaid,SocialSecurity,andveterans'benefits.Fundinglevelsareautomaticallysetbythenumberofeligiblerecipients,notatthediscretionofCongress.

Recentexamplesofexecutiveagreementsincludetradeagreements,likeNAFTAandGATT.

2.EntitlementSpendingreferstofundsforprogramslikeMedicare/Medicaid,SocialSecurity,&veterans'benefits.

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Fundinglevelsareautomaticallysetbythenumberofeligiblerecipients,notatthediscretionofCongress.EachpersoneligibleforbenefitsbylawreceivesthemunlessCongresschangestheeligibilitycriteria.Entitlementpaymentsrepresentthelargestportionofthefederalbudget.

EntityNumber

Usedtoidentifyarecipient(asdistinctfromtheawarditself)initsdealingswiththeDepartmentifEducation;enablestheDepartmenttoestablishanaccountandidentifythecorrectrecipienttoreceivethefundsawardedunderadiscretionarygrantorcooperativeagreement.

EnumeratedPowers

PowersofgovernmentthatarespecificallygrantedtothethreebranchesofthefederalgovernmentundertheConstitution.

enumerationanaveniicationsystem(tva)

SystemusedtoverifyandcorrectSocialSecurityNumbers(SSNs),andidentifymultipleSSNs,ofparticipantsinchildsupportcases.OperatedbytheSocialSecurityAdministration(SSA).

Episteme

Greekwordforknowledgethatcanbedemonstratedbylogicalargumentfromfirstprinciples.

Epistemology

Atheoryorphilosophyofknowledge,waysofknowing,howweknow.

EqualCreditOpportunityAct(ECOA)

Afederallawthatrequireslendersandothercreditorstomakecreditequallyavailablewithoutdiscriminationbasedonrace,color,religion,nationalorigin,age,sex,maritalstatus,orreceiptofincomefrompublicassistanceprograms.

EqualEmploymentOpportunity

Aprioritytohiredisadvantagedorminoritypersonsintheworkplace.

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EqualorEquivalent

Termstoindicatethatsimilarproductsorotherbrandsmaybeacceptableforpurchaseifspecificationsarecomparableandfunctionalrequirementsareproven.

EqualProtectionClause

TheprovisionoftheFourteenthAmendmentthatseekstoguaranteeequaltreatmentforindividuals.

EqualProtectionoftheLaw

GuaranteeoftheFourteenthAmendmentoftheU.S.Constitutionthatallpersonsreceiveequaltreatmentunderlaw.

EqualRightsAmendment(ERA)

AproposedamendmenttotheConstitution,aimedatendingdiscriminationagainstwomen,thatstates:"EqualityofrightsunderthelawshallnotbedeniedorabridgedbytheUnitedStatesorbyanystateonaccountofsex."

EqualTimeProvision

AprovisionoftheFederalCommunicationsActthatrequiresbroadcasterstoprovide"equaltime"toalllegallyqualifiedcandidates.

EqualityofOpportunitv

Theequalizationoflifechancesforallindividualsinsociety,regardlessofeconomicposition.

EqualityofRight

Applicationofthelawinthesamewaytoall.

EqualityRights

AsectionoftheCharterofRightsandFreedoms(s.15)thatprohibitsgovernmentsfromdiscriminatingagainstcertaincategoriesofpeople.

Equality

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asthatthesurfaceoftheearthislevel".—Appadorai.Burkecondemnsequalityasamonstrousfiction,Coleridgeasainfeasibleproposition,Benthamas4asanarchicfallacy',andCarlyleasa'palpableincredibilityanddeliriousabsurdity*.Stillwetalkofequalityofmenanditconstitutesthefoundationofmoderndemocracythehelpforfreedom".Inordertodevelopthepoor,thegovernmentnotonlytaxestherichbutalsoputsconstraintsontheirfreedomtodevelopfurther.Thereforewheneverthereisastatelegislationonequality,freedomofothersbecomerestricted.Theyadvocatedtotalfreedomtoindividualswhichcannotberestrictedintheinterestsofequality.

2.Aconceptthatallpeopleareofequalworth,evenifnotofequalability,

Eaualization

■■——

Aformulaforfederalmatchingrequirementsthattakesintoaccountthestate'sorcommunity'sabilitytopay.

EquipmentMaintenanceandDepreciation

Actualamountofdepreciationbasedonacquisitioncostandusefullifeandactualmaintenancecosts.

EquitableAction

Anactionthatmaybebroughtforthepurposeofrestrainingthethreatenedinflictionofwrongsorinjuries,andthepreventionofthreatenedillegalaction.Anactionseekinganinjunctionisanequitableaction.

Equity

1.Ahomeowner'sfinancialinterestinaproperty.Equityisthedifferencebetweenthefairmarketvalueofthepropertyandtheamountstillowedonitsmortgageandotherlines.

2.Alegalprincipleoffairdealing,whichmayprovidepreventivemeasuresandlegalremediesthatareunavailableunderancientprinciplesofcommonlaw.

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Erratum(PluralErrata)

Termusedincommitteepublicationstoindicatethatacorrection(ofaminorcharacter)hasbeenmadetoaprevioustranscript.

Escheat

Theprocessbywhichadeceasedperson'spropertygoestothestateifnoheircanbefound.

EscrowAccount

Onceyoucloseyourpurchasetransaction,youmayhaveanescrowaccountorimpoundaccountwithyourlender.Thismeanstheamountyoupayeachmonthincludesanamountabovewhatwouldberequiredifyouwereonlypayingyourprincipalandinterest.Theextramoneyisheldinyourimpoundaccount(escrowaccount)forthepaymentofitemslikepropertytaxesandhomeowner'sinsurancewhentheycomedue.Thelenderpaysthemwithyourmoneyinsteadofyoupayingthemyourself.

EscrowAnalysis

Onceeachyearyourlenderwillperforman"escrowanalysis"tomakesuretheyarecollectingthecorrectamountofmoneyfortheanticipatedexpenditures.

EscrowDisbursements

Theuseofescrowfundstopayrealestatetaxes,hazardinsurance,mortgageinsurance,andotherpropertyexpensesastheybecomedue.

Escrow

1.Anitemofvalue,money,ordocumentsdepositedwithathirdpartytobedelivereduponthefulfillmentofacondition.Forexample,theearnestmoneydepositisputintoescrowuntildeliveredtothesellerwhenthetransactionisclosed.

2.Moneyorawritteninstrumentsuchasadeedthat,byagreementbetweentwoparties,isheldbyaneutralthirdparty(heldinescrow)untilallconditionsoftheagreementaremet.

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ESNAP

Allowsaninstitutiontoreviewnon-competinggrantdataandsubmitaprogressreportonline.

Theprocessofprovingpaternityand/orobtainingacourtoradministrativeordertoputachildsupportobligationinplace.

Estate

1.Appliestoallthatapersonowns.Anestateconsistsofpersonalproperty(car,householditems,andothertangibleitems),realproperty,andintangibleproperty,suchasstockcertificatesandbankaccounts,ownedintheindividualnameofaperson.

2.Theownershipinterestofanindividualinrealproperty.Thesumtotalofalltherealpropertyandpersonalpropertyownedbyanindividualattimeofdeath.

Estimates

ThedepartmentalexpenditureplansconsistingofMainEstimates,tabledannually,andSupplementaryEstimates,tabledasrequired.ConsiderationoftheEstimatesisamajorcomponentofthebusinessofsupply.

EthicsCommissioner

TheOfficerofParliamentresponsible,underthedirectionofastandingcommittee,foroversightoftheconductofMemberswhencarryingouttheirdutiesandfunctions.

Ethics

Ethics(fromtheAncientGreek"ethikos",meaning"arisingfromhabit";alsoMorality),amajorbranchofphilosophy,isthestudyofvalue,ormoralsandmorality.Itcoverstheanalysisandemploymentofconceptssuchasright,wrong,good,evil,andresponsibility.Itisdividedintothreeprimaryareas:meta-ethics(thestudyoftheconceptofethics),normativeethics(thestudyofhowtodetermineethicalvalues),andappliedethics

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(thestudyoftheuseofethicalvalues),ethicsistheun-writtenlawforthepeopletofollow.

EthnicGroup

Agroupwhosecommonidentityisbasedonracial,national,orreliaiousassociation.

EvaluationCommittee

Anappointmentofadvisorsandinformationexaminerstoassistinthedeterminationtoawardacontract.

Eviction

Thelawfulexpulsionofanoccupantfromrealproperty.Evidence

1.Anyformofproofpresentedbyapartyforthepurposeofsupportingitsfactualallegationsorargumentsbeforethecourt.

2.Theinextensotranscriptofwhatissaidduringacommitteemeeting.

ExParte

Byorforoneparty;donefor,onbehalfof,orontheapplicationof,onepartyonly.

ExPostFactoLaws

Lawsthatpunishanactthatwasnotillegalatthetimeitwascommitted.

ExPostFacto

Afterthefact.TheConstitutionprohibitstheenactmentofexpostfactolaws-lawsthatmakepunishableasacrimeanactdonebeforethepassingofthelaw.

ExaminationCopy

AcopyofaninternationalapplicationfiledunderthePatentCooperationTreatymaintainedbytheInternationalPreliminaryExaminingAuthority.

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ExaminationofTitle

Thereportonthetitleofapropertyfromthepublicrecordsoranabstractofthetitle.

ExaminerofPetitions

AnofficialchargedwithverifyingthatpetitionsforprivatebillshavecompliedwiththenoticerequirementsoftheStandingOrders.

ExaminerofPrivateBills

Anofficialchargedwithexaminingandrevisingprivatebillsbeforetheyareprinted,ensuringthattheyconformtotherequirementsoftheStandingOrders.

Examiner'sAmendment

Awrittenconfirmationofanamendmentmadetoatrademarkapplication.Thetrademarkexaminingattorneyassignedtotheapplicationwillmaketheamendmentafterconsultationwithanapplicantortheapplicant'sattorney.Theexaminer'samendmentismerelyawrittenconfirmationoftheagreementbetweentheexaminingattorneyandtheapplicantastotheamendment,anditisalsoanoticethattheamendmentwillbemade.Theapplicantneednotrespondtotheexaminer'samendmentunlesstheapplicantwishestomakefurtherchangestotheapplication.

ExaminingAttorney

AUSPTOemployeewhoexamines(reviewsanddeterminescompliancewiththelegalandregulatoryrequirementsof)anapplicationforregistrationofafederallyregisteredtrademark

ExclusionaryRule

1.AdoctrineestablishedbytheSupremeCourtthatbarsthefederalgovernmentfromusingillegallyseizedevidenceincourt.

2.Ajudge-maderulethatpreventsunconstitutionallyobtainedevidencefrombeingusedincourttobuildacaseagainstacriminaldefendant.

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ExclusiveListing

Awrittencontractthatgivesalicensedrealestateagenttheexclusiverighttosellapropertyforaspecifiedtime.

Execute

Tocompletethelegalrequirements(suchassigningbeforewitnesses)thatmakeawillvalid.Also,toexecuteajudgmentordecreemeanstoputthefinaljudgmentofthecourtintoeffect.

ExecutiveAgencies

UnitsofgovernmentunderthePresident,withintheexecutivebranch,thatarenotpartofacabinetdepartment.

ExecutiveAgreement

1.TheExecutiveAgreementreferstoAninternationalagreemententeredintobythePresident,outsideofthetreatyratificationprocess.Tobeimplemented,itrequiresasimplemajorityvoteoftheHouseandSenate.Manyagreementsrequiresubsequentimplementingbillspassedbybothchambersbeforetheycantakeforce.Congresscanexpressitsoppositiontoanyparticularexecutiveagreementbywithholdingthenecessaryimplementinglegislation

ThePresident'sauthoritytonegotiateexecutiveagreementflowsfromtwosources:thepowergrantedhimintheConstitutionaschiefexecutive,and/orspecificpowersdelegatedtohimbyearlieractofCongress.

2.AgreementsmadebythePresidentintheconductofforeignaffairs,that,unliketreaties,donotrequireSenateapproval.

ExecutiveArticle

TheExecutiveArticlereferstoArticleIIoftheConstitution,pertainingtopresidentialpowers.ArticleIdiscussesthepowersofCongress.ArticleIIIdescribesthepowersofthejudiciary.

ExecutiveBusiness

ExecutiveBusinessreferstotreatiesandnominationssenttotheSenatebythepresidentforreview.

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ExecutiveCalendar

TheExecutiveCalendaristhelistoftreatiesandnominationsawaitingSenatefloorconsideration.

ExecutiveFederalism

Afederalprocessdirectedbyextensivefederal-provincialinteractionattheleveloffirstministers,departmentalministers,anddeputyministers.

ExecutiveOrder

Anexecutiveorderisapresidentialdirectivewiththeforceoflaw.Itdoesnotneedcongressionalapproval.

TheSupremeCourthasupheldexecutiveordersasvalideitherunderthegeneralconstitutionalgrantofexecutivepowerstothePresidentorifauthorityforitwasexpresslygrantedtothePresidentbytheCongress.

Congresscanrepealormodifyanexecutiveorderbypassinganewlaw;howeveritmustbesignedbythePresidentorhisvetooverriden.

ExecutivePrivilege

ExecutivePrivilegereferstotheassertionmadebythePresidentorotherexecutivebranchofficialswhentheyrefusetogiveCongress,thecourts,orprivatepartiesinformationorrecordswhichhavebeenrequestedorsubpoenaed,orwhentheyordergovernmentwitnessesnottotestifybeforeCongress.

Theassertionisbasedontheconstitutionaldoctrineofseparationofpowers,isalwayscontroversial,subjecttointerpretation,andoftenlitigated.

ExecutivePrivilege

ExecutivePrivilege,exemptionoftheexecutivebranchofgovern-ment, oritsofficers,fromhavingtogiveevidence,specifically,inU.S.law,theexemptionofthepresidentfromdisclosinginformationtocongressionalinquiriesorthejudiciary.Claimsofexecutiveprivilegeareusuallyinvokedtoprotectconfidential

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militaryordiplomaticoperationsortoprotecttheprivatediscussionsanddebatesofthepresidentwithcloseaides.EffortsbyvariouspresidentssinceEisenhowertogainabsoluteandunqualifiedprivilegehavebeenrejectedbythecourts,thoughtheyremaininclinedtosupportmostclaimsofexecutiveprivilege.Wherecriminalchargesarebeingbroughtagainstapresident,asinthecaseofRichardNixon,theclaimsofexecutiveprivilegeareweakest;duringtheprocessleadingtotheimpeachmentofPresidentBillClinton,numerousclaimsmadebytheWhiteHouseweredroppedwhenitwasclearcourtswouldnotupholdthem.

ExecutiveSession

1.IntheHouse,ExecutiveSessionisthetermusedforaclosedorsecretfloororcommitteesession.

2.TheSenategoesintoExecutiveSessiontoconsidertreatiesandnominations,whichareknownas"executivebusiness,"becausetheyaresentoverfromtheexecutivebranch.

Executive

1.Asmallgroupofelectedofficialswhodirectthepolicyprocess,andoverseethevastarrayofdepartmentsandagenciesofgovernment.

2.Executive,onewhocarriesoutthewillorplanofanotherpersonorofagroup.Ingovernment,thetermrefersnotonlytothechiefadministrativeofficerbuttoallotherswhoexecutethelawsandtothemasagroup.Inmoderngovern-ment, theexecutivealsoformulatesandcarriesoutgovern-mental policies,directsrelationswithforeigngovernments,commandsthearmedforces,approvesordisapproveslegislativeacts,recommendslegislation,andinsomecountriessummonsandopensthelegislature,appointsanddismissessomeexecutiveofficials,andpardonsanybutthoseimpeached.Usuallytheexecutivemayalsoissueordinances,oftensupplementinglegislativeacts,andmayinterpretstatutesfortheguidanceofofficials.Thesebroadpowersdepend

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uponthetheorythatthestatehasajuristicpersonalitywhosewillthegovernment,initsvariousdepartments,mustperform.Theseparationofthelegislative,executive,andjudicialpowersofgovernmentwasnotonlymodifiedintheU.S.Constitutionbuthasbeenfurthermodifiedinpractice,forthePresidentperformsmanyjudicialandlegislativefunctions.Stateandmunicipalexecutiveshavelikewiseassumedlargerpowers.Distinctionissometimesmadebetweenexecutiveswhodecidepoliciesandtheadministrationthatcarriesoutthelawsandexecutiveorders.Inbusiness,executivesarethosewhomanage,decidepolicies,andcontrolthebusiness.

Executor

1.Apersonnamedinawilltoadministeranestate.Thecourtwillappointanadministratorifnoexecutorisnamed."Executrix"isthefeminineform.

2.Apersonalrepresentative,namedinawill,whoadministersanestate.

ExemplaryDamages

Anordertopaymoneyasaformofpunishmentordeterrencefromfutureerrorthathascausedlegalinjury;alsoknownaspunitivedamages.

Exile

Exile,removalofanationalfromhisorhercountry,orthecivilizedpartsofit,foralongperiodoftimeorforlife.Exilemaybeaforcefulexpulsionbythegovernmentoravoluntaryremovalbythecitizen,sometimesinordertoescapepunishment.InancientGreece,exilewasoftenthepenaltyforhomicide,whileostracismwasacommonpunishmentforthoseaccusedofpoliticalcrimes.InearlyRomeacitizenundersentenceofdeathhadachoicebetweenexileanddeath.Inthiscase,exilewasameansofescapingagreaterpunishment.DuringtheRomanEmpire,deportationtocertainislandsbecameageneralpunishmentforseriouscrimes.TheancientHebrewsallowedthosewhocommittedhomicidetotakerefugeindesignated

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ExpandedAuthorities

citiesofsanctuary.Until1776,certaintypesofEnglishcriminalsweretransportedtotheAmericancolonies,andlater,until1853,theyweresenttopenalsettlementsinAustralia.BoththeRussianczaristandCommunistregimeshavetransportedprisonerstoSiberia.Withthegrowthofnation-statesandtheacceptanceofthedoctrinethattiesbetweenstateandcitizenareindissoluble,exileforcriminalreasonshasbecomeinfrequent.However,moderncivilwarsandrevolutionshaveproducedmanypoliticalexiles,includinglargenumbersofrefugeeswhohavebeenvictimsoftheupheavalsinsomemanner.Suchexilesarenotsubjecttoextraditionandmaydemandprotectionfromthecountryreceivingthem.Theconceptof"governmentinexile"—onepersonoragroupofpersonslivingoutsidetheirstateandclaimingtobetherightfulgovernment—hasbecomeacceptedininternationallawduringthe20thcent.Thissituationusuallyariseswhenawarringstateisoccupiedbytheenemyanditsgovernmentisforcedtoseekasyluminanotherstate.Thegovernmentisrecognizedaslawfulifitattemptstoregaincontrolandifithasarmedforcesintegratedinalargealliance.DuringWorldWarII,themonarchsandgovernmentsofNorway,theNetherlands,Luxembourg,Belgium(withouttheking),andYugoslaviawereexiledinLondon,whilethegovernmentsofCharlesdeGaulleofFranceandEduardBeneOofCzechoslovakiawereformedinexile.

ExpandedAuthorities

1.Theoperatingauthoritiesprovidedbyfederalagenciestogranteesundercertainresearchgrantmechanismsthatwaivetherequirementofsponsorpriorapprovalforspecificactions.

2.TheoperatingauthoritiesprovidedtogranteesundercertainresearchgrantmechanismsthatwaivetherequirementforNIHpriorapprovalforspecifiedactions.

ExpandedNegative

Anamendmentwhich,althoughitisnotexpressedinthesameterms,wouldhavethesameeffectasvotingagainstthemotionunderconsideration.Suchanamendmentisnotinorder.

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Expediting

Followinguponordersplacedtoinsuretimelyshipmentanddelivery.Requirescommunicationwithshippersandcarriersonaroutinebasis.

ExpelaMember

TheactionoftheHouseinriddingitselfofoneofitsMemberswhois,initsopinion,unfitformembershipintheHouseofCommons.

ExperientialEducation

Educationinwhichthelearnerexperiencesavisceralconnectiontothesubjectmatter.BillProudmanwrites:"Experientialeducationisnotsimply'learningbydoing.'Livingcouldbedescribedaslearningbydoing.Often,thisisnoteducation,butsimplyaroutinized,prescribedpatternofsocialconditioningthatteachesustostayinpre-determinedboxesforfearofbeinglabeledasoutsideofthenorm.Goodexperientiallearningcombinesdirectexperiencethatismeaningfultothestudentwithguidedreflectionandanalysis.Itisachallenging,active,student-centeredprocessthatimpelsstudentstowardopportunitiesfortakinginitiative,responsibility,anddecisionmaking."

ExpressAbandonment

ApatentapplicationmaybeexpresslyabandonedbyfilingawrittendeclarationofabandonmentidentifyingtheapplicationintheUnitedStatesPatentandTrademarkOffice.ExpressabandonmentbecomeseffectivewhenanappropriateofficialoftheOfficetakesactionthereon.ExpressabandonmentoftheapplicationmaynotberecognizedbytheUSPTObeforethedateofissueorpublicationunlessitisactuallyreceivedbyappropriateofficialsintimetoact.Abandonmentmaybeeitheroftheinventionorofanapplication.Anabandonedapplication,inaccordancewith37CFR1.135and1.138,isonewhichisremovedfromtheUSPTOdocketofpendingapplications.

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ExpressMailMailingLabel

1.PatentcorrespondencedeliveredtotheUSPTOviathe"ExpressMailPostOfficetoAddressee"serviceoftheUnitedStatesPostalService(USPS)whichisconsideredfiledintheOfficeonthedateofdepositwiththeUSPS,shownbythe"date-in"ontheExpressMail"mailinglabel.

2.ThefilingdateforTrademarkdocumentsisnotthesameasforpatentdocuments

ExpressWarranty

Apromisemadebythesellerrelatingtoquality,performanceorotherconsiderationswhichwouldencourageadecisiontopurchase.

Expulsion

ExpulsionistheauthoritygrantedtheHouseandSenatebytheconstitutiontoexpelaMemoeroroenatortromtneircnamoer.Requiresa2/3vote.Useislimitedformisconductwhileinoffice,notmisconductpriortoelection,butmisconductisnotexpresslydefined.

WhiletheHouseandSenatehavecensuredorreprimandedtheirMembers,expulsionisrarelyused.DeferenceisgiventothevoterstomakeadecisiontounseataMemberatthenextelectionortoallowthecourtstoconvictandsentenceaMemberifhe/shehasbeenindicted.

Theofficialandformaleliminationofpartofarecord.Extension

Acontractconditionthatprovidesforanoptiontocontinuethecontracttoalaterdateshouldadditionaltimebeneeded,afterthe

newcontract.

ExternalLocateSource

Asourceoflocateinformation(thatisnotpartoftheFederal

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ParentLocatorService)onanon-custodialparent(NCP)whoworksforaFederalAgency.

ExtractiveLaws

Lawsdesignedtocollecttaxesfromcitizenstopayforgoverningsociety.

Extradition

1.Aconstitutionalprovisionallowingastatetorequestanotherstatetoreturnfugitives.

2.Extradition(ekstrudish'un)[Jcey),deliveryofaperson,suspectedorconvictedofacrime,bythestatewherehehastakenrefugetothestatethatassertsjurisdictionoverhim.Itspurposeistopreventcriminalswhofleeacountryfromescapingpunishment.Extraditionfirstbecameacommonpolicyinthe19thcent.Internationallawdoesnotrecognizeextraditionasanobligationintheabsenceofatreaty,andalthoughastatemay,asamatterofcourtesy,refuseasylumtoafugitiveandhonorarequestforextradition,virtuallyallextraditiontakesplaceundertheauthorityofbilateraltreaties.Theprovisionsofeachnation'streatiesmaydiffergreatlyfromthoseofanother,anditshouldbenotedthatsometreatiesareformulatedsothatanationisnotobligatedtoextradite.ExtraditiontreatiesagreedtobytheUnitedStatesrequireevidencethatwouldshowtheaccusedtohaveviolatedthelawsofboththeUnitedStatesandthedemandingcountry.Moreoverextraditioncanoccuronlyforanoffensethathasbeennamedinthetreaty.Incommonwithmanyothernations,theUnitedStateswillnotsurrenderafugitivewantedforapoliticalcrime.AmericantreatiesgenerallyprovidethatU.S.nationalswillbesurrenderedfortrialinaforeigncountry.IncontrasttotheUnitedStatesandGreatBritain,mostnationsoftheEuropeanContinentwillsurrenderafugitiveuponsimpledemandandwilltrytheirownnationalsdomesticallyforcrimescommittedabroad.TheU.S.Congress,pursuanttoArticle4,Section2,oftheU.S.Constitution,hasestablishedauniformlawofextraditionbetweenthe

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ExtramuralAwards

states,knownasinterstaterendition.Thislawprovidesthatanypersonproperlychargedissubjecttoextraditionregardlessofthenatureofthecrime.Althoughthestatesnormallycomplywithextraditiondemands,theSupremeCourthasheldthattheyhavetherighttorefusecompliance.

ExtramuralAwards

FundsprovidedbytheNIHtoresearchersandorganizationsoutsidetheNIH.

ExtramuralResearch

ResearchsupportedbyNIHthroughagrant,contract,orcooperativeagreement.

ExtraordinaryIncome

Collectionsderivedfromtherepaymentofloansandadvancesmadebythegovernmentaswellasfromothernon-recurringsources.

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1.Costsofanorganizationincurredforcommonorjointobjectiveswhichcannotbereadilyandspecificallyidentifiedwithaparticulargrantprojectorotherinstitutionalactivity.

2.Coststhatareincurredforcommonorjointobjectivesand,therefore,cannotbeidentifiedreadilyandspecificallywithaparticularsponsoredproject,aninstructionalactivity,oranyotherinstitutionalactivity.Forexample:departmentaladminis-tration, generaladministration,librarycosts,building,utilityandmaintenancecosts.AlsoknownasIndirectCostsorOverhead.

Anassociationofindividualsorganizedforthepurposeofinfluencinggovernmentactionsfavourabletotheirinterests,nowknownasinterestgroups.

FairCreditReportingAct

Aconsumerprotectionlawthatregulatesthedisclosureofconsumercreditreportsbyconsumer/creditreportingagenciesanaestablishesprocedurestorcorrectingmistakesononescreditrecord.

FairMarketValue

1.Apricethatwouldbeacceptableontheopenmarketforitemsorpropertyofequivalentcomparison.

2.Thehighestpricethatabuyer,willingbutnotcompelledtobuy,wouldpay,andthelowestaseller,willingbutnotcompelledtosell,wouldaccept.

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FairnessDoctrine

ArequirementbytheFederalCommunicationsCommissionthairadioandtelevisionbroadcasterspresentallsidesofimportantpublicissues.

FamilyAllowance

Moneysetasidefromtheestateofthedeceased.Itspurposeistoprovideforthesurvivingfamilymembersduringtheadministrationoftheestate.

FamilySupportAct

Lawpassedin1988,withtwomajormandates:ImmediateWageWithholding,unlesscourtsfindthatthereisgoodcausenotrequiresuchwithholding,orthereisawrittenagreementbetweenbothpartiesrequiringanalternativearrangement;andGuidelinesforChildSupportAwardAmounts,whichrequiresStatestouseguidelinestodeterminetheamountofsupportforeachfamily,unlesstheyarerebuttedbyawrittenfindingthatapplyingtheguidelineswouldbeinappropriatetothecase.

FamilyViolence(FV)Indicator

AdesignationthatresidesintheFederalCaseRegistry(FCR)placedonaparticipantinacaseororderbyaStatethatindicatesapersonisassociatedwithchildabuseordomesticviolence.Itisusedtopreventdisclosureofthelocationofacustodialpartyand/orachildbelievedbytheStatetobeatriskoffamilyviolence.

FannieMae(FNMA)

TheFederalNationalMortgageAssociation,whichisacon-gressionallychartered,shareholder-ownedcompanythatisthenation'slargestsupplierofhomemortgagefunds.

FannieMae'sCommunityHomeBuyer'sProgram

Anincome-basedcommunitylendingmodel,underwhichmortgageinsurersandFannieMaeofferflexibleunderwritingguidelinestoincreasealow-ormoderate-incomefamily'sbuying

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powerandtodecreasethetotalamountofcashneededtopurchaseahome.Borrowerswhoparticipateinthismodelarerequiredtoattendpre-purchasehome-buyereducationsessions.

FASAB

FederalAccountingStandardsAdvisoryBoard.Fascism

1.Fascism,totalitarianphilosophyofgovernmentthatglorifiesthestateandnationandassignstothestatecontrolovereveryaspectofnationallife.ThenamewasfirstusedbythepartystartedbyBenitoMussolini,whoruledItalyfrom1922untiltheItaliandefeatinWorldWarII.However,ithasalsobeenappliedtosimilarideologiesinothercountries,e.g.,to

NationalSocialisminGermanyandtotheregimeofFranciscoFrancoinSpain.ThetermisderivedfromtheLatinfasces.

2.Fascismisapoliticalideologyandmassmovementthatseekstoplacethenation,definedinexclusivebiological,cultural,and/orhistoricalterms,aboveallothersourcesofloyalty,andtocreateamobilizednationalcommunity.Manydifferentcharacteristicsareattributedtofascismbydifferentscholars,butthefollowingelementsareusuallyseenasitsintegralparts:nationalism,authoritarianism,militarism,corporatism,anti-/ibera/ism,andanti-communism.

ThetermfascismwasfirstusedbyBenitoMussolini,anditcomesfromtheItalianwordfascio,whichmeans"union"or"league",andfromthewordfasces,whichmeansrodsbundledaroundanaxe.ThefasceswasanancientRomansymboloftheauthorityofmagistratesandthesymbolismofthefascessuggestedstrengththroughunity;asinglerodiseasilybroken,whilethebundleisverydifficulttobreak.

Fast-Track

Fast-Trackreferstospecialexpeditedproceduresmeanttospeeduptheregularlegislativeprocess.BoththeHouseandSenate

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FDA

mustmakespecialarrangementstosetasidetheregularorderanduse"fast-track"proceduresinstead.

Fast-trackruleshavebeenusedmostoftenwhenconsideringtradeagreements.Theylimitdebateandprohibit,orseverelyrestrict,amendments.

FDA

FoodandDrugAdministration.FDC

FinalDataCapture.Oncethefee,anycorrespondence,and/ordrawingsarematchedwiththeapplicationandallrequirementshavebeenmetforissuanceasapatent,theapplicationisthenforwardedtotheFinalDataCapture(FDC)stageoftheprocess.An"IssueNotification"wouldbethenextstepintheprocessingofapatentandismailedapproximately3weekspriortotheissuedateofthepatent.

FederalAcquisitionRegulations(FAR)

1.Lawsregulatinggovernmentcontracting.

2.Regulationsthataretheprimaryauthorityforgovernmentprocurement.TheFARispublishedasChapter1ofTitle48oftheCodeofFederalRegulations.Itsprovisionsareimplementedandaugmentedbyagencysupplements(e.g.DFARS,orDefenseFARSupplement).

FederalAdvisoryCommitteeAct(FACA)

Alawthatregulatesfederaladvisorycommitteestoensureanappropriatebalanceofscientistsandlaypersonsandminority,geographical,andracialrepresentation.

FederalCaseRegistry(FCR)

AnationaldatabaseofinformationonindividualsinallIV-Dcases,andallnonIV-DordersenteredormodifiedonorafterOctober1,1998.TheFCRreceivesthiscaseinformationonadailybasisfromtheStateCaseRegistry(SCR)locatedineveryState,proactivelymatchesitwithprevioussubmissionstothe

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FCRandwithemploymentinformationcontainedintheNationalDirectoryofNewHires(NDNH).AnysuccessfulmatchesarereturnedtotheappropriateState(s)forprocessing.TheFCRandtheNDNHarebothpartoftheexpandedFPLS,whichismaintainedbyOCSE.

FederalDeficit

TheFederalDeficitistheamountbywhichfederalexpendituresexceedfederalrevenues.

FederalDemonstrationPartnership(FDP)

AcooperativeinitiativeamongsomeFederalagencies,includingNIH,selectorganizationsthatreceiveFederalfundingforresearchandcertainprofessionalorganizations.ItseffortsincludeavarietyordemonstrationprojectsintendedtosimpiityandstandardizeFederalrequirementsinordertoincreaseresearchproductivityandreduceadministrativecosts.

FederalDemonstrationProject

AcooperativeinitiativeamongsomeFederalagencies,selectorganizationsthatreceiveFederalfundingforresearch,andcertainprofessionalorganizations.ItseffortsincludeavarietyofdemonstrationprojectsintendedtosimplifyandstandardizeFederalrequirementsinordertoincreaseresearchproductivityandreduceadministrativecosts.

FederalElectionCampaignActof1974

Anacttoregulatecampaignfinancebyprovidingforpublicfundingofpresidentialelectionsandbyplacinglimitsoncampaigncontributions.

Asix-membercommissioncreatedin1974toenforcecampaignfinancelawsandadministerpublicfinancingofpresidentialelections.

FederalEmployerIdentificationNumber(FEIN)

Uniquenine-digitnumberassignedtoallemployersbytheInternal

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FederalFunds

RevenueService(IRS),whichmustbeusedinnumeroustransactions,includingsubmittingdataandrespondingtorequestsrelevanttochildsupport.

FederalFunds

TherateofinterestthatmemberbanksoftheFederalReserveSystemchangetoothermemberbanksforovernightloans.ThispercentagerateisfixedbytheFederalReserveBoardandisoneofthemildesttoolsforeffectingmonetarypolicy.

FederalGovernment

FederalGovernmentorFederation,governmentofaunionofstatesinwhichsovereigntyisdividedbetweenacentralauthorityandcomponentstateauthorities.Afederationdiffersfromaconfederationinthatthecentralpoweractsdirectlyuponindividualsaswellasuponstates,thuscreatingtheproblemofdualallegiance.Substantialpowerovermattersaffectingthepeopleasawhole,suchasexternalaffairs,commerce,coinage,andthemaintenanceofmilitaryforces,areusuallygrantedtothecentralgovernment.Nevertheless,retentionofjurisdictionoverlocalaffairsbystatesiscompatiblewiththefederalsystemandmakesallowanceforlocalfeelings.Thechiefpoliticalproblemofafederalsystemofgovernmentislikelytobetheallocationofsovereignty,becausetheneedforunityamongthefederatingstatesmayconflictwiththeirdesireforautonomy.TheGreekcity-statesfailedtosolvethisproblem,althoughreligiousandpoliticalfederationswereoftenattemptedandtheAetolianandAchaeanleagueshadmanyoftheinstitutionsoffederalgovernment.TheprimacyofthecentraloverthestategovernmentswasnotresolvedintheUnitedStatesuntilaftertheCivilWar.Thedistributionofpowersbetweenthefederalandstategovernmentsisusuallyaccomplishedbymeansofawrittenconstitution,forafederationdoesnotexistifauthoritycanbeallocatedbyordinarylegislation.Afairlyuniformlegalsystem,aswellasculturalandgeographicaffinities,isusuallynecessaryforthesuccessofafederation.VarietiesoffederationincludetheSwiss,wherethefederativeprincipleiscarriedinto

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,theexecutivebranchofgovernment;theAustralian,whichcloselyreflectsAmericanstates'rightsandjudicialdoctrines;andtheCanadian,whichreversescommonfederativepracticeandallotsresiduaryrightstothedominiongovernment.OtherexamplesoffederalgovernmentsaretheGermanEmpireof1871andthepresentstateofGermany,modernRussia,Mexico,SouthAfrica,andIndia.

FederalHousingAdministration(FHA)

AnagencyoftheU.S.DepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment(HUD).Itsmainactivityistheinsuringofresidentialmortgageloansmadebyprivatelenders.TheFHAsetsstandardsforconstructionandunderwritingbutdoesnotlendmoneyorplanorconstructhousing.

FederalRegister

1.Anofficial,dailypublicationthatcommunicatesproposedandfinalregulationsandlegalnoticesissuedbyfederalagencies,includingannouncementsoftheavailabilityoffundsforfinancialassistance.

2.Thisisadailypublicationofthefederalgovernmentthatreportsforthcomingagencyhearings,solicitsrequestsforproposalsfrompossiblecontractorsandvendors,andpublishesrulesissuedbyadministrativeagencies.

FederalTaxRefundOffsetProgram

Programthatcollectspastduechildsupportamountsfromnon-custodial parentsthroughtheinterceptionoftheirFederalincometaxrefund,oranadministrativepayment,suchasFederalretirementbenefits.ThisprogramalsoincorporatesthePassportDenialProgram,whichdeniesU.S.passportsatthetimeofapplicationwhentheapplicant'schildsupportdebtsexceed$5,000.Inthefuture,theprogramwillexpandtoincludetherevocationand/orrestrictionofalreadyissuedpassports.ThecooperationofStatesinthesubmittalofcasesfortaxinterceptionismandatory,whilesubmittalofcasesforadministrativeinterceptionisoptional.TheFederalTaxRefundOffsetProgram

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FederalTechnologyTransferAct(FTTA)

isoperatedincooperationwiththeInternalRevenueService,theU.S.DepartmentofTreasury'sFinancialManagementService(FMS),theU.S.DepartmentofState,andStateChildSupportEnforcement(CSE)Agencies.

FederalTechnologyTransferAct(FTTA)

AuthorizesgovernmentagenciestoenterintoCRADAswithprivatecompanies.

Federalism

1.Asystemofgovernmentcharacterizedbyaconstitutionalsharingofpowerbetweenanationalgovernmentandregionalunitsofgovernment.

2.Asystemofgovernmentinwhichsovereigntyisdividedbetweenacentralgovernmentandseveralprovincialorstategovernments.

FederalistPapers,The

Aseriesofletterspublishedinthelate1780sbyAlexanderHamilton,JamesMadison,andJohnJaytoexplainandhelpbringaboutratificationfollowingtheConstitutionalConventionof1787.

FeeSimpleEstate

Anunconditional,unlimitedestateofinheritancethatrepresentsthegreatestestateandmostextensiveinterestinlandthatcanbeenjoyed.Itisofperpetualduration.Whentherealestateisinacondominiumproject,theunitowneristheexclusiveowneronlyoftheairspacewithinhisorherportionofthebuilding(theunit)andisanownerincommonwithrespecttothelandandothercommonportionsoftheproperty.

FeeSimple

Thegreatestpossibleinterestapersoncanhaveinrealestate.Fee

AnamountofmoneychargedforaparticularserviceorproductsuppliedbytheUSPTO.

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Feedback

Theresponseoftherestofsocietytodecisionsmadebytheauthoritiesofapoliticalsystem.

FellowServantDoctrine

Theprinciplethatemployersarenotliableforinjuriestoanemployeeifthecausewerethenegligentactionofasecondemployee.Thisdoctrinehasbeenlargelysupersededbyworkmen'scompensationlaws,underwhichcostsforjob-relatedinjuriesarepaidfromastate-administeredfundregardlessofwhoisatfault.

Fellow

Pre-doctoralorpost-doctoralstudentorstaffmemberattheUniversitywhoprovidesresearchassistancetoasponsoredprojectorexecuteshisorherownprojectunderafellowshipprogram.

Felony

1.Amajorcrime,suchasmurder,arson,orrape.

2.Asenouscriminaloffensegenerallypunishablebyimprison-ment ofoneyearormore.

Feminism

Thebeliefthatsocietyisdisadvantageoustowomen,systemati-cally deprivingthemofindividualchoice,politicalpower,economicopportunityandintellectualrecognition.

FHAMortgage

AmortgagethatisinsuredbytheFederalHousingAdministration(FHA).AlongwithVAloans,anFHAloanwilloftenbereferredtoasagovernmentloan.

Fiduciary

Apersonhavingalegalrelationshipoftrustandconfidencetoanotherandhavingadutytoactprimarilyfortheother'sbenefit,forexample,aguardian,trustee,orexecutor.

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FieldPurchaseOrder

Adocumentusedtoordergoodsfromasupplierforpurchaseslimitedtoacertaindollaramountwithpurchasingauthoritydelegatedbyacentralprocurementoffice.

FifthPower

ThefifthpowerisacontinuationoftheseriesofthreeclassicbranchesofMontesquieu'sseparationofpowersandthefourthpower,themassmedia.ThetermfifthpowercanbeusedtorefereithertoeconomicsystemsortotheInternet.

FileWrapper

Thefolderintowhichpapersforaparticularapplicationarecollectedandmaintained.

ItcontainsacompleterecordofproceedingsintheUSPTOfromthefilingoftheinitialpatentapplicationtotheissuedpatent.ThefilewrapperofapatentapplicationthatismaintainedbytheOfficeisthe"officialrecord."

Filibuster

1.AnobstructivetacticconsistingoftheuseofeithernumerousorexcessivelylongspeechestodelaythebusinessoftheHouseorofacommittee.TheuseofthislattertacticisnowseverelylimitedbytherulesoftheHouserelatingtothelengthofspeeches.

2.Filibuster,termusedtodesignateobstructionisttacticsinlegislativeassemblies.IthasparticularreferencetotheU.S.Senate,wherethetraditionofunlimiteddebateisverystrong.Itwasnotuntil1917thattheSenateprovidedforcloture(i.e.,theendingofthedebate)byavoteoftwothirdsoftheSenatorspresent.Yet,despitemanyattempts,cloturehasbeenappliedonlyrarely.ThefilibusterhasbeenusedbyvariousblocsofSenatorsfordifferentpurposes;forexample,byconservativesresistingcivil-rightslegislationinthe1960s,andbyliberalsresistingcutsinthecapitalgainstaxin1991.Attemptstoreducethecloturerequirementhavenotbeen

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successful,partlybecauseofthereluctanceoftheSenatetointerferewiththetraditionoffreedebate,whichincludestherighttospeakonanything,howeverirrelevant,simplytokeepthefloor.Inthe17thcent,thetermwasappliedtobuccaneerswhoplunderedtheSpanishcoloniesintheNewWorld.Inthe19thcent,thewordwasusedmoreinreferencetoadventurerswhoorganizedandled,underprivateinitiative,armedexpeditionsintocountrieswithwhichthecountryfromwhichtheysetoutwasatpeace.Complicationsbetweenthegovernmentsinvolvedwerelikelytoresult.TherewasaseriesoffilibusteringexpeditionsfromtheUnitedStatesagainstCuba,Mexico,andCentralandSouthAmericancountriesinthe19thcent.,someofthemledbycitizensoftheUnitedStates,asthoseofJohnA.QuitmanandWilliamWalker,andsomebyrebelliouscitizensofthegovernmenttheysoughttooverthrow,asthoseofNarcisoLopezagainstCuba.Texas,whenitwasstillpartofMexico,wasthesceneofmanysuchfilibusteringactivities.

FilingBasis

Thelegalbasisforfilinganapplicationforregistrationofamark.TheTrademarkActsetsoutfivefilingbases,andanapplicantmustspecifyandmeettherequirementsofoneormorebasesbeforethemarkwillbeapprovedforpublicationforoppositionorregistrationontheSupplementalRegister.Thefivebasesare:(1)useofamarkincommerceunder§l(a)oftheAct;(2)bonafideintentiontouseamarkincommerceunder§l(b)oftheAct;(3)aclaimofpriority,basedonanearlier-filedforeignapplicationunder§44{d)oftheAct;(4)registrationofamarkintheapplicant'scountryoforiginunder§44(e)oftheAct;and(5)extensionofprotectionofaninternationalregistrationtotheUnitedStates,under§66(a)oftheActandtheMadridProtocol.TherequirementsforthebasesaresetforthinTrademarkRule2.34.

Ifnobasisissetforthintheoriginalapplicationforregistration,theexaminingattorneywillissueanOfficeactionrequiringtheapplicanttospecifyabasisandmeetallrequirementsforthe

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FilingDate

basis.Inapplicationsunder§§1and44,theapplicantmayclaimmorethanonebasis,and/ormayaddorsubstituteabasisafterfilingtheapplication.

FilingDate

ThedateofreceiptintheOfficeofanapplicationwhichincludes(1)aspecificationcontainingadescriptionand,iftheapplicationisanonprovisionalapplication,atleastoneclaim,and(2)anyrequireddrawings

FilingReceipt

Whenanapplicationissubmittedviae-TEAS,theOfficeimmediatelyissuesaconfirmationoffilingviae-mailthatincludestheserialnumberandfilingdate,andasummaryofallthedataprovidedbyapplicantintheapplication.Thisservesasevidenceoffiling.Applicantswhofilepaperapplicationsreceiveprintedfilingreceiptsthatlisttheapplicationserialnumberandfilingdate,themark,theapplicant'sname,thegoodsand/orservices,thefilingbases,ifavailable;theinternationalclass(es),andtheaddresstobeusedforcorrespondence.

FilingRefusal

AlsoknownasafinalOfficeaction,whichmakes"final"anyoutstandingrefusalsorrequirements.AproperresponsetoafinalOfficeactionisa)compliancewiththerequirementsorb)appealtotheTrademarkTrialandAppealBoard.

FinalOfficeAction(Rejection)

AnOfficeactiononthesecondoranysubsequentexaminationorconsiderationbyanexaminerthatisintendedtoclosetheprosecutionofanonprovisionalpatentapplication.

Applicant'sreplyunder37CFR1.113toafinalrejectionislimitedeithertoanappealinthecaseofrejectionofanyclaimtotheBoardofPatentAppealsandInterferences(37CFR1.191)ortoanamendmentcomplyingwiththerequirementssetforthintheOfficeaction(37CFR1.114or1.116).Replytoafinalrejectionmustcomplywith37CFR1.114orinclude

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cancellationof,orappealfromtherejectionof,eachrejectedclaim.Ifanyclaimstandsallowed,thereplytoafinalrejectionmustcomplywithanyrequirementsorobjectionsastoform(37CFR1.113(c)).

FinalProposalRevision

Aftercompletionofnegotiations,offerorsareaskedtosubmitafinalproposalrevisionwhichdocumentsallcostandtechnicalagreementsreachedduringnegotiations.

Financeprovidesaccurate,timely,andusefulfinancialinformationandservicestotheCounty'sinternalmanagement,aswellastothegeneralpublic.Divisionsinclude:Accounting,Budget,PurchasingandAdministration.TheVeteranServicesofficealsoislocatedinthisdepartment.

FinancialManagementPlan

Apolicytoestablishconsistencyinfunding,itspecifieslevelsforitemssuchasthepayline,programmaticreductions,andcapsforrecompetinggrants.

FinancialReport

Requiredbysponsoruponcompletionofaresearchproject,oratspecifiedintervals.

Financing

Meansbywhichagovernmentprovidesfinancialresourcestocoverabudgetdeficitorallocatedfinancialresourcesarisingfromabudgetsurplus.

rinuing

Aformalconclusionbyatrialjudgeorjuryregardingthefactsofacase.

FingerDock

Araisedloadingdocksetatanacuteangleof80degreesplus,sothattruckscanbeeitherside-loadedorend-loadedintheconventionalmanner.

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FireAisle

Apassagewayestablishedtoaidinfightingorpreventingthespreadoffireorforaccesstofirefightingequipment.

Firewall

Firewallisabudget?"^termforthelegalbarrierseparatingdefensefromdomesticspending.

Firewallspreventsavingsinonecategoryfrombeingappliedtowardincreasedspendinginanother.

FirmBid

Abidmaythatconstituteacontractwithadefiniteexpirationdate.

FirmCommitment

Alender'sagreementtomakealoantoaspecificborroweronaspecificproperty.

FirstAppearance

Theinitialappearanceofanarrestedpersonbeforeajudgetodeterminewhetherornotthereisprobablecauseforhisorherarrest.Generallythepersoncomesbeforeajudgewithinhoursorthearrest.Alsocalledinitialappearance.

FirstInternational

AlooseassociationofsocialistpartiesandlabourunionsinWesternEurope,organizedin1864.

FirstMortgage

Themortgagethatisinfirstplaceamonganyloansrecordedagainstaproperty.Usuallyreferstothedateinwhichloansarerecorded,butthereareexceptions.

FirstReading

1.FirstReadingofabilloccursatthetimeofitsintroduction.

Inmoderncongressionalpractice,billsarenolongerreadinfullatthisstage,unlessamemberofCongresssodemands.

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ThepracticestemsfromtheoldEnglishpracticewhenmanylegislatorswereilliterate.

2.Aproformastageinthepassageofabill,takentogetherwiththeorderforprinting.ThemotionforfirstreadingandprintingimmediatelyfollowsthegrantingofleavetointroducethebillintheHouse(exceptforpublicbillsoriginatingintheSenatewhichrequirenointroduction)andisdeemedcarriedwithoutquestionput.

First-OrderElections

Thetermfirst-orderelectionsisusedbypoliticalscientiststotherelativeimportanceofcertainelections.First-orderelectionsarethosethatarethemostimportantinanation.Inmostdemocraciesthesearethenationalparliamentaryelections,thoughforsometheyarethepresidentialelections,suchasintheUnitedStates.

First-Past-the-PostSystem

Anelectoralsysteminwhichthecandidatereceivingmorevotesthananyothercandidateisdeclaredelected,whetherornotthewinnerhasreceivedanabsolutemajorityofthevotes.Thefirst-past-the-postsystemisusedtoelectMemberstotheHouseofCommons.

FiscalPolicy

Governmentregulationoftheeconomythroughitscontroloverratesoftaxationandgovernmentspending.

FiscalYear(FY)

1.Budgetperiodasdefinedbyanorganization.SponsoredprojectbudgetperiodsdonottypicallycorrelatewiththeHarvardorFederalfiscalyear.(1)HarvardUniversity'sfiscalyear:July1toJune30.(2)Federalfiscalyear:October1toSeptember30.

2.TheFiscalYearforthefederalgovernmentbeginsonOctober1andendsonSeptember30.

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FISMA

Forexample,fiscalyear1999,or"fy'99"beganonOct.1,1998andendedonSept.30,1999.

FISMA

FederalInformationSecurityManagementAct.

Five-MinuteRule

TheFive-MinuteRulegovernsdebateonamendmentsintheCommitteeoftheWhole.

Itallowsfiveminutesforandfiveminutesagainsteachamendment.However,Membersroutinelyextendthistime.

Fixed-PriceContractwithEconomicPriceAdjustment

Acontractwhichallowspriceincreaseorreductions.Thepriceincreasesshouldbebasedonaperiodicalpercentageoranallowableindexstatedinthecontract.

Fixed-PriceContract

1.Acontractrequiringthatpricesremainfirm.Duringthetermofsuchcontractsthecontractormustabsorbanyincreaseswhichwouldreducetheprofit.

2.Atypeofcontractthatprovidesforapricethatisnotsubjecttoanyadjustmentsonthebasisofthecontractor'scostexperienceinperformingthecontract.Thiscontracttypeplacesuponthecontractormaximumriskandfullresponsibilityforallcostsandresultingoverrunsorunderruns.

Fixed-RateMortgage

Amortgageinwhichtheinterestratedoesnotchangeduringtheentiretermoftheloan.

Fixture

Personalpropertythatbecomesrealpropertywhenattachedinapermanentmannertorealestate.

Hag

Flag,pieceofcloth,usuallybuntingorsimilarlightmaterial,

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plain,colored,orbearingadevice,varyinginsizeandshape,butoftenoblongorsquare,usedasanensign,standard,orsignalorfordisplayanddecorativepurposes,andgenerallyattachedatoneedgetoastaffortoahalyardbywhichitmaybehoisted.Thepartoftheflagattachedtothestafforhalyardisthehoist;theportionfromtheattachedparttothefreeendisthefly;thetopquarteroftheflagnexttothestaffisthecanton.

FlexibleConstruction

Theprinciple,establishedbyChiefJusticeMarshallin1819inthecaseofMcCullochv.Maryland,thattheConstitutionmustbeinterpretedflexiblytomeetchangingconditions.

FloatingSlot

Aslotthatbecomesavailableforanystockkeepingunitjustassoonasitisempty.

FloodInsurance

Insurancethatcompensatesforphysicalpropertydamageresultingfromflooding.Itisrequiredforpropertieslocatedinfederallydesignatedfloodareas.

FloorManager

TheFloorManagerleadstheeffortontheHouseorSenatefloortodebateandpassabill,resolution,orconferencereport.

Thefloormanager,usuallythechairmanofthecommitteeorsubcommitteewhichreportedthebill,controlsandallocatesthedebatetimetoMembersonhis/hersideoftheissue.

FlooroftheHouse

ThatpartoftheChamberoftheHouseofCommonsreservedfortheMembersandtheofficialsoftheHouse.

FloorPrivileges

FloorPrivilegesallownon-membersontheHoor.Theyaregrantedtoonlyafewstaffmembersatatime.

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Forecasting

rioorprivilegesarealsoextendedtotriePresident,vice-rresident,Cabinetmembers,membersoftheotherchamber,andformermembers.

Forecasting

Thesystematicdevelopmentofanestimatedfuturerequirementdeterminedfrompastexperience,usagetrends,technologyadvances,plannedactivityandanyotherfactorsdeemedrelevant.

Foreclosure

Thelegalprocessbywhichaborrowerindefaultunderamortgageisdeprivedofhisorherinterestinthemortgagedproperty.Thisusuallyinvolvesaforcedsaleofthepropertyatpublicauctionwiththeproceedsofthesalebeingappliedtothemortgagedebt.

ForeignPolicy

Thesumofthegoals,decisions,andactionsthatgovernanation'srelationswiththerestoftheworld.

FormalAdvertising

Alegalnotificationmadepublictoadvisethatagovernmentagencyisrequestingbidswithacertainintentionofpurchase.Suchadvertisingmaybeplacedinnewspapersorotherpublicationsmeetinglegalrequirements.

Formal-LegalInstitutions

Institutionswhichareexplicitlycreatedbyaconstitution.

ForwardProcurement

Purchasinginlargervolumeswhichexceedcurrentneeds.Amethodusedwhenitemsmaysometimesbeinlimitedsupplyorunavailable;ortorealizevolumediscountedpricing.

FosterCare

AFederal-Stateprogramwhichprovidesfinancialsupporttoaperson,family,orinstitutionthatisraisingachildorchildrenthatarenottheirown.

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FragmentTheory

Atheory(proposedbyLouisHartz)whicharguesthatcolonialsocietiessuchasCanadaoriginatedasfragmentsofthelargerEuropeansocietyandthatthesesocietieshaveremainedmarkedthroughouttheirhistorybytheconditionsoftheirorigin.

Franchise

Franchise,ingovernment,arightspecificallyconferredonagrouporindividualbyagovernment,especiallytheprivilegeconferredbyamunicipalityonacorporationofoperatingpublicutilities,suchaselectricity,telephone,andbusservices.Franchisesmaynotberevokedwithouttheconsentofthegranteeunlesssostipulatedinthecontract.Theymay,however,beforfeitedbythegrantee'sviolationofterms,andthegovernmentmaytakebackgrantedrightsbyeminentdomainproceedingswithtenderofjustcompensation.Franchiseprovisionsusuallyincludetenure;compensationtothegrantor;theservices,rates,andextensions;laborandstrikeregulations;capitalization;andreversiontothegrantor.

Thetermfranchisealsoreferstoatypeofbusinessinwhichagrouporindividualreceivesalicensefromacorporationtoconductacommercialenterprise.Corporatefranchisesenableafranchiseetomarketawell-knownproductorserviceinreturnforaninitialfeeandapercentageofgrossreceipts.Thefranchiserusuallyprovidesassistancewithmerchandisingandadvertising.Majorfranchisenetworks,whichhavegrownrapidlyintheUnitedStatessincethe1960s,includefast-foodrestaurants,gasolinestations,motels,automobiledealerships,andreal-estateagencies,andthesystemhasexpandedintomanyotherfields.

Inpolitics,thefranchiseistherightconferredonanindividualtovote.IntheUnitedStates,thestates,withsomerestrictionsbytheU.S.Constitution,governthequalifica-tionsofvoters.BytheFourteenthandFifteenthamendments,stateswereforbiddentodenysuffragetomaleresidentsover21yearsofage"onaccountofrace,color,orpreviousconditionofservitude."TheNineteenthAmendmentconferredsuffrageuponwomen,and

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FrankingPrivileges

theTwenty-sixthAmendmentloweredthevotingageto18.

FrankingPrivileges

FrankingPrivilegesallowmemberstosendofficialmailusinghis/hersignatureinsteadofastamp.

Fraternity

Ademocraticsystemwouldfunctioninahealthymanneronlyifthereisaspiritofbrotherhood,oneness,amongthepeopleoftheland.Indiabeingalandofimmensediversityisallthemoreinneedofthisspiritofunity—thesenseofbelongingtoonenation.Theprincipleofcommoncitizenshipisdirectedtowardsstrengtheningthissenseofunityandintegrity'ofthenation.Fraternityisalsosoughttobepromotedbyensuringequalrightstoall.Fraternity,saidDr.Ambedkar,"istheprinciplewhichgivesunityandsolidaritytosociallife."

Fraud

Intentionaldeceptiondesignedtodepriveanotherpersonofpropertyortoinjurehimorherinsomeotherway.

FreeSpace

SaraEvansandHarryBoytedefinefreespacesasparticularpublicplacesinthecommunityMinwhichpeopleareabletolearnanewself-respect,adeeperandmoreassertivegroupidentity,publicskills,andvaluesofcooperationandcivicvirtue."Putsimply,freespacesaresettingsbetweenprivatelivesandlarge-scaleinstitutionswhereordinarycitizenscanactwithdignity,independence,andvision.

FreeVote

1.Alegislativevoteinwhichmembersarenotrequiredtotoethepartyline.

2.Non-proceduralterm,meaningavoteduringwhichpartydisciplineisnotimposedonindividualMembers.VotesonprivateMembers'businessareusuallyconductedasfreevotes.

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FreedomofInformationAct(FOIA)

Requireswiderdissemination,onrequest,ofgovernmentdocumentswhilemonitoringproprietaryinformation.

FreedomofInformationAct

Alawpassedin1966whichrequiresfederalexecutivebranchandregulatoryagenciestomakeinformationavailabletojournalistsandthepublicunlessitfallsintooneofseveralconfidentialcategories.

Free-MarketEnvironmentalism

Theviewthatenvironmentalproblemsarebestsolvedbypropertyrightsandmarkets.

FriendshipGroup

Agroupofparliamentarians,whoseCanadiancomponentiscomposedofbothMembersandSenators,establishedtoincreasemutualunderstandingbetweenCanadaandanothercountrythroughbilateralexchanges.

FrontBenches

ThefirstfewrowsofseatsintheHousewhich,ontheGovernmentside,areoccupiedbythePrimeMinisterandtheCabinetand,ontheOppositionside,bytheleadersoftherecognizedoppositionpartiesandtheirprincipalspokespersons.

FrontloadedorBackloaded

FrontloadedorBackloadedaretermstodescribetheplacementofchangesinamulti-yearbudgetplan.

Taxorspendingchangessetforthefirstyearsarefrontloaded.Thoseforthelastyearsarebackloaded.

FrugalSustainableDevelopment

Theotherconceptofdevelopmentpropoundedbytheecologistsisknownas'FrugalSustainableSociety'.Itissupportedbydeepecologistsandisbaseduponatotalvalueshiftinproduction,consumption,habits,politicalstructureetc.Basically,itisaview

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FSRRole

ofdevelopmentbaseduponlowenergythroughput,morelabourintensivewithlittleemphasisonmaterialconsumptionandencouragementtopersonalself-sufficiencyandvoluntarypersonalfrugality.Itplacesmoreemphasisonmoralresponsibilityoftheindividual.ThekeywordsofthisvisionareFrugalitySelf-relianceandVoluntarySimplicity.Ineconomicterms,itwillbeasocietybaseduponmeetingonlyhumanneedsandcaringfortheenvironment.Iwillbeasocietyinwhichenergywouldcomefromrenewablesourceslikesunandwindandallnon-renewableenergywouldbeconservedandrecycled.Technologieswouldbeappropriateandnotharmful.Itwouldalsoinvolveamassivepersonalassessmentofoureverydayactivities.

FSRRole

TheFSRroleintheNIHCommonsallowsmembersofyourstafftoprocessFinancialStatusReports(FSRs)forsubmissiontotheNIHelectronically.AnaccountwithonlytheFSRroleassignedonlycanperformFSRtasks.Anaccountcanincludemultipleroles,includingthatofFSR.

FullFaithandCreditforChildSupportOrdersAct(FFCCSOA)

LaweffectiveOctober20,1994,whichrequiresStatestoenforcechildsupportordersmadebyotherStatesif:theissuingState'stribunalhadsubjectmatterjurisdictiontohearandresolvethematterandenteranorder;theissuingStatestribunalhadpersonaljurisdictionovertheparties;and,reasonablenoticeandtheopportunitytobeheardwasgiventotheparties.FFCCSOAalsolimitsaState'sabilitytomodifyanotherStates'childsupportordersininstanceswhen:theStatetribunalseekingtomodifytheorderhasjurisdictiontodoso;and,thetribunalthatoriginallyissuedtheordernolongerhascontinuing,exclusivejurisdictionovertheordereitherbecausethechildandthepartiestothecasearenolongerresidentsoftheissuingState,orthepartiestothecasehavefiledwrittenconsenttotransfercontinuingexclusivejurisdictiontobetransferredtothetribunalseekingtomakethemodification.UnlikethePersonalResponsibilityand

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WorkOpportunityReconciliationActof1996(PRWORA),FFCCSOAdoesnotamendTitleIV-DoftheSocialSecurityActandthusdoesnotdirectlychangeIV-Dprogramrequirements,butaffectsinterstatecaseprocessing.Codifiedas28USC§1738B.

FullFaithandCredit

1.AclauseinArticleIVoftheConstitution,requiringthateachstaterespectthelaws,records,andcourtdecisionsofanotherstate.

2.DoctrineunderwhichaStatemusthonoranorderorjudgmententeredinanotherState.

FunctionalorPerformanceSpecification

Aspecificationwhichwouldplaceemphasisondescribingaresultorcapabilitytobeaccomplishedbyacommodityorservice.Amethodofinspectionortestingmaybeincluded.

Functions

Thespecialactivityorpurposestructuresserveinthepoliticalprocess;forexampleinterestgroupstoarticulateinterests.

FundamentalRights

FundamentalRightsSeektoProtecttheIndividualfromStateencroachments;FundamentalRightsconstituteslimitationsuponStateaction;FundamentalRightsarejusticiable;FundamentalRightsareguaranteedbytheConstitution;FundamentalRightssubjecttocertainreasonablerestrictionsimposedbytheParliament.

FundamentalistChristianity

FundamentalistChristianity,orChristianfundamentalism,isamovementthatarosemainlywithinBritishandAmericanProtestantisminthelate19thandearly20thcenturiesbyconservativeevangelicalChristians,who,inareactiontomodernism,activelyaffirmeda"fundamental"setofChristianbeliefs:theinerrancyoftheBible,thevirginbirthofChrist,

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FundingPriorities

thedoctrineofsubstitutionaryatonement,thebodilyresurrec-tion ofJesus,andtheimminentreturnofJesusChrist.

FundingPriorities

Activities,identifiedbyanagencyinadvanceofadiscretionarygrantorcooperativeagreementcompetition,thatapplicantsareaskedtoincludeinanapplicationsoastoreceivepreferenceinthereviewprocess;theyincludeabsolutepriorities(theapplicantmustaddresstheminordertobeconsideredforfunding),competitivepriorities(theapplicantcanchoosewhetherornottoaddressthemandtheapplicationmightreceiveadditionalpointsfordoingso,dependinghowwelltheapplicantaddressesthepriority),andinvitationalpriorities(theapplicantisencouragedtoaddressthestatedpriorities,buttheapplicationdoesnotreceiveextrapointsfordoingso).

FundingRange

CategoriesdenotedintheUniversity'sbusinessrulestoidentifythefundingrange,basedonthefundingsourceandinstrument.

FuturesContract

Apromisetobuyorsellacommodityatafuturemonthorannualquarter.Futurescontractsthemselvesareboughtandsoldonthefuturesmarket.

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GameTheory

GameTheoryismostoftendescribedasabranchofappliedmathematicsandeconomicsthatstudiessituationswhereplayerschoosedifferentactionsinanattempttomaximizetheirreturns.Theessentialfeature,however,isthatitprovidesaformalmodellingapproachtosocialsituationsinwhichdecisionmakersinteractwithotherminds.Gametheoryextendsthesimpler,optimizationapproachdevelopedinneoclassicaleconomics.

Thefieldcameintobeingwiththe1944classicTheoryofGamesandEconomicBehaviorbyJohnvonNeumannandOskarMorgenstern.AmajorcenterforthedevelopmentofgametheorywasRANDCorporationwhereithelpedtodefinenuclearstrategies.Gametheoryisnowusedinmanydiverseacademicfields,rangingfrombiologyandpsychologytosociologyandphilosophy.Beginninginthe1970s,gametheoryhasbeenappliedtoanimalbehavior,includingspecies'developmentbynaturalselection.Becauseofgamesliketheprisoner'sdilemma,inwhichrationalself-interesthurtseveryone,gametheoryhasbeenusedinpoliticalscience,ethicsandphilosophy.Finally,gametheoryhasrecentlydrawnattentionfromcomputerscientistsbecauseofitsuseinartificialintelligenceandcybernetics.

Garnishment

1.Alegalproceedinginwhichadebtor'smoney,inthepossessionofanother(calledthegarnishee),isappliedtothedebtsofthedebtor,suchaswhenacreditorgarnishesadebtor'swages.

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GeneralAccountingOffice(GAO)

2.Alegalproceedingunderwhichpartofaperson'swagesand/orassetsiswithheldforpaymentofadebt.Thistermisusuallyusedtospecifythatanincomeorwagewithholdingisinvoluntary.

GeneralAccountingOffice(GAO)

1.AnoversightorganizationreportingtoCongress.GotoGAOreports.

2.CongressionalsupportagencythatreviewsandevaluatesthemanagementofFederalprogramsandactivities,primarilyattherequestofindividualmembersofCongress.

GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT)

Createdin1947asanagreementamongtwenty-eightnationstolowertheirtradebarriersforoneanother,theGATTnowincludesmosttradingnationsandhasheldtenmulti-yearbargaining"rounds,"suchastheUruguayRound(1986-1993).

GeneralElection

AnelectionfollowingdissolutionatwhichMembersareselectedforeveryelectoraldistrict.Membersareelectedbyasimplepluralityofthevotes,whicharecastbysecretballot.

GeneticTesting

Analysisofinheritedfactorstodeterminelegalfatherhoodorpaternity.

Geopolitics

1.Geopoliticsisthestudythatanalyzesgeography,historyandsocialsciencewithreferencetointernationalpolitics.Itexaminesthepoliticalandstrategicsignificanceofgeography,wheregeographyisdefinedintermsofthelocation,size,andresourcesofplaces.

2.Geopolitics,methodofpoliticalanalysis,popularinCentralEuropeduringthefirsthalfofthe20thcent.,thatemphasizedtheroleplayedbygeographyininternationalrelations.Geopoliticaltheoristsstressthatnaturalpoliticalboundaries

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andaccesstoimportantwaterwaysarevitaltoanation'ssurvival.Thetermwasfirstused(1916)byRudolfKjeflen,aSwedishpoliticalscientist,andwaslaterborrowedbyKarlHaushofer,aGermangeographerandfollowerofFriedrichRatzeLHaushoferfounded(1922)theInstituteofGeopoliticsinMunich,fromwhichheproceededtopublicizegeopoliticalideas,includingSirWalfordJ.MackinderstheoryofaEuropean"heartland"centraltoworlddomination.Haushofer'swritingsfoundfavorwiththeNazileadership,andhisideaswereusedtojustifyGermanexpansionduringtheNaziera.Manyexpansionistjustifications,includingtheAmerican"manifestdestiny"aswellastheGermanLebensraum,arebasedongeopoliticalconsiderations.Geopoliticsisdifferentfrompoliticalgeography,abranchofgeographyconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenpoliticsandtheenvironment.

Gerrymander

1.Gerrymander,inpolitics,rearrangementofvotingdistrictssoastofavorthepartyinpower.Theobjectiveistocreateasmanydistrictsaspossibleinareasofknownsupportandtoconcentratetheopposition'sstrengthintoasfewdistrictsaspossible.Extremelyirregularboundarylinesaresometimesnecessarytoobtaintheresultsdesired.TheU.S.SupremeCourt,however,hasplaced(1964)thevaguelimitof"compactdistrictsofcontiguousterritory"onsuchapportionmentschemes.Theoriginoftheterm,thoughbynomeanstheoriginofthepractice,wasinsuchanarrangementmadebytheMassachusettsJeffersonianswhenElbridgeGerrywasgovernor.

2.Manipulatingconstituencyboundariesforpartisanelectionpurposesgovernment.Aspecializedgroupofindividuals,institutionsandagencieswhichmakeandenforcepublicdecisions.

Gerrymandering

Thedrawingofthelinesofcongressionaldistricts,orofany

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Gift

otherpoliticaldistrict,inordertofavoronepoliticalpartyoveranother

Gift

ThevoluntarytransferoffundsorgoodstoHarvardUniversitywithnoreciprocalobligations.Ingeneral,agiftawarddoesnothavetermsthatspecifyhowthefundingmustbespentoradministered.Asagift,thefundingreceivedmaybeutilizedatthefulldiscretionoftherecipient.Unexpendedfundsarenotreturnedtothedonorattheexpirationofthegiftperiod.

GildedAge

Associatedwiththenovelpublishedin1873byMarkTwainandCharlesD.Warner,thistermreferstotheostentationandcorruptioninbusinessandgovernmentthatwererampantinthetwentyyearsaftertheCivilWar.

GiniIndexofConcentration

Thisisamethodformeasuringtheproportionofanation'swealththatisheldbythewealthiestelementsofitspopulation.CorradoGini'sindexrangesbetweenzeroforaperfectlyegalitariansocietyto1.00inasysteminwhichallgoodsareheldbyasingleindividual.

Globalization

Globalization,orglobalisationistheincreasinginterdependence,integrationandinteractionamongpeopleandcorporationsindisparatelocationsaroundtheworld.Itisanumbrellatermwhichreferstoacomplexofeconomic,trade,social,techno-logical, culturalandpoliticalinterrelationships.Thetermhasbeenusedasearlyas1944,howeverTheodoreLevittisusuallycreditedwithitsfirstuseinaneconomiccontext.

GoodCause

AlegalreasonforwhichaTemporaryAssistancetoNeedyFamilies(TANF)recipientisexcusedfromcooperatingwiththechildsupportenforcementprocess,suchaspastphysicalharmbythechild'sfather.Italsoincludessituationswhererapeor

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incestresultedintheconceptionofthechildandsituationswherethemotherisconsideringplacingthechildforadoption.

GoodTime

Areductioninsentencedtimeinprisonasarewardforgoodbehavior.Itusuallyisonethirdtoonehalfoffthemaximumsentence.

GoodsandServices

Inthecontextofservicemarks,aservice(1)mustbearealactivity;(2)mustbeperformedtotheorderof,orforthebenefitof,someoneotherthantheapplicant;and(3)theactivityperformedmustbequalitativelydifferentfromanythingnecessarilydoneinconnectionwiththesaleoftheapplicant'sgoodsortheperformanceofanotherservice.

GoodsPurchasedforResale

Bydefinitionimpliesthatgoodsareintendedtomakeaprofit.Thisdefinitiondoesnotincluderawmaterialspurchasedbyanagencyforconversiontoafinishedproductwiththeintenttorecoupcostofmaterialsandoverheadonly.

Goods

Anpurchasewhichdoesnotincluderealestate,realpropertyorservices.

GovernmentBill

AnybillintroducedbyaMinister.NumberedintheHousefromC-ltoC-200,theyareallconcernedwithpublicpolicyandmaycontainfinancialprovisions.

GovernmentCorporations

Agenciesthatwereatonetimesemiautonomous,butthatthroughlegislationhavebeenplacedunderpresidentialcontrolsince1945.

GovernmentLoan(Mortgage)

AmortgagethatisinsuredbytheFederalHousingAdministration

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GovernmentPrintingOffice(GPO)

(FHA)orguaranteedbytheDepartmentofVeteransAffairs(VA)ortheRuralHousingService(RHS).Mortgagesthatarenotgovernmentloansareclassifiedasconventionalloans.

GovernmentPrintingOffice(GPO)

ProducesanddistributesFederalGovernmentinformationproducts.

GovernmentSecuritiesofTreasuryBills

EvidencesofindebtednessoftheRepublicofthePhilippinesoritsinstrumentalities,government-ownedand/orcontrolledcorporations,ortheCentralBankandmustbefreelynegotiableandregularlyserviced.

Government

1.ThesovereignpoliticalauthorityofaState,inwhicharevestedtheexecutive,legislativeandjudicialpowers.InCanada,thisauthorityisofHerMajestytheQueen.OftenusedtorefertotheexecutivebranchoftheGovernment.

2.Government,systemofsocialcontrolunderwhichtherighttomakelaws,andtherighttoenforcethem,isvestedinaparticulargroupinsociety.Therearemanyclassificationsofgovernment.Accordingtotheclassicalformula,governmentsaredistinguishedbywhetherpowerisheldbyoneman,afew,oramajority.Today,itiscommontodistinguishbetweentypesofgovernmentonthebasisofinstitutionalorganizationandthedegreeofcontrolexercisedoverthesociety.Organizationally,governmentsmaybeclassifiedintoparliamentaryorpresidentialsystems,dependingontherelationshipbetweenexecutiveandlegislature.Governmentmayalsobeclassifiedaccordingtothedistributionofpoweratdifferentlevels.Itmaybeunitary—i.e.,withthecentralgovernmentcontrollinglocalaffairs—oritmaybefederatedorconfederated,accordingtothedegreeofautonomyoflocalgovernment.Thebasiclawdeterminingtheformofgovernmentiscalledtheconstitutionandmaybewritten,asintheUnitedStates,orlargelyunwritten,asinGreat

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Britain.Moderngovernmentsperformmanyfunctionsbesidesthetraditionalonesofprovidinginternalandexternalsecurity,order,andjustice;mostareinvolvedinprovidingwelfareservices,regulatingtheeconomy,andestablishingeducationalsystems.Theextremecaseofgovernmentalregulationofeveryaspectofpeople'slivesistotalitarianism.

GovernorGeneral

TherepresentativeofthesovereigninCanadawhoexercisesvirtuallyalloftheCrown'spowers,andwhoisappointedontheadviceofthePrimeMinisternormallyforafive-yearterm.

GovernorGeneral'sSpecialWarrant

Awarrant,preparedbyorderoftheGovernorinCouncilduringdissolutionwhich,whensignedbytheGovernorGeneral,authorizesthepaymentoffundstomeetanurgentneed.

GovernorinCouncil

TheGovernorGeneralactingbyandwiththeadviceandconsentofthosemembersofthePrivyCouncilwhomakeuptheCabinet.

ChapterIIofpartVioftheConstitutionisconcernedwiththeGovernor.TheGovernoristheconstitutionalheadoftheState.TheexecutivepoweroftheStateisvestedinhimandisexercisedbyhimeitherdirectlyorthroughofficerssubordinatetohim.ThesamepersoncanactasGovernorofmorethanoneState(Article153and154).

TheGovernorofaStateisnotelectedbutisappointedbythePresident(Article155).AsamatterofconventionthePresidentseekstheopinionoftheChiefMinisteroftheconcernedStatewhileappointingtheGovernor.

Itwasdecidedtohaveanappointedgovernoras:(i)electionexpenseswouldbehighandunjustifiedforamereconstitutionalheadanditwouldbedetrimentaltothecountry'sprogresstohaveelectiononvastscalerunonpersonalissues;(ii)adirectly.electedgovernormightconsiderhimselftobesuperiortothe

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GrandCoalition

ChiefMinisterandthismightcreatecontroversy,andmightcreateseparatisttendencies;(iii)throughanominatedGovernortheUnionGovernmentwouldbeabletomaintainitscontrolovertheStates.

TheGovernorpossessesexecutive,legislativeandjudicialpowersanaloguestothoseofthePresident.Healsoenjoyscertaindiscretionarypowers.

GrandCoalition

Agrandcoalitionisacoalitiongovernmentinaparliamentarysystemwherepoliticalpartiesrepresentingavastmajorityoftheparliamentuniteinacoalition.Thetermismostcommonlyusedincountrieswheretherearetwodominantpartieswithdifferentideologicalorientations,andanumberofsmallerpartieswhicharelargeenoughtosecurerepresentationintheparliament.Typicallyinsuchacountry,thetwolargepartieswilleachtrytosecureenoughseatsinanyelectiontohaveamajoritygovernmentalone,andifthisfailseachwillattempttoformacoalitionwithsmallerpartiesthathaveasimilarideologicalorientation.Becausethetwolargepartieswilltendtodifferonmajorideologicalissues,theywillusuallyfinditmoredifficulttoagreeonacommondirectionforacombinedgovernmentthanwithsmallerparties.However,therearecircumstanceswherenormallyopposingpartiesmayfinditdesirabletoformagovernment.Oneisanationalcrisissuchasawarordepression,wherepeoplefeelaneedfornationalunityandstabilitythatovercomesordinaryideologicaldifferences.Thisisespeciallytruewherethereisbroadagreementaboutthebestpolicytodealwiththecrisis.Inthiscase,agrandcoalitionmayoccurevenwhenonepartyhasenoughseatstogovernalone.AnexamplewouldbetheUnitedKingdomnationalgovernmentsduringWorldWarIandbeforeandduringWorldWarU.

GrandJury

Agroupofcitizensassembledinsecrettohearorinvestigateallegationsofcriminalbehavior.Agrandjuryhasauthorityto

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conductcriminalinvestigationsandtochargeacrimethroughanindictment.

GrandfatherClause

Aclauseprotectingaprerogativeofanindividualoracollectivityfrombeingaffectedbythenewlegislation.

GrantAppeals

ADHHSpolicythatprovidesforanappealbythegranteeinstitutionofpostawardadministrativedecisionsmadebyawardingoffices.Therearetwolevelsofappealavailable:aninformalNIHprocedureandaformalDHHSprocedure.ThegranteemustfirstexhausttheinformalproceduresbeforeappealingtotheDHHSAppealsBoard.

GrantCloseout

Aproceduretoofficiallyconcludeagrant.Institutestaffmustassurethatnecessaryscientific,administrative,andfinancialreportshavebeenreceived,implementedanddocumentedincompliancewithfederalrecordsmanagementpolicy.ThisincludestheFinalFinancialStatusReport(FSR),FinalInventionReport,andFinalProgressReport.

GrantComplianceReview

Anevaluationbygrantsmanagementstafftoassessaninstitution'sbusinessandfinancialmanagementsystemstoensurethatregulationsandpoliciesarebeingfollowed.

GrantRebudgeting

Withtheadventofmodulargrants,granteesnolongerhavetorequestpermissionfromNIHforrebudgeting(formerlymovingmoneyfromonebudgetcategorytoanother).Fornonmodulargrants,permissionisstillneededforsomeitems.

Grant

1.Afinancialassistancemechanismprovidingmoney,property,orbothtoaneligibleentitytocarryoutanapprovedprojectoractivity.AgrantisusedwhenevertheNIHInstituteor

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Grantee

Centeranticipatesnosubstantialprogrammaticinvolvementwiththerecipientduringperformanceofthefinanciallyassistedactivities.

2.Anarrangementunderwhichthereisatransferoffunds,property,servicesoranythingofvaluefromthesponsortotheinstitutiontoassisttheinstitutioninreachingaparticularinstitutionalgoalorpublicpurpose.Typically,noprogrammaticinvolvementbetweentheinstitutionandthesponsoroccursunderagrant.

Grantee

1.Theinstitution(publicorprivate,nonprofitorfor-profit,educationalinstitution,hospital,corporation,organization,agency,orotherlegallyaccountableentity)thatreceivesagrantorcooperativeagreementandassumeslegal,financial,andscientificresponsibilityandaccountabilitybothfortheawardedfundsandfortheperformanceofthegrant-supportedactivitvIncertaincasesaaranteemavbeanindividualintheUnitedStatesoraninstitutioninaforeiqncountry.

2.Theorganization,forexample,thePresidentandFellowsof

|-l^i-i/^rHC'dWocio7*\k]7\r{\o(\7\nrantr»rrrvr^rv^rAtu/oanroomontIiciivaiu\-*UMi«:yts,awaiucuayiaiiikjiLuuptiaiivt_ayiL^iiit_iu.

Responsibleandaccountablefortheuseofthefundsprovidedandfortheperformanceofthegrant-supportedprojectoractivities.Thegranteeistheentirelegalentityevenifaparticularcomponentisdesignatedintheawarddocument.Thegranteeislegallyresponsibleandaccountabletothesponsorfortheperformanceandfinancialaspectsofthegrant-supportedprojectoractivity.

Thepersonwhosetsupatrust.Grantor

Thepersonconveyinganinterestinrealproperty.

ManagementOfficer(GMO)

AnNIHofficialresponsibleforthebusinessmanagementaspects

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ofgrantsandcooperativeagreements,includingreview,negotiation,award,andadministration,andfortheinterpretationofgrantsadministrationpoliciesandprovisions.OnlyGMOsareauthorizedtoobligateNIHtotheexpenditureoffundsandpermitchangestoapprovedprojectsonbehalfofNIH.EachNIHInstituteandCenterthatawardsgrantshasoneormoreGMOswithresponsibilityforparticularprogramsorawards.

GrantsManagementSpecialist

TheGrantsManagementSpecialistisanagentoftheGMOandisassignedresponsibilityfortheday-to-daymanagementofaportfolioofGrants.

Grants

Allnon-repayabletransfersreceivedfromotherlevelsofgovernmentorfromprivateindividuals,orinstitutionsincludingreparationsandgiftsgivenforparticularprojectsorprograms,orforgeneralbudgetsupport.

Grants-in-Aid

Federalaidtostatesandlocalitiesthatisearmarkedforspecificpurposesonly.Alsoknownascategoricalgrants

BeginningwiththeWallStreetstockmarketcrashofOctober24,1929,itcontinuedforamuchlongerperiodthanpanicsthecountryhadexperiencedbefore.Althoughtheunemploymentratefluctuatedforthefollowingdecade,itwashighestintherecessionof1937.

GreatSealofCanada

Asealaffixedtoformaldocuments,suchasproclamationsandcommissions,indicatingthattheyareissuedunderCrownauthority.

GreenPaper

AdocumentcontainingGovernmentpolicyproposals,issued

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fordiscussionpurposes.SuchadocumentdoesnotrepresentaGovernmentcommitmenttointroducelegislationortoadoptaparticularposition.

Grievance

Acomplaintconcerningsomesituation,actionorinactionforwhichtheCrownisresponsible.TheHousehastraditionallyclaimedtherighttohaveitsgrievancesheardbeforegrantingsupply.

GrossDomesticProduct(GDP)

Thismeasureissaidtobeanimprovementovergrossnationalproductbecauseitdisregardstheproblemofthenationalityofresidentsandnonresidentsinaccountingforinternationaltransac-tions. ItwasrecentlyadoptedintheUnitedStatesfornationalincomeaccounting.TheGDPfor1991was$5,678trillion.

GrossNationalProduct(GNP)

Thisisthevalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedbyacountryperyear,includingoverseastransactions.ItvariesslightlyfromGDP,hasbeenmorewidelyusedintheinternationaleconomiccommunity,andhasrecentlybeenadoptedformostofficialreportingintheUnitedStates.TheGNPfor1991was$5,695trillion.

GrossNationalProduct

Thetotalnationaloutputofgoodsandservices.

GroupArtUnit

Aworkingunitresponsibleforaclusterofrelatedpatentart.Staffedbyonesupervisorypatentexaminer(SPE)andanumberofpatentexaminerswhodeterminepatentabilityonapplicationsforapatent.GroupArtUnitsarecurrentlyidentifiedbyafourdigitnumber,i.e.,1642.

Group

(AlsoreferredtoasaTechnologyCenterorTC)-AunitofseveralGroupArtUnitsinthemechanical,electrical,chemical

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ordesignarea,managedbyoneormoreGroupDirectors.GroupsaremoreproperlyreferredtoasTechnologyCenters,orTCs.

Guarantee

Awarrantyorstatementofperformanceassurance,qualitystandardsorotherpromisesrelatedtoapurchase.

GuaranteedAnnualIncome

Aproposedalternateapproachtowelfarethatwouldguaranteeeveryoneaminimumincome,makingtheexistingwelfaresystemunnecessary.

Guardian

Apersonappointedbywillorbylawtoassumeresponsibilityforincompetentadultsorminorchildren.Ifaparentdies,thiswillusuallybetheotherparent.Ifbothdie,itprobablywillbeacloserelative.

Guardianship

Legalrightgiventoapersontoberesponsibleforthefood,housing,healthcare,andothernecessitiesofapersondeemedincapableorprovidingthesenecessitiesforhimselforherself.Canalsoincludefinancialaffairs,andthusperformadditionallyasaconservator.

Guillotine

AprovisionintheStandingOrderswhichrequiresthattheHousereachadecisiononagivenmatterbyaparticulardateorattheendofaspecifiedperiodoftime.Someguillotinesareappliedautomatically;othersareinvokedattherequestoftheGovernment.

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HabeasCorpusPetition

Infederalcourt,ameansbywhichastateprisonermaychallengetheconstitutionalityofhisorherconvictionandimprisonment.

HardPower

HardPowerisatermusedininternationalrelationstheorytodescribethepracticeofusingmilitaryandeconomicmeanstoinfluencethebehaviororinterestsofotherpoliticalbodies.Itisusedincontrasttosoftpower,whichreferstopowerthatcomesfromdiplomacy,cultureandhistory.

Accordingtotheoriesofpoliticalrealism,hardpoweristheprimarymotivationofstates.

Hardpowerliesatthecommandendofthespectrumofbehavioursanddescribesanationsabilitytocoerceorinduceanothernationtoperformacourseofaction.Thiscanbedonethroughmilitarypowerwhichconsistsofcoercivediplomacy,warandallianceusingthreatsandforcewiththeaimofcoercion,deterrenceandprotection.Alternativelyeconomicpowercanbeusedwhichreliesonaid,bribesandeconomicsanctionsinordertoinduceandcoerce.

HarmlessError

Inappellatepractice,anerrorcommittedbyatrialcourtduringatrial,butnotharmfultotherightsofthepartyandforwhichthecourtwillnotreversethejudgment.

HarvardUniversityResearchInformationSystem(HURIS)

TheUniversitysystemofrecordforsponsoredresearch.All

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proposals,awards,andaccountsforsponsoredprojectsarerecordedandmaintainedintheHURISsystembytheOfficeforSponsoredResearch.FromHURIS,reportsaregeneratedforpost-awardfinancialmanagement,includingreportschedules,receivableagingandconsolidatedreports.

HatchAct

Afederallawthatpreventsfederalemployeesfromtakinganactivepartinpartypoliticsorcampaigns,orfromrunningforpoliticaloffice.

HazardInsurance

Insurancecoveragethatintheeventofphysicaldamagetoapropertyfromfire,wind,vandalism,orotherhazards.

HeadofGovernment

Thepersonineffectivechargeoftheexecutivebranchofgovernment;theprimeministerinaparliamentarysystem.

HeadofState

Anindividualwhorepresentsthestatebutdoesnotexercisepoliticalpower.

Hearing

AHearingisaformalmeetingofacommitteeorsubcommitteetoreviewlegislationorexploreatopic.Hearingsmayalsobecalledtoinvestigateamatterorconductoversightofexistingprograms.Witnessesarecalledtodelivertestimonyandanswerquestionsinallthreetypesofhearings.

HearingontheMerits

Ahearingbeforeacourtonthelegalquestionsatissue,asopposedtoproceduralquestions.

Hearsay

Statementsbyawitnesswhodidnotseeorheartheincidentinquestionbutheardaboutitfromsomeoneelse.Hearsayisusuallynotadmissibleasevidenceincourt.

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Heckscher-OhlinPrinciple

Itisbelievedthatnationswillexportthosethingsinwhichtheyarebestendowed.TheUnitedStatesexportsagriculturalcommoditiesbecauseofitsadvantageinfarmland,whereassomelessdevelopedcountriesexportoresbecauseoftheirmineraldeposits.SomeSoutheastAsiannationsexportelectronicgoodsbecausetheyhavecheaplaborthatallowsthemtominimizetheirhumancostsofproduction.

Hedging

Atacticforoffsettinganinvestmentriskinanefforttominimizethepossibilityoffuturerisk.

Herfindahl-HirschmanIndex

Ameasureforassessingthedegreeofmarketconcentration,thisindexisusefulfortheadministrationofantitrustpolicy.Ifthesumofthesquaredmarketsharesofthefirmsinagivenmarketexceedssomefixedquantity,suchas1,800,furthermergeractivitymightbedisallowedbyantitrustadministrators.

Hideaways

HideawaysarethenamefortheprivateofficesintheCapitolreservedforseniorsenators.TheyarehighlyprizedfortheirproximitytotheSenatefloor.

HighCrimeandMisdemeanour

Inparliamentarylaw,thecharacterizationappliedtotheoffenceofofferingtobribeortheacceptanceofabribebyaMemberofParliament,ortothespendingofunappropriatedfunds.

Hispanic

AtermusedintheUnitedStatestoincludepersonsofMexicanAmerican,PuertoRican,Cuban,CentralorSouthAmerican,orotherSpanishorigin.

Hold

AHoldreferstoaprivateobjectiononeormoresenatorsmayhavetoschedulingamatterfordebate.

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Holdsaremeanttosignalseriousoppositiontothemajorityleader,buttheyarenotbinding.

Holding

Thelegalconclusionorprinciplethatprovidesthebasisforacourtsjudgment.

HomeCopy

AcopyofaninternationalapplicationfiledunderthePatentCooperationTreatymaintainedbythereceivingOfficewheretheinternationalapplicationwasfiled.

HomeEquityConversionMortgage(HECM)

Usuallyreferredtoasareverseannuitymortgage,whatmakesthistypeofmortgageuniqueisthatinsteadofmakingpaymentstoalender,thelendermakespaymentstoyou.Itenablesolderhomeownerstoconverttheequitytheyhaveintheirhomesintocash,usuallyintheformofmonthlypayments.Unliketraditionalhomeequityloans,aborrowerdoesnotqualifyonthebasisofincomebutonthevalueofhisorherhome.Inaddition,theloandoesnothavetoberepaiduntiltheborrowernolongeroccupiestheproperty.

HomeEquityLineofCredit

Amortgageloan,usuallyinsecondposition,thatallowstheborrowertoobtaincashdrawnagainsttheequityofhishome,uptoapredeterminedamount.

HomeInspection

Athoroughinspectionbyaprofessionalthatevaluatesthestructuralandmechanicalconditionofaproperty.Asatisfactoryhomeinspectionisoftenincludedasacontingencybythepurchaser.

HomeRule,Municipal

1.HomeRule,Municipal,systemadoptedinmanystatesoftheUnitedStatesbywhichacityisgiventherighttodraftandamenditsowncharterandtoregulatepurelylocalmatters

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HomeownerExemption

withoutinterferencefromthestatelegislature.Therapidgrowthofurbancentersinthelatterpartofthe19thcent,broughtnewandcomplexproblems;thestatelegislatures,whichhadcontrolledmostcitygovernment,foundthemselvesincapableofhandlingthefast-growingcities.In1875,Missouriadoptedthefirstmunicipalhomeruleclauseinitsconstitution;otherstateshavefolloweditslead.Theformoftherulevariesgreatlyfromstatetostate.Therearetwoprincipaltypesofmunicipalhomerule:constitutionalhomerule,bywhichcitiesaregiventherightbythestateconstitutiontoformtheirowncharters;andlegislativehomerule,bywhichlocalautonomyisgrantedthroughanactofthestatelegislature.Localandgeneralconcernscannot,ofcourse,bestrictlydelimited,andtherearefrequentlegalandpoliticalcontests-concerningjurisdiction.Thegrowingimportanceofthesuburbsandtherelativedeclineofcitieshaveledtotheconceptofmetropolitangovernmentasanintermediarybetweencityandstategovernment.

2.Thepowerofsomemunicipalitiestomodifytheirchartersandruntheiraffairswithoutapprovalbythestatelegislature

HomeownerExemption

AvaluereductionprovidedtohomeownerspursuanttoRevenueandTaxationCode218.

Homeowners'Association

Anonprofitassociationthatmanagesthecommonareasofaplannedunitdevelopment(PUD)orcondominiumproject.Inacondominiumproject,ithasnoownershipinterestinthecommonelements.InaPUDproject,itholdstitletothecommonelements.

Homeowner'sInsurance

Aninsurancepolicythatcombinespersonalliabilityinsuranceandhazardinsurancecoverageforadwellinganditscontents.

Homeowner'sWarranty

Atypeofinsuranceoftenpurchasedbyhomebuyersthatwill

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coverrepairstocertainitems,suchasheatingorairconditioning,shouldtheybreakdownwithinthecoverageperiod.Thebuyeroftenrequeststhesellertopayforthiscoverageasaconditionofthesale,buteitherpartycanpay.

HomesteadAct

The1862law[12Stat.392-394]whichgavepubliclandstosettlerswhopaid$10andoccupiedthelandforfiveyears.Homesteaderscouldclaimupto160acres;theyhadtobecitizensorapplicantsforcitizenship,21yearsoldortheheadofahousehold.

Honeycombing

Conditionresultingfromthewithdrawalofwarehousingunitsfromauniformblock,producinganactiveblock.

Hopper

TheHopperisthemahoganyboxontheHouserostrumwheremembersplacebillstheyareintroducing.

HorizontalOccupancyRatio

Ratioofexposedfloorspaceintheoccupiablespacetofloorspaceoccupiedbywarehousingunits.

Spaceconsumedbypalletsinacolumnorunitclearancesinracks,binsandshelves.Alsospaceconsumedbybeams,railsshelvesorotherhorizontalsupports.

HostileWitness

Awitnesswhoissubjecttocross-examinationbythepartywhocalledhimorhertotestify,becauseofhisorherevidentantagonismtowardthatpartyasexhibitedinhisorherdirectexamination

Hotline

HotlinereferstoaphonerecordingrunbythepartycloakroomstoallSenateofficesoftheirparty.

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HouseCalendar

Therecordingscontainmessagesfromthepartyleadersonschedulechangesorproposedflooragreements.

HouseCalendar

TheHouseCalendaristhelistofbillsavailableforconsiderationintheHouse.

HouseChamber

TheHouseChamberisthelargeroomintheCapitolwhereHousemembersgathertodebateandvote.

HouseCopy(ofaBill)

ThecopyofabillinthecareoftheClerkoftheHousewhichisusedasaworkingcopybytheHouseofCommons.

HouseLeader

TheMemberofapartyresponsibleforitsmanagementintheHouse.TheGovernmentHouseLeaderdeterminesascheduleofHousebusinessthroughconsultationwiththeHouseLeadersoftheotherrecognizedparties.

HouseofCommonsProcedureandPractice

Theproceduralauthorityprovidingacompletedescriptionoftherules,practicesandprecedentsintheHouseofCommons.Publishedforthefirsttimein2000,thisbookissometimesreferredtoasMarleauandMontpetit.

HouseofCommons

Theelectedhouse,alongwithwhichtheSenateandSovereignconstituteoftheParliamentofCanada.Madeupof308Members,theHousealoneisconstitutionallyauthorizedtointroducelegislationconcernedwiththeraisingorspendingoffunds.

HouseofLords

TheHouseofLordsistheoldestsecondchamberintheworld.Ithasbeenincontinuousexistenceinoneformoranotherformorethanathousandyears.ItgrewoutoftheGreatCouncil

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whichwasthesuccessoroftheSaxonWitan.In1295,whenEdwardIcalledhisModelParliament,allthedifferentclassesofpeoplesummonedtoattendmetinonesingleassembly.Butafterwardstheysplitupintothreegroups—Nobles,ClergyandCommons.LateronthegreaterclergyfounditsinterestsincommonwiththenoblesandtheyassociatedtogetherintoonebodywhichcametobecalledHouseofLords.

HouseOfficer

AnofficerresponsibletotheHouseforthecarryingoutofdutiesassignedbystatuteorbystandingorspecialorder.AmongthoseincludedinthedesignationaretheClerkandtheSergeant-at-Arms.

Householder

AninformationbulletinsentbyaMembertothecitizensofhisorherelectoraldistrict.

HousekeepingMotion

AmotionofaroutinenaturedealingwithadministrativeorpurelyformalmattersnecessarytoexpediteHousebusiness.

HRSA

HealthResourcesandServicesAdministration

HUDMedianIncome

Medianfamilyincomeforaparticularcountyormetropolitanstatisticalarea(MSA),asestimatedbytheDepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment(HUD).

HUD-1SettlementStatement

Adocumentthatprovidesanitemizedlistingofthefundsthatwerepaidatclosing.Itemsthatappearonthestatementincluderealestatecommissions,loanfees,points,andinitialescrow(impound)amounts.Eachtypeofexpensegoesonaspecificnumberedlineonthesheet.ThetotalsatthebottomoftheHUD-1statementdefinetheseller'snetproceedsandthebuyer'snetpaymentatclosing.ItiscalledaHUD1becausetheform

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isprintedbytheDepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment(HUD).TheHUD1statementisalsoknownasthe"closingstatement"or"settlementsheet."

HumanResourcesisresponsiblefortherecruiting,trainingandadministeringbenefitprogramsfortheCounty'sworkforce.

HumanRights

1.Rightsthoughttobelongtoallpeoplesimplybecausetheyarehumanbeings.

2.Theconceptofhumanrightshadbecomeincreasinglyimportantand20thcenturyhasbeendescribedasthecenturyofhumanrights.

NatureandCharacteristics:(i)Theserightsarethebasic,fundamentalrightsandareuniversalincharacter,everyhumanbeinghasasetoftheserightssimplybecauseheisahumanbeing.(II)Theyaredistinguishedfromotherrightsbyfivespecialcharacteristics,i.e.,universality,individuality,paramouncy,practicabilityandenforceability,(Hi)Humanrightsasdevelopedaftersecondworldwardividedintotwoparts.Negativelytheyarerightswhichforbidthestatetodocertainthings.Positively,thestateshouldactinapositivewaytoprovidethenecessaryconditionsforenjoymentoftheserights.

Basis:TheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights(1948)theInternationalConvenantsonCivilandPoliticalRights(1966)andEconomic,CulturalandCivilRights(1966)constitutelandmarksintheevolutionoftheconceptofhumanrights.

HungJury

Ajurythatisunabletoreachaunanimousverdict.HybridBill

InBritishpractice,apublicbillaffectingprivateinterests.ThistermisnotemployedinCanada.

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IdenticalBid

Abidwhichisessentiallythesameasanotherwithregardtoproductsbid.

IdentificationofGoodsand/orServices

Awrittenstatementofthegoodsand/orservicesincludedinanapplication.Everyapplicationmustincludeanidentificationofgoodsand/orservices.Ifyoufailtolistanyrecognizablegoodsorservices,theUSPTOwillreturntheapplicationandrefundthefee.Whenspecifyingthegoodsand/orservices,applicantsshoulduseclear,conciseterms,i.e.,commoncommercialnamesandlanguagethatthegeneralpubliceasilyunderstands.

Pleasenotethatthetermsintheclassheadingsorshorttitlesoftheclassesinthe"InternationalClassificationofClassesofGoodsandServices"aregenerallytoobroadandshouldnotbeusedaloneasanidentification.Also,aninternationalclassnumberaloneisneveranacceptablelisting.Foralistingofacceptablewordingforgoodsandservices.

IdeologicalParty

Atypeofpoliticalpartywhichemphasizesideologicalpurityovertheattainmentofpower.

Ideology

1.Asystemofbeliefsandvaluesthatexplainssocietyandprescribestheroleofgovernment.

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ImaginedCommunities

2.Anideologyisanorganizedcollectionofideas.ThewordideologywascoinedbyCountDestuttdeTracyinthelate18thcenturytodefinea"scienceofideas."Anideologycanbethoughtofasacomprehensivevision,asawayoflookingatthings,asincommonsenseandseveralphiloso-phical tendencies,orasetofideasproposedbythedominantclassofasocietytoallmembersofthissociety.Themainpurposebehindanideologyistoofferchangeinsocietythroughanormativethoughtprocess(whattheworldoughttobe).Ideologiestendtobeabstractthoughtsappliedtorealityand,thus,makethisconceptuniquetopolitics.

ImaginedCommunities

TheimaginedcommunityisaconceptcoinedbyBenedictAndersonwhichstatesthatanationisacommunitysociallyconstructedandultimatelyimaginedbythepeoplewhoperceivethemselvesaspartofthatgroup.

ImmediateWageWithholding

Anautomaticdeductionfromincomethatstartsassoonasthe

nmmU_-|_J-L-IT-X_n..L-LA-AftI__IA/«4*\UI•U>-t/-l

agreementiorsupportisestaDiisnea.Immunity

Agrantbythecourtagainstprosecutioninreturnforprovidingcriminalevidenceagainstanotherpersonorparty.

Impact

Theconsequencesofapolicy,bothinitsimmediatepolicyareaandinotherareas.

ImpeachmentofWitness

Anattackonthecredibilityofawitnessbythetestimonyofotherwitnessesorotherevidence.

Impeachment

1.Impeachment,formalaccusationissuedbyalegislatureagainstapublicofficialchargedwithcrimeorotherseriousmiscon-duct. Inaloosersensethetermissometimesappliedalsoto

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thetrialbythelegislaturethatmayfollow.ImpeachmentdevelopedinEngland,beginninginthe14thcent.,asameansoftryingofficialssuspectedofderelictionofduty.TheEnglishprocedurewasfortheHouseofCommonstoprosecutebypresentingarticlesofimpeachmenttotheHouseofLords,whichrenderedjudgment.Anypenalty,includingdeath,mightbeinflicted.Theimpeachment(1787)andtrial(1788-95)ofWarrenHastingswasamongthelastoftheEnglishcases.

IntheUnitedStatesimpeachmentofpublicofficialsisprovidedforinthefederalgovernmentandinmoststates.InfederalmatterstheU.S.ConstitutiongivestheHouseofRepresentativesthepowertoimpeachcivilofficersoftheUnitedStates,includingthePresidentandVicePresident,butnotincludingmembersofCongress.ImpeachmentsaretriedbytheSenate,withtheconcurrenceoftwothirdsofthememberspresentneededforconviction.Thesolepenaltiesonconvictionareremovalfromofficeanddisqualificationfromholdingotherfederaloffice;however,theconvictedpartyisliabletosubsequentcriminaltrialandpunishmentforthesameoffense.

Therehavebeen16impeachmentstriedbytheSenateandsevenconvictions.Threeofthebest-knowncases,whichdidnotresultinconviction,werethoseofSupremeCourtJusticeSamuelChase,PresidentAndrewJohnson,andPresidentBillClinton.In1974theJudiciaryCommitteeoftheHouseofRepresentativesvotedtobringimpeachmentchargesagainstPresidentRichardNixon,butNixonresignedbeforetheHousetookaction.

2.UndertheConstitution,theformalproceedingsagainstthePresidentorotherfederalofficials,whomayberemovedfromofficeifconvictedof"Treason,BriberyorotherhighCrimesandMisdemeanors.n

Imperialism

Imperialism,broadly,theextensionofruleorinfluencebyonegovernment,nation,orsocietyoveranother.

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Implementation

Theaction,oractions,takenbygovernmenttocarryoutapolicy.

ImplicationsAustins'TheoryofSovereignty

(a)ADeterminateHumanSuperior:Inanypoliticalandindependentsociety,therehastobeasuperior,onewhoisalivinghumanbodyorbodyofpersonsandonewhoisorcanbedeterminedorlocated.

(b)Indivisibility:ApoliticalandindependentsocietyhastohaveonlyoneSuperior.TheSuperiorwhoisahumanbeingandwhocanbelocatedordetermineddoesnotobeyanyoneelseinthatsociety.LiketheSuperior,thereisnooneelseinthatSociety.Notonlythis,themajorityorthebulkofthepeopleinthatsocietyobeytheSuperiorhabitually.Thus,Superiorisone,Sovereigntyliesinone,itcannotbedivided;itisindivisible.

(c)Absolute:ThepowersofthedeterminatehumanSuperiorareunlimited.TherearenolimitationsonthepowersoftheSuperior.Thesovereigncanissueanycommandhelikes.

(d)SovereignastheonlySourceofLaw:ThedeterminatehumanSuperiorhasallthepowerswithhim.Whatismoreisthefactthathealoneisthesourceoflaw.Alllawsspringfromhim.Lawisthecommandofthesovereign.

ImpliedContract

Notexplicitlywrittenorstated;determinedbydeductionfromknownfactsorfromthecircumstancesorconductoftheparties.

ImpliedPowers

Powersofthenationalgovernmentthatflowfromitsenumeratedpowersandthe"elasticclause"oftheConstitution.

Impossibilism

ImpossibilismisaninterpretationofMarxism.Itemphasizesthelimitedvalueofreformsinoverturningcapitalismandinsistson

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revolutionarypoliticalactionastheonlyreliablemethodofbringingaboutsocialism.

Theconcept-thoughnotthespecificterm-wasintroducedandheavilyinfluencedbytheAmericanMarxistthinkerDanielDeLeon,onthebasisoftheorythatDe!jeongeneratedbeforehisinterestinsyndicalismbegan.Itcametobefocusedespeciallyonthequestionofwhethersocialistsshouldtakepartingovernmentundercapitalism.AttheParisCongressoftheSecondInternational,in1900,thosewhofavouredentryintogovernment,withalltheimpliedcompromises,calledthemselvesPossibilists,whilethosewhoopposedparticipationbecameknownasImpossibilists.

ImpossibilismwasparticularlypopularinBritishColumbiaintheearly20thcentury,throughtheinfluenceofE.T.Kingsley.ItisalsothebasisofthetheoryandpracticeoftheoldestBritishpartyofthefarleft,theSocialistPartyofGreatBritain,whichwasfoundedin1904.

Impoundment

1.Thepractice,curtailedin1974,wherebyaPresidentrefusedtospendfundsappropriatedbyCongress.

2.ThepresidentrefusestoallowanagencytospendmoniesappropriatedbyCongress.

Impressment

Impressment,forcibleenrollmentofrecruitsformilitaryduty.Beforetheestablishmentofconscription,manycountriessupple-mented theirmilitiaandmercenarytroopsbyimpressment.InEngland,impressmentbeganasearlyastheAnglo-SaxonperiodandwasusedextensivelyunderElizabethI,CharlesI,andOliverCromwell."Pressgangs"forciblyseizedandcarriedindividualsintoservice;frequentlysubjectsofforeigncountriesweretaken.After1800,Englandrestrictedimpressmentmostlytonavalservice.TheNapoleonicWarsincreasedEnglishneedforseapowerandledtotheimpressmentofalargenumberofdeserters,

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ImputeMotives

criminals,andBritishsubjectswhohadbecomenaturalizedAmericans.(Until1850,Englanddidnotrecognizetherightofamantorenouncehisnationality.)FrequentinterceptionofAmericanshipstoimpressAmericancitizenswasamajorcauseoftheWarof1812.Englandgenerallyabandonedsuchforciblemeasuresafter1835.InPrussia,impressmentwasintroducedbyFrederickWilliamIafter1713,layingthegroundworkforPrussianmilitarypowerinthe18thcent.ItreacheditsheightunderFrederickII(FredericktheGreat)whomadeforcedrecruitmentonforeignsoilanintegralpartofthePrussianmilitarysystem.Impressmentwasusedinmanycountriesasamethodofriddingsocietyofundesirables.Personsofproperty,apprenticedyouths,andotherrespectablecitizenswereoftenexemptedbylaw.Thesystemfosteredgrossabusesandwasoftenameansofprivatevengeance.Itfilledthearmyandnavywithagroupreadyformutiny,desertion,orotherdisloyalty,anditadverselyaffectedvoluntaryrecruitment.After1800impressmenttendedtobecomeameansofenforcingconscription,anditfellintodisuseafter1850.

ImputeMotives

AscribeobjectionablemotivesormotivestoaMemberdifferentfromthoseacknowledgedbytheMember.

ImputedIncome

Fringebenefitsprovidedtoemployeesthatmaybetaxablebutwhichcannotbecountedasadditionaldisposableincomethatissubjecttochildsupportobligations.

Evidencethatcannotundertherulesofevidencebeadmittedincourt.

IncidenceofTaxation

Thisisthespecificationofjustwhoultimatelypaysatax.Whereasthepersonalincometaxfallsontheindividualtaxpayer,theincidenceofothertaxesdependsontheelasticityofdemand.

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Themoreinelasticthedemand,themorelikelyitisthatthetaxispaidbytheconsumer.

IncomeWithholding

Procedurebywhichautomaticdeductionsaremadefromwagesorincome,asdefinedinthePersonalResponsibilityandWorkOpportunityReconciliationAct(PRWORA),topayadebtsuchaschildsupport.Incomewithholdingoftenisincorporatedintothechildsupportorderandmaybevoluntaryorinvoluntary.Theprovisiondictatesthatanemployermustwithholdsupportfromanon-custodialparentswagesandtransferthatwithholdingtotheappropriateagency(theCentralizedCollectionUnitorStateDisbursementUnit).Sometimesreferredtoaswagewithholding.

Income

AsdefinedbythePersonalResponsibilityandWorkOpportunityReconciliationActof1996(PRWORA),incomeisanyperiodicformofpaymenttoanindividual,regardlessofsource,includingwages,salaries,commissions,bonuses,worker'scompensation,disability,pension,orretirementprogrampaymentsandinterest.Allincome(exceptimputedincome)issubjecttoincomewithholdingforchildsupport,pursuanttoachildsupportorder,butisprotectedbyConsumerCreditProtectionActlimits,bothStateandfederal.

IncrementalFunding

Amethodofobligatingfundingtoanaward.Typically,thesponsorspecifiesatotalbudgetatthebeginningoftheawardandfundingisreleasedatdifferentintervals.

Incrementalism

Thisisthenotionthatpublicpolicyisusuallybroughtaboutthroughsmall,piecemealalterations.Called"salamitactics"byWilliamSafire,incrementalismissaidtobetypicalofpluralism,wherethemanyvetogroupsmakeitdifficulttoenactmajorsynopticchange.

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Incumbent

IncumbentreferstoasittingmemberofCongressrunningforre-election.

IndependentClaim

Aclaimthatdoesnotreferbacktoordependonanotherclaim.

IndependentExecutiveAgencies

AgenciesthatreporttothePresidentinthesamemannerasdepartments,eventhoughtheyarenotpartofanycabinetdepartment.

IndependentExecutor

Aspecialkindofexecutor,permittedbythelawsofcertainstates,whoperformsthedutiesofanexecutorwithoutinterventionbythecourt.

IndependentExpenditures

1.Thespendingofmoneyonbehalfofcandidatesbutwithouttheircooperation.

2.Thespendingofmoneyonbehalfofcandidateswithouttheircooperation.

IndependentMember

AMemberwhoisnotamemberofarecognizedpoliticalparty.AMembermaybeelectedasanindependentormayleaveorbeexpelledfromapartyduringaParliamentandsitasanindependent.

IndependentRegulatoryCommissions(IRC)

HeadedbytheboardsoffiveormorecommissionersappointedwiththeadviceandconsentoftheSenate,adozenagenciesexerciseacombinationofrule-making,administrative,andadjudicatoryfunctions.TheoldestexistingIRCistheInterstateCommerceCommission(establishedin1887).TheothersweremostlycreatedduringtheProgressiveera(e.g.,theFederalReserveSystemandFederalTradeCommission)ortheNew

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Deal(theSecuritiesandExchangeCommissionandFederalCommunicationsCommission).Eachoperatesinanimportantareaofeconomicpolicy;butoneofthem,theCivilAeronauticsBoard,wasabolishedin1985aspartofthederegulationmovement.

IndeterminateSentence

Asentenceofimprisonmenttoaspecifiedminimumandmaximumperiodoftime,specificallyauthorizedbystatute,subjecttoterminationbyaparoleboardorotherauthorizedagencyaftertheprisonerhasservedtheminimumterm.

IndianaBallot

Alsoknownastheparty-columnballot.Usedinamajorityofstates,itliststhecandidatesofeachpartyinaroworcolumn,besideorunderthepartyemblem.Allowsforandencouragesstraight-ticketvoting.

Indictment

1.Afindingbyagrandjurythatthereisenoughevidenceagainstanindividualtowarrantacriminaltrial.

2.Theformalchargeissuedbyagrandjurystatingthatthereisenoughevidencethatthedefendantcommittedthecrimetojustifyhavingatrial;itisusedprimarilyforfelonies.

Indigent

Meetingcertainstandardsofpoverty,therebyqualifyingacriminaldefendantforrepresentationbyapublicdefender.

IndustrialUnions

Differentapproachesfororganizingworkerswerecalledforinverylargeplantsthatemployedlessskilledworkers.Incoalmining,automobileproduction,andtheclothingindustry,amoreconfrontationalstyleseemedtobecalledfor.ManyinthecraftuniontraditionoftheAFLopposedthisnewstyleoforganizing,anditsCommitteeonIndustrialOrganizationwasforcedoutofthehouseoflaborin1938.

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IndustrialWorkersoftheWorld(IWW)

Foundedin1893,theIWW(orWobbties)hadaparticularappealamongtheminersandunskilledlaborersintheruralWest.TheexecutioninUtahoftheSwedishimmigrantorganizerJoeHillcontributedtothefolkloreoftheunion,butfederalprosecutionofitsleadersledtoitsendby1920.

IneligibleBidder

Anon-responsiblebidderorasupplierwhohasdemonstratedapoorrecordofperformanceorproventobefinanciallyunstable.Otherwiseabidderwhohasbeenremovedfromtheprospectivevendorslistfornon-compliance.

Inflation

Thepricesofgoodsincreaseoveraperiodoftime.Itismeasuredbytheconsumerpriceindex(CPI)andreportedmonthly,quarterly,orannually.Variousindexeshaveexistedtoestimatepricelevelssincecolonialtimes.

Influence

Aformofpowerbasedontheabilitytopersuadeotherstoshareinadesiredobjective.

InformalApplication

Anapplicationthathasbeenfiledwithoutoneormoreoftheelementsrequiredtoreceiveafilingdate.TheUSPTOwillreturninformalapplicationstoapplicants.

InformalInstitutions

Institutionswhichareanintegralpartofthepoliticalprocess,butwhicharenotestablishedbyaconstitution.

InformationDisclosureStatement(IDS)

Alistofallpatents,publications,U.S.applications,orotherinformationsubmittedforconsiderationbytheOfficeinanon-provisionalpatentapplicationfiledunder35U.S.C.§111(a)tocomplywithapplicant'sdutytosubmittotheOfficeinformation

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whichismaterialtopatentabilityoftheinventionclaimedinthenon-provisionalapplication.

Forpatentapplicationsfiledunder35U.S.C.§111(a),applicantsandotherindividualswhoaresubstantivelyinvolvedinpreparingorprosecutingapatentapplicationmustsubmittotheOfficeinformationwhichismaterialtopatentability(couldrenderaclaimunpatentable)asdefinedin37CFR§1.56.Theprovisionsof37CFR§1.97and37CFR§1.98provideamechanismforcompliancewiththedutyofdisclosureprovidedin37CFR§1.56.

TheIDSmustincludealistofallpatents,publications,U.S.applications,orotherinformationsubmittedforconsiderationbytheOffice.TheUSPTOprovidesformsforuseinthesubmissionofanIDS,thePTO/SB/08aandPTO/SB/08b.

InformationMemorandum(IM)

DocumentthatprovidesStatechildsupportenforcementagencieswithinformationonprogrampracticesthatcanbeusefultoprogramimprovement.

InformationTechnologyoperatestheCounty'sdataandvoicecomputersystemsandevaluatesanddevelopspotentialtechnologytoimproveworkproductivity.

Information

Aformalaccusationbyaprosecutorthatthedefendantcommittedacrime.Aninformationisanalternativetoanindictmentasameansofchargingacriminal.

Aviolationoflawnotpunishablebyimprisonment.Minortrafficoffensesgenerallyareconsideredinfractions.

Infrastructure

Thesesystemsoftransportation,communications,andpublicutilitiesarebelievedtobecrucialtoanation'seconomiccompetitiveness.

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InherentPowers

Powersofgovernmentthatthenationalgovernmentmayexercisesimplybecauseitexistsasagovernment,suchastherighttoconductforeignrelations.

InitialPublicOffering(IPO)

Thefirstsaleofacompany'sstockontheNASDAQ,Amex,NYSEorothermarket.BecauseIPOscanshootupinvalue,thosewhocansecuresuchnewstockatitsopeningmayrealizequickprofits;oftentheaveragepersonisunabletosecureanyoftheseopeningshares.

InitialReviewGroup

Anyoneofthestudysectionsorpeerreviewcommitteesofscientiststhatadviseonthescientificandtechnicalmeritofresearchapplicationssubmittedforsupport.

InitiatingJurisdiction

TheStateorcountycourt,oradministrativeagency,whichsendsarequestforactiontoanotherjurisdictionininterstatechildsupportcases.Therequestedactioncanincludearequestforwagewithholdingorforreviewandadjustmentofexistingchildsupportobligations.IncaseswhereaStateistryingtoestablishaninitialchildsupportorderonbehalfofaresidentcustodialparent,andtheydonothaveLongArmJurisdiction(i.e.,theycannotlegallyclaimpersonaljurisdictionoverapersonwhoisnotaresident),theymustfileaTwo-StateactionundertheUniformInterstateFamilySupportAct(UIFSA)guidelines.

Initiative

1.Amethodofamendingstateconstitutions,usedinseventeenstates,underwhichproposedconstitutionalamendmentscanbeplacedontheballotifenoughsignaturesareobtainedonapetition.

2.Arequestforapplications(RFA),requestforproposals(RFP),orprogramannouncement(PA)statingtheInstitute'sinterestinreceivingresearchapplicationsinagivenareabecauseof

■

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aprogrammaticneedorscientificopportunity.RFAsandRFPsgenerallyhavemoniessetasidetofundtheapplicationsrespondingtothem;programannouncementsgenerallydonot.

Injunction

1.Anorderfromacourttorequireorpreventanaction.

2.Anorderofthecourtprohibiting(orcompelling)theperformanceofaspecificacttopreventirreparabledamageorinjury.

In-kind

AllIY1IIU

In-kindcontributionsmeanthevalueofnon-cashcontributions.In-kindcontributionsmaybeintheformofrealproperty,equipment,suppliesandotherexpendableproperty,andthevalueofgoodsandservicesdirectlybenefitingandspecificallylaentinaoietotneprojectorprogram.

InquiryofaCommittee

AstudyundertakenbyastandingorspecialcommitteeoftheHouse.Itmaybeinitiatedasaresultofastandingorspecialorderor,inthecaseofastandingcommittee,itmaybeinitiatedbythecommitteeitself.

InspectionReport

Toinformaprocuremententitythatanexaminationortestingofcommoditiesoncontracthastakenplace.Suchareportwouldfurtherinformtheauthorityofthequalityorconditionofsuchgoods.

InstituteofMedicine(IOM)

CharteredbytheNationalAcademyofSciencestoenlistaistinguisneamembersottneappropnateproressionsintneexaminationofpolicymatterspertainingtopublichealth.

instiliilion

Institutionsarestructuresandmechanismsofsocia/orderandcooperationgoverningthebehauioroftwoormoreindividuals.

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InstitutionalDevelopmentAwards(IDeA)

Institutionsareidentifiedwithasocialpurposeandpermanence,transcendingindividualhumanlivesandintentions,andwiththemakingandenforcingofrulesgoverningcooperativehumanbehavior.Theterm,institution,iscommonlyappliedtocustomsandbehaviorpatternsimportanttoasociety,aswellastoparticularformalorganizationsofgovernmentandpublicservice.Asstructuresandmechanismsofsocialorderamonghumans,institutionsareoneoftheprincipalobjectsofstudyinthesocialsciences,includingsociology,politicalscienceandeconomics.Institutionsareacentralconcernforlaw,theformalregimeforpoliticalrule-makingandenforcement.Thecreationandevolutionofinstitutionsisaprimarytopicforhistory.

InstitutionalDevelopmentAwards(IDeA)

InstitutionalDevelopmentAwards(IDeA)enhancebiomedicalandbehavioralresearchinspecificgeographicareas.TheDivisionofResearchInfrastructureoftheNationalCenterforResearchResources(NCRR)providesIDeAgrantstofosterresearchwithinstatesthattraditionallyhavenotreceivedsignificantlevelsofcompetitivefundingfromtheNationalInstitutesofHealth(N1H).

InstitutionalEconomics

Thisapproachtoeconomicsfocusesonthenotionthatthepowerofsocialorganizationsneedstobeemphasizedaswellasthenatureofthemarket.

InstitutionalGroup

Groupswhicharecloselyassociatedwiththegovernmentandactinternallytoinfluencepublicdecisions.

InstitutionalProfileNumber(IPF)

TheInstitutionProfile(IPF)numberisanidentifierthatuniquelyidentifiesandassociatesinstitutionalinformationwithintheNIHenterprisedatabase.TheNIHassignsanIPFnumberaftertheinstitutionsubmitsitsrequestforregistration.

InstitutionalRacism

Institutionalracism(orstructuralracismorsystemicracism)isa

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theoreticalformofracismthatoccursininstitutionssuchaspublicbodiesandcorporations,includinguniversities.Thetermwascoinedbyblacknationalist,pan-AfricanistandhonoraryprimeministeroftheBlackPantherPartyStokelyCarmichael.Inthelate1960s,hedefinedthetermas"thecollectivefailureofanorganisationtoprovideanappropriateandprofessionalservicetopeoplebecauseoftheircolour,cultureorethnicorigin'.Institutionalracismisdistinguishedfromthebigotryorracialbiasofindividualsbytheexistenceofsystematicpoliciesandpracticesthathavetheeffectofdisadvantagingcertainracialorethnicgroups.Race-baseddiscriminationinhousing,andbanklending,forexample,areformsofinstitutionalracism.Otherexamplesincludethesystematicprofilingofmembersofcertainracesbysecurityandlawenforcementworkers,useofstereotypedcaricaturesofcertainracialgroupsbyinstitutions(like"Indian"mascotsinsports),theunder-andmis-representationofmembersofcertainracialgroupsinthemedia,andbarrierstoemploymentorprofessionaladvancementbasedonrace.

InstitutionalReviewBoard(IRB)

1.IRBsaresetupbyresearchinstitutionstoensuretheprotectionofrightsandwelfareofhumanresearchsubjectsparticipatinginresearchconductedundertheirauspices.IRBsmakeanindependentdeterminationtoapprove,requiremodificationsin,ordisapproveresearchprotocolsbasedonwhetherhumansubjectsareadequatelyprotected,asrequiredbyfederalregulationsandlocalinstitutionalpolicy.

2.Reviewboardsestablishedbyinstitutionstoensuretheprotectionoftherightsandwelfareofhumanresearchsubjectsparticipatinginresearchconductedundertheirauspices.IRBsmakeanindependentdeterminationtoapprove,requiremodificationin,ordisapproveresearchprotocolsbasedonwhetherhumansubjectsareadequatelyprotected,asrequiredbyfederalregulationsandlocalinstitutionalpolicy.

InstitutionalisminInternationalRelations

Institutionalismininternationalrelationsholdsthattheinter-

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InstructedDelegate

nationalsystemisnot—inpractice—anarchic,butthatithasanimplicitorexplicitstructurewhichdetermineshowstateswillactwithinthesystem.

Institutionsarerulesthatdeterminethedecision-makingprocess.Intheinternationalarena,institutionhasbeenusedinterchangeablywith'regime',whichhasbeendefinedbyKrasnerasasetofexplicitorimplicit"principles,norms,rules,anddecision-makingproceduresaroundwhichactorsexpectationsconvergeinagivenissue-area."

InstructedDelegate

Alegislatorwhoautomaticallymirrorsthewillofthemajorityofhisconstituents.

InstructiontoaCommittee

AdirectionbytheHousetoacommitteewhichhasalreadyreceivedanorderofreference,furtherdefiningitscourseofactionorempoweringittodosomething.Therearetwotypesofinstructions:permissiveandmandatory.

Instructions

Judgesexplanationtothejurybeforeitbeginsdeliberationsofthequestionsitmustanswer.Judge'sinstructionsincludeinformationaboutlawgoverningthecase.

IntangibleAssets

Nonphysicalitemssuchasstockcertificates,bonds,bankaccounts,andpensionbenefitsthathavevalueandmustbetakenintoaccountinestateplanning.

IntegratedBar

Theorganizedstatebarassociationtowhicheverylawverinastatemustbelonginordertobepermittedtopracticeinthatstate.

IntellectualProperty

Creationsofthemind-Creativeworksorideasembodiedina

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formthatcanbesharedorcanenableotherstorecreate,emulate,ormanufacturethem.Therearefourwaystoprotectintellectualproperty-patents,trademarks,copyrightsortradesecrets.

InteractiveResearchProjectGrant(IRPG)

AnawardmadetotwoormoreinvestigatorsfundedindependentlyasR01granteesbutbroughttogetherasacollaborativegroupreceivingadditionalsupportforcollaborativework,sharedresources,ortheexchangeofideas.

Intercept

Amethodofsecuringchildsupportbytakingaportionofnon-wagepaymentsmadetoanon-custodialparent.Non-wagepaymentssubjecttointerceptionincludeFederaltaxrefunds,Statetaxrefunds,unemploymentbenefits,anddisabilitybenefits.

Interdisciplinaryistheactofdrawingfromtwoormoreacademicdisciplinesandintegratingtheirinsightstoworktogetherinpursuitofacommongoal."InterdisciplinaryStudies",astheyarecalled,useinterdisciplinarytodevelopagreaterunderstandingofaproblemthatistoocomplexorwide-ranging(i.e.AIDSpandemic,globalwarming)tobedealtwithusingtheknowledgeandmethodologyofjustonediscipline.

Interdisciplinaryprogramssometimesarisefromasharedconvictionthatthetraditionaldisciplinesareunableorunwillingtoaddressanimportantproblem.Forexample,socialsciencedisciplinessuchasanthropologyandsociologypaidlittleatten-tion tothesocialanalysisoftechnologythroughoutmostofthetwentiethcentury.Asaresult,manysocialscientistswithinterestsintechnologyhavejoinedscienceandtechnologystudiesprograms,whicharetypicallystaffedbyscholarsdrawnfromnumerousdisciplines(includinganthropology,history,philoso-phy, sociology,andwomen'sstudies).Theymayalsoarisefromnewresearchdevelopments,suchasnanotechnology,whichcannotbeaddressedwithoutcombiningtheapproachesoftwoormoredisciplines.Examplesincludequantum

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Interest(Pressure)Gr

HOI

informationprocessing,whichamalgamateselementsofquan-tum physicsandcomputerscience,andbioinformatics,whichcombinesmolecularbiologywithcomputerscience.Inasense,thosewhopursueInterdisciplinaryStudiesdegreesorpracticeinterdisciplinarityintheirlivesareseenaspioneers(andevenrisk-takers)atthecuttingedgeofscholarship,science,andtechnology.Inthisway,interdisciplinariansareabletoacknow-ledge andcombatthepresentandfutureproblemsofhumanity.

Interest(Pressure)Group

Organizationswhosemembersacttogethertoinfluencepublicpolicyinordertopromotetheircommoninterest.

InterestGroupLiberalism

InterestgroupliberalismwasTheodoreLowi'stermforthepluralisticcompetitionresultingfromthebroadexpansionofpublicprogramsintheUnitedStates,includingthosewhichwerepartofthe"GreatSociety."

InterestGroups

Privategroupsthatattempttoinfluencethegovernmenttorespondtothesharedattitudesoftheirmembers.

InterestParty

Apoliticalpartywithasingleinterestorpurpose,suchastheGreenParty.

Interference

Aproceeding,conductedbeforetheBoardofPatentAppealsandInterferences(Board),todeterminepriorityofinventionbetweenapendingapplicationandoneormorependingapplicationsand/oroneormoreunexpiredpatents

InterimSupply

FundsapprovedbyParliamenttocoverGovernmentexpendituresfortheperiodfromApril1toJune23ofeachfiscalyear,pendingapprovaloftheMainEstimatesinJune.Amountsinthemotionforinterimsupplyareexpressedintwelfths(ordinarily,three-twelfths)oftheamountsintheMainEstimates.

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InterlockingDirectorates

Theplacementofpeopleontheboardsofdirectorsofsupposedlycompetingcompaniesbecameanimportantwaytocoordinatetheactivitiesofsuchfirmsandtobuildmonopolypower.Suchoverlappingor"interlocking"membershipwasprohibitedbySection8oftheClaytonActof1914.

interlockingLoadPattern

Amethodofarrangingeveryothercourseinaunitizedloadtostabilizetheload.Everyothercourseisturned90degreeswhenuni-blockpatternsareused.Everyothercourseisreversedusingmulti-block,pinwheelorirregularpatterns.

Interlocutory

Provisional;temporary;notfinal.Referstoordersanddecreesofacourt.

InternationalOrganization

AnorganizationthatidentifiesitselfasinternationalorintergovernmentalwithmembershipfromandrepresentinginterestsofmorethanonecountrywithoutregardtowhethertheheadquartersoftheorganizationandlocationoftheactivityareinsideoroutsideoftheUnitedStates.

InternationalCriminalCourt

TheInternationalCriminalCourt(ICC)wasestablishedin2002asapermanenttribunaltoprosecuteindividualsforgenocide,crimesagainsthumanity;,warcrimes,andthecrimeofaggression,althoughitcannotcurrentlyexerciseitsjurisdictionoverthecrimeofaggression.TheICCisdesignedtocomplementexistingnationaljudicialsystems:theCourtcanonlyexerciseitsjurisdictionwhennationalcourtsareunwillingorunabletoinvestigateorprosecutesuchcrimes,thusbeinga"courtoflastresort".Primaryresponsibilitytoexercisejurisdictionoverallegedcriminalsisthereforelefttoindividualstates.Thecourtcanonlyprosecutecrimesthatwerecommittedonorafter1July2002,

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InternationalLaw

thedateitsfoundingtreaty,theRomeStatuteoftheInternationalCriminalCourt,enteredintoforce.

104statesarecurrentlymembersofthecourt,andafurther35countrieshavesignedbutnotyetratifiedtheRomeStatute.TheofficialseatoftheICCisinTheHague,Netherlands,butitsproceedingsmaytakeplaceanywhere.TheofficiallogooftheICC.

InternationalLaw

Thebodyofrulesgoverningtherelationshipsofstateswitheachother.

InternationalOrder

Thecombinationofmajoractors,rules,mechanismsandunderstandingstomanagetheco-existenceandinterdependenceofstates.

InternationalRegimes

Thepatternofregularcooperationgovernedbyimplicitandexplicitexpectationsbetweentwoormorestates.

InternationalRelations

1.Anareaofpoliticalstudyconcernedwiththeinteractionofindependentstates.

2.InternationalRelations(IR),abranchofpoliticalscience,isthestudyofforeignaffairsofandrelationsamongstateswithintheinternationalsystem,includingtherolesofstates,inter-governmentalorganizations(IGOs),non-governmentalorganizations(NGOs),andmultinationalcorporations(MNCs).Itisbothanacademicandpublicpolicyfield,andcanbeeitherpositiveornormativeasitbothseekstoanalyzeaswellasformulateforeignpolicy.

Apartfrompoliticalscience,IRdrawsuponsuchdiversefieldsaseconomics,history,law,philosophy,geography,sociology,anthropology,psychology,andculturalstudies.Itinvolvesadiverserangeofissues,fromglobalizationand

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itsimpactsonsocietiesandstatesovereigntytoecologicalsustainability,nuclearproliferation,nationalism,economicdevelopment,terrorism,organizedcrime,humansecurityandhumanrights.

InternetAssistedReview(IAR)

Allowsreviewertosubmitcritiquesandpreliminaryscoresforapplicationstheyarereviewing.AllowsReviewers,SRAs,andGTAstoviewallcritiquesinpreparationforameeting.IARcreatesapreliminarysummarystatementbodycontainingsubmittedcritiquesfortheSRAorGTA.

InterparliamentaryDelegation

AnofficiallyrecognizedgroupofMembers,orofMembersandSenators,representingParliamentoraparliamentaryassociationataninterparliamentaryactivityinCanadaorabroad.

InterpretationClause

Aclauseofabillwhichcontainsthedefinitionsofcertaintermsusedinthebill.

Interpretivism(SocialScience)

Interpretivisminthesocialsciencesreferstoamethod,orgroupofmethods,thatholdsthatthesocialsciencesoughttobeconcerned,notsimplywithquantifyingwhatactuallyhappensinsocialphenomena,butinprovidinganinterpretationofeventsandphenomenaintermsofhowthepeopleinvolvedunderstandtheirownexperience.It'searliestprominentproponentwasGermansociologistMaxWeber.

Interrogatories

Writtenquestionsaskedbyonepartyofanopposingparty,who.mustanswertheminwritingunderoath;adiscoverydeviceinalawsuit.

InterstateCases

Casesinwhichthedependentchildandnon-custodialparent(NCP)liveindifferentStates,orwheretwoormoreStatesareinvolvedinsomecaseactivity,suchasenforcement.

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InterstateCommerce

ThepowertoregulatetheflowofgoodsacrossstateornationalboundarieswasawardedtoCongressinArticleI,Section8,Clause3oftheU.S.ConstitutionandbecamethelegalfoundationformanyfederalprogramsduringandaftertheNewDeal.Atvarioustimesfederalactionhasbeennullifiedbecausethecommerceinquestionwasintrastateorbecausetheactivitybeingregulatedwasdeemedtobenoncommercialinnature.

InterstateCompacts

AgreementsbetweenoramongstatesmadewiththeapprovalofCongress.

Intervention

1.Aproceedinginalawsuitinwhichathirdpersonispermittedbythecourttomakehimorherselfaparty.

2.Inacourtcase,thepresentationofaviewonthelawwithoutrepresentingoneofthepartiesinthelitigation.

Interventionism

AstrandofAmericanforeignpolicythatwasvisiblebytheendofthenineteenthcentury;itincluded"gunboatdiplomacy"andotherformsofmilitaryinvolvementinvariouspartsoftheworld.

IntestateSuccession

Theprocessbywhichthepropertyofapersonwhohasdiedwithoutawillpassesontoothersaccordingtothestate'sdescentanddistributionstatutes.

IntramuralResearch

Researchconductedby,orinsupportof,employeesoftheNIH.

IntroductionofaBill

ThefirstpresentationofabilltotheHouseforitsconsideration.Leavetointroduceabillisgrantedautomatically,withoutdebate,amendmentorquestionput.Senatepublicbillsrequirenointro-duction.

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Invention

Anyartorprocess(wayofdoingormakingthings),machine,manufacture,design,orcompositionofmatter,oranynewandusefulimprovementthereof,oranyvarietyofplant,whichisormaybepatentableunderthepatentlawsoftheUnitedStates.

Inventor

Onewhocontributestotheconceptionofaninvention.ThepatentlawoftheUnitedStatesofAmericarequiresthattheapplicantinapatentapplicationmustbetheinventor.

Investigator-InitiatedResearch

Researchfundedasaresultofaninvestigator,onhisorherown,submittingaresearchapplication.Alsoknownasunsolicitedresearch.UnsolicitedapplicationsarereviewedbycharteredCSRreviewcommittees.

InvestmentIncome

Incomereceivedwhennon-federalfundsareinvestedandinterestearnedonthatinvestment.Insomecases,thesponsormayrequireinvestment.

Invoice(Bill)

1.Alistofchargesorcostspresentedbyavendortoapurchaser,usuallyenumeratingtheitemsfurnished,theirunitandtotalcosts,andastatementofthetermsofthesale.

2.Aformusedtoreportexpensesincurredtodate.AninvoiceisusedtosolicitapaymentfromthesponsorandistypicallypreparedbyOSR-FinancialServiceswithconsultationwiththeappropriatedepartmentadministrator.

IPEA

InternationalPreliminaryExaminingAuthority-eitheranationalOfficeoranintergovernmentalorganizationwhosetasksincludetheestablishmentofexaminationreportsoninventionswhicharethesubjectofinternationalapplications.

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IPER

InternationalPreliminaryExaminationReport(FormPCT/IPEA/409),producedbyanInternationalPreliminaryExaminingAuthority,isapreliminaryandnon-bindingopiniononwhethertheinventionclaimedinaninternationalapplicationappears*tobenovel,toinvolveaninventivestep(tobenon-obvious),andtobeindustriallyapplicable.

ISA

InternationalSearchAuthority-eitheranationalOfficeoranintergovernmentalorganizationwhosetasksincludetheestablishmentofdocumentarysearchreportsonpriorartwithrespecttoinventionswhicharethesubjectofinternationalapplications.

Apolicyofavoidingforeignentanglements.ISR

InternationalSearchReport(FormPCT/ISA/210),producedbyanInternationalSearchingAuthority,isareportlistingcitationsofpublisheddocumentsthatmightaffectthepatentabilityoftheinventionclaimedinaninternationalapplication.

IssueDate

ThedatethatapatentapplicationbecomesaUSpatent.

Theissuedateisthedatethatpatentrightscanbeexercised.U.S.patentsarealwaysissuedonTuesdays.

Issue

Thedisputedpointinadisagreementbetweenpartiesinalawsuit.(1)Itisincurredsolelytoadvancetheworkunderthesponsoredagreement,(2)Itbenefitsboththesponsoredagreementandotherworkoftheinstitution,inproportionsthatcanbeapproximatedthroughuseofreasonablemethods,or(3)Itisnecessarytotheoveralloperationoftheinstitutionandisdeemedtobeassignableinparttosponsoredprojects.

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LawsthatweredesignedtosegregateblackandwhiteAmericans.

JointApplication

Anapplicationinwhichtheinventionispresentedasthatoftwoormorepersons

JointChiefsofStaff

Thechairman,thechiefsofstaffofthethreearmedservices,and,whenmarinecorpsmattersareunderconsideration,theCommandantofthemarines.Bylaw,theJointChiefsofStaffadvisethePresidentandtheSecretaryofDefenseandarethechiefsoftheirrespectivemilitaryservices.

JointLommittee

1.AJointCommitteeiscomprisedofbothHouseandSenatemembers.Therearecurrently4jointcommittees.Theyarethejointcommitteesonthelibrary,onprinting,ontaxation,andthejointeconomiccommittee.

Noneofthejointcommitteeshavelegislativepowers.Theyconductoversight&issueresearchstudies.

2.AcommitteeconsistingofMembersofboththeHouseandSenate.

3.Committeescomposedofbothrepresentativesandsenators.

JointInventor

Aninventorwhoisnamedwithatleastoneotherinventorinapatentapplication,whereineachinventorcontributestothe

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JointMeeting

.conceptionoftheinventionsetforthinatleastoneclaiminapatentapplication.

JointMeeting

AJointMeetingiswhentheHouseandSenateassembletogethertohearaspeechbyadignitary.

AjointsessioniswhentheHouseandSenateassembletogethertohearthepresidentgiveaspeech.

Ajointsessionisalsoheldtocounttheelectoralvotesforpresidentandvice-president.

JointResolution

1.Jointresolutions,whichareessentiallythesameasbills,usuallyfocusonasingleitemorissue.Theyaredesignatedaseither4HJRes'(whenoriginatingintheHouse)or'SJRes'(whenoriginatingintheSenate).

2.JointResolutionsareusedtoposeconstitutionalamendments,tofixtechnicalerrors,ortoappropriate.TheybecomepubliclawifadoptedbyboththeHouseandSenateand,whererelevant,approvedbythepresident.IntermsofConstitutionalamendments,theymustbeapprovedby3/4ofthestates.

JointTenancy

1.Aformoflegalco-ownershipofproperty(alsoknownassurvivorship).Atthedeathofoneco-owner,thesurvivingco-ownerbecomessoleowneroftheproperty.

2.Aformofownershiportakingtitletopropertywhichmeanseachpartyownsthewholepropertyandthatownershipisnotseparate.Intheeventofthedeathofoneparty,thesurvivorownsthepropertyinitsentirety.

JournalVoucher

AjournalvoucheristhemethodusedtotransfertransactionsbetweenaccountsintheHarvardGeneralLedgerSystem.Typicallyjournalvouchersareusedto:(1)Correctoradjustpriorjournalentries(2)Moveexpensesfromonefundingsource

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toanother(3)Accountfortheinternalsaleofgoodsorservices(4)Transferfunds.

Journals

TheofficialrecordinbothofficiallanguagesofthedecisionsandothertransactionsoftheHouse,drawnfromthescrollkeptbytheTableOfficers.TheHouseproducesunreviseddailyJournalsandrevisedweeklyJournals.Attheendofasession,acompilationofrevisedJournalsisproduced.

JudgmentNotwithstandingtheVerdict

Ajudge'sdecisiontoruleinacasecontrarytothejury'sverdict.

Judgment

1.Adecisionmadebyacourtoflaw.Injudgmentsthatrequiretherepaymentofadebt,thecourtmayplacealienagainstthedebtor'srealpropertyascollateralforthejudgment'screditor.

2.Theofficialdecisionorfindingofajudgeoradministrativeagencyhearingofficerupontherespectiverightsandclaimsofthepartiestoanaction;alsoknownasadecreeororderandmayincludethe"findingsoffactandconclusionsoflaw."

JudicialActivism

1.TheviewthattheSupremeCourtjustices(andevenotherlower-rankingjudgesaswell)canandshouldcreatively(re)interpretthetextsoftheConstitutionandthelawsinordertoservethejudges'ownconsideredestimatesofthevitalneedsofcontemporarysocietywhentheelected"political"branchesoftheFederalgovernmentand/orthevariousstategovernmentsseemtothemtobefailingtomeettheseneeds.Onsuchaview,judgesshouldnothesitatetogobeyondtheirtraditionalroleasinterpretersoftheConstitutionandlawsgiventothembyothersinordertoassumearoleasindependentpolicymakersorindependent"trustees"onbehalfofsociety.

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JudicialCommitteeofthePrivyCouncil

2.Thewillingnessandinclinationofjudgestooverturnlegislationorexecutiveaction.

JudicialCommitteeofthePrivyCouncil

ABritishCourtthatfunctionedasCanada'sfinalcourtofappealuntil1949.

JudicialForeclosure

Atypeofforeclosureproceedingusedinsomestatesthatishandledasacivillawsuitandconductedentirelyundertheauspicesofacourt.Otherstatesusenon-judicialforeclosure.

JudicialRestraint

TheviewthattheSupremeCourt(andotherlessercourts)shouldnotreadthejudges'ownphilosophiesorpolicypreferencesintotheconstitutionandlawsandshouldwheneverreasonablypossibleconstruethelawsoastoavoidsecondguessingthepolicydecisionsmadebyothergovernmentalinstitutionssuchasCongress,thePresidentandstategovernmentswithintheirconstitutionalspheresofauthority.Onsuchaview,judgeshavenopopularmandatetoactaspolicymakersandshoulddefertothedecisionsoftheelected"political"branchesoftheFederalgovernmentandofthestatesinmattersofpolicymakingsolongasthesepolicymakersstaywithinthelimitsoftheirpowersasdefinedbytheUSConstitutionandtheconstitutionsoftheseveralstates.

1.Theauthorityofacourttoreviewtheofficialactionsofotherbranchesofgovernment.Also,theauthoritytodeclareunconstitutionaltheactionsofotherbranches.

2.Thepowerofthecourtstodeclarelegislationunconstitutional(ultravires).

3.ThepowerofthefederalcourtstooverturnorlimittheenforcementofFederalorstatelawsorregulationsthatthejudgesdeterminehaveviolatedtheFederalconstitution.ThetermalsocoversthepoweroftheFederalcourtstooverturn

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orlimittheenforcementofstatelawsorregulationsthatthejudgesdetermineareindirectconflictwithFederallawsorregulationsregardingaspecificsubjectmatterwheretheFederalconstitutiongivesprimaryjurisdictiontotheFederalgovernment.AlsothepowerofstatecourtstooverturnorlimittheenforcementofstatelawsorregulationsthatthejudgesdeterminehaveviolatedeithertheFederalconstitutionortheconstitutionoftheirownstate.

Judiciary

Thebranchofgovernmentwiththepowertoresolvelegalconflictsthatarisebetweencitizens,betweencitizensandgovernments,orbetweenlevelsofgovernment.

JumboLoan

AloanthatexceedsFannieMae'sandFreddieMac'sloanlimits,currentlyat$227,150.Alsocalledanonconformingloan.FreddieMacandFannieMaeloansarereferredtoasconformingloans.

JunglePrimary

Aformofprimaryelection,alsoknownasablanketprimary,inwhichvoterscanpickandchooseamongtwoormorepoliticalpartyslates,crossingbackandforthtoselectnomineesforeachoffice.

JunkBond

Thisinformaltitlewasgiventobondsoftenissuedtofinanceacorporatetakeoverandcharacterizedbyhighyieldandhighrisk,withresultingconcernsforboththeissuingfirmandtheinvestor.

Junta

ASpanishwordmeaningagroupofindividualsformingagovernment,especiallyafterarevolutionorcoupd'etat.

Jurisdiction

1.Thelegalauthoritywhichacourtoradministrativeagencyhasoverparticularpersonsandovercertaintypesofcases,usuallyinadefinedgeographicalarea.

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Jurisprudence

2.Thepower,rightorauthoritytoapplythelaw.Acourt'sauthoritytohearcases.

Jurisprudence

Thephilosophyandanalysisoflaw.

JuryPanel

Alistofprospectivejurorstoserveinaparticularcourt,orforthetrialofaparticularaction;denoteseitherthewholebodyofpersonssummonedasjurorstoraparticulartermotcourtorthosetheclerkselectsbylot.

Jury

Acertainnumberofpersons,usuallyselectedfromlistsofregisteredvotersorlicenseddrivers,andsworntoinquireofcertainmattersoffact,anddeclarethetruthuponevidencelaidbeforethemduringatrial.

JusSanguinis

Rightofblood.Underthisprinciple,thecitizenshipofachildisdeterminedbythatoftheparents.

JusSoil

Rightofsoil.Underthisprinciple,citizenshipisconferredbyplaceofbirth.

JusticeofthePeace

JusticeofthePeace,officialpresidingoveratypeofpolicecourt.InsomestatesoftheUnitedStatesthejustices,whoareusuallyelected,havejurisdictionoverpettycivilandcriminalcasesaswellashavingsuchdutiesastheissuingofsearchwarrantsandtheperformanceofmarriageservices.Thejusticeofthepeacewasformerlyofgreaterimportancethanheisatpresent.TheestablishmentoftheofficethroughoutEnglandin1360representedafurtherextensionofroyalauthoritytolocalgovernment,especiallytoruralareas.Thejustices,selectedfromthegentry,enjoyedextensiveadministrativeandpoliceauthority,andtheyhadjudicialpowerovermostcrimes.Theofficewas

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establishedalsointheAmericancolonies,butbythelatterpartofthe19thcent,ithadbeenrelegatedtoamuchlesscentralrole,especiallyinadministrativeareas,inbothEnglandandtheUnitedStates.

Justice

ThePreamblespeaksofsocial,economicandpoliticaljustice.Socialjusticeimpliesthatdiscriminationonthebasisofbirthintoacaste,race,sexorreligionshouldcease.Tothatend,allcitizensshouldenjoyequalopportunitiesinthematterofpublicappointment.Theconceptofa'WelfareState',asenvisagedintheDirectivePrinciples,isanembodimentofguidelinesforensuringthesocialjusticeexpectedinthePreamble.

Economicjusticeimpliesthatallcitizensthatthegapbetweentherichandthepoorisbridged,andthatexploitationceases.Removalofpovertyistobeachievedbyensuringamoreequitabledistributionofnationalwealthandresourcesamongthosewhocontributetoitscreation.ThustheDirectivesPrinciplescallupontheStatetotryandsecureforitscitizensanadequatemeansoflivelihood.

Politicaljusticeimpliesthatallcitizensshouldhaveequalopportunitytoparticipateinthepoliticalsystem.Oneperson-onevoteisensuredirrespectivenotonlyofcaste,sexandreligion,butalsoofproprietoryoreducationalqualifications.

Just-in-Time

WithinStatus,userswillfindafeaturetosubmitJust-In-TimeinformationwhenrequestedbytheN1H.NIHpolicyallowsthesubmissionofcertainelementsofacompetingapplicationtobedeferred.Throughthismodule,institutions;anelectronicallysubmittheinformationthatisrequestedafterthereview,butbeforeaward.

JuvenileCourt

Courtspecificallyestablishedtohearcasesconcerningminors.

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Individualswhocontributeinasubstantivewaytothescientificdevelopmentorexecutionofaproject,regardlessofwhetherornottheyreceivecompensationfromthegrantsupportingthatproject.MustincludePrincipalInvestigatorandanyotherpersonnelthatthePIdesignates.

Keynes,JohnMaynard(1883-1946)

AnEnglisheconomist,statesman,andmathematician,hisbookTheGeneralTheoryofEmployment,Interest,andMoney(1936)legitimizedcountercyclicalpoliticaleconomybyprovidingananalyticaljustificationforincreasinggovernmentspendinganddecreasingtaxationduringhardeconomictimes.

KeynesianSchool

ThiseconomicschoolfosteredKeynes'steachings,beginningwithAlvinHansenduringthe1930s.Today,Keynesianideashavebeenrecastbyneo-Keynesiansandpost-Keynesians.

ToKillabillistodefeatabill,oftenincommitteeandsometimesasaresultofinaction.

KindCodes

WIPOStandardST.16codes(kindcodes)includealetter,andinmanycasesanumber,usedtodistinguishthekindofpatentdocument(e.g.,publicationofanapplicationforautilitypatent(patentapplicationpublication),patent,plantpatentapplicationpublication,plantpatent,ordesignpatent)andthelevelof

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publication(e.g.,firstpublication,secondpublication,orcorrectedpublication).

DetailedinformationonStandardST.16andtheuseofkindcodesbypatentofficesthroughouttheworldisavailableontheWIPO.

rvonaratieiii^ycie

Along-termcycleinbusinessactivity,perhapssixtyyearsinlength,resultsfromclustersofinnovationwhoseeffectsgraduallyerodeaway.Itisthisunderlyingcycleonwhichsuchshort-runphenomenaasKitchincyclesaresuperimposed.

Kyklos

TheKyklosisatermusedbysomeclassicalGreekauthorstodescribewhattheysawasthepoliticalcycleofgovernmentsinasociety.ItwasroughlybasedonthehistoryofGreekcity-statesinthesameperiod.Theconceptof"TheKyklos"isfirstelaboratedinPlato'sRepublic,chaptersVIIIandIX.Polybiuscallsittheanakyklosis.

AccordingtoPolybius,whohasthemostfullydevelopedviewofthecycle,itrotatesthroughthethreebasicformsofgovernment,democracy,aristocracy,andmonarchyandthethreedegenerateformsofeachofthesegovernmentsochlocracy,oligarchy,andtyranny.Originallysocietyisinanarchybutthestrongestfigureemergesandsetsupamonarchy.Themonarch'sdescendants,whobecauseoftheirfamily'spowerlackvirtue,becomedespotsandthemonarchydegeneratesintoatyranny.Becausetheexcessesoftherulerthetyrannyisoverthrownbytheleadingcitizensofthestatewhosetupanaristocracy.Theytooquicklyforgetaboutvirtueandthestatebecomesanoligarchy.Theseoligarchsareoverthrownbythepeoplewhosetupademocracy.Democracysoonbecomescorruptanddegeneratesintomobrule,beginningthecycleanew.

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LafferCurve

ThisgeometricrepresentationbytheeconomistArthurLafferseesaninflectionpointabovewhichgreaterincreasesintaxesresultinreducingrevenuebecausetheydiscouragetaxableactivity.

LaissezFaire

1.Thephilosophythatgovernmentshouldinterveneaslittleaspossibleineconomicaffairs.

2.Laissez-Faireorlaisser-faireisshortfor"laissezfaire,laissezaller,laissezpasser"aFrenchphrasemeaning"letdo,letgo,letpass/'FromtheFrenchdictionfirstusedbytheeighteenthcenturyphysiocratsasaninjunctionagainstgovernmentinterferencewithtrade,itbecameusedasasynonymforstrictfreemarketeconomicsduringtheearlyandmid-19thcentury.Itisgenerallyunderstoodtobeadoctrinethatmaintainsthatprivateinitiativeandproductionisbesttoroamfree,opposingeconomicinteruentionismandtaxationbythestatebeyondthatwhichisperceivedtobenecessarytomaintainpeace,security,andpropertyrights.(Someextremelaissez-faireadvocatesevenopposetaxation).Italsoembodiesfreetrade,namelythatastateshouldnotuseprotectionistmeasures,suchastariffs,inordertocurtailtradebetweennations.

Landrum-GriffinActof1959

TheLaborManagementReportingandDisclosureActwasabipartisanmeasureaimedatreducingganginfluencewithin

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unions,promotingfairelections,andexpandingtheTaft-HartleyAct'sprohibitionofsecondaryboycotts.

LateCharge

Thepenaltyaborrowermustpaywhenapaymentismadeastatednumberofdays.Onafirsttrustdeedormortgage,thisisusuallyfifteendays.

LatePhaseConflict

ThenotionofJohnWoolleythatconflictbetweentheWhiteHouseofficeandtheFederalReserveoverappropriatemonetarypolicyisgreatestlateinthebusinesscycle-especiallywhentheadministrationwantstheFederalReservetostimulatethemoneysupplyasarecessionwearsonward.

LatentDefect

Aflaw,defectorconditionnotobservableattheinitialinspectionbutobviouslyoccurringoveraperiodoftime.

LawClerkandParliamentaryCounsel

AnofficialoftheHouseappointedbytheGovernorinCouncilwhoofferscomprehensivelegalandlegislativeservicestotheSpeaker,theBoardofInternalEconomy,MembersoftheHouseofCommonsandHousemanagers.AsLegislativeCounsel,heorsheassistsMembersinthepreparationofprivateMembers'billsandamendmentstoGovernmentbillsandrelatedlegislativematters.

Law

1.ALawisalegislativeproposalpassedbyboththeHouseandtheSenateandapprovedbythePresident.

2.Enforceablerulesofconduct.Lawsuit

Alegalactionstartedbyaplaintiffagainstadefendantbasedonacomplaintthatthedefendantfailedtoperformalegalduty,resultinginharmtotheplaintiff.

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LayontheTable

Tolayabill,resolution,amendment,appeal,ormotiononthetableistodisposeofitpermanentlyandadversely.Undercongressionalrulesofprocedure,tablingkillstheunderlyingmatter.

Ifdonebyunanimousconsent,theChairwillsimplystate:"withoutobjection,the[matter]islaiduponthetable."

Ifdonebyarecordvote,amotiontotableisformallyofferedandputtoavote.

Anexampleofuncontroversialtablingwouldbewhenbillswhosesubstancehavebeenshiftedtoanotherpieceoflegislationaretabledwithoutobjection.

Anexampleofacontroversialtablingwouldbewhenadebatableresolutionisoffered.Movingtotabletheresolutionbothendsdebateandkillstheresolution.IntheHouseprivilegedresolutionswouldotherwisereceiveatleastonehourofdebateandintheSenatewouldhavenorestrictionupondebate.

LeadTime

Timefromdateofinventoryrevieworrequisitiondatetodeliverydate,usuallyexpressedasanaverage.

Leader(ofaParty)

ThepersonchosenbyapoliticalpartytoprovideleadershipinParliamentandduringelectioncampaigns.ThosesochosenareeitheralreadyMembersofParliamentorareexpectedtoseekaseatintheHouseofCommonsassoonaspossible.

LeaderoftheGovernmentintheHouseofCommons

TheministerresponsibleformanagingtheGovernment'sbusinessintheHouse,includingnegotiatingtheschedulingofbusinesswiththeHouseLeadersoftheoppositionparties.

LeaderTime

LeaderTimeisreservedfortheuseofthemajorityandminorityleadersatthestartofeachday'ssession.

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Eachleaderisgiven10minutestodiscusstheday'slegislativeagendaortoaddresspolicy

Leaders'Day

ThefirstdayofresumeddebateontheAddressinReplytotheSpeechfromtheThrone.Traditionally,thefirstspeakeristheLeaderoftheOfficialOpposition,whomayconcludebyproposinganamendmenttoaddwordstotheoriginalmotion.

LeadingQuestion

Aquestionthatinstructsawitnesshowtoanswerorsuggestswhichanswerisdesired.Thesequestionsareusuallyprohibitedondirectexamination.

LeaseAgreement

Acontracttomakeperiodicpaymentsfortheuseofapropertyforacertainlengthoftime.Suchrentalsmayincludeadditionalvariableusercostswhichcannotbepredeterminedsuchascostpercopywhenleasingcopiers.

LeaseOption

Analternativefinancingoptionthatallowshomebuyerstoleaseahomewithanoptiontobuy.Eachmonth'srentpaymentmayconsistofnotonlytherent,butanadditionalamountwhichcanbeappliedtowardthedownpaymentonanalreadyspecifiedprice.

Lease-PurchaseAgreement

Anagreementwherebytheperiodicpaymentsmayalsobeappliedasinstallmentstowardownershipofapropertyiftheleaserdecidestoassumetheoptiontoown.Suchoptionsmaybestatedasapurchaseoptionoraconditionalsalescontract.

Left

Left,inpolitics,themoreradicallyprogressivewinginanylegislativebodyorparty.ThedesignationapparentlyoriginatedintheFrenchNationalAssemblyof1789,wheretheradicalswereseatedtotheleftofthepresidingofficer.

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LegalDescription

Apropertydescription,recognizedbylaw,thatissufficienttolocateandidentifythepropertywithoutoraltestimony.

LegalFather

Amanwhoisrecognizedbylawasthemaleparentofachild.LegalNotice

Advertisinginnewspapersorotherlegallyacceptablepublications.Mayincludepublicpostingofanintenttoawardacontract.

LegalPositivism

Atheoryholdingthatlawisthecommandofthesovereign.

Legislation

1.Legislationisthemakingoflawsorthelawsthemselves.

2.ThelawsenactedbyorontheauthorityofParliament.Theseincludeorders,regulationsandotherstatutoryinstrumentsadoptedasaresultofpowerdelegatedbyParliamenttoavarietyofGovernmentdepartments,boardsandcommissions.

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LegislativeAgenda

TheGovernment'slegislativeplansforthesession,usuallysetoutintheThroneSpeech.TheGovernmentisfreetomodify

itslegislativeplanswithoutnoticeduringthecourseofthesession.

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LegislativeAssistant

1.Theprofessionalstaffmemberinchargeofaparticularissueorissuearea.

2.LegislativeAssistant,orML.A.Wisthestaffpersonwhoadvises

amemberofCongressonlegislativeissues.

LegislativeClerk

Aproceduralclerkwhoprovidesadviceincommitteeandatreportstageconcerningtheadmissibilityofproposedamend-ments tobillsandtheproperorderinwhichtheyshouldbeconsideredandvotedon.

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LegislativeCommittee

AcommitteeofMemberscreatedundertheStandingOrdersonanadhocbasistostudyabillindetaileitherbeforeoraftersecondreading.

LegislativeCorrespondent

LegislativeCorrespondent,or"L.C."isthestaffpersonwhoanswersthemailsenttoamemberofCongress.

LegislativeCounsel

ALegislativeCounselisthestaffpersonwhoadvisesCommitteemembersonlegalquestions&billlanguage.

LegislativeDay

ALegislativeDayisanydayonwhichtheHouseorSenatemeet.Itrunsuntilthenextadjournment.

IftheChamberrecessesratherthanadjourns,thelegislativedaymayrunoverseveralcalendardays.

LegislativeHistory

LegislativeHistoryreferstothechronologyofstepsabilltookasitmovedthroughtheprocess.

Italsoreferstothecollectionofdocumentsgeneratedbycommitteesandfloordebateonthebill.

FederalagenciesandthecourtsreviewthathistorytoverifyCongressionalintentonthebill.

LegislativeVeto

1.AlawinwhichCongressassertsthepowertonullifyactionsoftheexecutivebranch.Asof1980,theSupremeCourthadnotruledwhetherthe"legislativeveto"wasconstitutional.

2.ALegislativeVetoreferstotherepealbyCongressoffederalagencyorpresidentialactions.

TheExecutiveactionsstandunlessnullifiedbydisapprovalresolutionspassedbyCongress.

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1.Alegislatureisatypeofrepresentativedeliberativeassemblywiththepowertoadoptlaws.Legislaturesareknownbymanynames,themostcommonbeingparliamentandcongress,althoughthesetermsalsohavemorespecificmeanings.Inparliamentarysystemsofgovernment,thelegislatureisformallysupremeandappointstheexecutive.Inpresidentialsystemsofgovernment,thelegislatureisconsideredapowerbranchwhichisequalto,andindependentof,theexecutive.Inadditiontoenactinglaws,legislaturesusuallyhaveexclusiveauthoritytoraisetaxesandadoptthebudgetandothermoneybills.Theconsentofthelegislatureisalsooftenrequiredtoratifytreatiesanddeclarewar.

2.Arepresentativeassemblyresponsibleformakinglawsforsociety.

Legitimacy(PoliticalScience)

Legitimacyinpoliticalscience,isthepopularacceptanceofagoverningregimeorlawasanauthority.Whereasauthorityreferstoaspecificpositioninanestablishedgovernment,thetermlegitimacyisusedwhendescribingasystemofgovernmentitself—where"governmentmaybegeneralizedtomeanthewider"sphereofinfluence.11

Thisconcepthasalsobeenappliedtoother,non-political,kindsofauthority,suchasthatofanemployerhiringworkersandfurther,toissuesconcerningthelegitimacyofentirepolitical-economicsystems(suchascapitalism)arediscussedintheMarxisttradition.

Thewordlegitimacycanbeinterpretedineitheranormativeorapositiveway.Fortheformer,whichgetsgreaterattentioninmoralphilosophy,somethingis"legitimate"ifoneapprovesofit.Forthelatter,whichgetsgreaterattentioninpoliticalscience,aninstitutionislegitimateifsuchapprovalisgeneralamongthosesubjecttoitsauthority.Issuesoflegitimacyarelinkedtothoseofconsent,bothexplicitandtacit.

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Lender

Atermwhichcanrefertotheinstitutionmakingtheloanortotheindividualrepresentingthefirm.Forexample,loanofficersareottenreierrecitoaslenders.

LeseMajesty

LeseMajestyorlezemajesty,offenseagainstthedignityofthesovereignofastateorofastateitself.TheoffenseassuchfirstappearedinRome,thoughnotdefinedwithgreatexactness.LesemajestyseemstohavebeenconsideredoriginallyasaviolationofthefundamentallawsoftheRomanstate,acrimeagainsttheRomanpeople.WhentheRomanEmpirereplacedtherepublic,thecrimebecameanoffenseagainstthepersonoftheemperor,butitstillincludedcasesthatweremoregenerallydesignatedtreason;allattemptstoupsetthestate,aswellasactionsorwordsderogatoryto,ordangerousto,thestatewereinterpreteaasotiensesagainsttnesovereignsperson,mispersonalitycultbecamethemainelementinthetermlesemajesty,whichintimewasappliedespeciallytophysicalorverbalattackonthesovereign.ThelegislationagainstthecrimepassedintoGermaniclaw,andfeudallawheightenedthepersonalizationoftheconceptbecauseofthepersonalnatureofthefeudalbond.Inmostmodernstatesthespecificcrimeoflesemajestyisconfoundedwith,andincludedin,thecrimeoftreason.Thedeclineofabsolutemonarchieshastenedthedisappearanceofthecrime,althoughitremainedinGermanlawuntilthefalloftheGermanmonarchyin1918.Whileinsomemoderncountriesverbalorwrittenattacksontheformofgovernment,theheadofthestate,orpublicofficialsaremadecrimesanalogoustolesemajesty,incountriessuchastheUnitedStatesthatrecognizetherighttofreedomofspeech,theconceptoflesemajestyisseverelyrestricted.

LessDevelopedCountries(LDCs)

ThesearethenonindustrializednationsoftheThirdWorld.Oftentheyareformercoloniesofwesternnationsthatrelyontheexportofrawmaterialstomaintainaprecariousprosperity.

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LetDown

Handlingaunitizedloadfromitspositioninthestackorstoragerackdowntoalocationwherepartialwithdrawalscanbemade.

LettersPatent

AstatutoryinstrumentissuedbytheGovernorinCounciltogivesomepowertoactortoconfersomeright.Suchadocumentisused,forexample,fortheappointmentoftheClerkoftheHouseofCommons.

Liabilities

Aperson'sfinancialobligations.Liabilitiesincludelong-termandshort-termdebt,aswellasanyotheramountsthatareowedtoothers.

LiabilityandFireInsurance

Actualcostofinsurancecoverageforthewarehouseandwarehousefunctions.

LiabilityInsurance

Insurancecoveragethatoffersprotectionagainstclaimsallegingthatapropertyowner'snegligenceorinappropriateactionresultedinbodilyinjuryorpropertydamagetoanotherparty.Itisusuallypartofahomeowner'sinsurancepolicy.

LiaisonCommittee

Acommitteecomposedofthechairsofeachstandingcommitteeandofamemberofeachstandingjointcommitteewhoisitschairorvice-chair,responsiblefor,amongothermatters,apportioningfundstocommitteesfromtheamountauthorizedbytheBoardofInternalEconomy.

LiaisonOfficers

EmployeesofgovernmentagencieswhosejobistomaintaingoodrelationswithCongress.

Libel

Publishedwordsorpicturesthatfalselyandmaliciouslydefame

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aperson,thatis,injurehisorherreputation.Libelispublisheddefamation;slanderisspoken.

LiberalDemocracy

Asystemofgovernmentcharacterizedbyuniversaladultsuffrage,politicalequality,majorityruleandconstitutionalism.

LiberalFeminism

Theadvocacyofequalrightsbetweenmenandwomen.

LiberalInternationalRelationsTheory

Liberalismholdsthatstatepreferences,ratherthanstatecapabilities,aretheprimarydeterminantofstatebehavior.Unlikerealismwherethestateisseenasaunitaryactor,liberalismallowsforpluralityinstateactions.Thus,preferenceswillvaryfromstatetostate,dependingonfactorssuchasculture,economicsystemorgovernmenttype.Liberalismalsoholdsthatinteractionbetweenstatesisnotlimitedtothepolitical{highpolitics),butalsoeconomic(lowpolitics)whetherthroughcommercialfirms,organizationsorindividuals.Thus,insteadofananarchicinternationalsystem,thereareplentyofopportunitiesforcooperationandbroadernotionsofpower,suchasculturalcapital{forexample,theinfluenceofAmericanfilmsleadingtothepopularityofAmericancultureandcreatingamarketforAmericanexportsworldwide).Anotherassumptionisthatabsolutegainscanbemadethroughco-operationandinterdependence-thuspeacecanbeachieved.

LiberalismandRadicalisminFrance

InFrance,thewordisusedeithertorefertothetraditionalliberalanti-clericalismortoeconomicliberalism.Thewordisusedbyminarchists;politicalliberalisminFrancewaslongassociatedmorewiththeRadicalParty,leadingtotheuseofthetermradicalstorefertopoliticalliberals.TheFrenchRadicalstendtobemorestatistthanmostEuropeanliberals,butsharetheliberalvaluesonotherissues.InFranceandinSouthernEurope,theword"liberal"doesnotincludethesuggestionof

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generalsupportforindividualrightsthatitcarriesinNorthernEurope.

Liberalism

1.Atheoryofinternationalrelationsstressingtheruleoflaw.

2.Liberalism,philosophyormovementthathasasitsaimthedevelopmentofindividualfreedom.Becausetheconceptsoflibertyorfreedomchangeindifferenthistoricalperiodsthespecificprogramsofliberalismalsochange.Thefinalaimofliberalism,however,remainsfixed,asdoesitscharacteristicbeliefnotonlyinessentialhumangoodnessbutalsoinhumanrationality.Liberalismassumesthatpeople,havingarationalintellect,havetheabilitytorecognizeproblemsandsolvethemandthuscanachievesystematicimprovementinthehumancondition.Oftenopposedtoliberalismisthedoctrineofconservatism,which,simplystated,supportsthemaintenanceofthestatusquo.Liberalism,whichseekswhatitconsiderstobeimprovementorprogress,necessarilydesirestochangetheexistingorder.

Liberty

1."Libertyistheeagermaintenanceofthatatmosphereinwhichmenhavetheopportunitytobetheirbestselves".—Laski

2."Libertyisthefreedomofindividualtoexpresswithoutexternalhindrances,hispersonality".—Cole

3."Libertyisnotabsenceofallrestraints,butratherthesubstitutionofrationalonesfortheirrational".—Machenhine

4."Libertyistheoppositeofover-government".—See/ey

6.Liberty,termusedtodescribevarioustypesofindividualfreedom,suchasreligiousliberty,politicalliberty,freedomofspeech,rightofself-defense,andothers.Itisalsousedasageneraltermforthesumofspecificliberties.Fundamentalperhapsispersonalliberty,thefreedomofapersontocomeandgoasheorshepleaseswithoutunwarrantedrestraint.

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LibraryofParliament

ThelibraryestablishedtoprovidetheHouseofCommonsandtheSenatewithinformation,referenceandresearchservices.TheLibraryofParliamentisunderthesupervisionoftheSenateandtheHouseofCommons.

License

Apermissiongrantedbygovernmenttoapersonortobusinessownerstoparticipateinaparticulartypeofenterprise.Suchenterpriseswhichwouldberegulatedbylaw.

LienDate

Thetimewhenthetaxesbecomealienonpropertyandthetimeasofwhichpropertyisvaluedfortaxpurposes.12:01a.m.onJanuary1precedingthefiscalyearforwhichtaxesarecollected.

Aclaimuponpropertytopreventsaleortransferofthatpropertyuntiladebtissatisfied.

Alegalclaimagainstapropertythatmustbepaidoffwhenthepropertyissold.Amortgageorfirsttrustdeedisconsideredalien.

3.Alegalclaimagainstanotherperson'spropertyassecurityforadebt.Aliendoesnotconveyownershipoftheproperty,butgivesthelienholderarighttohavehisorherdebtsatisfiedoutoftheproceedsofthepropertyifthedebtisnototherwisepaid.

LifeCap

Foranadjustable-ratemortgage(ARM),alimitontheamountthattheinterestratecanincreaseordecreaseoverthelifeofthemortgage.

LifeCycleCosting

Thetotalcostofowningapropertyforadesignatedperiodoftime.Thetimeperiodisusuallybaseduponneedortheexpected

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LikelihoodofConfusion

lifeoftheproperty.Thisisapurchasingmethodthattakesintoaccountallexpensesofownershipsuchas:Purchaseprice,maintenance,operatingcostsandremainingvalueattheendofownership.

LikelihoodofConfusion

Astatutorybasis(TrademarkActSection2(d),15U.S.C.Section1052(d),TMEP§1207etseq.)forrefusingregistrationofatrademarkorservicemarkbecauseitislikelytoconflictwithamarkormarksalreadyregisteredorpendingbeforetheUSPTO.Afteranapplicationisfiled,theassignedexaminingattorneywillsearchtheUSPTOrecordstodetermineifsuchaconflictexistsbetweenthemarkintheapplicationandanothemarkthatisregisteredorpendingbeforetheUSPTO.TheUSPTOwillnotconductanypreliminarysearchesforconflictingmarksbeforeanapplicantfilesanapplicationandcannotprovidelegaladviceonwhetheraparticularmarkcanberegistered.

Theprincipalfactorsconsideredbytheexaminingattorneyindeterminingwhetherthereisalikelihoodofconfusionare:(1)thesimilarityofthemarks;and(2)thecommercialrelationshipbetweenthegoodsand/orserviceslistedintheapplication.

Tofindaconflict,themarksdonothavetobeidentical,andthegoodsand/orservicesdonothavetobethesame.Itmaybeenoughthatthemarksaresimilarandthegoodsand/orservicesrelated.Ifaconflictexistsbetweenyourmarkandaregisteredmark,theexaminingattorneywillrefuseregistrationonthegroundoflikelihoodofconfusion.Ifaconflictexistsbetweenyourmarkandamarkinapendingapplicationthatwasfiledbeforeyourapplication,theexaminingattorneywillnotifyyouofthepotentialconflictandpossiblysuspendactiononyourapplication.Iftheearlier-filedapplicationregisters,theExaminingAttorneywillrefuseregistrationofyourmarkonthegroundoflikelihoodofconfusion.

Limitation(Statuteof)

Acertaintimeallowedbystatuteinwhichlitigationmustbebrought.

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LimitedGovernment

Astaterestrictedinitsexerciseofpowerbytheconstitutionandtheruleoflaw.

LineItem

Alistingofitemsinabidforwhichabiddermaybeexpectedtoprovideseparatepricing.Whensuchitemizationisrequiredindividualorseparateawardsmaybemadeoncertainitems.

LineofCredit

Anagreementbyacommercialbankorotherfinancialinstitutiontoextendcredituptoacertainamountforacertaintimetoaspecifiedborrower.

LiquidAsset

Acashassetoranassetthatiseasilyconvertedintocash.

LiquidatedDamages

Aformofmoneypaymentinanamountspecifiedinadvancebyacontractoragreementasthesumtobepaidiftermswereviolated.

ListfortheConsiderationofPrivateMembers'Business

ListofthenamesoftheMembersoftheHouseconstitutedbyarandomdrawatthebeginningofthefirstsessionofaParliament.ThenamesofthefirstthirtyMembersonthelisthavingeligibleitemsofPrivateMembers'Businessareplacedontheorderofprecedence.

ListSystem

Aformofproportionalrepresentationinwhichtheelectorvotesnotforindividualsbutforpartieswhohavelistsofcandidatesrunningforoffice.

LiteracyTests

Testsofavoter'sabilitytoreadandwrite,whichwereoftenusedtokeeprecentimmigrantsandblacksfromvoting.

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Litigant

Individualbringingalawsuit.Participants(plaintiffsanddefendants)inlawsuitsarecalledlitigants.

Litigation

1.Acase,controversy,orlawsuit.

2.Acivilactioninwhichacontroversyisbroughtbeforethecourt.LiveQuorum

ALiveQuorumisconductedtogetamajority,or51,senatorstothefloor.

IttakestheformofamotiontoinstructtheSergeant-at-Armstorequesttheattendanceofabsentsenators.

LivingTrust

Atrustsetupandineffectduringthelifetimeofthegrantor.Alsocalledintervivostrust.

LoadingAreaEfficiency

Thepercentageoftheprescribedloadingareaoccupiedbythecontainersinthefirstcourse.

LoadingArea

Thesurfaceorplaneonwhichacourseislaid.Thesurfacemaybethefloororapallet.Whentheloadingareausedisapalletorplatform,theplanemaybelargerthanthepalletorplatformsurface.Forexample,apalletsurfacemeasuring48x40inchesmaycarryaloadmeasuring49x41inches.Inthiscase,theloadingareaisconsideredtobetheplane.

LoanOfficer

Alsoreferredtobyavarietyofotherterms,suchaslender,loanrepresentative,loan"rep,"accountexecutive,andothers.Theloanofficerservesseveralfunctionsandhasvariousresponsibilities:theysolicitloans,theyaretherepresentativeofthelendinginstitution,andtheyrepresenttheborrowertothelendinginstitution.

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LoanOrigination

Howalenderreferstotheprocessofobtainingnewloans.

LoanServicing

Afteryouobtainaloan,thecompanyyoumakethepaymentstois"servicing"yourloan.Theyprocesspayments,sendstatements,managetheescrow/impoundaccount,providecollectioneffortsondelinquentloans,ensurethatinsuranceandpropertytaxesaremadeontheproperty,handlepay-offsandassumptions,andprovideavarietyofotherservices.

Loan

Asumofborrowedmoney(principal)thatisgenerallyrepaidwithinterest.

Loan-to-Value(LTV)

Thepercentagerelationshipbetweentheamountoftheloanandtheappraisedvalueorsalesprice(whicheverislower).

Lobby

1.RoomsadjacenttothegovernmentandoppositionsidesoftheChamber.

2.Agrouporganizedforthepurposeofinfluencingtheopinionsanddecisionsoflegislatorswithrespecttosomespecificareaofinterest.

Lobbying

1.Anactivityofinterestgroupsaimedatinfluencinggovernorsandthepublictoachieveafavourablepolicydecision(s).

2.Communicationwithlegislatorsorothergovernmentofficialstotrytoinfluencetheirdecisions.

Lobbyist

Apersonorgroupwhoactivelyattemptstoinfluencelegislatorswithrespecttosomespecificareaofinterest.

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LocalEducationAgency(LEA)

Anagencythatexercisesadministrativecontrolof,orperformsaservicefunctionfor,thepublicelementaryorsecondaryschoolsinaspecificareawithinastateorterritory,usuallycalleda-schooldistrict.

LocalGovernment

1.LocalGovernment,politicaladministrationofthesmallestsubdivisionsofacountry'sterritoryandpopulation.

2.LocalGovernmentsareadministrativeofficesofanareasmallerthanastareorprovince.Thetermisusedtocontrastwithofficesatnation-statelevel,whicharereferredtoasthecentralgovernment,nationalgovernment,or(whereappropriate)federalgovernment.Inmodernnations,localgovernmentsusuallyhavefewerpowersthannationalgovernmentsdo.Theyusuallyhavesomepowertoraisetaxes,thoughthesemaybelimitedbycentrallegislation.Insomecountrieslocalgovernmentispartlyorwhollyfundedbysubventionsfromcentralgovernmenttaxation.ThequestionofMunicipalAutonomywhichpowersthelocalgovernmenthas,orshouldhave,andwhy-isakeyquestionofpublicadministrationandgovernance.Theinstitutionsoflocalgovernmentvarygreatlybetweencountries,andevenwheresimilararrangementsexist,theterminologyoftenvaries.Commonnamesforlocalgovernmententitiesincludestate,province,region,department,county,prefecture,district,city,township,town,borough,parish,municipality,shireandvillage.Howeverallthesenamesareoftenusedinformallyincountrieswheretheydonotdescribealegallocalgovernmententity.

Locate

Processbywhichanon-custodialparent(NCP)orputativefather(PF)isfoundforthepurposeofestablishingpaternity,establishingand/orenforcingachildsupportobligation,establishingcustodyandvisitationrights,processingadoptionorfostercarecases,andinvestigatingparentalkidnapping.

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imra

DatausedtolocateaPutativeFather(PF)ornon-custodialparent(NCP).MayincludetheirSocialSecurityNumber(SSN),dateofbirth(DOB),residentialaddress,andemployer.

LocatorSystem

Arecordwhichshowstheexactlocationofsupplieswithinastorageactivity.

Lock-inPeriod

Thetimeperiodduringwhichthelenderhasguaranteedaninterestratetoaborrower.

Lock-in

Anagreementinwhichthelenderguaranteesaspecifiedinterestrateforacertainamountoftimeatacertaincost.

Lock-Up

Aclosed-doorinformationsessionarrangedpriortothepresentationofamajorinitiativesuchasabudget.Journalistsarenotpermittedtoleavethebriefingroomuntiltheofficialpresentationoftheinitiativehasbegun,althoughparliamentariansmay.

Logrolling

1.Logrollingisthetermusedforaninformalpactbetweenmemberstovoteforeachother'spriorities.

2.Theactofvote-tradingamonglegislatorsintheprocessofgettinglegislationpassed.

LongArmJurisdiction

LegalprovisionthatpermitsoneStatetoclaimpersonaljurisdictionoversomeonewholivesinanotherState.TheremustbesomemeaningfulconnectionbetweenthepersonandtheStateordistrictthatisassertingjurisdictioninorderforacourtoragencytoreachbeyonditsnormaljurisdictionalborder.IfaLongArmStatuteisnotineffectbetweentwoStates,then

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LongTitle(ofaBill)

theStatemustundertakeaTwo-StateActionundertheUniformInterstateFamilySupportAct(UIFSA)guidelinesforcertainactions,suchasestablishingasupportorderinwhichthenon-custodial parent(NCP)isnotaresident.Otheractions,suchasDirectIncomeWithholding,areallowedbyUIFSAinsuchawaythatneitheraTwo-StateActionnorLongArmJurisdictionarerequired.

LongTitle(ofaBill)

Thetitleofabillthatsetsoutingeneraltermsthepurposesofthebill.Itmustencompassallaspectsofthebilland,ifthebillisamended,itmaybenecessarytoamendthelongtitletoreflectthosechanges.

Long-ArmStatute

Statelawsthatgiveacourtjurisdictiontotrycivilcasesinwhichpersonsfromotherstateshavebeensued.Long-armstatutesarecommonlyemployedtoallowalocalcourttoexercisejurisdictionoverout-of-statemotoristswhocauseautomobileaccidentswithinthestate.

Lukashism

Lukashism(Lukashenkoism)isanameforpoliticalandeconomicsystemimplementedinBelarusbyitspresidentAlexanderLukashenkoandalsoanauthoritarianpoliticalideology,whichisbasedoncultofhispersonalityandnostalgiaforSoviettimesamongcertaingroupsofpopulation.Itisnotknownwherethetermwasfirstused,thoughtheearliestdocumentedusewasin1998.TheusewasinthecontextofopeningofamuseumtomemorializevictimsofCommunismwithawingdedicatedtoLukashism.ThetermhasbeenusedmostlybygroupswhoopposeLukashenko,suchasZubrandthepoliticalpartyUnitedCivilPartyofBelarus.

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JudicialofficerswhoassistU.S.districtjudgesingettingcasesreadyfortrial,whomaydecidesomecriminalandciviltrialswhenbothpartiesagreetohavethecaseheardbyamagistratejudgeinsteadofajudge.

MagistratesCourts'

Courtsinwhichjusticesofthepeace,ormagistrates,handlejminoroffenses(misdemeanors),suchasspeeding,andperformcivilmarriages.

MagnaCarta

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1.AdocumentsignedbyKingJohnin1215,concedingthatthekingissubjecttolaw.

2.AnhistoricBritishdocument,signedbyKingJohnin1215,inwhichthenoblesconfirmedthatthepowerofthekingwasnotabsolute.

MaidenSpeech

ThefirstspeechmadeintheHousebyanewMember.Bytradition,theSpeakerrecognizesaMemberrisingtomakesuchaspeechinpreferencetoothers,andtheMembermayreadfromnotesonthisoccasion.

MainAccount

A29-digitChartofAccountstring(allfieldsexceptObjectCodes)thatprovidesameanstocaptureexpensetransactionsofanaward.Mayfunctionasaholdingaccountforawardedfunds

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MainEstimates

andincomethatwilllaterbeallocatedtoappropriatepart-ofaccountsorsubagreementaccounts.Allawardsmusthaveonemainaccount.Ifanawardrequiresseparateaccountsforeachbudgetperiodoftheaward,eachperiodmusthaveamainaccount.Everyaccountgroupmusthaveoneandonlyonemainaccount.MainaccountsincludethevaluesoftheresponsibleOwningTub,PrimaryManagingOrg,andPrincipalInvestigator'sRoot.

MainEstimates

AseriesofGovernmentdocumentsprovidingabreakdownoftheplannedspendingforthecomingfiscalyear.TheMainEstimatesarecommonlyreferredtoasthe"BlueBook"becauseofthebluecoversinwhichtheyareissued.

MainMotion

TheprincipalquestionbeforetheHouseoracommittee.Aproposedmodificationtoit,oranattempttosupersedeit,isconsideredasubsidiaryorsecondarymotion.

MaintainingElections

Electionsthatreflectthebasicpartyidentificationofthevoters.

MaintenanceFees

FeesformaintaininginforceapatentbasedonanapplicationfiledonorafterDecember12,1980.

MajorityGovernment

1.AgovernmentformedbythepartyorthecoalitionofpartiesholdingthemajorityofseatsintheHouseofCommons.

2.Aparliamentarygovernmentinwhichthepartyinpowerhasover50percentoftheseatsinthelegislature.

MajorityLeader

1.Aleaderelectedbythemajoritypartyinalegislativehouse.

2.LeaderofthemajoritypartyineithertheHouseortheSenate.

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3.TheMajorityLeaderiselectedbyhis/herpartymembersintheHouseorSenatetoleadthem,topromotepassageoftheparty'sissuepriorities,andtocoordinatelegislativeeffortswiththeMinorityLeader,theotherchamber,andtheWhiteHouse.TheMajorityLeaderalsoseeksunityamongMembersonthepolicypositionstakenbytheparty,andworkstoputtogethercoalitionstocreatevotingmajorities.

MajorityRule

Aconceptofgovernmentbythepeopleunderwhicheveryoneisfreetovote,butnormallywhoevergetsthemostvoteswinstheelectionandrepresentsallthepeople(includingthosewhovotedforthelosingcandidate).

Majority-MinorityDistricts

Majority-MinorityDistrictsarethosewithamajorityofresidentswhoarepartofanethnicminority.

MalainSe

Evilinitself—behaviorthatisuniversallyregardedascriminal,suchasmurder.

MalloryRule

AruleestablishedbytheSupremeCourtinMalloryv.UnitedStates(1957)requiringthatasuspectinafederalcasebearraignedwithoutunnecessarydelay.

ManagementbyObjectives(MBO)

Aprogramformanagingtheexecutivebranchthatrequiredfederalagenciestomakeperiodiccheckstobesuretheywereachievingtheirobjectives.

Manager(ofaFreeConference)

ThedesignationofaMemberoraSenatorwhoischosentoparticipateinaireeconierenceconcerningaisputeaamenamenistoabill.

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ManagersAmendment

AManager'sAmendmentisapackageofnumerousindividualamendmentsagreedtobybothsidesinadvance.

Themanagersarethemajorityandtheminoritymemberwhomanagethedebateonabillfortheirside.

Mandate

Ajudicialcommanddirectingtheproperofficertoenforceajudgment,sentence,ordecree.

Aninstructionthatdirectstheworkofacommitteeinanexpressandprecisemanner.ThecommitteeisobligedtofollowamandatoryinstructionfromtheHouse.

MandatorySpending

MandatorySpendingreferstofundsnotcontrolledbyannualdecisionofCongress.Thesefundsareautomaticallyobligatedbyvirtueofpreviously-enactedlaws.

Manufacturer

Onewhoproducesaproductthroughassemblyorcombinationofrawmaterialsorcomponents.Insomeinstancesthemanufacturermaynotengageintheproductionexcepttocontrolandspecifythemethodanddesignoftheitem.

MarginalDistrict

Acongressionaldistrictinwhichthewinningcandidatereceiveslessthan55percentofthevote.

MarginalNote

Ashortexplanatorynoteinscribedinthemarginofabilltoserveasautieioreacnparagrapn.Marginalnotesarenotofficiallypartofabillandcannotbeamendedbymotion,thoughtheymaybechangedbytheLegislativeCounselifamendmentstotheclauserequireit.

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MarginalScat

AMarginalSeatisadistrictorconstituencyheldwithaparticularlysmallmajorityinaParliamentaryelectionconductedunderanon-proportionalelectoralsystem.Theseseatsrequireasmallerswingtochangehandsandarethereforetypicallythefocusofmostoftheparties'campaignresources.Theconcentrationofmoneyandmanpowertoareaswheretheywillmakethemostdifferenceisknownastargeting.

Politicalpartiesfaceinherenttensionbetweentheholdersofmarginalseatsandsafeseats.Holdersofsafeseatstendtogetfarlessdiscretionaryresources—governmentalaswellaspolitical—fromtheirpoliticalpartythandoholdersofmarginalseats.

AsimilarphenomenonhappensinUSPresidentialelections,wheretheelectoralcollegesystemmeansthatcandidatesmustwinstatesratherthanvotes.Again,resourcesareconcentratedtowardstheswingstateswiththesmallestmajorities.

MarketAnarchism

MarketAnarchism(orfree-marketanarchism)islabelcommonlyusedtodescribeanumberofindividualistanarchistphilosophiesthatassertthatalltheinstitutionsnecessaryforthefunctionofafreemarket,suchasmoney,police,andcourts,shouldbeprovidedbythemarketitself.Theterm"freemarket"isusedtodenotenon-coercedandnon-fraudulentexchangeofgoodsandservices,whichmarketanarchistsbelievenecessitatestheeliminationofthestate.

Mostmarketanarchistsareanarcho-capitalists,whobelievethatpropertymayonlyoriginatebybeingtheproductoflabor,andmaythenonlylegitimatelychangehandsbytradeorgift.However,some,suchasBenjaminR.Tuckerbelievethatlandshouldnotbeconsideredtobeownedifitisnotbeingusedoroccupied.And,unlikeanarcho-capitalists,hehadanormativeconceptionofthelabortheoryofvaluewhereitwasbelievedthatifpricesarenotproportionaltolaborexertedthen"usury"istakingplace.However,hethoughtpriceswouldalignwith

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MarketPlace

laborinextremelaissez-faire.Marketanarchistsalsoincludeagorists,whoare"softpropertarians,"andvoluntaryists.

Unlikeanarcho-communists,marketanarchistsdonotbelievetheinequalityofwealthisabadthing,thoughsomemaybelievethatsomeextremedisparitiesareduetogovernmentinterventionintheeconomy.Theybelievethatthestatehascreatedasocialstructureofprivilegeshandedoutandenforcedbygovernmentinasystemtheycallamixedeconomyorstatemonopolycapitalism.

MarketPlace

Thecommercesourceswhichdetermineavailabilityofgoodsandservicesandthecoststhatarederivedfromtherateoftradewiththosesources.

Mark-Up

1.AMark-UpreferstothemeetingofaCommitteeheldtoreviewthetextofabillbeforereportingitout.

Committeemembersofferandvoteonproposedchangestothebill'slanguage,knownasamendments.Mostmark-upsendwithavotetosendthenewversionofthebilltothefloorforfinalapproval.

2.Thereviewandpossiblerevisionofapieceoflegislationbycommitteemembers.

MarkushDoctrine

Whenmaterialsrecitedinaclaimaresorelatedastoconstituteclaimingthemembersoftheclaimedgroupinthealternative,suchas"selectedfromthegroupconsistingofA,BandC."

MarshallPlan

TheEuropeanrecoveryplandevisedin1947wasnamedforSecretaryofStateGeorgeC.Marshall.ItwasaprogramofmassiveAmericanaidtopostwarEuropesothatfreeinstitutionscouldsurvive.Economicandmilitaryaidtotaling$82billionwasextendedbetween1948and1961.

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Marxism

1.MarxismreferstothephilosophyandsocialtheorybasedonKarlMarxsworkononehand,andtothepoliticalpracticebasedonMarxisttheoryontheotherhand(namely,partsoftheFirstInternationalduringMarx'stime,commu-nist partiesandlaterstates).Marx,a19thcenturysocialistphilosopher,economist,journalist,andrevolutionary,oftenincollaborationwithFriedrichEngels,developedacritiqueofsocietywhichheclaimedwasbothscientificandrevolutionary.Thiscritiqueachieveditsmostsystematic(albeitunfinished)expressioninhismostfamouswork,Capital:ACritiqueofPoliticalEconomy,morecommonlyknownasDasKapital(1867).

FollowersofMarxandEngelshavedrawnonthisworktoproposeagrand,cohesivetheoreticaloutlookdubbedMarxism.Nevertheless,therehavebeennumerousdebatesamongMarxistsoverhowtointerpretMarx'swritingsandhowtoapplyhisconceptstocurrenteventsandconditions.ThelegacyofMarx'sthoughtisbitterlycontestedamongproponentsofnumerousviewpointswhoclaimtobeMarx'smostaccurateinterpreters.Therehavebeenmanyacademictheories,socialmovements,politicalpartiesandgovernmentsthatlayclaimtobeingfoundedonMarxistprinciples.Indeed,academictheorisingonMarxismissowidespreadthatthereareanumberofdifferentschoolsofMarxisminadditiontotheclassicalMarxismofMarxandEngels.Similarly,theuseofMarxisttheoryinpolitics,includingthesocialdemocraticmovementsin20thcenturyEurope,theSovietUnionandotherEasternbloccountries,MaoandotherrevolutionariesinagrariandevelopingcountrieshaveaddednewideastoMarxandotherwisetransmutedMarxismsomuchthatitisdifficulttodefineitscore.

2.Marxism,economicandpoliticalphilosophynamedforKarlMarx.Itisalsoknownasscientific(asopposedtoUtopian)socialism.Marxismhashadaprofoundimpactoncontem-porary culture;moderncommunismisbasedonit,and

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MaskWork

mostmodernsocialisttheoriesderivefromit.Ithasalsohadtremendouseffectonacademia,influencingdisciplinesfromeconomicstophilosophyandliteraryhistory.

AlthoughnoonetreatisebyMarxandhiscoworkerFriedrichEngelscoversallaspectsofMarxism,theCommunistManifestosuggestsmanyofitspremises,andthemonumentalDasKapitaldevelopsmanyofthemmostrigorously.ManyelementsoftheMarxistsystemweredrawnfromearliereconomicandhistoricalthought,notablythatofGeorgWilhelmFriedrichHegel,thecomtedeSaint-Simon,J.C.LdeSismondi,DavidRicardo,CharlesFourier,andLouisBlanc;butMarxistanalysisasfullydevelopedbyMarxandEngelswasunquestionablyoriginal.

MaskWork

Imagesthatareusedtocreatethelayersofasemiconductorchipproduct.

MassachusettsBallot

Alsoknownastheoffice-columnballot.Thisballotgroupscandidatesaccordingtotheofficeforwhichtheyarerunning.

MatchingorCostSharing

Thevalueofthird-partyin-kindcontributionsandtheportionofthecostsofaprojectorprogramnotbornebythesponsor.Matchingorcostsharingmayberequiredbylaw,regulation,oradministrativedecision.Costsusedtosatisfymatchingrequire-ments aresubjecttothesamepoliciesgoverningallowabilityasothercostsundertheapprovedbudget.

MatchingorCostSharing

Thevalueofthirdpartyin-kindcontributionsandtheportionofthecostsofafederallyassistedprojectofprogramnotbornebytheFederalGovernment.

MatchingRequirements

Thefederalgovernment'srequirementthatstateorlocalgovern-

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mentsputupsomeoftheirownfundsinordertobeeligibleforfederalaidforaprogram.

i*icii.vricuiidilbiv.rr\yratriiit;111

Alegaldocumentthatdefinestheconditionsunderwhichresearchorothermaterialscanbetransferredandusedamongresearchlaboratories.

MaterialsManagement

Theplanningofacquisition,maintaininginventoryanddisposi-tion. Thisprocessisbaseduponschedulingaccordingtoneedandanticipatedusage.

Maturity

Thedateonwhichtheprincipalbalanceofaloan,bond,orotherfinancialinstrumentbecomesdueandpayable.

MaximumSustainableSociety

Itisthevisionofsocietythataimstoexistinequilibriumwithitsenvironmentbutisstillbasedonsuchfundamentalvaluesasthedominanceofmanovernature,theprimacyofmaterialandotherwantsandsoon.Thisvisionissupportedbyanthropo-centrists.Itformsthebackgroundofwhatisknownaseco-capitalism.Itbelievesthatthepresentnation-stateanditslegalstructure,modifiedtoagreaterorlesserdegreebyecologicalconsciousness,isadequateandinfactnecessarytothetaskofmeetingtherequirementsofsustainabledevelopment.Animportantfactorinthisvisionistherealizationthatecologicalconcernsarelinkedwithpoliticalandconstitutionalquestions.Itbelievesthatsoonerorlater,thegrowtheconomywillcomeupagainstthebiospherebecauseitrefusestoadjustwithplant'scapacitytoabsorb.

Mayor-CouncilPlan

Aformofcitygovernmentunderwhichpowerisdividedbetweenamayorandanelectedcitycouncil.

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MeansofPersuasion

Ameansofpersuasion,insometheoriesofpoliticsandeconomics,cansubstituteforafactorofproductionbyprovidingsomeinfluenceorinformation.Thismaybeofdirectvaluetotheactoracceptingtheinfluence,i.e.abribe,orinstructionalcapitaltoassistpersuasioninsomeotherenterprise,e.g.apatentorlicensetosamewhichpersuadesacompetitortoavoidpatentinfringementortopartnerwiththeholder.Or,itcanbeleverageappliedviasomepoliticaleconomyorprior-to-economicmeans,suchasofferingorwithdrawingameansofprotectionorothermilitaryorpoliticalfavors.Inthisformitissometimescalledpoliticalcapital,analternatetermthatismorenarrowlyapplied.

TheconceptofMelanesiansocialismwasfirstadvocatedbyFatherWalterLinioftheNewHebrides(nowVanuatu),whobecamethecountry'sfirstprimeministeruponitsindependencefromFranceandtheUnitedKingdomin1980.Lini'sviewsonsocialismwereinspiredbyJuliusNyereresexperimentsinAfricansocialisminTanzania.

LinibelievedthatsocialismwasinherentlycompatiblewithMelanesiansocietiesandcustoms,includingtheemphasisoncommunalwelfareoverindividualism,andthecommunalownershipandworkingofland.Inthis,Nyerere'sinfluenceisperceptible;thelatterstressedthesimilaritiesbetweensocialismandtraditionalAfricanwaysoflife.

FatherLini,anAnglicanpriest,alsobelievedthatsocialismheldclosesimilaritieswithChristianvalues,andsoughttocombinethetwoaspartofa"Melanesianway".Inthissense,socialismwasnottoberevolutionary,butinsteadfullyinlinewithni-Vanuatutradition.

AlthoughheadmiredNyerere,andalthoughhisgovernmentsoughtrapprochementwithcountriessuchasCubaandLibya,LinibelievedthatsocialismshouldnotnecessarilyentailanalliancewiththeSovietUnionortheEasternbloc.Indeed,hepreferredforVanuatutoremainnon-alignedandtodevelopcloserties

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withitsfellowMelanesiannations(suchasPapuaNewGuineaandtheSolomonIslands).In1982,heexpressedhopesforaneventualMelanesianfederalunion,andspokeofthe"renaissanceofMelanesianvalues",including"Melanesiansocialism".

Mediation

Aformofalternativedisputeresolutioninwhichthepartiesbringtheirdisputetoaneutralthirdparty,whohelpsthemagreeonasettlement.

Medicaid

Apublicassistanceprogramestablishedin1965tohelppayhospital,doctorandmedicalbillsforpersonswithlowincomes.Itisfinancedthroughgeneralfederal,state,andlocaltaxes.

MedicalAssistanceOnly(MAO)

FormofpublicassistanceadministeredbyaState'sIV-Aprogram,whichprovidesbenefitstorecipientsonlyintheformofmedical,ratherthanfinancial,assistance.

MedicalSupport

Formofchildsupportwheremedicalordentalinsurancecoverageispaidbythenon-custodialparent(NCP).Dependingonthecourtorder,medicalsupportcanbeanNCP'ssolefinancialobligation,oritcanbeoneofseveralobligations,withchildand/orspousalsupportbeingtheothers.

Medicare

Afederalprogramestablishedin1965thatprovideshospitalandmedicalservicestoolderpersonsthroughthesocialsecurityprogram.

MediumLotStorage

Amediumlotisgenerallydefinedasaquantityofmaterialwhichwillrequireonetothreepalletstacksstoredtomaximumheight.Thus,thetermreferstorelativelysmalllotsasdistin-guished fromdefinitelylargeorsmalllots.

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Medline

NationalLibraryofMedicine'sdatabaseforscientificpublications.Megalopolis

Bydefinition,averylargecity.ThetermhasalsobeenusedtodescribetheclusterofmetropolitanareasoftheNortheasternseaboardoftheUnitedStates.

MemberofParliament

1.Generally,apersoneitherelectedtotheHouseofCommonsorappointedtotheSenate.

2.Morecommonly,apersonelectedtoaseatintheHouseofCommonsasarepresentativeofoneofthe308electoraldistrictsintowhichCanadaisdivided.Indebate,Membersareidentifiednotbytheirownnamesbutbythenamesoftheirelectoraldistricts.

Members

MembersaretheindividualsservingassenatorsorrepresentativeinCongress.

MemorandaofLaw

Formaiwrittenargumentsinsupportofamotionfiledinacase.

MensRea

The"guiltymind"necessarytoestablishcriminalresponsibility.Mentor

Inthecontextofcommunityservice,thetermmentorisoftenusedtorefertoaspecifictypeofrelationshipbetweenanadultandayouth.Mentorshipoccursnaturallyinhealthycommunitiesintheformofavarietyofsupportsystemsfromwhichyoungpeoplemaylearn."Structured"mentoringprogramsattempttoprovidethatguidancewhereitismissing.Inthecontextofthecollegeoruniversity,amentorforastudentmaybeausefulorsupportivefacultymember,givingthemguidanceoradvice.

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Mercantilism

Asystemforusingtheeconomytoenrichthestate,mercantilismencouragedexportsanddiscouragedimportstoamassasurplusofgold.ItflourishedfromtheageofEuropeandiscoverythroughtheearlynineteenthcenturyandcloselyinvolvedgovernmentswiththeireconomies.AdamSmith'sWealthofNationswasananumercanulistargument.

MereDescriptiveness

Statutorybasisforrefusingregistrationoftrademarksandservicemarksbecausetheproposedmarkmerelydescribesaningredient,quality,characteristic,function,feature,purposeoruseofthespecifiedgoodsorservices.Withregardtotrademarksignificance,mattermaybecategorizedalongacontinuum,rangingfrommarksthatarehighlydistinctivetomatterthatisagenericnameforthegoodsorservices.

Thedegreeofdescriptivenesscanbedeterminedonlybyconsideringitinrelationtothespecificgoodsorservices.Atoneextremearemarksthatarecompletelyarbitraryorfanciful.Nextonthecontinuumaresuggestivemarks,followedbymerelydescriptivematter.Finally,generictermsforthegoodsorservicesareattheoppositeendofthecontinuumfromarbitraryorfancifulmarks.

Themajorreasonsfornotprotectingdescriptivemarksare:(1)topreventtheownerofamarkfrominhibitingcompetitioninthesaleofparticulargoodsorservices;and(2)tomaintainfreedomofthepublictousethelanguageinvolved,thusavoidingthepossibilityofharassinginfringementsuitsbytheregistrantagainstotherswhousethemarkwhenadvertisingordescribingtheirownproducts.

MergedCreditReport

Acreditreportwhichreportstherawdatapulledfromtwoormoreofthemajorcreditrepositories.ContrastwithaResidentialMortgageCreditReport(RMCR)orastandardfactualcreditreport.

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MeritCommissions

Commissionssetuptorecommendcandidatesforfederaldistrictandcircuitcourtsonthebasisofmerit.

MeritRecruitment

Asystemofhiringpublicservantsonthebasisofqualificationsratherthanonpartypreferenceorotherconsiderations.

MeritSystem

Thesystemofemployeepromotionthatisbaseduponanevaluationofabilitiesandaccomplishmentsratherthanpersonalfavoritismorpoliticalappointment.

Merits

Issuesoflegalsuostanceatstakeinacase,asopposedtoproceduralconsiderations.

AformalcommunicationbetweentheHouseandtheSenatewhichaccompaniesbillsorconveysarequest.TheGovernorGeneralmayalsocommunicatewiththeHousebymessage.

MethodsofAcquiringCitizenship

Nouniformprincipleofacquiringcitizenshipisfollowedinallstates.Somestateshaveadoptedthejussoliortheprinciplethattheplaceofbirthisthedeterminantofcitizenship.Accordingtothisprinciple,achildbornontheterritoryofastatebecomesipsofactothecitizenofthatstate,whatevermightbethecitizenshipoftheparents.Thejussanguinis'sortheprinciplethatdecentisthedecidingfactor,isfollowedbysomestateslikeIndia,England&theUnitedStatesfollowamixedprinciple.

Incontrasttotheaboveprinciplesofnaturalcitizensorthecitizensbybirth,naturalizedcitizensarecitizensbyadoption.Naturalisationisanimportantmethodofacquiringcitizenship.Itisaprocessthroughwhichaforeignerisadoptedasacitizenonfulfillingcertainconditions,i.e.,residenceforaspecifiedperiodwithoutbreak,appointmentofapublicservant,marriage,

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etc.Naturalisationmaybeeithercompleteorpartial.InEnglandnodiscriminationinrespectofprivilegesismadeagainstnaturalizedcitizens.Theenjoythesamerightsasthenaturalcitizens.Butinsomestates,asintheUSA,thenaturalizedcitizensaredeniedcertainprivilegeswhicharegrantedonlytonaturalcitizens.Thisisknownaspartialnaturalization.

Besidesthesetwomethods,citizenshipcanalsobeacquiredthroughlegislationandtreatyinparticularcases.

Microcosm

Theideathatagoverningbodyshouldbeaminiaturereplicaofthesocietyitrepresents.

MiddlePower

MiddlePowerisatermusedinthefieldofinternationalrelationstodescribestatesthatarenotsuperpowersorgreatpowers,butstillhavesomeinfluenceinternationally.Thereisnosinglespecificdefinitionofwhichcountriesaremiddlepowers.

MilitaryGovernment

MilitaryGovernment,ruleofenemyterritoryundermilitaryoccupation.Itisdistinguishedfrommartiallaw,whichisthetemporaryrulebydomesticarmedforcesoverdisturbedareas.ThepracticesofmilitarygovernmentwerestandardizedbeforeWorldWarI,notablyattheHagueConferences(1899,1907)andformapartofthelawsofwar.

DuringandafterWorldWarD,vastterritoriescameundermilitarygovernment.Duringthewar,GermanyadministeredoccupiedcountriesthroughahierarchyofKommandaturen[militarygovernmentheadquarters],butthisnormalarmyadministrationwasoftenduplicatedbycivilianeconomicagenciesandGestapopersonnel.InFrance,Norway,Greece,andSerbia,localpuppetgovernmentswereauthorizedtooperateunderGermancontrol;BelgiumandNEFrancewereunderpurelymilitarygovernment;inEasternEurope,authoritywasconcentratedin1941intheministryforeasternoccupiedterritories.Germanmilitarygovern-

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MilitaryRegimesinDevelopingCountries

mentoftenviolatedtheruleslaiddownbytheHagueConven-tions. AlliedMilitaryGovernment(AMG)begantofunctioninSicilyandinItalyin1943;itsoughttoutilizelocalcivilianauthoritiestothewidestpossibleextent.WhenoperatinginAlliedterritory,suchasFrance,AMGbecameCivilAffairsandwaslimitedtocombatareas.Aftertheterminationofmilitaryoperations,GermanyandAustriaweredivided(1945)intofouroccupationzonesandmilitarygovernmentwasreorganized.AtfirstitwassubjectingeneralpolicytotheauthorityoftheU.S.-Soviet-British-French AlliedControlCouncilsinBerlinandVienna.Intime,thegrowingdissensionbetweentheWesternpowersandtheUSSRledtothebreakdownofthequadripartitesysteminGermanyandinBerlin.TheBritish,French,andAmericanzonesweresoonamalgamatedformostpurposesandultimatelybecamethestateofWestGermany;inoppositiontothemstoodtheSovietzone,whichlaterbecametheEastGermanstate.

InAustriaandViennadisharmonywaslessevident,andmilitarycontrolendedin1955withthesigningofapeacetreatybetweenAustriaandthefourAlliedoccupyingpowers.InJapan,militarygovernmentbecameasolelyAmericanresponsibility,thoughsubjecttosuggestionsofan11-powerAlliedcouncil.ItwasendedbythesigningofthepeacetreatywithJapan(1951).

InresponsetotheexperiencesofWorldWarII,anewconventioncoveringmilitaryoccupationwassignedinGenevain1949.Inrecentyears,themostprominentmilitaryoccupationofaregionhasbeenthatbyIsraeliforcesoftheWestBankandGazaStrip.

TherewasafailureofdemocracyinPakistanandBangladesh,andassumptionofpowerbyarmygenerals.AyubKhan,YahyaKhanandZia-ul-HaqruledPakistanatdifferenttimes.InBangladeshwhichhad'liberated'herselfin1971thereweretwomilitarycoupsandtwomilitaryrulersGen.Zia-ul-Rehmanwhowaskilledin1981andH.M.Ershadwhosemilitaryrulelastednearlynineyears.Hewastoppledin1990bydemocratic

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forces.Theseareonlytwoofthenumerouscountriesinpost-colonialworldwheredemocraticexperimentsfailed,coupstookplace,andmilitaryregimesinstalled.

Insomeofthecasesthearmywasleftwithnoalternativebuttotakepowerinitsownhands.Misguidedrulers,arrogantful-lovingmonarchesandcorruption-filledpoliticalsystems,neededmajorsurgerywhichwasperformedbythearmy.But,thesurgeonsoftenforgottoletthepatientstandonitownfeet.Theykepttheirsurgicalinstrumentshangingovertheheadsofthepatients.Egyptwasruledbyamonarch,KingFarouk.HisdefeatatthehandsofnewlycreatedIsraelin1948shookevenChurchillwhocalledita"hilldisaster".Faroukhadaluxuriouslifestyle.Hisregimewastotallycorrupt.In1951.HemarriedanewQueenPrincessNarimanandtookheronamuchpublicisedhoneymoon.HeunilaterallyabrogatedtheAnglo-Egyptiantreaty,andbegantheguerrillawarfareagainsttheCanalZone.ThecrowdswereprovokedtotakecontrolofCairo,murdertheEuropeans,Jewsandtherichofallcountries.Theyoungofficerswhohadresentedseveraldirections,putFaroukonhisyachtandsenthimaway.

Monarchywasabolished.Itwasacorruptregimethatwasoverthrown.TherevoltwasledbyGeneralMohannedNeguibassistedbyColonelGemalAbdelNasser.TheGeneralremainedfigureheadforsometimeandthenhewassidelined.Nassarassumedpoweranddissolvedalltheparties.Democracywassuspended,people'scourtsweresetupandabout3000politicalprisonerswereaccumulated.ManyothercountriesinAfrica,likeToyo,Kenya,Uganda,Tanzaniaetc.alsohadtosuffermilitaryrule.

MinimumInventory

Theamountofstockonhandthathasbeendesignatedassafetystock.

immisteroiotate

SworntothePrivyCouncilandmemberoftheMinistry,a

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MinisterialResponsibility

MinisterofStateisassignedtoassistaCabinetMinisterinspecificareaswithinhisorherportfolio.

MinisterialResponsibility

1.TheprinciplethatcabinetministersareindividuallyresponsibletotheHouseofCommonsforeverythingthathappensintheirdepartment.

2.TheprinciplethatMinistersareresponsibletotheHouseofCommonsfortheiractionsandthoseoftheirdepartmentalofficials.

Ministry

TheentiregroupofMPsappointedbythePrimeMinistertospecuicministenairesponsiDinties.

MinorityAccesstoResearchCareers(MARC)

Aprogramtoprovidespecialresearchtrainingopportunitiesinthebiomedicalsciencesforstudentsandfacultyat4-yearcollegesandhealthprofessionalschoolsinwhichsubstantialstudentenrollmentsarefromminoritygroups.

MinorityBiomedicalResearchSupport(MBRS)

Aprogramtostrengthenthebiomedicalresearchandresearchtrainingcapabilityofethnicminorityinstitutions.Theintentistoincreasetheinvolvementofminorityfacultyandstudentsinbiomedicalresearch.

MinorityBusiness

Abusinessthatisownedorcontrolledbyapersonorpersonswhoarecertifiedtohaveminoritystatus.

1.Agovernmentformedbyaparty,possiblyinacoalitionwithoneormoreotherparties,whichdoesnotholdamajorityoftheseatsintheHouseofCommons.Whileaminoritygovernmentdoesnotholdamajorityofseats,itusuallydoesholdmorethananyotherpartyorcoalitionandmustmaintaintheconfidenceoftheHousetocontinueinpower.

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2.Aparliamentarygovernmentinwhichthegovernmentpartyhaslessthan50percentoftheseatsinthelegislature.

MinorityLeader

1.Aleaderelectedbytheminoritypartyinalegislativehouse.

2.MemberoftheminoritypartyineithertheHouseortheSenate.

MinutesofProceedings

Theformalprintedorelectronicrecordofbusinessthatoccurredduringameetingofalegislative,standing,specialorjointcommittee.

MirandaWarning

1.Thewarningpolicemustgivesuspectsregardingtheirconstitutionalrighttoremainsilentandtheirrighttoanattorney.

2.Warningsthatpolicemustgivesuspectstoadvisethemoftheirconstitutionalrights.UndertheSupremeCourtdecisioninMirandav.Arizona(1966),beforesuspectsarequestioned,theymustbewarnedthattheyhavetherighttoremainsilent,thatanystatementstheymakemaybeusedagainstthem,andthattheyhavetherighttoalawyer.

MisconductinScience

Fabrication,falsification,orplagiarisminproposing,performing,orreportingresearch,orinreportingresearchresults.

Misdemeanor

Lessseriouscriminaloffenseusuallypunishablebyasentenceofoneyearorless.

Mistrial

Anerroneousorinvalidtrial;atrialthatcannotstandinlawbecauseoflackofjurisdiction,incorrectprocedurewithrespecttojuryselection,ordisregardofsomeotherfundamentalrequisite;aninvalidtrialbecauseoftheinabilityofajurytoreachaverdict.

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MiTEAS

MadridInternationalTrademarkElectronicApplicationSubmissionj

Mixed(orModified)FreeEnterpriseSystem

Aneconomicsystem,suchasthatoftheUnitedStates,inwhichbothprivateindustryandgovernmentplayimportantroles.

MixedCapitalism

ThistermisoftenusedtodescribetheAmericaneconomicsystemofprivateownership,governmentalregulation,andnonprofitactivity.

MixedEconomy

Aneconomybasedonbothprivateandpublic(government-controlled)enterprises.

ModelBill

AformprovidedbytheClerkoftheHousetothosewishingtopresentcertaintypesofprivatebills,suchasabillforanActofincorporation.

ModelCities

AcontroversialprogramapprovedbyCongressin1966thatsoughttorebuildentirepovertyneighborhoodsinselectedcities.

Modernization

Thegradualreplacementoftraditionalauthoritywithlegalauthority.

Modification

1.AchangetoanexistingawardmemorializedbythefundingagencyandagreedtobytheUniversity.

2.Occasionally,alenderwillagreetomodifythetermsofyourmortgagewithoutrequiringyoutorefinance.Ifanychangesaremade,itiscalledamodification.

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ModifiedClosedRule

AModifiedClosedRuleallowsonlythoseamendmentsspecifiedtobeofferedtoabill.

Italsodescribesarulewhichbansamendmentstoonlypartofthebill,butallowsamendmentstotherest.

ModifiedOpenRule

AModifiedOpenRulepermitsallrelevantamendmentstobeoffered,subjecttooneortworestrictions.

Anoveralltimelimitmaybeputontheamendmentprocessoramendmentsmayhavetobeprintedinadvance.

ModularApplication

Atypeofgrantapplicationinwhichsupportisrequestedinspecifiedincrementswithouttheneedfordetailedsupportinginformationrelatedtoseparatebudgetcategories.Whenmodularproceduresapply,theyaffectnotonlyapplicationpreparationbutalsoreview,award,andadministrationoftheapplication/award.

ModularGrant

AtypeofNIHgrantapplicationinwhichsupportisrequestedinincrementsormodulesof$25,000uptoamaximumtotalof$250,000indirectcostperyear,withoutprovidingadetailedcategoricalbudgetbreakdown.

Monarchy

1.Formofgovernmentinwhichasinglepersonrulesunderthelaw.

2.Monarchy,formofgovernmentinwhichsovereigntyisvestedinasinglepersonwhoserighttoruleisgenerallyhereditaryandwhoisempoweredtoremaininofficeforlife.Thepowerofthissovereignmayvaryfromtheabsolutetothatstronglylimitedbycustomorconstitution.Monarchyhasexistedsincetheearliesthistoryofhumankindandwasoftenestablishedduringperiodsofexternalthreatorinternalcrisis

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Monarchy

becauseitprovidedamoreefficientfocusofpowerthanaristocracyordemocracy,whichtendedtodiffusepower.

Mostmonarchiesappeartohavebeenelectiveoriginally,butdynastiesearlybecamecustomary.Inprimitivetimes,divinedescentofthemonarchwasoftenclaimed.DeificationwasgeneralinancientEgypt,theMiddleEast,andAsia,anditwasalsopracticedduringcertainperiodsinancientGreeceandRome.AmoremoderatebeliefaroseinChristianEuropeintheMiddleAges;itstatedthatthemonarchwastheappointedagentofdivinewill.Thiswassymbolizedbythecoronationofthekingbyabishoporthepope,asintheHolyRomanEmpire.

Althoughtheoreticallyattheapexoffeudalpower,themedievalmonarchswereinfactweakanddependentuponthenobilityformuchoftheirpower.DuringtheRenaissanceandafter,thereemerged"newmonarchs"whobrokethepowerofthenobilityandcentralizedthestateundertheirownrigidrule.NotableexamplesareHenryVIIandHenryVIIIofEnglandandLouisXIVofFrance.The16thand17thcent,marktheheightofabsolutemonarchy,whichfounditstheoreticaljustificationinthedoctrineofdivineright.However,eventhepowerfulmonarchsofthe17thcent,weresomewhatlimitedbycustomandconstitutionaswellasbythedelegationofpowerstostrongbureaucracies.Suchlimitationswerealsofeltbythe"benevolentdespots"ofthe18thcent.

Changesinintellectualclimate,inthedemandsmadeupongovernmentinasecularandcommerciallyexpandingsociety,andinthesocialstructure,asthebourgeoisiebecameincreasinglypowerful,eventuallyweakenedtheinstitutionofmonarchyinEurope.TheGloriousRevolutioninEngland(1688)andtheFrenchRevolution(1789)wereimportantlandmarksinthedeclineandlimitationofmonarchicalpower.Throughoutthe19thcent,royalpowerwasincreasinglyreducedbyconstitutionalprovisionsandparliamentaryincur-sions. Inthe20thcent.,monarchshavegenerallybecome

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symbolsofnationalunity,whilerealpowerhasbeentransferredtoconstitutionalassemblies.Overthepast200yearsdemocraticself-governmenthasbeenestablishedandextendedtosuchanextentthatatruefunctioningmonarchyisarareoccurrenceinbothEastandWest.AmongthefewremainingareBrunei,Morocco,andSaudiArabia.NotableconstitutionalmonarchiesincludeBelgium,Denmark,GreatBritain,Japan,theNetherlands,Norway,Sweden,andThailand.

Monetarism

Thistheoryoffine-tuningtheeconomycarefullymatchesthegrowthinthemoneysupplytothegrowthoftheeconomy.ConservativesaredrawntomonetarismbecauseitrequiresnoneoftheclumsyinterventionofKeynesianfiscalpolicy.

MonetaryPolicy

Governmentregulationoftheeconomythroughitscontroloverthesupplyofmoneyandthecostandavailabilityofcredit.

Monism

Exclusiveemphasisonasingleprincipleorinterest.Monitoring

Aprocesswherebytheprogrammaticandbusinessmanagementperformanceaspectsofagrantarereviewedbyassessinginformationgatheredfromvariousrequiredreports,audits,sitevisits,andothersources.

Monopoly

1.Anunfairadvantageorcontrolofthemarketplacewithregardtothetradeofcertaingoodsorservices.Thistypeofexclusivemarketingadvantageservestorestrictcompetitioninthatparticularactivity.

2.Controlofthemarketbyasinglecompany.

3.Thisisamarketcharacterizedbyasingleseller,absenceofacceptablesubstitutes,andblockedentry.Monopolistsmay

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MonthlySupportObligation(MSO)

beasingleprivatefirm(e.g.,theAluminumCompanyofAmericabefore1939),aregulatedpublicutility(ColumbiaGasofOhio),oranumberofsellerswhoactinconcertforthepurposeofmaximizingprofitsattheconsumers'expense.

MonthlySupportObligation(MSO)

Theamountofmoneyanobligorisrequiredtopaypermonth.

MorningBusiness

MorningBusinessisanhourreservedfor5-minutespeechesonanysubjectandforroutinebusiness.

Itincludesintroducingbills,filingcommitteereports,andthereceiptofPresidentialorHousemessages.

Indailypractice,theSenateusesthistimeinbitsandpiecesduringthecourseofaday'ssession.

MorningHourSpeeches

MorningHourSpeechesareheld90minutesbeforetheHouseconvenesonMondaysandTuesdays.

Membersmustreservetheminadvance.Theymayspeakupto5minutesonanysubjecttheywish.

MortgageBroker

Amortgagecompanythatoriginatesloans,thenplacesthoseloanswithavarietyofotherlendinginstitutionswithwhomtheyusuallyhavepre-establishedrelationships.

MortgageInsurance(MI)

Insurancethatcoversthelenderagainstsomeofthelossesincurredasaresultofadefaultonahomeloan.OftenmistakenlyreferredtoasPMI,whichisactuallythenameofoneofthelargermortgageinsurers.Mortgageinsuranceisusuallyrequiredinoneformoranotheronallloansthathavealoan-to-valuehigherthaneightypercent.Mortgagesabove80%LTVthatcallthemselves"NoMI"areusuallyamadeatahigherinterestrate.Insteadoftheborrowerpayingthemortgageinsurancepremiums

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directly,theypayahigherinterestratetothelender,whichthenpaysthemortgageinsurancethemselves.Also,FHAloansandcertainfirst-timehomebuyerprogramsrequiremortgageinsuranceregardlessoftheloan-to-value.

MortgageInsurancePremium(MIP)

Theamountpaidbyamortgagorformortgageinsurance,eithertoagovernmentagencysuchastheFederalHousingAdminis-tration (FHA)ortoaprivatemortgageinsurance(MI)company.

MortgageLifeandDisabilityInsurance

Atypeoftermlifeinsuranceoftenboughtbyborrowers.Theamountofcoveragedecreasesastheprincipalbalancedeclines.Somepoliciesalsocovertheborrowerintheeventofdisability.Intheeventthattheborrowerdieswhilethepolicyisinforce,thedebtisautomaticallysatisfiedbyinsuranceproceeds.Inthecaseofdisabilityinsurance,theinsurancewillmakethemortgagepaymentforaspecifiedamountoftimeduringthedisability.Becarefultoreadthetermsofcoverage,however,becauseoftenthecoveragedoesnotstartimmediatelyuponthedisability,butafteraspecifiedperiod,sometimeforty-fivedays.

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Mortgage

Alegaldocumentthatpledgesapropertytothelenderassecurityforpaymentofadebt.Insteadofmortgages,somestatesuseFirstTrustDeeds.

Mortgagor

Theborrowerinamortgageagreement.

Motion

Anapplicationtothecourtrequestinganorderorruleinfavorofthepartythatisfilingthemotion.Motionsaregenerallymadeinreferencetoapendingactionandmayaddressamatterinthecourt'sdiscretionorconcernapointoflaw.

MotiontoAdjourn

AMotiontoAdjournseekstoendaday'ssessionintheHouse

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MotiontoDismiss

andisofferedroutinelyatday'send.Themotionissometimesusedduringthedayasaformofprotest.

MotiontoDismiss

Aformalrequestforthecourttodismissacomplaintbecauseofinsufficiencyofevidenceorbecausethelawdoesnotrecognizetheinjuryorharmclaimed.

MotiontoRecommit

AMotiontoRecommitreturnsabilltocommittee,ineffectkillingit.However,amotiontorecommitwithinstructionsisalastopportunitytoamendthebill.

Theinstructionstothecommitteedirectchangestothetextofthebill.Ifadopted,thechairmanofthenamedcommitteeimmediatelystandsandreportsthechangebacktotheHouse.ThenextstepistheHousevoteonfinalpassageofthebill.

MinorityMembersreceivepriorityofrecognitionforofferingmotionstorecommit.

MotiontoReconsider

Amotiontoreconsider,ifadoptedwithin2daysofavoteintheHouse[or3daysintheSenate],requirestheoriginalvotebeheldagain.

Membersmightseektoreconsideravotetochangeacloseoutcome,orasadelayingtactictouseupfloortime.

Indailypractice,themotiontoreconsiderisroutinelytabled,orkilled.

MotiontoRise

AMotiontoRiseisusedtochangefromtheCommitteeoftheWholetotheHouseforfinalproceedings.Ifadopted,thechairannouncesthatthecommittee"rises."

Accordingly,therulesofdebatereturnfromthoseofacommitteetothoseofthefullHouse.

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MotiontoStrike

AMotiontoStrikeisatypeofamendmentwhichseekstodeletelanguagefromabill.

MotiontoStriketheEnactingClause

AMotiontoStriketheEnactingClause,ifadopted,hastheeffectofkillingtheentirebill.IndailyHousepracticethemotionisofferedandthenwithdrawn.Thisisdonetoobtainextradebatetime.

MotiontoTabletheMotiontoReconsider

MotiontoTabletheMotiontoReconsiderisusedtokillthemotiontoreconsider.

Withoutpromptlydisposingofit,themotiontoreconsidercouldbeusedtore-openthevotejustheld.

Motion

AproposalmovedbyaMemberfortheHousetodosomething,toordersomethingtobedoneortoexpressanopinionwithregardtosomematter.InordertobeplacedbeforetheHouseforconsideration,amotionmustbedulymovedandseconded.Noseconderisrequiredincommittee.Onceadopted,amotionbecomesanorderoraresolution.

MovementParty

Atypeofpoliticalpartywhichemergesfromapoliticalmovement,suchasanationalliberationmovement.

Mover

AMemberpresentingamotionintheHouseofCommonsorinoneofitscommittees.Whendebateispermitted,theMemberspeaksimmediatelyfollowingtheproposingofthequestiontotheHouse.

Multi-BlockCoursePattern

Anarrangementofwarehousingunitsinwhichtwouni-blockpatternsareused.

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MultidwellingUnits

Propertiesthatprovideseparatehousingunitsformorethanonefamily,althoughtheysecureonlyasinglemortgage.

MultinationalCorporations

Thesecorporationsdobusinessinmorethanonecountryinordertoreducetransportationorimporttariffcharges,protectpatentholdings,orotherwiseenjoymonopolisticadvantages.Althoughknown200yearsago,theyareaparticularfeatureofthepost-WorldWarIIperiodandarecontroversialbecausetheyowenoparticularallegiancetoanynationalstate.

MultinationalState

Threeormorenationsco-existingunderonesovereigngovernment.

MultipartySystem

Apartysysteminwhichtherearethreeormoremajorcontendersforpower.

MultipleAward

Awardingcontractstomorethanonebidderforthesametypesofgoodsorsimilaritems.Thiswouldbeappropriateundercircumstanceswhenasinglecontractorwouldnotbeabletoadequatelyservetheentireareathatneedstobeprovidedfor.

MultipleDependentClaim

Adependentclaimwhichfurtherlimitsandrefersbackinthealternativetomorethanoneprecedingindependentordependentclaim.Acceptablemultipledependentclaimsshallrefertoprecedingclaimsusingtheterms"or,anyoneof,oneof,anyof,either."Amultipledependentclaimmaynotdependonanothermultipledependentclaim,eitherdirectlyorindirectly.

MultistateEmployer

AnorganizationthathiresandemployspeopleintwoormoreStates.Themultistateemployerconductsbusinesswithineach

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Murder

StateandtheemployeesarerequiredtopaytaxesintheStatewheretheywork.Aswithsingle-stateemployers,multistateemployersarerequiredbylawtoreportallnewhirestotheStateDirectoryofNewHires(SDNH)operatedbytheirStategovernment.However,unlikesingle-stateemployers,theyhavetheoptiontoreportalloftheirnewhirestotheSDNHofonlyoneStateinwhichtheydobusinessratherthantoallofthem.

Multi-StepCompetitiveBidding

Acompetitivepurchasingmethodrequestingthatbidderssubmitatechnicalproposalastheinitialprocess.Negotiationsmaytakeplacewithregardtotechnicalitiesandjobcompletionprocesses.Followingthefirststepacompetitivepricebidisrequested.Thepricebidisnotnegotiable.

MunicipalCourts

Inthejudicialorganizationofsomestates,courtswhoseterritorialauthorityisconfinedtoacityorcommunity.

Munnv.Illinois(1877)

Thisisoneofseveral"Grangercases"inwhichtheU.S.SupremeCourtruledthatanIllinoisregulationofgrainstoragerateswasanacceptableexerciseofthepolicepowerofthestateforbusinessesaffectedwithapublicinterest.ThisrulingwasweakenedinSanMateoCountyv.SouthernPacificR.R.(1882)andvirtuallyoverturnedinChicago,Milwaukee&Si.PaulR.R.u.Minnesota(1890).

Murder

Theunlawfulkillingofahumanbeingwithmaliceaforethought(deliberateintenttokill).Murderinthefirstdegreeischaracterizedbypremeditation;murderintheseconddegreeischaracterizedbyasuddenandinstantaneousintenttokillortocauseinjurywithoutcaringwhethertheinjurykillsornot.

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NameaMember

AdisciplinaryprocedureusedbytheSpeakertomaintainorderintheHouse.TheSpeakernamesaMemberforpersistentlydisregardingtheauthorityoftheChair.HeorsheusesthenameoftheMember,ratherthanthenameoftheMember'selectoraldistrict,andtheMemberisthenusuallysuspendedfromtheserviceoftheHousefortherestofthesittingday.

NationState

Aformofstateinwhichthosewhoexercisepowerclaimlegitimacyfortheirrulepartlyorsolelyonthegroundsthattheirpowerisexercisedforthepromotionofthedistinctiveinterests,valuesandculturalheritageofaparticularnationwhosemembersideallywouldconstituteall,ormostof,itssubjectpopulationandallofwhomwoulddwellwithintheborders.

Nation

1.Alargeaggregationoragglomerationofpeoplesharingacommonanddistinctiveracial,linguistic,historicaland/orculturalheritagethathasleditsmemberstothinkofthemselvesasbelongingtoavaluednaturalcommunitysharingacommondestinythatoughttobepreservedforever.

2.Individualswhosecommonidentitycreatesapsychologicalbondandapoliticalcommunity.

NationalAcademyofSciences(NAS)

CharteredbyCongress,convenescommitteesofexperts,often

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attheinitiativeofCongress,toadvisethegovernmentonscientificandtechnicalmatters.

NationalAnthem

AttheopeningoftheWednesdaysitting,immediatelyfollowingPrayersandbeforethedoorsareopened,adesignatedMemberleadstheHouseinsingingOCanada

NationalAssembly

NationalAssembly,nameofanumberofpastandpresentconstituentorlegislativebodies.InFrance,undertheconstitutionsoftheFourthandFifthrepublics,thelowerhouseofparliamenthasbeencalledthenationalassembly.Usually,however,thenamenationalassemblyhasbeenappliedtoprovisionalbodies.Oftenintimesofcrisis,whentheoldorderdissolvesthroughdecay,war,orrevolution,representativesofthepeoplemeettoworkoutaneworder.SuchwasthecaseintheFrenchRevolution,whenmembersoftheStates-Generalproclaimedthemselves(1789)anationalassembly.TheFederalConstitutionalConventionof1787andtheFrankfurtParlia-ment of1848-49werenationalassemblies.AttheendoftheFranco-PrussianWarof1870-71,afterthedownfallofNapoleonIII,Franceagainelectedanationalassembly,whichdrewupthebasicconstitutionallawsfortheThirdRepublic.UndertheThirdRepublicthenamenationalassemblyappliedtojointsessionsofthesenateandthechamberofdeputies.NationalassembliesframedtherepublicanWeimarconstitutionofGermanyin1919andtheBonnconstitutionforWestGermanyin1948-49.Foralistofsomeofthechieflegislativebodiesoftheworld,

NationalAutomatedClearingHouseAssociation(NACHA)

Theassociationthatestablishesthestandards,rules,andproceduresthatenablefinancialinstitutionstoexchangepaymentsonanationalbasis.

NationalChairman

Theheadofanationalpoliticalparty.

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NationalCommittee

Betweenconventions,thegoverningbodyofamajorpoliticalpartywhosemembersarechoseninthestatesandformallyelectedbytheparty'snationalconvention.

NationalConservatism

NationalConservatismisapoliticaltermusedprimarilyinEuropetodescribeatypeofconservatismwhichismainlyconcernedwithpromotingnationalistfeelingsaswellasupholdingculturalandethnicidentity.CommonthemeswhichuniteallnationalconservativesareEuroscepticism,socialconservatism,and,mostimportantly,verystrongoppositiontoimmigration.

Besidesthosecommonelements,nationalconservativesmayholdverydifferentviewsindifferentcountries,dependingonlocalfactors.Thisisparticularlytrueinthecaseofeconomicissues,wheretheviewsofnationalconservativescanrangeanywherebetweensupportforaplannedeconomytoadvocatingacentristmixedeconomytoupholdingalaissez-faireultra-capitalisteconomy.

NationalConvention

Theformalsourceofallauthorityineachmajorpoliticalparty.ItnominatesthepartycandidatesforPresidentandVicePresident,writesaplatform,settlesdisputes,writesrules,andelectsthemembersofthenationalcommittee.

NationalDebt

Thismoneyisowedbyagovernmenttoitscreditors.Whereasdebtreportedinabsoluteamountsmaydullthesenses(e.g.,$4,123trillioninNovember1992),itismoreunderstandableifexpressedinpercapitaterms($16,400perperson)orasaproportionofannualGNP(70percent).

NationalDirectoryofNewHires(NDNH)

AnationaldatabasecontainingNewHire(NH)andQuarterlyWage(QW)datafromeveryStateandFederalagencyand

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UnemploymentInsurance(UI)datafromStateEmploymentSecurityAgencies(SESAs).DatacontainedisfirstreportedtoeachState'sStateDirectoryofNewHires(SDNH)andthentransmittedtotheNDNH.OCSEmaintainstheNDNHaspartoftheexpandedFPLS.

NationalGovernment

NationalGovernments(alternativelynationalunitygovernmentsornationaluniongovernments)arebroadcoalitiongovernmentsconsistingofallparties(orallmajorparties)inthelegislatureandareoftenformedduringtimesofwarornationalemergency.

NationalIndustrialRecoveryAct(NIRA)of1933

AFirstHundredDaysmeasureaimedataffectingbusinessstructure,thisstatutecreatedtheNationalRecoveryAdministration,whichsponsoredcodesoffaircompetitionthatsoughttoraisewagesandeliminatecutthroatcompetition.Controversyswiftlyfollowedconcerningmonopolization,codeviolations,andtheconductoftheagency'shead.AlthoughtheNIRAwasfoundunconstitutionalinSchechterPoultryCo.v.U.S.(1935),thepresidentwasnotthatunhappytoseeitsdemise.

NationalInterest

Interestsspecifictoanation-state,includingespeciallysurvivalandmaintenanceofpower.

NationalLaborUnion

Thiswasfoundedin1866asthefirstattempttoformalargenationallaborunion.ThecreationofWilliamSilvis,itendedwithhisdeathandasaresultofthepanicof1873.

NationalPeople'sCongress.AllthelegislativepowersarevestedintheNationalPeople'sCongressofChina.Thisisaunicamerallegislature.Chinaisperhapstheonlyimportantcountryintheworldwhichhasadoptedunicameralism.ThesecondchamberwasnotrequiredprobablybecauseoftheunitaryfromofgovernmentinChina.Butwhetherthereisonlythechamberor

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NationalPresidentialPrimary

therearetwo,theydonotperform,inrealitymostoftheimportantfunctionsthatareperformedinothercountriesbytheirParliaments.NationalPeople'sCongresshasalimitedroleinthesystemofgovernment.ItistheCommunistPartywhichmattersthemost.Nevertheless,theConstitutionofChinadeclaresthattheNationalPeople'sCongressisthehighestorganofstatepower.

AccordingtoArticle58oftheConstitutionlegislativepowerofthestateisexercisedbytheNationalPeople'sCongressanditsStandingCommittee.Inpractice,mostofthetimeitistheStandingCommitteewhichperformsthelegislativefunctionsoftheNationalpeople'sCongress.TheNationalPeople'sCongressiselectedforatermoffiveyears.ElectionsareorganisedandconductedbytheStandingCommittee.Thereisnoelectioncommissiontodothisjob.ElectionstoanewNationalPeople'sCongressmustbecompletedtwomonthsbeforetheexpirationofthetermoftheNPC.However,incaseof"expectionalcircumstances"theStandingCommitteebyatwo-thirdsmajoritymayputofftheelection.Inthatcase,theoldCongresswillcontinuetofunction.ThenewCongressmustbeelectedwithinoneyearaftertheterminationofexceptionalcircumstances.

NationalPresidentialPrimary

Aproposednewformofprimaryinwhichvoterscoulddirectlychoosethepresidentialcandidatesofthemajorparties.

NationalResearchCouncil(NRC)

OrganizedbytheNationalAcademyofSciencestoadvisethefederalgovernment,thepublic,andthescientificandengineeringcommunities.

NationalSecurityCouncil

AWhiteHousecouncilcreatedin1947tohelpthePresidentcoordinateAmericanmilitaryandforeignpolicy.

NationalStageApplication

Anapplicationwhichhasenteredthenationalphaseofthe

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PatentCooperationTreatybythefulfillmentofcertainrequirementsinanationalOffice,whichisanauthorityentrustedwiththegrantingofnationalorregionalpatents.Suchanapplicationisfiledunder35U.S.C.§371intheUnitedStatesandisreferredtoasa"371application."

Nationalism

1.Nationalismisanideologythatholdsthatanationisthefundamentalunitforhumansociallife,andtakesprecedenceoveranyothersocialandpoliticalprinciples.Nationalismtypicallymakescertainpoliticalclaimsbaseduponthisbelief:aboveall,theclaimthatthenationistheonlyfullylegitimatebasisforastate,thateachnationisentitledtoitsownstate,andthatthebordersofthestateshouldbecongruentwiththebordersofthenation.Nationalismreferstobothapoliticaldoctrineandanycollectiveactionbypoliticalandsocialmovementsonbehalfofspecificnations.Nationalismhashadanenormousinfluenceuponworldhistory,sincethenation-statehasbecomethedominantformofstateorganization.Mostoftheworld'spopulationnowlivesinstateswhichare,atleastnominally,nation-states.Historiansalsousetheterm"nationalism"torefertothishistorical,transition,andtotheemergenceofnationalistideologyandmovements.

2.Nationalism,politicalorsocialphilosophyinwhichthewelfareofthenation-stateasanentityisconsideredparamount.Nationalismisbasicallyacollectivestateofmindorconsciousnessinwhichpeoplebelievetheirprimarydutyandloyaltyistothenation-state.Oftennationalismimpliesnationalsuperiorityandglorifiesvariousnationalvirtues.Thusloveofnationmaybeoveremphasized;concernwithnationalself-interesttotheexclusionoftherightsofothernationsmayleadtointernationalconflict.

Nationalismisacomparativelyrecentphenomenon,probablybornwiththeFrenchRevolution,butdespiteitsshorthistory,ithasbeenextremelyimportantinformingthebondsthat

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Nationality

holdmodernnationstogether.Todayitoperatesalongsidethelegalstructureandsupplementstheformalinstitutionsofsocietyinprovidingmuchofthecohesivenessandordernecessaryfortheexistenceofthemodernnation-state.

Nationality

Nationality,inpoliticaltheory,thequalityofbelongingtoanation,inthesenseofagroupunitedbyvariousstrongties.Amongtheusualtiesaremembershipinthesamegeneralcommunity,commoncustoms,culture,tradition,history,andlanguage.Whilenooneofthesefactorsisessential,somemustbepresentforcohesiontobestrongenoughtojustifythetermnationality.Usedinthissense,nationalitydoesnotnecessarilydenotemembershipwithinaspecificpoliticalstate.Therearemanyexamplesofnationsdividedbetweenseveralstatesandofstatescomposedofseveralnationsandpartsofnations.ThusnotallAlbaniansliveinAlbania,and,ontheotherhand,SwitzerlandhascitizenswhosenativelanguagesareGerman,French,Italian,andRomansh.Inpoliticaltheorythebeliefthatastateshouldbeidenticalwithanationiscalledthe"principleofnationalities,"or,morecommonly,"self-determination."Thisviewisatypicalexpressionofnationalism;itwasadvancedpartlyasameansofsolvingtheproblemofthenationalminorityafterWorldWarI.Nationalityinitsspecificlegalsenseisaverydifferentconcept;itisattachmenttoastatebyatieofallegiance.Nationalsinthissensearefundamentallydistinguishedfromaliensandinmost,butnotall,countriesareidenticalwithcitizens.Nationalitygivesthestatetherighttoimposecertainduties,especiallymilitaryservice.Somestateswillpunishtheirnationalsforcrimeswherevercommitted;theUnitedStates,however,punishesonlythosecrimes,excepttreason,thatarecommittedwithinAmericanterritorialjurisdiction.Statesmaytaxtheincomeandotherassetsoftheirnationalsregardlessofwhethertheyresideabroad.Thenationalowesdutiestohisgovernmentbutisalsoentitledtodiplomaticprotectionwheninaforeigncountry.Suchprotectionincludestheassistanceofconsularofficialswhenthenationalisaccusedofcrimeandthe

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offeringofrefugeinemergencies.Inmanyinstancescertainpersons,particularlythosewhohaveundergonenaturalization,willberegardedasnationalsbytwostatesatonce.Suchproblemsofdualnationalityhavebeenafrequentcauseofinternationaldiplomaticdisputes.

Nationalization

Nationalization,acquisitionandoperationbyacountryofbusinessenterprisesformerlyownedandoperatedbyprivateindividualsorcorporations.Stateorlocalauthoritieshavetraditionallytakenprivatepropertyforsuchpublicpurposesastheconstructionofroads,dams,orpublicbuildings.Knownastherightofeminentdomain,thisprocessisusuallyaccompaniedbythepaymentofcompensation.Bycontrast,theconceptofnationalizationisa20thcent,developmentthatdiffersfromeminentdomaininmotiveanddegree;itisdoneforthepurposeofsocialandeconomicequalityandisusually,althoughnotalways,appliedasaprincipleofcommunisticorsocialistictheoriesofsociety.TheCommuniststatesofEasternEuropenationalizedallindustryandagricultureintheperiodfollowingWorldWarII.UndertheLabourgovernmentoftheperiod1945to1951,GreatBritainnationalizedanumberofimportantindustries,includingcoal,steel,andtransportation.Innon-Communistcountriesithasbeencommonpracticetocompensatetheownersofnationalizedproperties,atleastinpart;however,intheCommunistcountries,whereprivateownershipisopposedinprinciple,thereusuallyhasnotbeensuchcompensation.Nationalizationofforeignpropertieshasoccurred,especiallyinunderdevelopednations,wherethereisresentmentofforeigncontrolofmajorindustries.InstancesincludeMexico'sseizureofoilpropertiesownedbyU.S.corporations(1938),Iran'snationalizationoftheAnglo-IranianOilCompany(1951),thenationalizationoftheSuezCanalCompany(1956)byEgypt,andChile'snationalizationofitsforeign-ownedcopper-miningindustry(1971).Suchexpropriationsraisecomplexproblemsofinternationallaw.Insomecasesdisputesovernationalizationaresettledbyadjudica-tion, withtheexpropriatedpartiesobtainingcompensationfor

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Nation-State

theirformerproperties,ifonlyinpart.Inotherinstances,wherenocompensationisonerea,severestrainininternationalrelationsmayarise.TheInternationalCourtofJusticeruled(1952)intheAnglo-IranianOilCompanydisputethataconcessionmadebyastatetoaforeigncorporationisnotaninternationalagreementandissubjecttothelawoftheconcedingstate—meaningthatinvestorsmustassumetheriskofnationalizationinthecountryinwhichtheyinvest,andunderdevelopednationshaveheldthatnationalizationisarightimpliedbytheUNCharter.

Privatization,thereverseprocess,hasbecomewidespread,however,withsocialism'slossofcredibility.GreatBritainsoldoffmanyofitspubliccompanies,suchasBritishTelecom;Francesold65state-ownedcompaniesin1988;andthecollapseofCommunistdictatorshipsinEEuropeandtheformerSovietUnionhasinspiredlarge-scaleprivatizationinsomeofthenationsinthatregion,insomeinstancesafterdistributinggovernmentsharestothepublic.HousinghasalsobeenprivatizedonalargescaleinBritain,andprivatizationhasbeenproposedforpublichousingintheUnitedStates.Underdevelopednations,too,havebeguntoprivatize.IntheUnitedStates,thetermhasalsobeenbroadlyappliedtothecontractingoutofthemanagementofpublicschools,prisons,airports,sanitationservices,andavarietyofothergovernment-ownedinstitutions,especiallyatthestateandlocallevels.

Nation-State

1.Anation-stateisaspecificformofstate,whichexiststoprovideasovereignterritoryforaparticularnation,andwhichderivesitslegitimacyfromthatfunction.Thestateisapoliticalandgeopoliticalentity;thenationisaculturaland/orethnicentity.Theterm"nation-state"impliesthattheygeographicallycoincide,andthisdistinguishesthenation-statefromtheothertypesofstate,whichhistoricallyprecededit.Ifsuccessfullyimplemented,thisimpliesthatthecitizensshareacommonlanguage,culture,andvalues—whichwasnotthecaseinmanyhistoricalstates.Aworldofnation-statesalsoimplementstheclaimtoself-determinationand

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autonomyforeverynation,acentralthemeoftheideologyofnationalism.(Forambiguitiesintheusageoftermssuchasnation,international,state,andcountry.

2.Astatewithasinglepredominantnationalidentity.

NativeAmericanTribalInsignia

InsigniathatvariousfederallyandstaterecognizedNativeAmericantribeshaveidentifiedastheirofficialtribalinsignia

NaturalAuthority

Authoritybasedonspontaneousdeferencetoanindividual'sknowledgeorsocialposition.

NaturalLaw

Rulesofconductbindingonhumankindbyvirtueofhumanrationalityalone.

NaturalRights

1.NaturalRights,politicaltheorythatmaintainsthatanindividualentersintosocietywithcertainbasicrightsandthatnogovernmentcandenytheserights.Themodernideaofnaturalrightsgrewoutoftheancientandmedievaldoctrinesofnaturallaw,i.e.,thebeliefthatpeople,ascreaturesofnatureandGod,shouldlivetheirlivesandorganizetheirsocietyonthebasisofrulesandpreceptslaiddownbynatureorGod.Withthegrowthoftheideaofindividualism,especiallyinthe17thcent.,naturallawdoctrinesweremodifiedtostressthefactthatindividuals,becausetheyarenaturalbeings,haverightsthatcannotbeviolatedbyanyoneorbyanysociety.PerhapsthemostfamousformulationofthisdoctrineisfoundinthewritingsofJohnLocke.Lockeassumedthathumanswerebynaturerationalandgood,andthattheycarriedintopoliticalsocietythesamerightstheyhadenjoyedinearlierstagesofsociety,foremostamongthembeingfreedomofworship,therighttoavoiceintheirowngovernment,andtherightofproperty.JeanJacquesRousseauattemptedtoreconcilethenaturalrightsofthe

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NaturalRights

individualwiththeneedforsocialunityandcooperationthroughtheideaofthesocialcontract.ThemostimportantelaborationoftheideaofnaturalrightscameintheNorthAmericancolonies,however,wherethewritingsofThomasJefferson,SamuelAdams,andThomasPainemadeofthenaturalrightstheoryapowerfuljustificationforrevolution.TheclassicexpressionsofnaturalrightsaretheEnglishBillofRights(1689),theAmericanDeclarationofIndependence(1776),theFrenchDeclarationoftheRightsofManandtheCitizen(1789),thefirst10amendmentstotheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates(knownastheBillofRights,1791),andtheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsoftheUnitedNations(1948).

2.Thefirsttheorywhichemergedasajustificationofrightsisknowastheoryofnaturalrights.Since17thand18thcenturies,therehasbeenapowerfulopinionintheWestattachedtotheideathatmanpossessescertainrights'bynature',irrespectiveofanyparticularsocial,legalorpoliticalinstitutionsandthattheserightscanbedemonstratedbyreason.ThenaturalrightstheorywhichwassupportedbyLockeandotherliteralwriters,declaredthatallmenarebornwithcertaininherentrights.Rightsinhereinindividualhumanbeingratherthaninsocietyorstate.'Godgivesthemtohischildrenjustashegavethemarms,legs,eyesandears.Menareplacedonthisearthtoleadtolifeandtheymusthavecertainfreedomsiftheyaretoleadtheirlifetoitsfullestpotentiality.Godnotonlybringsmenintothisworldbuthealsoendowsthemwiththeinnateauthoritytoattainthebestthatlifehastooffer.Rightsaccordingtothistheory,wereattributedtotheindividualasiftheyweretheintrinsicpropertyofman.Whateverrightsgowithhimwhereverhegoes.

NaturalrightswerederivedfromnaturallawandwerepropagatedbythesocialcontractwriterslikeHobbes,LockeandRousseau.Theyassumedthatmanhadcertainnaturalrightsbeforetheoriginofthestateandhesurrenderedsome

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ofthemtoasuperiorauthority,i.e.,civilsociety,inordertosafeguardtherestofthem.Hobbesconsideredrighttolifeasnaturalright.Lockedeclaredrighttolife,libertyandpropertyasthenaturalrights.Rousseaudeemedlibertyandqualityasthegiftsofnature.Itwasmaintainedthattheindividualcannotgiveuptheserightstothestate.Therightsareinalienablebecausewhatnaturehasgiventothemistolastforlifelong.Infact,ifamanseekstogiventhem.

NavigationActs

VariousmercantilistlawsenactedbyGreatBritainbetween1650and1767soughttocontrolAmericancommerceonthehighseas.TheseeventuallybecameanadditionalabrasionbetweenthemothercountryandtheAmericancolony.

NegativeAmortization

Someadjustableratemortgagesallowtheinterestratetofluctuateindependentlyofarequiredminimumpayment.Ifaborrowermakestheminimumpaymentitmaynotcoveralloftheinterestthatwouldnormallybedueatthecurrentinterestrate.Inessence,theborrowerisdeferringtheinterestpayment,whichiswhythisiscalled"deferredinterest."Thedeferredinterestisaddedtothebalanceoftheloanandtheloanbalancegrowslargerinsteadofsmaller,whichiscallednegativeamortization.

NegativeExternalities

Alsoknownasspillovereffects,thesearecoststothepublicbecausethesellingpricesofgoodsdonotreflecttheconse-quences ofpollutionorotherliabilities.

NegativeLiberty

1.Thesocietyorthestatemustnotinterferewiththepersonallibertyofanindividual.Amongthesepersonalliberties,thelibertyofthoughtanddiscussion,ofassociationandassemblyarethemostimportant.

2.Byservinghisowninterestsanindividualsalsoservesthesocialinterest.Thus,thereisnoconflictbetweenpersonal

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NegativeResolution

interestandthesocialinterest.Personallibertyis,infact,apreconditionofsocialprogress.Leavingmanfreeinhispersonalaffairswillleadtopersonalandsocialdevelopment.

3.Thoseactionsofindividualswhichinfluencethesocietycanbecontrolledbythestatethroughlaws.Butthelawsofthestatecannottakeawaypersonalliberty.Itcanonlyregulateitfortheinterestsandwelfareofthesociety.

NegativeResolution

InanAct,thisexpression,whenusedinrelationtoanyregulation,meansthattheregulationshallbelaidbeforetheHouseofCommonswithintheprescribedperiodoftimeandmaybeannulledbyaresolutionoftheHouseofCommonsintroducedandpassedinaccordancewiththeRilesofthatHouse.

Negligence

Failuretoexerciseordinarycare.

NegotiatedSale

Anofferwithoutafixedprice.Theownerwithholdstherighttoacceptorrejectoffers.

Negotiation

PreawarddiscussionsconductedbytheGrantsDivisiontoestablishtheconditionsandamountofadiscretionarygrantorcooperativeagreement;basedonrecommendationsfromthecognizantprincipaloffice,acostanalysisoftheapplicant'sbudget,andareviewofproposedactivities.

Neo-Bolshevism

Neo-Bolshevismreferstothefollowersoftheextremeleft-wingsocialbeliefsoftheMarxistRussianSocialDemocraticLabourParti;.Theyhadanextremesocialistviewsandaninter-nationalist outlook.

GeorgeOrwelluseditinthefictionalNineteenEighty-FourasthetitleofEurasiasideology,incontrasttoOceanias"Ingsoc"andEastasias"Death-worship"or"ObliterationoftheSelf".It

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•isimpliedinGoldstein'sbookthatthethreeideologiesaresecretlymoreorlessinterchangeable.

NeoclassicalEconomists

Thisnamewasappliedtoagroupofeconomistswhoflourishedfromthemid-nineteenthcenturythroughthe1920s.ThiseconomicschoolincludedLeonWalras,AlfredMarshall,andIrvingFisher,anditembellishedtheteachingsoftheclassicalwritersthroughtheuseofmathematicsandgreaterattentiononmicroeconomicphenomena.

NeoclassicalPost-Keynesianism

ThistermbestdescribestheorthodoxeconomicinstructionprovidedintheUnitedStatestoday.

Neocolonialism

Inverysimpleterms,neo-colonialismreferstothecontinueddominationandexploitationofthethirdworldstatesbytheformercolonialpowersandthecontinuedsubordinationofthepost-colonialstatetotheerstwhileimperialpowers.Thuswecansaythatmoderncolonialismisneo-colonialism;thegarbhaschanged,andtheoldwineisinanewbottle.Butthewinehastherebybecomedangerous.Themostsignificantaspectofneo-colonialism,whichmakesitextradangerous,isitsinformalnatureofdominationwhichmakesitdifficulttoberecognisedoutright.KwameNkrumahwasrightwhenhesaidthatneo-colonialism hadthepowerofexploitationwithoutanyresponsibility.

Neocommunism

NeocommunismcanrefertoanyrecentdevelopmentinCommunistorMarxistthought.

Neoconservatism

Anideologicaltermcharacterizingpartiesorpoliticianswhonotonlyadvocateanendtogovernmentexpansion,butbelieveinreducingitsroleviadownsizing,privatization,andderegulation.

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Neo-KeynesianSchool

ThisreferstoabasicacceptanceofKeynesianismbutwithmodificationsofitsgrowthassumptions.TheHarrodandDomarmodelsexemplifythistradition.

NeoliberalisminInternationalRelations

Inthestudyofinternationalrelations(IR),neoliberalismreferstoaschoolofthoughtwhichbelievesthatnation-statesare,oratleastshouldbe,concernedfirstandforemostwithabsolutegains(economic,strategic,etc.),ratherthanrelativegainstoothernation-states.Thenotionisoftenconnectedwithneoliberaleconomictheory.

Neo-Marxism

Neo-Marxismwasa20thcenturyschoolthatharkenedbacktotheearlywritingsofMarxbeforetheinfluenceofEngelswhichfocusedondialecticalidealismratherthandialecticalmaterialism,andthusrejectedtheeconomicdeterminismofeanyMarx,iocusmginsteadonanon-pnysicai,psycnoiogicairevolution.Itwasthusfarmorelibertarianandrelatedtostrainsofanarchism.Italsoputmoreofanemphasisontheevilsofglobalcapitalism.ManyprominentNeo-MarxistssuchasMarcuseweresociologistsandpsychologists.Itwasboundupwiththestudentmovementsofthe1960s.Neo-MarxismcomesunderthebroaderheadingofNewLeftthinking.Neo-MarxismisalsousedfrequentlytodescribetheoppositiontoinequalitiesexperiencedbyLesserDevelopedCountriesintheNewEconomicInternationalOrder.Inasociologicalsense,neo-MarxismaddsMaxWeber'sbroaderunderstandingofsocialinequality,suchasstatusandpower,toMarxistphilosophy.

Neopatrimonialism

Neopatrimonialismisatermusedforpatronsusingstateresourcesinordertosecuretheloyaltyofclientsinthegeneralpopulation,andisindicativeofinformalpatron-clientrelation-ships thatcanreachfromtheveryhighupinstatestructuresdowntoindividualsinsay,smallvillages.

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Neopatrimonalismmayunderlayorsupplantthebureaucraticstructureofthestateinthatonlythosewithconnectionshavetherealpower,notthosewhoholdhigherpositions.Furthercriticismsincludethatitunderminespoliticalinstitutionsandtheruleoflaw,andisacorrupt(butnotalwaysillegal)practice.Neopatrimonialismalsohasitsbenefits,however.Neopatri-monalism canextendthereachofthestateintothegeographicalandsocialperipheriesofthecountry,itcanprovideshorttermstability,andcanfacilitatecommunalintegration.

NetAssessedValue

Totalassessedvaluelessallexemptionsincludinghomeowners.

NetLending

Advancesbythenationalgovernmentfortheservicingofgovernmentguaranteedcorporatedebtduringtheyear,netofrepaymentsonsuchadvances.Includesloansoutlaysorproceedsfromprogramloansrelenttogovernmentcorporations.

rsetrnce

Theremainderoftheamountafteranydiscountshavebeensubtracted.

NeutronBomb

Acontroversialbombthatkillspeoplebutsparesbuildings.

NewApplication(Award,Grant)

Referstoanapplicationnotpreviouslyproposed,oronethathasnotreceivedpriorfunding.AlsoknownasaType1.

NewDeal

ArhetoricalflourishinFranklinD.Roosevelt'sfirstinaugural

addressbecamethelabelforthesocialprogramsofhisadministrationinthe1930s.

NewFederalism

PresidentRichardNixon'sefforttoreturnfederaltaxmoneytostateandlocalgovernmentsthroughsuchprogramsasgeneralrevenuesharing.

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NewHire(NH)Data

Dataonanewemployeethatemployersmustsubmitwithin20daysofhiretotheStateDirectoryofNewHires(SDNH)intheStateinwhichtheydobusiness.Minimuminformationmustincludetheemployee'sname,address,andSocialSecurityNumber(SSN),aswellastheemployer'sname,address,andFederalEmployerIdentificationNumber(FEIN).SomeStatesmayrequireorrequestadditionaldata.MultistateemployershavetheoptionofreportingalloftheirnewlyhiredemployeestoonlyoneStateinwhichtheydobusiness.ThisdataisthensubmittedtotheNationalDirectoryofNewHires(NDNH),whereitiscomparedagainstchildsupportorderinformationcontainedintheFederalCaseRegistry(FCR)forpossibleenforcementofchildsupportobligationsbywagegarnishment.NewhiredatamayalsobeusedattheStateleveltofindnewhiresthathavebeenreceivingunemploymentinsuranceorotherpublicbenefitsforwhichtheymaynolongerbeeligible,helpingStatestoreducewasteandfraud.FederalAgenciesreportthisdatadirectlytotheNDNH.Alsoknownas(W4)data,aftertheformusedtoreporttheemployees.

NewInstitutionalism

Thistermwasgiventotheamalgamationofthetraditionalandbehavioralschoolsofpoliticalscienceabout1970.

NewInternationalEconomicOrder

ArevisionoftheinternationaleconomicsysteminfavourofThirdWorldcountries.

NewJerseyPlan

AplanofferedattheConstitutionalConventionof1787byWilliamPatersonofNewJersey,andfavoredbythesmallstates,whichcalledforonevoteforeachstateinthelegislature,anexecutiveofmorethanonepersontobeelectedbyCongress,andaSupremeCourttobeappointedbytheexecutive.

NewLabourParty

Inspiteofthepresenceofrevolutionaryandmilitantfactinswithin

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theLabourParty,itscommitmenttosocialismappearedtobeontheretreat.LabourLeaderNeilKinnackfailedtowinboth1983and1987electionsforhisparty.Headoptedmoderateviewsonmostissues.Whileallsectionsofthepartywantphasingoutofnuclearweapons,asmallminoritybelievesinimpositionofwealthtax,abolitionofHouseofLordsandintroductionofseveralotherwelfareschemes.

TheLabourPartywonanunprecedentsvictoryin1997.TheConservativesneverfairedsobadly.ItwasworstthanevenDukeofWellingtonsdefeatin1832atthehandsoftheWhigs.

LabourLeaderTonyBlair,at43,becausetheyoungestPrimeMinisteroftheU.K.sinceLordLiverpoolin1812.Blair,anOxford-educatedBarrister-at-Law,claimedthathispartyhaswonsupportfrompeopleinallwalksoflike,fromallclassesandfromeverycornerofthecountry.Hesaid,hehadledhis"NewLabour"tovictorybysheddingorthodoxtrade-unionistapproach.ThefaceofHouseofCommonshadalsochangedbecause120womenbecameitmemberasagainst63inthepreviousHouse.TheNewLabourdenouncedoldMaxistfaithinnationalisedindustryand"Statism".BlairpromisedcontinuationofConservatives'economicpolicy,boostingprivateenterpriseandkeepingwithinexistingtaxandspendinglimits.

Blairpromisedconstitutionalreforms,inducingdenialofvotingrighttohereditarypeers,referendumonScottishandWelshautonomy,aParliamentforScotlandtolookaftereducationandhealth,andadoptionofabillofright.

NewWorldOrder

Theterm"NewWorldOrder"hasbeenusedtorefertoanewperiodofhistoryevidencingadramaticchangeinworldpoliticalthoughtandthebalanceofpower.ThefirstusagesofthetermsurroundedWoodrowWilsonsFourteenPointsandcallforaLeagueofNationsfollowingthedevastationofWorldWarI.ThephrasewasusedsparinglyattheendoftheSecondWorldWarwhendescribingtheplansfortheUnitedNationsandBrettonWoodssystem,inpartbecauseofthenegative

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NoBid

associationtothefailedLeagueofNationsthephrasewouldbring.Inretrospecthowever,manycommentatorshaveappliedthetermretroactivelytotheorderputinplacebytheWWIIvictorsasa"newworldorder."Themostrecent,andmostwidelydiscussed,applicationofthephrasecameattheendoftheColdWar.PresidentsMikhailGorbachevandGeorgeH.W.BushusedthetermtotrytodefinethenatureofthepostColdWarera,andthespiritofgreatpowercooperationthattheyhopedmightmaterialize.Gorbachev'sinitialformulationwaswiderangingandidealistic,buthisabilitytopressforitwasseverelylimitedbytheinternalcrisisoftheSovietsvstem.Bush'svisionwas,incomparison,muchmorecircumscribedandpragmatic,perhapseveninstrumentalattimes,andcloselylinkedtotheFirstGulfWar.Perhapsnotsurprisingly,theperceptionofwhatthenewworldorderentailedinthepressandinthepublicimaginationfaroutstrippedwhateitherGorbachevorBushhadoutlined,andwascharacterizedbynearlycomprehensiveoptimism.

NoBid

Abidreplyindicatingthatthevendorchoosesnottobid.

NoCash-OutRefinance

Arefinancetransactionwhichisnotintendedtoputcashinthehandoftheborrower.Instead,thenewbalanceiscalculatedtocoverthebalancedueonthecurrentloanandanycostsassociatedwithobtainingthenewmortgage.Oftenreferredtoasa"rateandtermrefinance."

NoEstablishmentClause

TheFirstAmendmentprovisionthat"Congressshallmakenolawrespectinganestablishmentofreligion."

No-CostExtension

1.WithinStatus,userswillfindafeaturetoautomaticallyextendgrantsthatareeligibleforaone-timeextensionofthefinalbudgetperiodofaprojectperiodwithoutadditionalNIH

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fundsthroughtheeRACommons.Thesystemwillautomati-cally changetheenddateforthegrantandnotifytheappropriateN1Hstaff.

2.Extensionofagrant'sprojectperiodofperformancewithoutadditionalfunds.

No-CostLoan

Almostalllendersofferloansat"nopoints."Youwillfindtheinterestrateona"nopoints"loanisapproximatelyaquarterpercenthigherthanonaloanwhereyoupayonepoint.

NoloContendere

.••

Nocontest.Hasthesameeffectasapleaofguilty,asfarasthecriminalsentenceisconcerned,butmaynotbeconsideredasanadmissionofguiltforanyotherpurpose.

NominalParty

Onewhoisjoinedasapartyordefendantmerelybecausethetechnicalrulesofpleadingrequirehisorherpresenceintherecord.

Agroupwhichlacksformalorganizationbuthasthepotentialformobilizingpolitically.

NoncompetingContinuation

1.Ayearofcontinuedsupportforafundedgrant.Progressreportsforcontinuedsupportdonotundergopeerreview,butareadministrativelyreviewedbytheInstitute/Centerandreceiveanawardbasedonpriorawardcommitments.AlsoknownasaType5.

2.Ongoinggrantwhoseawardiscontingentuponthecompletionofasatisfactoryprogressreportastheconditionofthereleaseofmoneyforthefollowingyear.

NoncompetingGrant

Anongoinggrantwhoseawardiscontingentonthecompletion

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ofaprogressreportastheconditionforthereleaseofmoneyforthefollowingyear.

Non-ConfidenceMotion

Amotionwhich,ifadopted,indicatesthattheGovernmenthaslosttheconfidenceoftheHouse.TheGovernmenttheneitherresignsorrequeststhattheGovernorGeneraldissolveParliamentandgiveordersfortheissuingofelectionwrits.

Non-CustodialParent(NCP)

Theparentwhodoesnothaveprimarycare,custody,orcontrolofthechild,andhasanobligationtopaychildsupport.Alsoreferredtoastheobligor.

Non-DisclosureAgreement

Anagreementtorestrictdisclosureofspecific(usuallyconfidential)information.

Non-ExpendableInventory

Anytangibleitemswithashelf-lifeorusefulnessbeyondoneyearandcostingoveracertaindollaramount.

Non-FinalOfficeAction(Rejection)

1.AnOfficeactionmadebytheexaminerwheretheapplicantisentitledtoreplyandrequestreconsiderationorfurtherexamination,withorwithoutmakinganamendment

Ontakingupanapplicationforexaminationorapatentinareexaminationproceeding,theexaminerisrequiredtomakeathoroughstudyoftheapplicationandoftheavailablepriorartrelatingtothesubjectmatteroftheclaimedinvention.Thisexaminationmustbecompletewithrespectto:(i)com-pliance oftheapplicationorpatentunderreexaminationwiththeapplicablestatutesandrules(ii)thepatentabilityoftheinventionasclaimedmattersofform,unlessotherwiseindicated.

2.AnOfficeactionletterthatraisesnewissuesandusuallyisthefirstphaseoftheexaminationprocess.Anexamining

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attorneywillissueanon-finalOfficeactionafterreviewingtheapplicationforthefirsttime.Ifanewissuearisesaftertheapplicantrespondstothefirstnon-finalOfficeaction,theexaminingattorneywillissueanothernon-finalOfficeactionthatsetsforththenewissue(s)andcontinuesanythatremainoutstanding.Applicantsmustrespondtonon-finalOfficeactionletterswithin6monthsfromthedatetheyareissuedtoavoidabandonmentoftheapplication.

Non-Interventionism

Non-interventionismisaforeignpolicywhichholdsthatpoliticalrulersshouldavoidallianceswithothernationsandavoidallwarsnotrelatedtodirectterritorialself-defense.Asimilarphraseis"strategicindependence".Isolationismisnon-interventionismcombinedwitheconomicnationalism(protectionism).Mostnon-interventionistsarenotisolationists.Most,likeThomasJeffersonintheUnitedStates,favournon-interventionismcombinedwithfreetradeandfreeculturalexchange.

Non-Recyclable

Asubstancewhichcannotbeintroducedasusableforremanufacturablematerial.

NonreportableAccounts

Anaccountforwhichthesponsordoesnotrequirefinancialreporting.

Non-ResponsiveAmendment

AnamendmentfiledbytheapplicantthatdocAfullyrespondtotheexaminer'sofficeactioninaccordancewith37CFR1.111

Non-ResponsiveBid(also,unresponsive)

Abidorofferthatdoesnotcomplywiththerequirementsasstated.

Non-TaxRevenue

Revenuecollectedfromsourcesotherthancompulsorytaxlevies.

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NormalPublication

Includesthosecollectedinexchangefordirectservicesrenderedbygovernmentagenciestothepublic,orthosearisingfromthegovernment'sregulatoryandinvestmentactivities.

NormalPublication

Regular18-monthpublicationorredactedpublication.

Normalcy

AtermusedbytheHarding-Coolidgepresidentialcampaignof1920,itdenotesadesiretoreturntothe"goodolddays"ofpre-WorldWarIAmerica.

NormativeEconomics

ThisorientationstresseshumanitarianvaluesineconomicanalysisasopposedtouVhardrealitiesofmarketanalysis.

Normative

Politicalanalysisbasedonvalues,commitmentsandideas.

NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA)

AtradeagreementamongtheUnitedStates,Canada,andMexicowaschampionedbytheBushadministrationbutopposedbythosefearingthelossofmanufacturingjobstoMexicoandtheerosionofenvironmentalsafeguards.

North-SouthIssues

Theseconcernsdividetheindustrializednationsoftheworld(mostofwhicharelocatedinthehighernorthernlatitudes)fromtheLDCstothesouth.Theseconcernsincludepricespaidforrawmaterials,thedebtorstatusofmanysouthernnations,andimmigration.

NotRecommendedforFurtherConsideration(NRFC)

Ajudgmentmadebyascientificreviewgroupforapplicationswhenthemeritoftheproposedresearchisnotsignificantandsubstantialenoughtowarrantafurtherreview.Thestudysectiondoesnotrecommendfunding;theapplicationcannotbefundedbyaninstitute.

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NoteRate

Theinterestratestatedonamortgagenote.

Note

Alegaldocumentthatobligatesaborrowertorepayamortgageloanatastatedinterestrateduringaspecifiedperiodoftime.

NoticeofAbandonment

AwrittennotificationfromtheUSPTOthatanapplicationhasbeendeclaredabandonedor,inotherwords,isnolongerpending.IftheapplicationwasabandonedunintentionallyorduetoOfficeerror,theapplicanthasadeadlineoftwomonthsfromtheissuedateofthenoticeofabandonmenttofileeither(1)apetitiontorevivetheapplicationor(2)arequesttoreinstatetheapplication.

NoticeofAllowability

Anotificationtothepatentapplicantthattheapplicationhasbeenplacedinconditionforallowance

NoticeofAllowanceandFeesDue

NOA,Anotificationtotheapplicantthattheyareentitledtoapatentunderthelawandrequestingpaymentofaspecifiedissuefee(andpossiblyapublicationfeeaswell)withinthreemonths(non-extendable)fromthemailingdateofthenoticeofallowance

NoticeofDefault

Aformalwrittennoticetoaborrowerthatadefaulthasoccurredandthatlegalactionmaybetaken.

NoticeofGrantAward

1.Thelegallybindingdocumentthatnotifiesthegranteeinsti-tution thatagrantoracooperativeagreementhasbeenmade.Containsreferencestotheaward'stermsandconditions.

2.Thelegallybindingdocumentthatnotifiesthegranteeandothersthatanawardhasbeenmade,containsorreferences

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NoticeofMotion(Papers)

alltermsandconditionsoftheaward,anddocumentstheobligationofFederalfunds.Theawardnoticemaybeinletterformatandmaybeissuedelectronically.

NoticeofMotion(Papers)

AnoticeunderPrivateMembers'BusinessconcerningamotionforpapersforwhichadebateisdesiredeitherbytheMembergivingnoticeorbyaMinisteroftheCrown.

NoticeofMotionfortheProductionofPapers

AnoticeplacedontheOrderPaperbyaprivateMemberrequestingthetablingofsomedocument.SuchanoticemaybecalledonlyonWednesday,whenthemotionisdecidedwithoutdebate.IftheMemberoraMinisterdesiresadebate,arequestismadethatthenoticebetransferredtoNoticesofMotions(Papers).

NoticeofMotion

Anannouncement,eitheroralorwritten,ofanintentiontobringasubstantiveproposalbeforetheHouse.Thenoticeperiodvariesdependingonthetypeofmotionandwhowillmoveit.

NoticeofOpposition

AnoticeopposinganitemoftheEstimateswhichnecessitatestheholdingofaseparatevoteonthatitempriortothevoteonthemainconcurrencemotion.

NoticeofPublication

AwrittenstatementfromtheUSPTOnotifyinganapplicantthatitsmarkwillbepublishedintheOfficialGazette.Iftheexaminingattorneyassignedtoanapplicationraisesnoobjectionstoregistration,oriftheapplicantovercomesallobjections,theexaminingattorneywillapprovethemarkforpublication.Thenoticeofpublicationprovidesthedateofpublication.Anypartywhobelievesitmaybedamagedbyregistrationofthemarkhasthirty(30)daysfromthepublicationdatetofileeitheranoppositiontoregistrationorarequesttoextendthetimetooppose.

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Ifnooppositionisfiledoriftheoppositionisunsuccessful,theapplicationentersthenextstageoftheregistrationprocess.ACertificateofRegistrationwillissueforapplicationsbasedonuseoronaforeignregistrationunder§44,oraNoticeofAllowancewillissueforintent-to-useapplications.

NoticeofReferencesCited

AlsoknownasaPTO-892form.AlistofrelevantreferencescitedbyapatentexaminerinanOfficeaction.Thefollowingaresomeexamplesofsuchreferences:domesticpatents,domesticpatentapplicationpublications,foreignpatentsorpatentpublications,publications,electronicdocuments,andaffidavits.

NoticeofWaysandMeansMotion

AnoticeindicatingtheGovernment'sintentiontointroduceawaysandmeansmotion,onalaterday.Thenoticegivesthetermsofthemotionandisthefirststepintheprocessofauthorizinganewtaxmeasure.

NoticePaper

AdocumentpublisheddailywhentheHouse"issittingthatpresentsallitems(bills,motionsandquestions)forwhichnoticehasbeengiven.TheNoticePaperappearsatthebackoftheOrderPaper.

NoticeQuorumCall

ANoticeQuorumCallisstoppedonceaquorum,orminimumnumbernecessaryforlegislativebusiness,ispresent.

NoticetoProduce

Anoticeinwritingrequiringtheoppositepartytoyieldacertaindescribedpaperordocumentinadvanceoratthetrial.

Notice

Aformalnotificationtoapartythatalawsuithasbeeninitiated.

NotwithstandingClause

Section33oftheCharterofRightsandFreedoms,whichallows

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Nozinc'sTheoryofJustice

federalorprovinciallegislaturestopasslawsthatmayviolatecertainsectionsoftheCharter.

Nozinc'sTheoryofJustice

Theentitlementtheoryofjusticehasbeenadvocatedbylibertarianwriters,particularlyRobertNozicinhisbookAnarchy,StateandUtopia.Thelibertarianismasapoliticaltheorydefendsmarketfreedomsanddemandslimitationsontheuseofstateforsocialwelfarepolicies.Itopposesredistributivetaxationschemeforbringingaboutsocio-economicequality.Itbelievesthatredistributiontaxationiswronganditisaviolationofpeoplerights.Libertarianismrelatesjusticewiththemarketandconsidersgovernmentinterferenceasequivalenttoforcedlabourandaviolationofourmoralright.

LibertariantheoryofjusticeisbestexpressedinNozic'stheoryofentitlement.Thecentralthemeofthistheoryis:"ifweassumethateveryoneisentitledtothegoodstheycurrentlypossess(theirholdings),thenajustdistributionissimplywhateverdistributionresultsfrompeople'sfreeexchanges.Anydistributionthatarisesbyfreetransfersfromajustsituationisitselfjust".Forthegovernmenttotaxtheseexchangesagainstanyone'swillisunjust.Evenifthetaxesareusedtocompensateforsomeone'shandicaporpoverty,itcannotbejustified.Theonlylegitimatetaxationistoraiserevenuesformaintainingthesystemoffreeexchangelikethepoliceandjusticesystem.

NuclearProliferation

Thespreadofatomicweaponstomorecountries.

Nuclearism

Nuclearismisthepoliticalphilosophyorideologythatnuclearweaponsarethebestwayofmaintainingpeace.Anincisiveexpositionandcultural-environmentalcritiqueofthisideologyisfoundinPiyushMathur'sarticle"Nuclearism:TheContoursofaPoliticalEcology"publishedintheAmericanjournalSocialText(Spring2001).Thekeyelementsofnuclearism,thoughnotlistedassuchbyMathur,are:(1)Thebeliefthatnuclear

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weaponskeepthepeace,andareanecessaryevil.(2)Thebeliefthatnuclearpowerisasafe,reliableandinexpensivesourceofenergy,andthatthenuclearpowerindustryisanabsolutegood.(3)Thebeliefthat,despitetheexpansionofthenuclearpowerindustry,thediversionofnuclearmaterialsfromthenuclearfuelcycletomilitaryusescanbeprevented.

Nuclearismisgenerallylookedatfromthepointofviewofcriticism;proponentsofnuclearismusuallydonotdefenditassuch,butratherasaninevitableexpressionofrealismgiventhetechnologicaldevelopmentofnuclearweapons.

NuncupativeWill

Anoral(unwritten)will.

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OathofAllegiance

AnoathofloyaltytotheSovereign,inaccordancewiththerequirementsoftheConstitutionAct,1867,swornbyaMemberbeforetakingaseatintheHouseofCommons.

OathofOffice

AnoathswornbyemployeesoftheHouseofCommonstocarryoutfaithfullythedutiesentrustedtothem.

Oath

Asolemndeclarationbeforeanother,complyingwiththelawsofthestateorcountrywheremade,thatthedocumentinwhichanapplicantforpatentdeclaresthat:(1)heorsheistheoriginalorsoleinventor,(2)shallstateofwhatcountryheorsheisacitizen,(3)thatheorshehasreviewedandunderstandsthecontentsofthespecificationandclaimswhichthedeclarationrefersto,and(4)acknowledgesthedutytodiscloseinformationthatismaterialtopatentabilityasdefinedby37CFR§1.56.Anoathordeclarationmustbefiledineachnonprovisionalpatentapplication.

ObjectCode

Afour-digitsegmentoftheChartofAccountsthatdescribesthenatureofthetransaction(asset,liabilityorexpense).ObjectcodesareenteredwhiletransactingandareconsistentthroughouttheUniversity.

Objection

AnObjectionfromanymemberpreventsaunanimousconsentrequestfromtakingeffect.

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ObjectionOverruled

Ajudge'srejectionofanobjectionasinvalid.

ObjectionSustained

Supportoragreewithanobjection.Usedbythejudgetoindicateagreementwithamotionorrequest.

uojection

Theactoftakingexceptiontosomestatementorprocedureintrial.Usedtocallthecourt'sattentiontoimproperevidenceorprocedure.

Obligated

Atermmeaningthatanon-custodialparent(NCP)isrequiredtomeetthefinancialtermsofacourtoradministrativeorder.

Obligation

1.Amountofmoneytobepaidassupportbyanon-custodialparent(NCP).Cantaketheformoffinancialsupportforthechild,medicalsupport,orspousalsupport.Anobligationisarecurring,ongoingobligation,notaonetimedebtsuchasanassessment.

2.DatabasedonNIHfundsthathavebeenawardedbyanNIHInstitute/Center.

Obligee

Theperson,Stateagency,orotherinstitutiontowhichachildsupportisowed(alsoreferredtoascustodialpartywhenthemoneyisowedtothepersonwithprimarycustodyofthechild).

Obligor

Thepersonwhoisobligedtopaychildsupport(alsoreferredtoasthenon-custodialparentorNCP).

OccupiableSpace

Thespaceremaininginthewarehouseforstoringwarehousingunitsafterallocatingspaceforserviceaisles,accessaisles,andotherutilityspace.

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OccupiedSpace

Occupiablespaceactuallyoccupiedbywarehousingunitsorotherwarehousingelements.

Off-Budget

Off-Budgetdescribesprogramsnotcountedtowardbudgetlimitsduetoprovisionsincurrentlaw.

Forexample,SocialSecuritytrustfundsandthepostalserviceareoff-budgetprograms.

Off-Campus

ReferstothelocationofactivitiesthatoccurinfacilitiesnotownedbyHarvardUniversity,regardlessoftheirproximitytoCambridgeorBoston.Examplesmayinclude:arentedstructureusedforfieldstudiesinAfrica,oraprivatelaboratoryinKendallSquare.Off-campus-basedawardsdonotusethefulloverheadratebecausenoHarvardfacilitycostsareincurredattherentedsites.

Offer

Anactofwillingnesstoenterintoapurchaseagreementthatjustifiestoanotherpersonanunderstandingthathisassenttothatpurchaseagreementisinvitedandwillestablishacontract.

Offeror

AcontractingtermdenotinganapplicantrespondingtoanRFP.OfficeofManagementandBudget(OMB)circulars

OfficeAction

Aletterfromatrademarkexaminingattorneysettingforththelegalstatusofatrademarkapplication.ThereareseveraltypesofOfficeactions:examiner'samendments,priorityactions,non-finalOfficeactions,finalOfficeactions,andsuspensioninquiryletters.

OfficeofChildSupportEnforcement(OCSE)

TheFederalagencyresponsiblefortheadministrationofthe

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childsupportprogram.CreatedbyTitleIV-DoftheSocialSecurityActin1975,OCSEisresponsibleforthedevelopmentofchildsupportpolicy;oversight,evaluation,andauditsofStatechildsupportenforcementprograms;andprovidingtechnicalassistanceandtrainingtotheStateprograms.OCSEoperatestheFederalParentLocatorService,whichincludestheNationalDirectoryofNewHires(NDNH)andtheFederalCaseRegistry(FCR).OCSEispartoftheAdministrationforChildrenandFamilies(ACF),whichiswithintheDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices(DHHS).

OfficeofManagementandBudget(OMB)

ThisagencyoftheExecutiveOfficeofthePresidentisresponsiblefordevelopingtheAdministration'sproposedbudget.ThedirectorofOMBisoneofthemostimportantdecisionmakersinanadministration.

OfficeofPersonnelManagement(OPM)

TheFederalGovernment's"HumanResourcesAgency."

OfficerofParliament

AnofficerresponsibletooneorbothHousesofParliamentforthecarryingoutofdutiesassignedbystatute.AmongthoseincludedinthedesignationaretheAuditorGeneral,theChiefElectoralOfficer,theCommissionerofOfficialLanguages,theEthicsCommissioner,theInformationCommissionerandthePrivacyCommissioner.

OfficialOpposition

1.Inaparliamentarysystem,thelargestoftheoppositionparties,givenaspecialroletoplayinthelegislativeprocess.

2.ThepartyorcoalitionofpartiesholdingthesecondlargestnumberofseatsintheHouseofCommons.Itisaccordedcertainfinancialandproceduraladvantagesoverotherpartiesinopposition.

Offset

1.Amountofmoneyinterceptedfromaparent'sStateorFederal

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Okun'sLaw

incometaxrefund,orfromanadministrativepaymentsuchasFederalretirementbenefits,inordertosatisfyachildsupportdebt.

2.AnOffsetreferstofundsreceivedbythefederalgovernment,butnotcountedasrevenue.ExamplesincludeMedicarepremiums,parkentrancefees,salesofoilortimberleasesorelectricalpower.

Offsetsaredeductedfromspecificbudgetaccountsoraretreatedasnegativeoutlays.

Okun'sLaw

ArthurOkunobservedthata1percentdeclineinunemploymentiscorrelatedwitha3percentincreaseinGNP.ThisprinciplewastrackedcarefullybyPresidentFord'sCouncilofEconomicAdvisersduringtherecessionof1975.

OLIA

OfficeforLegislativeandInternationalAffairs-CurrentlyknownasAdministratorforExternalAffairs,comprisedofOfficeofInternationalRelations,OfficeofCongressionalRelations,andOfficeofEnforcement

Oligarchy

1.Aformofgovernmentinwhichaminorityrulesoutsidethelaw.ombudsman.Anofficialwiththepowertoinvestigatecomplaintsagainstgovernmentadministration.

2.Oligarchyrulebyafewmembersofacommunityorgroup.Whenreferringtogovernments,theclassicaldefinitionofoligarchy,asgivenforexamplebyAristotle,isofgovernmentbyafew,usuallytherich,fortheirownadvantage.Itiscomparedwithbotharistocracy,whichisdefinedasgovern-ment byafewchosenfortheirvirtueandrulingforthegeneralgood,andvariousformsofdemocracy,orrulebythepeople.Inpractice,however,almostallgovernments,whatevertheirform,arerunbyasmallminorityofmembers.Fromthisperspective,themajordistinctionbetweenoligarchy

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anddemocracyisthatinthelatter,theelitescompetewitheachother,gainingpowerbywinningpublicsupport.Theextentandtypeofbarriersimpedingthosewhoattempttojointhisrulinggroupisalsosignificant.

Oligopoly

1.Theconcentrationofeconomicpowerinthehandsofarelativelyfewlargecompanies.

2.Thisisamarketstructurewithfewsellersandmanybuyersthatproduceseitherasimilaroradifferentiatedproductandmakesentrydifficult.Becauseoligopolistsarereluctanttoengageinpricecompetition,thereisanopportunityformonopolisticprofitstoaccruetothefewfirmsinthemarket;however,economiesofscalemayoffsetthisprocess.

Ombudsman

1.Anofficialcomplainttakerwhotriestohelpcitizenswhohavebeenwrongedbytheactionsofgovernmentagencies.

2.Ombudsmanpublicofficialappointedtodealwithindividualcomplaintsagainstgovernmentacts.TheofficeoriginatedinSwedenin1809whentheSwedishlegislaturecreatedariksdagensjustitieombudsman,orparliamentaryagentofjustice,andinthe20thcent,ithasbeenadoptedbyanumberofcountries.Asagovernmentagentservingasanintermediarybetweencitizensandthegovernmentbureaucracy,theombudsmanisusuallyindependent,impartial,universallyaccessible,andempoweredonlytorecommend.IntheUnitedStatesthetermombudsmanhasbeenusedmorewidelytodescribeanymachineryadoptedbyprivateorganizations(e.g.,largebusinesscorporationsanduniversities)aswellasbygovernmenttoinvestigatecomplaintsofadministrativeabuses.In1969,HawaiibecamethefirstofmanyAmericanstatestoappointanombudsman.

OmnibusBill

1.AnOmnibusBillpackagestogetherseveralmeasuresintooneorcombinesdiversesubjectsintoasinglebill.Examples

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arereconciliationbills,combinedappropriationsbills,andprivatereliefandclaimsbills.

2.Abillconsistingofanumberofrelatedbutseparatepartsthatseektoamendand/orrepealoneorseveralexistingActsand/ortoenactoneorseveralnewActs.

OmnibusBudgetReconciliationActof1993(OBRA93)

Legislationthatmandatedthatinsuranceprovidersandemployersofferdependenthealthcoveragetochildrenevenifthechildisnotinthecustodyoftheemployeeintheplan.OBRAcreatedQualifiedMedicalChildSupportOrders(QMCSOs).

On-Campus

ReferstothelocationofactivitiesthatoccurinfacilitiesownedbyHarvardUniversity,regardlessoftheirproximitytoCambridgeorBoston.Examplesofdistanton-campusfacilitiesmayinclude:thelibraryatDumbartonOaksinWashington,D.C.,anybuildingsattheVillaITattiinItaly,orbuildingsattheHarvardForestinwesternMassachusetts.On-campus-basedawardsmayusethefulloverheadratebecauseHarvardfacilitycostsareincurred.

OneDay-OneTrialJuryService

Systemusedinmanyjurisdictionswherepotentialjurorsserveeitherforthelengthofatrialifassignedtoajuryor,ifnot,completetheirserviceinoneday.

One-MinuteSpeeches

One-MinuteSpeechesaregivenatthestartofthelegislativeday.

HouseMembersaskunanimousconsenttoaddresstheHouseforoneminuteonanytopictheywish.

TheSpeakeroftheHousedecideseachdayhowmuchtimecanbegrantedforone-minutespeeches.

One-Party-DominantSystem

Apartysysteminwhichtherearepoliticalalternativesbuta

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singlepoliticalpartydominatesthepoliticalprocessasaresultoftheoverwhelmingsupportoftheelectorate.

OpenMarketOperations

Federalsecuritiesareboughtandsoldinordertoaffectthemoneysupply.WhentheFederalReserveBankofNewYorkbuysbackTreasurybills,itsmoneyflowsintothecoffersofcommercialbanks.Thisactincreasesthebanks'loanablereserves,allowinganincreaseinthenation'smoneysupply.

OpenMarketPurchases

Purchasingwithoutcontractornegotiation.Suchpracticemayexistinanemergencysituationwhenacontractisnotinplace.

OpenPrimary

Aformofprimaryelectioninwhichanyvotermayparticipateandvoteforaslateofcandidatesofonepoliticalparty.

OpenRule

AnOpenRulepermitsallrelevantamendmentstobeofferedtoabill,withoutanyrestrictions.

OpenSeat

AnOpenSeatreferstoCongressionaldistricts/stateswherenoincumbentisrunningforre-election.

OpenStorage

Aconditioninwhichalllotsmaybewithdrawnorpartialwithdrawalsmadefromlotswithoutdisturbinganotherlot.

Open-EndContract

Acontractinwhichthetermorquantityisnotdefined.

OpeningofParliament

TheceremonyintheSenateChamberopeningthefirstsessionofanewParliamentatwhichtheCommons'SpeakerclaimstherightsandprivilegesoftheHouseofCommons.ItisfollowedbytheGovernorGeneral'sThroneSpeech,whichoutlinesthereasonsforsummoningParliament.

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Opinion

Awrittenexplanationofadecisionofatrialcourtorofthedecisionofamajorityofjudgesofanappellatecourt.Attheappellatelevel,adissentingopiniondisagreeswiththemajorityopinionbecauseofthereasoningand/orprinciplesoflawonwhichthedecisionisbased.Aconcurringopinionagreeswiththedecisionofthecourtbutoffersfurthercomment.

OpportunityCosts

ForegoneopportunitiesaretheconsequenceofhavingdoneAratherthanB,C,oranyoftheotheralternativecoursesofaction.Weneverknowforsurewhatthosealternativeactionsmighthavebroughtabout.

OpposedItem

AnitemoftheMainorSupplementaryEstimatestowhichanoticeofoppositionhasbeenfiled.Inconsequenceofsuchanotice,aseparatedecisionmustbetakenontheopposeditem.

OppositionCritic

AMemberofapartyinopposition,responsibleforpresentingthatparty'spoliciesinagivenareaandcommentingonthoseoftheGovernment.

OppositionParty

ApoliticalpartythatisneithertheGovernmentpartynorpartofthecoalitionofpartiesformingtheGovernment.

OppositionProceeding

AproceedingbeforetheTrademarkTrialandAppealBoardinwhichtheplaintiffseekstopreventtheissuanceofaregistrationofamark.Anoppositionissimilartoaproceedinginafederalcourt,butisheldbeforetheTrademarkTrialandAppealBoard,aUSPTOadministrativetribunal.

Anypersonwhobelievesthatheorshewillbedamagedbytheregistrationofamarkmayfileanopposition,buttheoppositionmayonlybefiledinresponsetothepublicationofthemarkintheOfficialGazette.

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Opposition

ThosemembersofParliamentwhoarenotpartofthegovernmentoftheday.

OptiontoRenew

Acontractmaystipulatethatthepurchasingauthorityhastheoptiontoreinstateforanotherterm.

Option

Acontractthatgivestheholderarightoroptiontobuyorsellspecifiedproperty,suchasstockorrealestate,atafixedpriceforalimitedperiodoftime.

OralArgument

Anopportunityforlawyerstosummarizetheirpositionbeforethecourtandalsotoanswerthejudges'questions.

OralQuestionPeriod

Adaily45-minuteperiodintheHouseduringwhichoralquestionsmaybeaddressedtoMinistersandcommitteechairs.Ministersmaybequestionedonlyabouttheresponsibilitiesoftheircurrentportfolio.

OrderforReturn

AnorderoftheHousetotheGovernmenttotableadocument.Anorderforreturnisnotabolishedbyprorogationanddoesnotneedtoberenewedinthefollowingsession.

OrderinCouncilAppointment

Anappointmenttoanon-judicialpostmadebytheGovernorinCouncil.CopiesofsuchappointmentsmustbetabledintheHouseofCommonsandtheappointmentsmaybereviewed(butnotrevoked)byacommitteeoftheHouse.CertainappointmentscanonlybemadeafterapprovalbyresolutionoftheHouseand/ortheSenate.

OrderinCouncil

AnorderissuedbytheGovernorinCouncil,eitheronthebasis

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ofauthoritydelegatedbylegislationorbyvirtueoftheprerogativepowersoftheCrown.Itmaydeal,amongothermatters,withtneadministrationottnegovernment,appointmentstootticeortnedisallowanceorreservationotlegislation.

OrderLevel

Thelevelofstockofanyitematwhichanorderisinitiatedformoresuppliesofthatitem.

OrderofBusiness

AheadingontheOrderPaperunderwhicharelistedallitemsofbusinesstobedealtwiththatday:RoutineProceedings,OrdersoftheDay,StatementsbyMembers,OralQuestionsandPrivateMembers'Business.

OrderofPrecedence

AlistoftheitemsofPrivateMembers'Business(motionsandbills)whichhavebeenselectedfordebate.Theitemsaredebatedinturnandaretheneitherdropped,voteduponorreturnedtothebottomofthelistinaccordancewiththeStandingOrders.

OrderofReference

AnorderoftheHousetoacommitteeinstructingittoconsidersomematterordefiningthescopeofitsdeliberations.ItmayformapartoftheStandingOrdersorbespeciallyadoptedtodealwithanissueasitarises.

OrderPaper

TheofficialagendaoftheHouseofCommons,publishedwiththeNoticePaperforeachsittingday,listingallitemsthatmaybebroughtforwardonthatparticularday.

OrderPicker

Awarehousemanassignedtothefunctionofmakingwithdrawalsofwarehousingunits.

OrderProcessingTime

Theamountoftime,determinedbytheinventorymanager,

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neededtocarryoutallofthestepsofissueandreconciliationofmerchandise.

OrderSelector

Sameasorderpicker.

Order

1.Acommandfromthecourtdirectingorforbiddinganaction.

2.AdecisionoftheHousegivingadirectiontoitscommittees,Membersorofficers,orregulatingitsproceedings.Ordersmaybedividedintostanding,sessionalandspecialordersaccordingtotheirperiodofapplication.

Order/NoticetoWithholdChildSupport

TheformtobeusedbyallStatesthatstandardizestheinformationusedtorequestincomewithholdingforchildsupport.AccordingtotheUniformInterstateFamilySupportAct(UIFSA),thisformmaybesentdirectlyfromtheinitiatingStatetoanon-custodial parent'semployerinanotherState.

Order-in-Council

DecisionbyCabinetwhichcarrieslegalforce.

OrganizationMeeting

Thefirstmeetingofacommitteeatwhichitdealswithmattersofroutinebusiness,including,whereappropriate,theelectionofachairandvice-chairandonoccasiontheappointmentofasteeringcommittee.

Organization

Agenerictermusedtorefertoaneducationalinstitutionorotherentity,includinganindividual,whichreceivesand/orappliesforanNIHgrantorcooperativeagreement.

OriginalApplication

"Original"isusedinthepatentstatuteandrulestorefertoanapplicationwhichisnotareissueapplication.Anoriginalapplicationmaybeafirstfilingoracontinuingapplication

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OriginalFilingBasis

Thebasissetforthintheapplicationasinitiallyfiled.

OriginalJurisdiction

1.Acourt'sauthoritytohearacaseinthefirstinstance.

2.TherightoftheSupremeCourt,undertheConstitution,tohearcertainkindsofcasesdirectly,suchascasesinvolvingforeigndiplomats.

OriginalPrincipalBalance

Thetotalamountofprincipalowedonamortgagebeforeanypaymentsaremade.

OriginationFee

Onagovernmentloantheloanoriginationfeeisonepercentoftheloanamount,butadditionalpointsmaybechargedwhicharecalled"discountpoints."Onepointequalsonepercentoftheloanamount.Onaconventionalloan,theloanoriginationfeereferstothetotalnumberofpointsaborrowerpays.

OutofOrder

Contrarytotherulesofparliamentaryprocedure.Theexpressionmaybeappliedtomotions,billsortoanyinterventionwhichrunscontrarytotherulesoftheHouse.

OutParty

AmajorpoliticalpartythatfunctionsasanoppositionpartybecauseitdoesnotcontrolthePresidency.

OutgoingPresident

AnOutgoingPresidentisapresidentor,generally,otherheadofstateorgovernmentwhenheholdsofficebetweentheelectionofhissuccessorandtheinaugurationbywhichthatsuccessorassumespower.Inmanycountries,towardthefacilitationofasmoothtransition,apresidentacceptsadvicefromandconsultswiththepresident-elect.Thetermlameduckisoftenascribedtoanoutgoingpresidentinviewofhis

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relativeimpotenceandhisimpendingexitfromoffice,especiallywherehispoliticalpartyhaslostcontrolofalegislativeorexecutivebranch.

Outlays

Outlaysaretheactualpaymentsmadeoutofthefederaltreasurytofulfillobligationsincurredearlier.

Outputs

Thebindingdecisionsthatapoliticalsystemmakes,whetherintheformoflaws,regulations,orjudicialdecisions.

Overhang

Theconditioncreatedbyusingaplaneloadingareathatislargerinareathanthepalletorplatformsurfaceuponwhichthefirstcourseislaid.

Override

AnOverrideisthevotetakentopassabillagain,afterithasbeenvetoedbythePresident.Anoverridetakesa2/3voteineachchamber,or290intheHouseand67intheSenate,ifallarepresentandvoting.Ifthevetoisoverriden,thebillbecomeslawdespitetheobjectionofthePresident.

OversightFunction

OneofseveralactivitiesofCongress,itconsistsofauditingthebureaucracytoseethatitsbehavioradherestotheintentofthelegislativebranchofgovernment.SeenasimportantbytheframersoftheConstitution,itisperformedsporadicallybythe-HouseandSenate.

OwnerFinancing

Apropertypurchasetransactioninwhichthepropertysellerprovidesallorpartofthefinancing.

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Packaging

Apreparationofacommodityfordistributionorbulkpackinginquantitiessuitableforfillingacartonwithaprescribednumberofunits.

PackingList

Adocumentthatitemizesindetailthecontentsofaparticularpackageorshipment.

Page

1.Oneofagroupof40universitystudentsselectedeachyeartobeemployedbytheHouseofCommonstocarrymessages,andtodeliverHousedocumentsandothermaterialtoMembersintheChamberduringsittingsoftheHouse.

2.Pagesarehigh-schoolagestudentswhoperformmessengerandotherdutiesformembersofCongress.

Pagesarerequiredtoattenddailyclasses,liveinsuperviseddorms,andworkinshiftsonthefloor.

PAIR

PatentApplicationInformationRetrievalprovidessecureaccessforcustomerswhowanttoviewcurrentpatentapplicationstatuselectronicallyviatheInternet

PairedVote

APairedVoteisanagreementbetweentwomemberstoberecordedonoppositesidesofanissue.

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Pairingisusedwhenoneorbothmemberswillbeabsentinordertocanceltheeffectoftheabsence.

Pairedvotesarenotcountedinthevotetotal.Howeverpairedmembers'positionsdoappearintherecord.

Pairing

AnarrangementwherebytwoMembersonoppositesidesoftheHouseagreenottovoteforaspecificperiodoftime.Thisarrangement,whichpermitsMemberstobeabsentonotherbusiness,isworkedouteitherbytherespectiveWhipsorbytheMembersthemselves.

Pallet

Arectangularsupportforunitizedlots.Subjecttostandardsoflengthandwidthforstorageinpredeterminedplaces.Constructionissuchthatthereisairspacebetweenthebottomofthepa'Jetandtheloadbearingsurfaceofthepalletsufficienttoallowtheinsertionofliftingforksofapallettruckorforklift.Palletsmaybeconstructedofwood,steel,plastic,rigidpaperboard,oraluminum;andmaybesubjecttodemurragechargesordisposedofasscrap.Insomecasescarrierswillrequireequalexchangeofserviceablepallets.

PanchayatiRajinIndia

Villagehasbeenabasicunitofadministrationsinceearliesttimes.DuringtheMuslimrulealsothesystemcontinuedtooperateinoneformoranother,atleastassemblanceofconsultationmachinery.But,withtheassumptionofpowerbytheBritishandtheadoptionofpolicyofcentralisation,thePanchayatssufferedatemporaryback.ThetraditionalPanchayatsystemthathadcontinuedforcenturies,wasdisruptedbytheBritishRaj.Forexploitingtheagriculturalproduceofthevillage,theyintroducedthesettlementpatternsandsupportedtheZamindarisystemanddestroyedthevillage.

Therewasalwaysbeenanundercurrentinthenationalmovementfavouringtheestablishmentofasystemthatwouldrestoreimpor-tance andautonomytothevillagecommunity.Asearlyasin

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PanelofChairs

1909-1910,theIndianNationalCongresshadadoptedaresolutionfortherevivalofthePanchayats.LeaderslikeGandhijiandRajendraPrasad,whoadvocatedtheprimacyofvillageasthestartingpointofdevelopment.Theyalsotookapositionagainstindustrialisationandurbanisation,fearingthatthemachinewouldoverpowerman,andthatwouldruinthetraditionalvaluesandlife-styleofIndia.TherehadbeenmanycriticsofthispointofviewofGandhi.However,asaconcessationtotheGandhianpointofviewofregardingthevillagePanchayatasthefoundationofself-governmentinIndia,theConstituentAssemblymadeaprovisionintheDirectivePrinciplesofStatepolicy,byincludingArticle40,whichreads."TheStateshalltakestepstoorganisevillagePanchayatsandendowthemwithsuchpowersandauthorityasmaybenecessarytofunctionasunitsofselfgovernment."

WiththeformationoftheFirst-fiveyearsplanin1951andtheintroductionofthecommunitydevelopmentprogrammein1952,thequestionofgrassrootsleveldevelopmentbecameimportant.TheCongresspartyappointedahighpowercommitteetoconsiderthefeasibilityofestablishingPanchayatiRajinruralareas,asameasureofdemocraticdecentralisationofadministrationandmakingthevillageabasicunitofselfgovernment.ThecommitteeinitsreportgiveninJuly1954,recommendedtheestablishmentofPanchayatiRaj.

PanelofChairs

AgroupcomposedoftheDeputySpeakerandChairofCommitteesoftheWhole,theDeputyChairofCommitteesoftheWhole,theAssistantDeputyChairofCommitteesoftheWholeandotherMembersappointedbytheSpeaker,fromwhichthechairsoflegislativecommitteesarechosen.

Pan-Europeanism

Pan-EuropeanismreferstoanormativebeliefinsomeformofEuropeangeopoliticalentity,orpoliticalorganisationorpolicyataEuropeanlevel.Although,forinstance,manypeopleinEuropebelieveitsharessomeculturalandethicalvalues,pan-

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Europeanismimpliespoliticalactiononthatbasis-theirinclusionintheEuropeanConstitution,forinstance.

Inthestrictsense,pan-Europeanismisaformofpan-nationalismseekingsomeformofEuropeanstate.Earlypan-Europeanistorganisations,suchastheearlyInternationalPaneuropeanUnion,competedwithotherpan-nationalistidealssuchaspan-Germanism.AftertheSecondWorldWar,theEuropeanEconomicCommunityanditssuccessortheEuropeanUnioncametobeseenastheonlypathtoEuropeanintegration,andotherpan-Europeanistideasweremarginalised.

Panicof1857

OneofmanymoneypanicsthatstrucktheUnitedStatesduringthenineteenthcentury,itisparticularlynoteworthyfordestroyinganumberofearlynationallaborunions.

ParadoxofThrift

Familysavings,beneficialattheindividuallevel,areharmfulatthenationallevelbecausetheyloweraggregatedemandandsomustbeoffsetbyincreasedgovernmentalorbusinessspending.

ParentAct

Inrelationtoabill,theparentactisthestatutorylaw(s)whichthebillisamending.

ParentApplication

Theterm"parent"isappliedtoanearlierapplicationoftheinventordisclosingagiveninvention

Parliament

1.AperiodoftimeduringwhichtheinstitutionofParliamentexercisesitspowers.AParliamenthasaconstitutionally-determinedmaximumlifespanoffiveyears.Theseperiodsarenumberedconsecutively(forexample:38thParliament,39thParliament,etc.).

2.ThelegislativebranchofGovernment,composedoftheSovereign(representedbytheGovernorGeneral),theSenate

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andtheHouseofCommons.FinanciallegislationmaybeintroducedonlybyMinistersoftheCrownintheHouseofCommons.

Parliamentarian

BoththeHouseandSenateemployaParliamentariantoadvisethechaironproperparliamentaryprocedure.

TheParliamentarianisanon-partisanemployeewhoalsogivesguidanceandadvicetoindividualmembers.

ParliamentariansforGlobalAction

ParliamentariansforGlobalActionisanorganizationofmorethan1,300legislatorsfrommorethan114countries.Itwasestablishedcirca1978asParliamentariansforWorldOrder.IntheUnitedStates,Rep.JimLeachisthemostprominentmember.ThegrouphasworldfederalistleaningsandpromotedratificationoftheInternationalCriminalCourttreaty.

ParliamentaryAgent

Apersonemployedinpromotingoropposingaprivatebill.SuchpersonsmusthavetheauthorizationoftheSpeakerandmustabidebytherules,ordersandpracticesofParliament.

ParliamentaryAssociation

Aninternationalassociation,whoseCanadiancomponentiscomposedofbothSenatorsandMembers,whichprovidesaforumfortheexchangeofideasandinformationandforthesharingofknowledgeandexperiencethroughperson-to-personcontact.Themainactivitiesoftheseassociationsincludeexchanges,conferencesandseminarsonvarioussubjects.

ParliamentaryCalendar

AcalendarwhichpresentsafixedtimetableofsittingsandadjournmentsforagivenyearinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheStandingOrders.

ParliamentaryExchanges

AprograminvolvingthemakingofofficialvisitstoCanadaby

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foreignparliamentariansundertheauspicesoftheSpeakerofeitherHouseandvisitsabroadbyCanadianparliamentariansattheinvitationofalegislatureofanothercountry.

ParliamentaryFees

FeespayabletotheSenateortheHouseofCommonsbypersonsseekingtohaveaprivatebilladopted.Thefeesmustbepaidbeforethebillisconsideredatthecommitteestage.

ParliamentaryFormofGovernment

WhentheConstituentAssemblyundertookthetaskofframingtheConstitutionofIndia,ithadtwoalternativemodelsbeforeit.One,aConstitutionbasedonindigenousinstitutionsofvillagepanchayatsatthebasewithasuperstructureofindirectlyelectedinstitutionsenvisagedbyGandhiji.Two,anEuro-Americalcons-titutional modelbasedondirectlyelectedgovernments.TherewasawideconsensusintheAssemblyinfavourofwesternstyleparliamentaryinstitutionsalthoughlipservicewasalsopaidtoGandhianideas.Therefore,theAssemblydecidedinfavourofacentralisedparliamentaryConstitution,whilepanchayatgotonlyapassingreferenceintheDirectivePrinciplesofStatePolicy.SomedebatetookplaceintheAssemblyregardingthenatureofthepoliticalinstitutionswhichshouldbeadopted.Therewere,forinstance,supportersofbothparliamentaryandpresidentialformsofgovernment.

ParliamentaryIncjuiry

AParliamentaryInquiryisposedbyamemberonthefloortothechairaskingforproceduralclarification.

ParliamentaryIntern

OneofagroupoftenuniversitygraduatesselectedeachyeartoworkasresearchersandassistantsintheofficesofMembers.TheinternshipprogramissponsoredbytheCanadianPoliticalScienceAssociation.

ParliamentaryLaw

ParliamentaryLaw,rulesunderwhichdeliberativebodiesconduct

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ParliamentaryOfficers'StudyProgram

theirproceedings.InEnglish-speakingcountriesthesearebasedonthepracticeoftheBritishParliament,chieflyintheHouseofCommons.Britishparliamentarylawisconventional,ratherthanstatutory,includingtraditionsandprecedentsaswellastheStandingOrdersoftheHouse.ThomasJefferson,whenpresidingovertheU.S.Senate,preparedamanualofparliamentarylawbasedonthepracticeoftheHouseofCommons,andthispracticehasgenerallybeenfollowedintheHouseofRepresentativesaswell.Robert'sRulesofOrder,firstcompiledbyHenryMartynRobertin1876anddrawnfromtheusagesofallthreebodies,istheusuallyacceptedauthorityonparlia-mentary lawintheUnitedStates.Parliamentarylawincludestherulesnecessaryfortheefficientandequitableconductofbusinessbyanassembly.InBritaintheeffectiveinterpreterofparliamentarylawisthespeakeroftheHouseofCommons;intheUnitedStatestheroleissharedbythespeakeroftheHouseandthepresidentoftheSenate,whoarepartisanfigures,unliketheirBritishcounterpart.

ParliamentaryOfficers'StudyProgram

AprogramoftheParliamentofCanadatoassistforeignparliamentsinthetrainingoftheirofficialsinadministrationandparliamentaryprocedure.

ParliamentaryPrivilege

TherightsandimmunitiesenjoyedbyaMember,necessaryforthecarryingoutofparliamentaryduties.Theyinclude:freedomofspeechintheHouseanditscommittees;freedomfromarrestincivilcases;exemptionfromjurydutyandappearanceasawitness;and,ingeneral,freedomfromobstructionandintimidation.

ParliamentaryProcedureandPracticeintheDominionofCanada

AworkconcerningprocedureintheHouseofCommons,writtenbySirJohnBourinot,ClerkoftheHousefrom1880to1902.Thefourtheditionappearedin1916.CommonlyreferredtosimplyasBourinot.

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ParliamentaryProcedure

TherulesbywhichtheHouseconductsitsbusiness,basedonstatutes,theStandingOrders,authoritativeproceduralworks,precedents,andtradition.DecisionsbytheSpeakeronpointsoforderandquestionsofprivilegearebasedontheserules.

ParliamentaryReturn

AdocumentforwhichanorderoraddressoftheHousehasbeenmade.AparliamentaryreturnmayeitherbelaidontheTableorfiledwiththeClerk.

ParliamentarySecretary

AMemberoftheGovernmentpartynamedtoassistaMinisterastheMinisterdirects.AParliamentarySecretarymaytabledocumentsoranswerquestionsontheMinister'sbehalf;-butmaynotpresentGovernmentbills.AParliamentarySecretarymaybesworninasPrivyCouncillor.

ParliamentarySovereignty

1.Parliamentarysovereignty,parliamentarysupremacy,orlegislativesupremacyisaconceptinconstitutionallawthatappliestosomeparliamentarydemocracies.Underparlia-mentary sovereignty,alegislativebodyhasabsolutesovereignty,meaningitissupremetoallothergovernmentinstitutions(includinganyexecutiveorjudicialbodiesastheymayexist).Furthermore,itimpliesthatthelegislativebodymaychangeorrepealanypriorlegislativeacts.Parliamentarysovereigntycontrastswithmostnotionsofjudicialreview,whereacourtmayoverturnlegislationdeemedunconstitutional.SpecificinstancesofparliamentarysovereigntyexistintheUnitedKingdomandNewZealand.

2.Thesupremeauthorityofparliamenttomakeorrepeallaws.

ParliamentarySystemofGovernment

Theparliamentarysystemofgovernment,whichisalsoknownastheCabinetGovernmentisbasedoncloseco-operationbetweentheexecutiveandthelegislature.Theexecutiveis

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accountabletothelegislature.AccordingtoGarnar"CabinetGovernmentisthatsysteminwhichtherealexecutive—thecabinetorministryisimmediatelyorlegallyresponsibletothelegislatureoronebranchofitforitspoliticalpoliciesandacts,andimmediatelyorultimatelyresponsibletotheelectorate,whilethepopularornormativeexecutivethechiefofthestate,occupiesapositionofirresponsibility."Thusunderaparliamentarysystemofgovernmenttherearetwotypesofexecutivesnominalandreal.Therealexecutiveisaccountabletothelegislatureandhenlatterpassesavoteofnoconfidenceagainstithastorenderitsresignationorseekthedissolutionofthelegislature.ThistypesofgovernmentexistsinEngland,India,Australia,NewZealand,etc.

FeaturesofParliamentaryGovernment.TheParliamentarysystemofgovernmenthasfollowingfeatures:

1.InthefirstplacetheParliamentaryGovernmentischaracterisedbythepresenceofanominalexecutiveheadinwhosenametheentireadministrationiscarriedon.However,therealpowersofthenominalheadareexercisedbythePrimeMinisterandothermembersofhisCouncilofMinisters.ThequeenofEnglandandthePresidentofIndiaarethenominalexecutiveheadswhoexercisetheirpowersontheadvisedofthePrimeMinisterandhisCouncilofMinister.

2.Secondly,theparliamentarygovernmentoperatesontheprincipleoffusionoflegislatureandexecutivepowers.ThePrimeMinisterandotherministersaremembersfthelegislatureandareindividuallyaswellascollectivelyaccountabletoit.Ifapersonwhoisnotamemberoflegislature,isincludedintheCouncilofMinisters,hemustacquirethemembershipofthelegislaturewithinastipulatedperiod,otherwiseheceasestobeaministeraftertheexpiryofthatperiod.Theministersbeginmembersoflegislatureplayanimportantroleintheenactmentoflaws.Usuallyallimportantbillsareintro-duced andpilotedintheParliamentbytheministers.

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ParliamentarySystem

AParliamentarySystem,alsoknownasparliamentarianism(andparliamentarisminU.S.English),isdistinguishedbytheexecutivebranchofgovernmentbeingdependentonthedirectorindirectsupportoftheparliament,oftenexpressedthroughavoteofconfidence.Hence,thereisnoclear-cutseparationofpowersbetweentheexecutiveandlegislativebranches,leadingtoalackofthechecksandbalancesfoundinapresidentialrepublic.Parliamentarianismispraised,relativetopresidentialism,foritsflexibilityandresponsivenesstothepublic.Itisfaultedforitstendencytosometimesleadtounstablegovernments,asintheGermanWeimarRepublicandtheFrenchFourthRepublic.Parliamentarysystemsusuallyhaveacleardifferentiationbetweentheheadofgovernmentandtheheadofstate,withtheheadofgovernmentbeingtheprimeministerorpremier,andtheheadofstateoftenbeinganappointedfigureheadorhereditarymonarchwithonlyminororceremonialpowers.However,someparliamentarysystemsalsohaveanelectedpresidentwithmanyreservepowersastheheadofstate,providingsomebalancetothesesystems(calledaparliamentaryrepublic).Asageneralrule,constitutionalmonarchieshaveparliamentarysystems.

Parochialism

Parochialismisthequalityorstateofbeingparochial;especially:selfishpettinessornarrowness(asofinterests,opinions,orviews).Derivedfromthetermparishwhichhasbothreligiousandgovernmentalconnotationswiththeideaofseparationfromalargergroup.

Parochialismdoesrelatedirectlytocultureandeconomicsinregardstoalocalcultureorgeographicarea'sgovernmentmakingdecisionsbasedonpersonalrelationshipsinsteadofuniformity.Thissupportsand/orleadstogovernmentalcorrup-tion anddetersrealeconomichealthandoutsideinvestment.Parochialismreinforcesaninsularsocietyandeconomy,manytimestothedetrimentofthecitizenswhoarethewillfulvictimsofparochialism,theirlocalprejudicesandregionalattitudesplayeduponbypoliticiansofallcolours.

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Parole

Thesupervised,conditionalreleaseofaprisoner.

PartialPayment

Apaymentthatisnotsufficienttocoverthescheduledmonthlypaymentonamortgageloan.Normally,alenderwillnotacceptapartialpayment,butintimesofhardshipyoucanmakethisrequestoftheloanservicingcollectiondepartment.

Participation(DecisionMaking)

Participationinpoliticalscienceisanumbrellatermincludingdifferentmeansforthepublictodirectlyparticipateinpolitical,economicalormanagementdecisions.Thetermisalsousedinmanagementtheory(asin"participatorymanagement")todenoteastyleofmanagementthatcallsforahighlevelofparticipationofworkersandsupervisorsindecisionsthataffecttheirwork.

ParticipationAgreement

IntellectualProperty(patents/copyrights)agreementsignedbyallnon-clericalstaff,students,faculty,etc.conductingorworkingonresearchprojects,especiallysponsoredprojects.

ParticipatoryDemocracy

ParticipatoryDemocracyhasdevelopedasareactionagainsttheElitist/Pluralisttheoriesofdemocracy.Itiscommonman'sreactionagainstthe'experts'.InElitist/Pluralisttheories,powerofdecision-makingisthemonopolyofcertainelitesorgroupsandtheroleofthemassesisreducedonlytotheselectionofelitesonceinfewyears.Theparticipatorydemocracyseekstodistributedecision-makingpowermoreequitable.Thehelplessnessoftheindividualagainstthegrowthofthefunctionsofthestateandtheconcentrationofdecision-makingpowerinafewhandsledtoanumberofmovementcallingforthedirectinvolvementofordinarypeopleinthedecision-making.Whileadheringtoequalityandmajorityrule,participatorydemocracywantstoextendthispoliticalequalitybysomesortofgrassroots

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decision-makingofanauthoritativenature.AccordingtoCookandMorgan,participatorydemocracyhastwobroadfeatures:(i)decentralizationofauthoritativedecision-makingsoastobringitclosertothepeopleaffectedbythedecisions;(ii)directinvolvementofcommonmaninmakingthedecisions.

Participatorydemocracyagreeswiththeclassicalliberalideathatdemocracyisnotonlyaformofgovernmentbutalsoameansofequalrighttoself-development.Suchadevelopmentcanbeachievedonlyinaparticipatorysociety—asocietywhichcaresforcollectiveproblemsandhelpsintheformationofpoliticallyactivecitizenswhotakeacontinuousinterestinthegoverningprocess.Itbelievesindirectparticipationofcitizensintheregulationofkeyinstitutionsofsociety,makingpoliticalpartiesmoreopenandaccountable,andmaintainingandopeninstitutionalsystemtoensurethepossibilityofexperimentationwithnewpoliticalformsofparticipation.

Parties

Thepersonswhoareactivelyinvolvedwiththeprosecutionordefenseofalegalproceeding.Plaintiffsanddefendantsarepartiestolawsuits,appellantsandappelleesarepartiesinappeals.(Theymayalsobeknownaspetitionersandrespondents.)

Partnership

Anagreementbetweenpartiestooperateabusinesswithstipulationsregardingthesharingofprofitsandlosses.

Part-ofAccount

FromtheUniversity'sbusinessrules,establishedtomanagediscretetasksduetoawardrestrictionsand/ortocapturefinancialdataforreportingpurposes.Part-ofaccountsmusthaveabudgetperiodwithinthebudgetperiodofthecorrespondingmainaccount.

PartyActivists

Peoplewhoringdoorbellsorserveasdelegatestopoliticalcon-ventions. Theyperformtheday-to-day,grass-rootsworkofpolitics.

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PartyDiscipline

1.Thecontrolexercisedbyapartyoverthepositionsheldbyitsmembersandoverthewayinwhichtheyvote.Theenforcementofpartydisciplineisoneofthewhip'sduties.

2.TheconventionthatallMPswithinanypartyvotetogether,aspredeterminedinthepartycaucusandenforcedbythepartywhip.

PartyIdentification

Attachmenttoonepoliticalpartybyavoter.

PartyVote

AdivisiononaquestionduringwhichMembersfollowtheinstructionsoftheirrespectivewhipssoastoreflecttheofficialpositionsoftheirparties.TheSpeakercallsfirsttheyeas,thenthenaysandthevotesaretakenpartybyparty,inorderoftheirstrengthintheHouse.

Party,Political

Party,Political,organizationwhoseaimistogaincontrolofthegovernmentapparatus,usuallythroughtheelectionofitscandidatestopublicoffice.Politicalpartiestakemanyforms,buttheirmainfunctionsaresimilar:tosupplypersonnelforgovernmentpositions;toorganizethesepersonnelaroundtheformationandimplementationofpublicpolicy;andtoserveinamediatingrolebetweenindividualsandtheirgovernment.Politicalpartiesareasoldasorganizedpoliticalsystems.Forexample,manyoftheancientGreekcity-stateshadorganized,competitiveparties.Politicalpartieshavebeenorganizedforvariousreasons:tosupportaparticularpoliticalfigure,toadvanceaparticularpolicyorageneralideologicalstand,toaidpoliticallycertaingroupsorsectionsofsociety,ormerelytocombineforshort-termpoliticaladvantage.Politicalpartieshavealsobeenorganizedinvariousways;insome,controlisexercisedbyasmallcentralelite,eitherelectedorself-perpetuating,whileinothers,powerisdecentralized,withcandidatepickinganddecisionmakingspreadamonglocalpartyunits.Themodernmass

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politicalpartyhastakenshapeinthelastcentury,alongwiththeriseofdemocraticideology,universalsuffrage,nationalism,andmoreeffectivemeansofcommunication.Suchapartyiscommonlycategorizedbythetypeofpartysysteminwhichitoperates.Inanoncompetitiveorone-partysystem,thepartyisoftenemployedaspartofthegoverningapparatus,withthefunctionsofmaintainingpublicsupportfortheregime,encouragingpopularparticipationingovernmentprograms,andalertingthegovernmenttochangesinpublicopinion.Incompetitivesystems,adistinctionmaybemadebetweentwo-partysystems,whichseemtoencourageapartystrategyofmoderationandcompromiseaimedatobtainingamajorityvote,andmultipartysystems,wherethereislesscompromiseandwhereaparty'sstrategyemphasizesretainingthesupportofitscorevoters.Ingeneral,however,thestructureandbehaviorofaparticularcountry'spoliticalpartiesdependsmostheavilyonthecountry'spoliticalandculturalhistory.

Passage(ofaBill)

Theprocessbywhichabillobtainsparliamentaryapprovalandbecomeslaw.TheprincipalstepsinthepassageofapublicbillbytheHouseofCommonsare:introduction;firstreading;secondreading;committeestage;reportstage;andthirdreading.AftercompletingsimilarstagesintheSenate,thebillgoesforwardforRoyalAssent.

PassiveResistance

PassiveResistanceamethodofnonviolentprotestagainstlawsorpoliciesinordertoforceachangeorsecureconcessions;itisalsoknownasnonviolentresistanceandisthemaintacticofcivildisobedience.Passiveresistancetypicallyinvolvessuchactivitiesasmassdemonstrations,refusaltoobeyorcarryoutalawortopaytaxes,theoccupationofbuildingsortheblockadeofroads,laborstrikes,economicboycotts,andsimilaractivities.

PossiblyoriginatingwiththeQuakers,itwasadoptedbyAfricans,Indians,andU.S.civil-rightsandanti-VietnamWarprotesters.AmongitsmostarticulateadvocateshavebeenGandhi,who

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maintainedthatactionneedstobeaccompaniedbyloveandawillingnesstosearchforthetruth,andMartinLutherKing,Jr.,whocalledfor"tough-mindednessandtenderheartedness."TwoofthemostmassiveexamplesofpassiveresistanceweretheSolidaritymovementinPoland(1980-81)andtheVelvetRevolu-tion inCzechoslovakia(1989).Opponentsofpassiveresistanceasameansofforcingachangeinpolicyhavecriticizeditforpotentiallyfosteringageneraldisrespectforlawthatcouldresultinanarchy.

PatentApplicationPublication

Pre-GrantPublicationofpatentapplicationat18monthsfromprioritydate

PatentFamily

Apatentfamilyisthesameinventiondisclosedbyacommoninventors)andpatentedinmorethanonecountry.

PatentInfringement

Unauthorizedmaking,using,offeringtosell,sellingorimportingintotheUnitedStatesanypatentedinvention

PatentNumber

Uniquenumberassignedtoapatentapplicationwhenitissuesasapatent.

PatentPending

Aphrasethatoftenappearsonmanufactureditems.Itmeansthatsomeonehasappliedforapatentonaninventionthatiscontainedinthemanufactureditem.Itservesasawarningthatapatentmayissuethatwouldcovertheitemandthatcopiersshouldbecarefulbecausetheymightinfringeifthepatentissues.Oncethepatentissues,thepatentownerwillstopusingthephrase"patentpending"andstartusingaphrasesuchas"coveredbyU.S.PatentNumberXXXXXXX."Applyingthepatentpendingphrasetoanitemwhennopatentapplicationhasbeenmadecanresultinafine.

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Patentable

Suitabletobepatented;entitledbylawtobeprotectedbytheissuanceofapatent.

Paternity

Legaldeterminationoffatherhood.Paternitymustbeestablishedbeforechildormedicalsupportcanbeordered.

Patriarchy

Thedominationofsocietybymen.

Payee

Personororganizationinwhosenamechildsupportmoneyispaid.

Paygo

ThePaygoorpay-as-you-gorulecompelsnewspendingortaxchangestonotaddtothefederaldeficit.

Newproposalsmusteitherbe"budgetneutral"oroffsetwithsavingsderivedfromexistingfunds.

Payline

Apercentile-basedfundingcutoffpointdeterminedatthebeginningofthefiscalyearbybalancingtheprojectednumberofapplicationscomingtoanNIHInstitutewiththeamountoffundsavailable.

PaymentChangeDate

Thedatewhenanewmonthlypaymentamounttakeseffectonanadjustable-ratemortgage(ARM)oragraduated-paymentmortgage(GPM).Generally,thepaymentchangedateoccursinthemonthimmediatelyaftertheinterestrateadjustmentdate.

Payor

Personwhomakesapayment,usuallynon-custodialparentsorsomeoneactingontheirbehalf,oracustodialpartywhoisrepayingareceivable.

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PCTRegulations

ProviderulesconcerningmattersexpresslyreferstointhePatentCooperationTreaty,anyadministrativerequirements,matters,orprocedures,andconcerninganydetailsusefulintheimplementationoftheprovisionsofthePatentCooperationTreaty.TherulesmustbeadoptedbytheAssemblyofWIPO.

PeaceandConflictStudies

PeaceandConflictStudiescanbedefinedastheinter-disciplinaryinquiryintowarashumanconditionandpeaceashumanpotential,asanalternativetothetraditionalPolemology(WarStudies)andthestrategiestaughtatMilitaryacademies.Importantaimsare:Prevention,de-escalation,andsolutionofinternationalconflicts;Preventionofwar.Disciplinesinvolvedmayinclude:PoliticalSciences,Sociology,Psychology,History,Anthropology,ReligiousStudies,Women'sStudies,andIndigenousStudies,aswellasavarietyofothers.

Peace-Building

Aprocessforworkingtowardsobjectivesassociatedwithpeacefulcoexistenceofcombatants.

Peacekeeping

Theinterpositionoflightlyarmedmilitaryforcesbetweencombatantswhohaveagreedtostopfighting.

Pedagogy

Atheoryofteaching,howoneteaches,styleorartofteaching.Forexample:service-learningandexperientialeducationarebothpedagogies

PeerReview

1.Asystemforevaluatingresearchapplicationsthatusesreviewerswhoaretheprofessionalequalsoftheapplicant.

2.Asystemofreviewofresearchapplicationsthatutilizesreviewerswhoaretheprofessionalequalsoftheprincipalinvestigatorresponsiblefordirectingorconductingthepro-posed project.

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Penalty

Achargeagainstacontractorfornon-compliancethatifnotpaidwithinacertainperiodoftimewouldresultindefaultofcontract.Aclausestatingthisconditionmustbeincludedinthecontractifthisactionisexercised.

PennsylvaniaAvenue

PennsylvaniaAvenueisthedowntownWashington,DCstreetconnectingtheU.S.CapitolwiththeWhiteHouse.

Memberswilloftenreferto"theotherendofPennsylvaniaAve."whenspeakingoftheWhiteHouse.

PentagonPapers

Aforty-sevenvolumestudyoftheVietnamwarcompiledbytheDefenseDepartmentandleakedtothepressbyaformerPentagonofficialin1971.

PeoplesDemocracy

AftertheseizureofpowerbytheworkersintheParisCommune.Marxfurtherelaboratedtheideaofdemocracy.ThisviewofdemocracycannotbeunderstoodwithoutreferencetotheDictatorshipoftheProletariat.Democracy.AndDictatorshipoftheProletariatwerenotmutuallyexclusive,conceptsbutthisdictatorshippermittedacleardistinctionbetweenthebourgeoisdemocracyandtheproletariandemocracy.MarxandEnglesconceivedofeverystateasthedictatorshipoftherulingclass.Theyusedthetermdictatorshipinthesenseofruleofaparticularsocialclassandnotasagovernmentofasingleparty.Forthemtheconceptwasnotprimarilyapoliticalconceptbutasocialone.Theopposite(i)thisphrasewasthe'dictatorshipofthebourgeoisie',whichsignifiedthedifferentformsofbourgeoisgovernmentssuchasabsolutemonarchy,constitutionalmonarchydemocraticrepublics.SimilarlytheDictatorshipoftheProletariatwasusedtosignifythedifferentformsofproletariatgovernments.MarxandEngelsweremoreconcernedwiththecontentratherthantheformofpost-revolutionarystate.Democracymeantnomorenolessthanrulebythemajority.SinceMarxandEngels

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PercentileRank

werecertainthatatthetimeofsocialistrevolution,theproletariatwouldbeinthemajority,thusverynotionofdemocracymerelysuggeststhat,'thedictatorshipoftheproletariatmeanttobetheruleofthemajoritybythemajorityandforthemajority.

PercentileRank

Arankingthatrepresentstherelativepositionofeachpriorityscoreamongthescoresassignedbyascientificreviewgroupatitslastthreemeetings.Thelowerthenumericalvalueofthepercentilescorethebetter.Therangeisfrom.5to99.5.

PeremptoryChallenge

Amotiontorejectajurorforanunspecifiedrace-neutralreason.Mayonlybeusedalimitednumberoftimes.

PerformanceBond

Aguaranteesubmittedbyacontractor,certifyingthatifthecontractorisunabletofulfilltheobligationtheamountwillbepaidtothepurchasertocompensateanyloss.

PerformanceRecord

Adocumentationofthecontractorsabilitytocomplywiththerequirementsofacontractduringtheterm.

PerformanceSpecifications

Thistypeofspecificationplacesemphasisondescribingacapabilityorresulttobeaccomplishedwithacommodityorservice.Atestingorinspectionmaybeincluded.

PeriodExpenseReport(PER)

AreportthatcanberunfromAWSIIorHUDINIusedsolelyforsponsoredaccounts.Providessummarybudgetandactualfinancialdata.ThePERincludesbudget-to-actualscomparisonsandremainingbudgetfigures(byobjectcode).

PeriodicPaymentCap

Foranadjustable-ratemortgagewheretheinterestrateandtheminimumpaymentamountfluctuateindependentlyofone

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another,thisisalimitontheamountthatpaymentscanincreaseordecreaseduringanyoneadjustmentperiod.

PeriodicRateCap

Foranadjustable-ratemortgage,alimitontheamountthattheinterestratecanincreaseordecreaseduringanyoneadjustmentperiod,regardlessofhowhighorlowtheindexmightbe.

PeriodicRegistration

Asystemofvoterregistrationinwhichthevotermustregistereveryyearoratotherstatedintervals.

PerishableCommodities

Commoditiesthathaveashortshelf-lifeandmaybeexpecttospoilifnotplacedindirectuse.

Perjury

Thecriminaloffenseofmakingafalsestatementunderoath.

PermanentRegistration

Asystemofvoterregistrationinwhichthevoterregistersonlyonceinhisorherdistrict.

PermanentSecretary

TheBritishequivalentofaCanadiandeputyminister.

PermissiveInstruction

Aninstructionthatgivesacommitteethepowertodosomethingitwouldnototherwisebeabletodo,butdoesnotcompelthecommitteetousethatpower.

Person

ForpurposesofsmallentitydeterminationperMPEP509.02,apersonisdefinedasanyinventororotherindividual(e.g.,anindividualtowhomaninventorhastransferredsomerightsintheinvention),whohasnotassigned,grantedconveyed,orlicensed,andisundernoobligationundercontractorlawtoassign,grant,convey,orlicenseanyrightsintheinvention

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PersonalFreedom

Theabsenceofcoercioninvariousaspectsoflife.

PersonalParty

Atypeofpoliticalpartyfoundedbyasingle,overwhelminglyinfluentialpoliticalleader.

PersonalProperty

1.Anypropertythatisnotrealproperty.

2.Tangiblephysicalproperty(suchascars,clothing,furniture,andjewelry)andintangiblepersonalproperty,butnotrealproperty—thatis,notlandorrightsinland.

PersonalRecognizance

Whenapersonisreleasedfromcustodybeforetrialonhisornerpromisetoreturntoriurtnerproceedings.

PersonalServices

Provisionsforthepaymentofsalaries,wagesandothercompensation(e.g.,merit,salaryincrease,costoflivingallowances,honorariaandcommutableallowances)ofpermanent,temporary,contractualandcasualemployeesofthegovernment.

PetitJury

Thetwelve(orfewer)jurorsselectedtositinthetrialofacivilorcriminalcase.

PetitionforaPrivateBill

ApetitionsignedbythepromotersofaprivatebillwhichmustbefiledwiththeClerkbytheMembersponsoringthebill.

PetitiontoReviveanApplication(TrademarkMatters)

AformalrequestfortheUSPTOtoreturnanabandonedapplicationtoactivestatus.ThesepetitionsarehandledbytheOfficeoftheCommissionerforTrademarks,andmustbereceivedintheUSPTOwithintwo(2)monthsfromtheissuedateofthenoticeofabandonment.Thestandardusedfordecidingapetition

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toreviveisunintentionaldelay,thatis,whethertheapplicant'sdelayinrespondingtoanOfficeactionorNoticeofAllowancewasunintentional.

Petition

AformalrequestmadetoParliamentbyCanadianresidentsforredressofagrievance.SucharequestcanonlybepresentedtotheHousebyaMember.PetitionsmaybepresentedduringRoutineProceedingsateverysittingormaybefiledwiththeClerk.

Petitioner

Personfilinganactionorappealingfromalowercourt'sjudgment.

PhillipsCurve

Thisisaconcavetrade-offbetweenunemploymentandinflation.A.W.Phillipsmeasuredthisrelationshipfornineteenth-centuryBritain,buttheoccurrenceofsimultaneouslyhighunemploymentandhighinflationintheUnitedStatesduringthe1970swascalledstagflation.

Philosopher-King

Plato'sviewoftheidealindividualwhorulesinthecommoninterestandisdirectedbywisdomandvirtueratherthantheconstraintotlaw.

PickLine

AnarrangementofSKUsinsomeorderlysystemtofacilitateselectingorpickingwarehousingunitstosatisfyorders.

prn

Thisstandsforprincipal,interest,taxesandinsurance.Ifyouhavean"impounded"loan,thenyourmonthlypaymenttothelenderincludesalloftheseandprobablyincludesmortgageinsuranceaswell.Ifyoudonothaveanimpoundedaccount,thenthelenderstillcalculatesthisamountandusesitaspartofdeterminingyourdebt-to-incomeratio.

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PKl

PublicKeyInfrastructure-Asystemofadministrativeproceduresandmethods,combinedwithsecureinformationtechnologies,thatisusedtomanagesecureelectroniccommerce.Providesforameansofsecurelyidentifyingparticipantsinelectronictransactionsaswellassecuretransmissionandhandlingofdata.

Plaintiff

1.Apersonwhobringsanaction;thepartywhocomplainsorsuesinacivilcase.

2.Apersonwhobringsanaction;thepartywhocomplainsorsuesinapersonalactionandissonamedontherecord.Thepersonwhofilesthecomplaintinacivillawsuit.

PlannedUnitDevelopment(PUD)

1.Aprojectorsubdivisionthatincludescommonpropertythatisownedandmaintainedbyahomeowners'associationforthebenefitanduseoftheindividualPUDunitowners.

2.Atypeofownershipwhereindividualsactuallyownthebuildingorunittheylivein,butcommonareasareownedjointlywiththeothermembersofthedevelopmentorassocia-tion. Contrastwithcondominium,whereanindividualactuallyownstheairspaceofhisunit,butthebuildingsandcommonareasareownedjointlywiththeothersinthedevelopmentorassociation.

Planning

Productionandallocationofresourcesdeterminedbyacentralauthority.

Planning-ProgrammingBudgetingSystem(PPBS)

Amanagementtoolthatrequiredfederaldepartmentstodefinetheirgoalspreciselyandmeasurethecostsandbenefitsofalternativeprogramstoachievethosegoals.

Planography

Ascaledrawingofastorageareashowingtheapprovedlayout

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ofthearea,locationofbulkbin,rackandboxpalletareas,aisles,assemblyareas,walls,doorways,directionsofstorage,officespace,washrooms,andothersupportandoperationalareas.

PlantApplication(Patent)

Areapplicationstoprotectinventedordiscovered,asexuallyreproducedplantvarieties.

PlantPatent

Maybegrantedtoanyonewhoinventsordiscoversandasexuallyreproducesanydistinctandnewvarietyofplant.

PleaBargain

Theprocessbywhichanaccusedpersonagreestopleadguiltytosomeofthechargesinreturnforthegovernment'spromisetodropsomeofthecharges.

PleaBargaining

Abargaininwhichadefendantinacriminalcaseagreestopleadguiltytoalessseriouschargethanmightbeprovenatatrial.Inreturn,theprosecutoragreestoreducethechargesorrecommendleniency.

Plea

Thedefendant'sdeclarationofguiltyornotguilty,inresponsetothecriminalchargescontainedintheinformationorindictment.

Pleadings

1.Statementsorallegations,presentedinlogicalandlegalform,whichconstituteaplaintiff'scauseofactionoradefendant'sgroundsofdefense.

2.Writtenstatementsoffactandlawfiledbythepartiestoalawsuit.Comprisedofcomplaints,answersandreplies.

Plebiscite

1.Anofficialconsultationconductedbyagovernmentona

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PlumBook

specificissuebywayofaballot.Theresultsofaplebiscitearenotbinding.

2.Anothertermforanadvisoryreferendum.

3.Plebiscite,voteofthepeopleonaquestionsubmittedtothem,asinareferendum.Theterm,however,hasacquiredthemorespecificmeaningofapopularvoteconcerningchangesofsovereignty,ascomparedtoaregularizedsystemofpopularvotinguponlawsandconstitutionalamendments.ThismoremodernuseoftheplebiscitearoseoutoftheFrenchRevolutionandtheFrenchRepublic'spolicyofholdingpopularvotesonthequestionofFrenchannexationofaterritoryithadoccupied.Many,althoughnotall,oftheseplebiscitesandthoseheldinthefollowingcenturyweremanipulatedbytheoccupyingpowertolegitimateanoutcomealreadyachievedthroughmilitaryordiplomaticmeans.TheuseoftheplebiscitereachedahighpointfollowingWorldWarI,whenitwasemployedextensivelyinCentralandEasternEuropetodeterminetheboundariesofnewlycreatednationstates.Sincethen,ithasbeenusedinsettlingthestatusofdisputedorborderterritories,e.g.,Saarland(1935)ana,mostrecently,intneprocessoftnedecolonizationotAfricaandAsia,e.g.,WestNewGuinea(1969)andNamibia(1989).

PlumBook

Alistingofthenon-civilservicejobsthatanincomingpresidentmayfill.

PluralismFeatures

1.Nosinglegroups,inasociety,canclaimtorepresentalltheinterests.Eachgrouprepresentsitsowninterests:morethegroupsmorearetheinterestswhicharerepresented.Asociety,thus,consistsofnumerousgroupswiththeircorres-ponding interests.

2.Thoughthenumerousgroupsareincompetitionwithoneanotherforseekingfulfillmentoftheirinterests,itisnot

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necessarythattheyleadtoconflictamongthemselves.Thepluralistsforseeatypeofequilibriumwhichmaintainsthewholefabric.

3.Fromthepluralistpointofview,thestateactsastheneutralarbiter,controllingtheconflictsofthenumerousgroupsimpartially.Thepluralistssaythatthestatesupervisesandregulatessocialantagonismswithouttakingside,representingtheinterestswhichmakeit.

Pluralism

1."Asystemofinterestrepresentationinwhichtheconstituentunitsareorganizedintoanunspecifiednumberofmultiple,voluntary,competitive,non-hierarchicallyorderedandself-

Ideterminedcategorieswhicharenotspeciallylicenced,

recognized,subsidized,createdorotherwisecontrolledinleadershipselectionorinterestarticulationbythestateandwhichdonotexerciseamonopolyofrepresentationalactivitywithintheirrespectivecategories".—Schmitter

2.Asysteminwhichmanyconflictinggroupswithinthecommunityhaveaccesstogovernmentofficialsandcompetewithoneanotherinanefforttoinfluencepolicydecisions.

Plurality

Avotingdecisionbasedonassigningvictorytothelargestnumberofvotes,notnecessarilyamajority.

PocketVeto

APocketVetoiswhenthePresidentfailstosignabillwithinthe10daysallowedbytheConstitution.

Congressmustbeinadjournmentinorderforapocketvetototakeeffect.

IfCongressisinsessionandthepresidentfailstosignthebill,itbecomeslawwithouthissignature.

PocketVeto

LApowerofthePresidenttokillabillbytakingnoaction(if

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PolicyCommunity

Congressadjournsattheendofasecondsessionduringtheten-dayperiodafterthePresidentreceivesthebill).

2.WhenthePresidentwithholdsapprovalofabillafterCongresshasadjourned,therebykillingthebillwithoutaformalveto.

PolicyCommunity

Thenetworkofindividualsandorganizationsdeeplyinvolvedinaparticularareaofpublicpolicy.

PolicyInterpretationQuestion(PIQ)

AnofficialreplybytheFederalOfficeofChildSupportEnforcement(OCSE)toaninquirysubmittedbyaStatechildsupportagencyconcerningapplicationofpolicy.Althoughquestionsoftenarisefromaspecificpracticeorsituation,theresponsesareofficialstatementsofOCSEpolicyontheissue.

Policy

Acourseofactiondecideduponbyagovernment-orbyanyorganization,grouporindividual-thatusuallyinvolvesachoiceamongcompetingalternatives.

PoliticalActionCommittee

1.PoliticalActionCommittee(PAC),U.S.organizationformedbyacorporation,laborunion,orassociationtoraisemoneyforpoliticalactivity.Fundscanbegatheredbyvoluntarycontributionsfrommembers,employees,orshareholders.Politicalactioncommitteeswerefirstorganizedinthe1940s.ThePoliticalActionCommitteeorganizedbytheCongressofIndustrialOrganizations(CIO)in1943wasamodelforlaterPACs.Sincetheelectionreformof1974,whichlimitedindividualcampaigncontributionsandsetguidelinesforPACs,theirnumbersgrewrapidlytomorethan4,000in1988;theynownumberabout3,800.Manyrepresentspecial-interestgroups,e.g.,theNationalRifleAssociationofAmerica;othersrepresentlargeconservativeorliberalcoalitions.MostPACshavedirectedtheircontributionstowardcongressionalelections,inwhichtheycancontributeupto

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$5,000toacandidateforeachcampaign(primary,runoff,andgeneralelection).Some,however,haveconductedindependentnegativecampaignsagainstcandidatestheyoppose.IncreasedcampaigncontributionsbyPACshaveraisedfearsthatlegislatorsmayaccedetopressurefromthesegroupsandbecomelessresponsivetotheirconstituents.Federallegislationenactedin2002forbidsattacksoncandidatesbynameimmediatelybeforeanelection.

2.Independentorganizations,butmoreoftenthepoliticalarmsofcorporations,laborunions,orinterestgroups,establishedtocontributetocandidatesortoworkforgeneralpoliticalgoals.

PoliticalAlienation

Thesenseofestrangementfrompoliticalpower.

PoliticalBusinessCycle

ThisisthehypothesisthattheFederalReservesystemoftenallowsthemoneysupplytoexpandduringthemonthsthatprecedeapresidentialelection,therebyboostingtheeconomyandenhancingthereelectionchancesofthepartythatholdstheWhiteHouse.Soonaftertheelectionthemoneysupplyiscontracted,therebyaffectingthenormalbusinesscycle.

PoliticalConsultant

Aprofessionaladvisorwhoputshis/herpoliticalexpertisetoworkintheprivateandpublicsectors.

roliticalCulture

Attitudes,values,beliefs,andorientationsthatindividualsinasocietyholdregardingtheirpoliticalsystem.

PoliticalEconomy

1.PoliticalEconomywastheoriginaltermforthestudyofproduction,theactsofbuyingandselling,andtheirrelationshipstolaws,customsandgovernment.Itdevelopedinthe18thcenturyasthestudyoftheeconomiesofstates

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PoliticalEgalitarianism

(alsoknownaspolities,hencetheword"political"in"politicaleconomy").IncontradistinctiontothetheoryofthePhysiocrats,inwhichlandwasseenasthesourceofallwealth,somepoliticaleconomistsproposedthelabourtheoryofvalue(firstintroducedbyJohnLocke,developedbyAdamSmithandlaterKarlMarx),accordingtowhichlabouristherealsourceofvalue.Manypoliticaleconomistsalsoattractedattentiontotheacceleratingdevelopmentoftechnology,whoseroleineconomicandsocialrelationshipsgrewevermoreimportant.

Inlate19thcentury,theterm"politicaleconomy"wasgenerallysupersededbythetermeconomics,whichwasusedbythoseseekingtoplacethestudyofeconomyonamathematicalandaxiomaticbasis,ratherthanstudyingthestructuralrelationshipswithinproductionandconsumption.

2.Thestudyoftheinvolvementbythestateintheeconomyofthenation-state.

PoliticalEgalitarianism

PoliticalEgalitarianismisatermusedtodefineastateofaffairsinwhichthemembersofasocietyareofequalstandingintermsofpoliticalpowerorinfluence.Itisafoundingprincipleofvariousformsofdemocracy.

PoliticalEngineering

PoliticalEngineeringisaconceptinpoliticalsciencethatdealswiththedesigningofpoliticalinstitutionsinasociety.Thecriteriaandconstraintsusedinsuchdesignvarydependingontheoptimizationmethodsusedandtheyarealsoafunctionofthetimeandplacewheretheyareapplied.Itisworthnotingthatpoliticalengineering,usingsuboptimalmethodsorcriteria,cansometimesyielddisastrousresultsasinthecaseofattemptingtoengineeracountry'spoliticallandscapebysuchmethodsas,forexample,acoupd'etat.TheGreekmilitaryjuntaof1967-1974usedpoliticalengineeringsuchthatacoupwasemployedtochangetheGreekpoliticallandscapewithcatastrophicresults.

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InthesocialarenathecounterpartofPoliticalengineeringisSocialengineering.

PoliticalEquality

Thedimensionofpoliticalequalitystandsfordemocracyanduniversaladultfranchise.Therehavebeenvariousformsofgovernment.Howeverdemocracyistheonlyformofgovernmentwhichbelievesandpromotesequalityamongthepeople.Thereforewehavenoalternativetodemocracydespiteitsobviousweakness.Thisdemocracyhastobebasedonuniversaladultfranchise.Thereshouldnotbeanyelectoralqualificationbasedoncaste,colour,creed,sex,orpropertyforavoter.Itshouldbebasedongeneralruleswhichmustbeappliedtoeverybody.Viewedinthiscontext,theconceptofpoliticalequalityisaphenomenonofthiscentury.InEnglandandotherWesterncountries,theuniversaladultfranchisewasgraduallyachieved;thewomeninEnglandgottherighttovoteaslateas1918.Politicalequalityalsomeansabsenceofspecialprivilegesandnomanorabodyofmenshouldbeexcludedfromaccesstotheavenuesofauthority.Inotherwords,itmeansrighttoparticipationinthegovernmentalaffairs.Thetermsofsuchparticipationmustbeuniversalandreasonable.PoliticalequalityalsoincludeslegalequalitywhichmeansallthecitizensareequalintheeyesoflawandenjoywhatBarkercallsManequaldegreeoflegalpersonality".

PoliticalGeography

PoliticalGeographyisafieldofhumangeographythatisconcernedwithpolitics.Itiscloselyrelatedtogeopolitics,whichisseenasthestrategic,militaryandgovernmentalapplicationofpoliticalgeographies.ItisalsocloselyrelatedtoInternationalRelations.

PoliticalLesbianism

PoliticalLesbianismisaphenomenonwithinfeminism,primarilySecondwavefeminism;itincludes,butisnotlimitedto,lesbianseparatism.Politicallesbianismembracesthetheorythatsexual

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PoliticalOpinion

orientationisachoice,andadvocateslesbianismasapositivealternativetoheterosexualityforwomen.

PoliticalOpinion

Opinionsonpoliticalissues,suchasachoiceamongcandidatesorparties.

PoliticalParticipation

Theinvolvementofcitizensinthepoliticalprocessofanation.

PoliticalPartyGovernance

Underrepresentativedemocracythepoliticalpartyisthewaypeopleorganizetochooserepresentatives.Thedetailedchoiceofofficers,candidates,andeligibilityformembership,arepoliticalpartygovernanceissues.

Becausemanyofficersofthepartyitselfareconflictedinsuchquestionsasaleadershiprace,thegovernanceofapoliticalpartyisadifficultmatter.Strictprotocolsmustapplytoquestionsofnominationforcandidacy,membershipeligibility,andelectionand/ortheremovalofpartyofficers,especiallyiftheyareseentobefavouringonecandidateoranotherinaleadershipraceinanunfairway.

UnderaonepartysystemlikeinthePeoplesRepublicofChina,therulingpartyisgovernedbythetopbosseswhoareanswerabletonoone.

PoliticalParty,Major

1.Abroadlybasedcoalitionthatattemptstogaincontrolofthegovernmentbywinningelections,inordertoexercisepowerandrewarditsmembers.

2.AgroupofpeoplesharingaparticularideologyandsetofgoalsthatnominatescandidatesforelectiontoParliament.

PoliticalPatronage

Governmentappointmentsmadeasapayoffforloyalpartisanactivity.

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PoliticalPhilosophy

1.Anareaofpoliticalstudybasedonhistorical,reflectiveandconceptualmethods.

2.PoliticalPhilosophyisthestudyoffundamentalquestionsaboutthestate,government,politics,liberty,justice,property,rights,lawandtheenforcementofalegalcodebyauthority:whattheyare,why(orevenif)theyareneeded,whatmakesagovernmentlegitimate,whatrightsandfreedomsitshouldprotectandwhy,whatformitshouldtakeandwhy,whatthelawis,andwhatdutiescitizensowetoalegitimategovernment,ifany,andwhenitmaybelegitimatelyoverthrown—ifever.Inavernacularsense,theterm"politicalphilosophy"oftenreferstoageneralview,orspecificethic,belieforattitude,aboutpoliticsthatdoesnotnecessarilybelongtothetechnicaldisciplineofphilosophy.

Threecentralconcernsofpoliticalphilosophyhavebeenthepoliticaleconomybywhichpropertyrightsaredefinedandaccesstocapitalisregulated,thedemandsofjusticeindistributionandpunishment,andtherulesoftruthandevidencethatdeterminejudgmentsinthelaw.

PoliticalPolice

Forcesreportingdirectlytoapoliticalleaderwhousesthemforpoliticalpurposesratherthanlawenforcement.

PoliticalPower

1.PoliticalPower(imperiuminLatin)isatypeofpowerheldbyapersonorgroupinasociety.Therearemanywaystoholdsuchpower.Officially,politicalpowerisheldbytheholdersofthesovereignty.Politicalpowersarenotlimitedtoheadsofstates,however,andtheextenttowhichapersonorgroupholdssuchpowerisrelatedtotheamountofsocietalinfluencetheycanwield,formallyorinformally.Inmanycasesthisinfluenceisnotcontainedwithinasinglestateanditreferstointernationalpower.

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PoliticalProcess

2.Politicalpowermeansthepowerofthestateorgovernment.Thestatethroughitsagencythegovernmentexercisescontrolovertheindividualsandassociationsinitsterritory.

PoliticalProcess

Theinteractionoforganizedpoliticalstructuresinmakingandadministeringpublicdecisionsforasociety.

PoliticalPsychology

PoliticalPsychologyisaninterdisciplinaryacademicfielddedicatedtotherelationshipbetweenpsychologyandpoliticalscience,withafocusontheroleofhumanthought,emotion,andbehaviorinpolitics.

Itanalyzespoliticalscienceasrelatedtoentitiessuchasvoters,lawmakers,localandnationalgovernmentsandadministrations,internationalorganizations,politicalparties,andassociations.Whilethegrammarof"politicalpsychology"tendstostresspsychologyasthecentralfield,thedisciplinecouldalsobeaccuratelylabeled"thepsychologyofpolitics,"soastomoreevenlyrecognizetheinterdisciplinarynatureofthefield.

Alsonotfullyconveyedbythelabelisthewidescopeofthedisciplinesfromwhichpoliticalpsychologydraws,includinganthropology,cognitiveandpersonalitypsychology,sociology,psychiatry,andothermoredistantfieldssuchaseconomics,philosophy,andthearts.

PoliticalScience

1.PoliticalScienceisthefieldconcerningthetheoryandpracticeofpoliticsandthedescriptionandanalysisofpoliticalsystemsandpoliticalbehavior.

Topicsinpoliticalscienceincludepoliticaltheoryandphilosophy,politicalconcepts,politicalsystemsandideology,gametheory,psephology(votingsystemsandelectoralbehaviour),politicaleconomy,geopoliticsandpoliticalgeography,policystudiesandpublicpolicyanalysis,comparativepolitics,nationalsystems,cross-nationalpolitical

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analysis,supranationalandintergovernmentalpolitics,globalisationstudies,politicaldevelopment,internationalrelations,foreignpolicyanalysis,peacestudies,conflictanalysis,internationallawandpolitics,publicadministrationandlocalgovernmentstudies,politicalpsychology,bureaucratic,administrativeandjudicialbehaviour,legislativeprocessesandpubliclaw.PoliticalSciencealsostudiespowerininternationalrelationsandthetheoryofgreatpowersandsuperpowers.

Politicalscienceismethodologicallydiverse.Approachestothedisciplineincludeclassicalpoliticalphilosophy,interpretivism,structuralism,andbehavioralism,rationalism,realism,pluralism,andinstitutionalism.Politicalscience,asoneofthesocialsciences,usesmethodsandtechniquesthatrelatetothekindsofinquiriessought:primarysourcessuchashistoricaldocumentsandofficialrecords,secondarysourcessuchasscholarlyjournalarticles,surveyresearch,statisticalanalysis,casestudies,andmodelbuilding.

2.ThebranchofthesocialsciencesthatIsprimarilyconcernedwithanalyzingandexplainingthefunctioningofpoliticalinstitutions(especiallygovernmentalinstitutions)aswellasthepoliticalbehaviorofindividuals,groupsandorganizationsintheireffortstoinfluenceorresistthedecisionsandpoliciesofgovernment.

PoliticalSocialization

1.Theprocessbywhichpoliticalcultureistransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration.

2.Theprocessthroughwhichanindividualacquiresasetofpoliticalattitudesandformsopinionsaboutsocialissues.

PoliticalSpectrum

APoliticalSpectrumisawayofvisualizingdifferentpoliticalpositions.Itdoesthisbyplacingthemupononeormoregeometricaxessymbolisingpoliticaldimensionsthatitmodelsasbeingindependentofoneanother.

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PoliticalSubdivision

Cities,counties,townsoranydivisionofgovernmentwithinastatewhichisbelowthestatelevel,butwithdelegatedauthoritytofunctionasalocalgovernment.

PoliticalTheory

1.PoliticalTheoryisatheoryaboutwhatis'political',thescienceandphilosophyofsomethingthatis'political'.

2."Politicaltheoryisanexplanationofwhatpoliticsisallaboutageneralunderstandingofthepoliticalworld,aframeofreference.Withoutoneweshouldbeunabletorecognizeaneventaspolitical,decideanythingaboutwhyithappened,judgewhetheritwasgoodorbadordecidethatwaslikelytohappennext".—Bluhm

3.PoliticalTheoryis4anetworkofconceptsandgeneralizationsabovepoliticallifeinvolvingideas,assumptionsandstatementsaboutthenature,purposeandkeyfeaturesofgovernment,stateandsocietyandaboutthepoliticalcapabilitieshumanbeings'.—DavidHeld

Politics

1."Politicsistheconductofpublicaffairsforprivateadvantage".—Bierce

2."Politicsisthescienceofwhogetswhat,whenandwhy".—Hillman

3."...themeaningsoftheterm,'polities',isconfinedtothatofthebusinessandactivitywhichhastodowiththeactualconductofaffairsofthestate".—Garner

4.Politicsistheprocessbywhichgroupsmakedecisions.Althoughthetermisgenerallyappliedtobehaviorwithingovernments,politicsisobservedinallhuman(andmanynon-human)groupinteractions,includingcorporate,academic,andreligiousinstitutions.

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Politicalscience(alsopoliticalstudies)isthestudyofpoliticalbehaviorandexaminestheacquisitionandapplicationofpower.

Polity

Aformofgovernmentcharacterizedbypopularsovereigntybutexercisedwithinaconstitutionalframeworktopreventtheoppressionoftheminoritybythemajorityrule.

PollTax

1.AtaxonvotingrepealedbytheTwenty-fourthAmendmentin1964,longusedbySouthernstatestokeepblacks(and,insomecases,poorwhites)fromparticipatinginelections.

2.PollTax,acapitaltaxleviedequallyoneveryadultinthecommunity.Althoughnolongerasignificantsourceofrevenueforanymajorcountry,thepolltaxdidprovidelargesumsformanygovernmentsuntilwellintothe1800s.Thetaxhaslongbeenattackedasbeinganunfairburdenuponthoselessabletopay.IntheUnitedStates,thepolltaxhasbeenconnectedwithvotingrights.PolltaxesenactedinSouthernstatesbetween1889and1910hadtheeffectofdisenfranchisingmanyblacksaswellaspoorwhites,becausepaymentofthetaxwasaprerequisiteforvoting.Bythe1940ssomeofthesetaxeshadbeenabolished,andin1964the24thAmendmenttotheU.S.Constitutiondisallowedthepolltaxasaprerequisiteforvotinginfederalelections.In1966thisprohibitionwasextendedtoallelectionsbytheU.S.SupremeCourt,whichruledthatsuchataxviolatedthe"equalprotection"clauseofthe14thAmendmenttotheConstitution.In1990,PrimeMinisterMargaretThatcherofGreatBritainintroducedapolltaxwithexemptionsforpeoplewithlowincomesordisabilities.Themeasurewasextremelyunpopularandplayedaroleinherreplacementasprimeministerlaterthatyear.

Poll

Poll,techniqueforascertainingtheattitudesoropinionsofthe

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PollingtheJury

total,orsomesegmentofthetotal,populationongivenquestions,usuallyonpolitical,economic,andsocialconditions.

PollingtheJury

Apracticewherebythejurorsareaskedindividuallywhethertheyagreed,andstillagree,totheverdict.

Pollockv.Farmers*Loan&TrustCo.(1895)

ThisoverruledUnitedStatesv.Springer.TheSupremeCourtfoundunconstitutionaltheincometaxprovisionoftheWilson-GormanTariffof1894,sayingitwasadirecttaxthatmustbeapportionedequallyamongthestatesbecauseofArticleI,Section9,Clause4intheConstitution.TheSixteenthAmendment(1913)latergaveCongressthepowertotaxincomes"fromwhateversourcederived,withoutapportionmentamongtheseveralStates...

Polyarchy

RobertDahl'stermforpluralistformsofliberaldemocracy,inwhichthereiscompetitionbetweenmanydifferentinterests.

PopularSovereignty

Supremeauthorityresidingintheconsentofthepeople.

Populism

ThistermreferredtothePeople'sPartyof1890-1896,butmorerecentlyitwasusedderisivelyagainstappealsonbehalfofthemassesinoppositiontotheinterestsofelites.

PorkBarrelLegislation

"Porkbarrel"cameintouseasapoliticalterminthepost-CivilWarera.Itcomesfromtheplantationpracticeofdistributingrationsofsaltporktoslavesfromwoodenbarrels.Whenusedtodescribeabill,itimpliesthelegislationisloadedwithspecialprojectsforMembersofCongresstodistributetotheirconsti-tuents backhomeasanactoflargesse,courtesyofthefederaltaxpayer.

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Portfolio

1.Theadministrativeresponsibilitycarriedbyaminister,usuallysomecombinationsofdepartmentsandotheragencies.

2.TheresponsibilitiesofaCabinetMinister,especiallythesubjectmatterorgovernmentdepartmentwithwhichheorsheischarged.PortfoliosareassignedbytheGovernorGeneralontheadviceofthePrimeMinister.

PositionofthePresident

EversincetheinaugurationoftheConstitutionacontroversyhaspersistedamongstscholarsresidingtherealpositionofthePresident.ThiscontroversyassumednewdimensionafterDr.RajendraPrasad,thefirstPresidentofIndia,suggestedtotheScholarstoexaminethepowersoftheIndianPresidentinthecourseofhisaddressattheIndianLawInstitute.

IthastobeadmittedthatthePresidentisthesymbolofthenationandenjoysconsiderableauthority.Nodoubttheforty-secondAmendmentsoughttowaterdownhispositionandprestigebymakingitobligatoryforthePresidenttoactontheadviceoftheCouncilofMinisters,thispositionhasbeentosomeextentretrievedbytheforty-fourthAmendmentwhichgivesthePresidenttherighttoreferbacksuchadviceforreconsiderationtotheCouncilofMinisters.HoweverthePresidentisexpectedtoactaccordingtotheadvicetenderedtohimaftersuchreconsideration.

PositiveEconomics

Thiseconomicanalysisreliesheavilyonquantification,asopposedtonormativeargument.

PositiveLiberty

1.Thesupportersofthepositiveconceptoflibertysaythatpersonallibertycannotbeenjoyedinisolationfromthesociety.Buttheyaresuspiciousofgovernmentsanddonotsurrenderlibertytothestate.Thustheyregardrightsastheessentialconditionofliberty.

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PossessoryInterests

2.Theconceptofpositivelibertyassociateslibertywiththeavailabilityoftheopportunitiesforthedevelopmentofone'sself.Thepositivecharacteroflibertyisthuswellexplainedinthisview.

3.Laski,asupporterofpositiveconceptofliberty,talksofthethreekindsofliberties—Private,PoliticalandEconomic.Allthreeareessentialforthedevelopmentofhumanpersonality.Accordingtohim,privatelibertyisnegative,whereastheothertwoarepositiveinnature.Thelatertoneedsomesocio-economicconditionstobefulfilled.Anditistheresponsibilityofthestateandgovernmenttocreatesuchconditionsandprovidesuchopportunities.

4.Laskimentionstheconditionsrequiredfortherealizationofliberty.Theseconditionsaretheabsenceofspecialprivileges,thepresenceofrightsandtheresponsiblegovernment.

PossessoryInterests

Aninterestinrealpropertythatexistsasaresultofpossession,exclusiveuse,orarighttopossessionorexclusiveuseoflandana/orimprovementsunaccompanieaoyeitnerownersnipoithelandinfeesimpleoralifeestateintheproperty.Apossessoryinterestbecomestaxablewhentheinterestisheldinnontaxablepubliclyownedrealproperty.Thereisnopossessoryinteresttaxplacedontheuseofpubliclyownedpersonalproperty.

ExamplesoftaxablepossessoryinterestincludepermitteduseofU.S.ForestServicepropertysuchasskiresorts,stores,andcabins;harborleases;boat-slipsatpublicmarinas;tie-downsatpublicairports;grazinglandpermits;employeehousingontax-exemptland;andmineralrightsinpubliclands.

PostageStamp

PostageStamp,governmentstampaffixedtomailtoindicatepaymentofpostage.Thetermincludesstampsprintedorembossedonpostcardsandenvelopesaswellastheadhesivelabels.TheuseofadhesivepostagestampswasadvocatedbySirRowlandHi//;itwasadoptedinGreatBritainin1839.

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Zurich(Switzerland)andBrazilissuedstampsin1843,andby1850thecustomhadspreadthroughouttheworld.Althoughthepostmastersofseveralcitieshadpreviouslyissuedprovisionalstamps,thefirstU.S.officialissuewasin1847.Stampsareusuallyprintedfromengravedsteelplatesorcylinders,orbytypograpnicoriitnograpnicmeans.Besidesregularstamps,wnicndatefrom1847,theU.S.governmentalsoissuescommemorativestamps,whichcelebrateeventsorpersons;memorialstampsinhonorofofficialswhodieinoffice;airmailstamps;andspecialstamps,e.g.,specialdelivery,postagedue,andrevenuestamps.Self-adhesive,or"self-stick,MstampswereintroducedintheUnitedStatesin1974butwerenotsuccessful;theywerereintroducedin1994andnowcomprisethevastmajorityofU.S.stampsissued.ThecomputeragecametoU.S.postagestampsin1999,when,asPCPostage,theybecameavailableforpurchaseanddownloadingontheInternet.Thepopularityofphilatelyhasledsomegovernmentstoissueagreatmanystamps,usuallycommemoratives.Somesmallcountries,likeSanMarino,receivemuchoftheirrevenuebyissuingstampsattractivetocollectors.

PostcardReceipt

Aself-addressed,stampedpostcardwithitemizedlistofpartsofpatentapplicationandnumberofpagesperMPEP503;usedasareceiptforwhatwassubmittedinanapplication

Post-ConsumerMaterials

Anygoodsthathavebeenexpendedbytheconsumeranddirectedtoarecyclingprocessratherthantoalandfillorsolidwastedepository.

PostindustrialState

Thisterm,coinedbyDanielBell,referstothedemiseofmanufacturingintheUnitedStatesafter1970andtheriseoflesslucrativeserviceindustryoccupations.

PostingofPrivateBills

Thepostinginthelobbiesofalistofprivatebills.Thelist

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Post-Materialism

indicatesthecommitteetowhicheachbillhasbeenreferredandthedateonwhichthecommitteemaybeginitsstudy.

Post-Materialism

Theshiftinvaluessincethelate1940sfrompublicorderandmaterialprosperitytoself-fulfilment.

PostponementofaClause

Undercertainconditions,acommitteeputsoffadecisiononaclauseuntillater.TheStandingOrdersprovidethattheshorttitlealwaysbepostponeduntiltheendofclause-by-clauseconsideration.

Pour-overwill

Awillthatleavessomeorallestateassetstoatrustestablishedbeforethewill-maker'sdeath.

Power(Sociology)

"Bypowerismeanteveryopportunity/possibilityexistingwithinasocialrelationship,whichpermitsonetocarryoutone'sownwill,evenagainstresistance,andregardlessofthebasisonwhichthisopportunityrests."MaxWeber,BasicConceptsinSociology

Muchoftherecentsociologicaldebateon"power"revolvesaroundtheissueofconstrainingand/orenablingnatureofpower.Thus,powercanbeseenasvariousformsofconstraintonhumanaction,butalsoasthatwhichmakesactionpossible,althoughinalimitedscope.MuchofthisdebateisrelatedtotheworksofthefrenchphilosopherMichelFoucault(1926-1984),who,followingtheitalianpoliticalphilosopherNiccoldMachiavelli(1469-1527),seespoweras"acomplexstrategicsituationinagivensociety[socialsetting]".Beingdeeplystructural,hisconceptinvolvesbothconstraintandenablement.Forapurelyenabling(andvoluntaristic)conceptofpowerseetheworksofAnthonyGiddens.

Theimpositionneednotinvolvecoercion(forceorthreatofforce).Thus"power"inthesociologicalsensesubsumesboth

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physicalpowerandpoliticalpower,includingmanyofthetypeslistedatpower.InsomewaysitmorecloselyresembleswhateverydayEng/ish-speakerscall"influence",althoughsomeauthors(likeD.Wrong)makeasharpdistinctionbetweeninfluenceasamoregeneralconcept,andpowerasintendedinfluence.

PowerElite

APowerElite,inpoliticalandsociologicaltheory,isasmallgroupofpeoplewhocontroladisproportionateamountofwealth,privilege,andaccesstodecision-makingofglobalconsequence.ThetermwascoinedbyC.WrightMillsinhis1956book,ThePowerElite.ThePowerElite(1956)describestherelationshipbetweenpolitical,military,andeconomicelite(peopleatthepinnaclesofthesethreeinstitutions),notingthatthesepeopleshareacommonworldview,1)the"militarymetaphysic"-amilitarydefinitionofreality,possess2)"classidentity"-recognizingthemselvesseparateandsuperiortotherestofsociety,have3)interchangibility:i.e.themovewithinandbetweenthethreeinstitutionalstructuresandholdinterlockingdirectorates4)cooptation/socialization:ofprospectivenewmembersisdonebasedonhowwellthey"clone"themselvessociallyaftersuchelite.Furthertheseeliteinthe"bigthree"institutionalordershavean"uneasy"alliancebasedupontheir"communityofinterests"drivenbythemilitarymetaphysic,whichhastransformedtheeconomyintoa'permanentwareconomy'.

PowerofAttorney

Alegaldocumentthatauthorizesanotherpersontoactonone'sbehalf.Apowerofattorneycangrantcompleteauthorityorcanbelimitedtocertainactsand/orcertainperiodsoftime.

PowerofthePurse

ThePowerofthePursereferstotheconstitutionalpowergivenCongresstoraiseandspendmoney.

PowerStructure

AtermpopularizedbysociologistFloydHuntertodescribethe

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PowerTransitionTheory

communityleaderswhodeterminedpolicyinAtlanta,Georgia.Morebroadly,thetermisusedtodescribe"powerelites"generally.

PowerTransitionTheory

ThePowertransitiontheoryisatheoryaboutthecyclicnatureofwar,inrelationtothepowerininternationalrelations.

CreatedbyA.F.K.Organski,andoriginallypublishedinhistextbook,WorldPolitics(1958),powertransitiontheorytodaydescribesinternationalpoliticsasahierarchy,with4degreesofpowerbetweenstates.Theobjectiveofthetheoryistoinvestigatethecyclicconditionofwars,andhowtransitionofpowerintermsofmachtpolitikeffecttheoccurrenceofthesewars.

Power

1.Poweristhe"abilitytodooract",and'control,influence,ascendancy".

2.Powerisdefinedastheabilitytomoveothersbythethreatorinflictionofdeprivation.Itisalso"theabilitytomoveothersortogetthemtodowhatonewantsthemtodoandnottodo,whatonesdoesnotwantthemtodo'1.—ArnoldWolfers

Practitioner

Onewhostandsfororactsonbehalfofanother.Apatentattorneyorpatentagentmayrepresenttheinventorsnamedinapatentapplication.

PragmaticParty

Atypeofpoliticalpartyconcernedprimarilywithwinningelections.

PragmaticSanction

PragmaticSanction,decisionofstatedealingwithamatterofgreatimportancetoacommunityorawholestateandhavingtheforceoffundamentallaw.ThetermoriginatedinRoman

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lawandwasusedonthecontinentofEuropeuntilmoderntimes.ThePragmaticSanctionofBourges,issuedbyCharlesVIIofFrancein1438,sharplylimitedthepapalauthorityoverthechurchinFranceandestablishedthelibertyoftheGallicanChurch.Itwasrevokedin1461byLouisXI,whosoughttoimproverelationswiththeHolySee,butrelationsbetweenchurchandstateremaineddubiousuntilFrancisIconcludedtheConcordatof1516.Therehavebeenmanyotherpragmaticsanctions,buttheterm,ifunqualified,alwaysreferstothePragmaticSanctionof1713,issuedbyHolyRomanEmperorCharlesVItoalterthelawofsuccessionoftheHapsburgfamily.SoonafterCharlessucceeded(1711)hiselderbrotherJosephIasemperor,heundertooktochangethelawsothat,intheeventofnomaleheir,theHapsburglandswouldbeinheritedthroughhisowndaughtersratherthanthroughJoseph'sdaughters.Asitbecameapparentthattherewouldbenomaleheir,thelawtookongreatimportance.Byitsterms,thesuccessiontoallHapsburgdominions(butnottotheimperialdignity,whichwaselective)wasreservedforCharles'sdaughterMariaTheresa.TheprincipalaimofthelawwastoguaranteethecontinuedintegrityoftheHapsburgterritoriesandtopreventastruggleforthesuccession.CharleslaboredthroughouthisreigntoobtaintheadherencetothePragmaticSanctionoftheEuropeansovereignsandofthedietsandestatesofthevariousHapsburglands.Francegaveititssupportin1738,andatthetimeofCharles'sdeath(1740)mostotherpowersandallthedietsandestatesoftheHapsburgdomains(includingthoseoftheAustrianNetherlands,Bohemia,andHungary)hadendorsedit;thedietoftheHolyRomanEmpirehadguaranteeditin1732.AnotableexceptionwasthatofElectorCharlesAlbertofBavaria(laterHolyRomanEmperorCharlesVII),whowasmarriedtoMariaAmelia,oneofthedaughtersofJoseph1whohadbeendisplacedbythePragmaticSanction.Theotherdaughter,MariaJosepha,hadbeenmarriedtoElectorFrederickAugustusIIofSaxony(AugustusIIIofPoland),whohadratifiedthePragmaticSanctionin1733inexchangeforAustriansupportinhisstruggleforthePolishthrone.WhenMariaTheresaacceded

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Prayer(ofaPetition)

totheHapsburgsuccessionin1740,shehadtodefendherrightinalongandbitterstruggle,theWaroftheAustrianSuccession(1740-48),inspiteofalltheguaranteesherfatherhadobtained.TheTreatyofAix-la-Chapelleof1748confirmedthePragmaticSanction.

Prayer(ofaPetition)

1.Thatpartofapetitioninwhichthepetitionerspresenttheirrequestforactioninresponsetoanallegedgrievance.Theprayermustbeconcise,clearandrespectful.

2.AteverysittingoftheHouse,theSpeakerreadsprayersbeforeanybusinessisenteredupon.Nooneisadmittedtothegalleriesuntilthereadingofprayeriscompleted.

Preamble

Thepartofabillprecedingthemaintextthatstatesthereasonsforitsintroductionandtheendswhichitseekstoattain.Preamblesarerequiredinallprivatebills.

Preapplication(pre-proposalorletterofintent)

Astatementinsummaryformoftheintentoftheapplicanttorequestfunds.Maybeusedtodeterminetheapplicant'seligibilityandthecompetitivenessoftheprojectwithotherapplicationsandtoeliminateproposalsforwhichthereislittleofnochanceforfunding.

Preapplication

1.Astatementinsummaryformoftheintentoftheapplicanttorequestfunds.Itisusedtodeterminetheapplicant'seligibilityandhowwelltheprojectcancompetewithotherapplicationsandeliminateproposalsforwhichthereislittleornochanceforfunding.

2.Asummarystatementoftheintentoftheapplicanttorequestfederalfunds.Itisusedtodeterminetheapplicant'seligibility,determinehowwelltheproposedprojectcancompetewithothersimilarapplications,andeliminateanyproposalsthat

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havelittleornochanceforfederalfundingbeforeapplicantsincursignificantexpendituresforpreparinganapplication.

Pre-Approval

Alooselyusedtermwhichisgenerallytakentomeanthataborrowerhascompletedaloanapplicationandprovideddebt,income,andsavingsdocumentationwhichanunderwriterhasreviewedandapproved.Apre-approvalisusuallydoneatacertainloanamountandmakingassumptionsaboutwhattheinterestratewillactuallybeatthetimetheloanisactuallymade,aswellasestimatesfortheamountthatwillbepaidforpropertytaxes,insuranceandothers.Apre-approvalappliesonlytotheborrower.Onceapropertyischosen,itmustalsomeettheunderwritingguidelinesofthelender.Contrastwithpre-qualification.

Pre-BudgetaryConsultations

CommencingonthefirstsittingdayinSeptemberofeachyear,theStandingCommitteeonFinanceisauthorizedtoconsiderandmakereportsuponproposalsregardingthebudgetarypolicyoftheGovernment.

PrecautionaryDesignation

DesignationofaContractingStateinaninternationalapplicationfiledunderthePatentCooperationTreatywhichmustbeconfirmedpriorto15monthsfromtheprioritydate.

Precedent

1.Apreviousjudicialcaseusedasanexamplefordecidingthecaseathand.

2.ASpeaker'srulingorapracticeoftheHousetakenasaruleforsubsequentcasesofasimilarnature.Notalldecisionsandpracticesconstituteprecedents.

3.Anearliercourtcasethatservesasajustificationforadecisioninalatercase.Alsoknownasstaredecisis.

4.Previouslydecidedcasethatguidesfuturedecisions.

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PrecinctofParliament

BuildingsaccommodatingMembers,theChamber,andtheroomsreservedforcommitteemeetings.AsparliamentaryprivilegerecognizestherightofeachHousetoregulateitsownaffairs,theparliamentaryprecinctisoutsidethejurisdictionoflocalorprovincialregulatorycontrol.

Preferential(Alternative)Ballot

Electoralsysteminwhichvotersrankthecandidates.

PrejudicialError

Synonymouswith"reversibleerror";anerrorthatwarrantstheappellatecourtinreversingthejudgmentbeforeit.

PreliminaryHearing

Criminalhearingatwhichajudgedetermineswhethersufficientevidenceexiststowarranttryinganindividualchargedwithacrime.

PreliminaryStudy(ofaBill)

ProvisioninSenaterulesallowingacommitteetostudythesubjectmatterofabillintroducedintheHousesoastoexpediteitspassageintheSenate.

Premier

Thetitlegiventotheleaderofaprovincialgovernment.

PrepaymentPenalty

Afeethatmaybechargedtoaborrowerwhopaysoffaloanbeforeitisdue.

Prepayment

Anyamountpaidtoreducetheprincipalbalanceofaloanbeforetheduedate.Paymentinfullonamortgagethatmayresultfromasaleoftheproperty,theowner'sdecisiontopayofftheloaninfull,oraforeclosure.Ineachcase,prepaymentmeanspaymentoccursbeforetheloanhasbeenfullyamortized.

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PreponderanceofEvidence

Thegreaterweightofevidence,orevidencethatismorecredibleandconvincingtothemind,butnotnecessarilythegreaternumberofwitnesses.

Pre-Qualification

Thisusuallyreferstotheloanofficer'swrittenopinionoftheabilityofaborrowertoqualifyforahomeloan,aftertheloanofficerhasmadeinquiriesaboutdebt,income,andsavings.Theinformationprovidedtotheloanofficermayhavebeenpresentedverballyorintheformofdocumentation,andtheloanofficermayormaynothavereviewedacreditreportontheborrower.

Prerogative

TheresidualpowersoftheCrownthatcanbeexercisedatitsowndiscretion.

Pre-SentenceInvestigation

Aninquiryconductedattherequestofthecourtafterapersonhasbeenfoundguiltyofacriminaloffense.Providesthecourtwithextensivebackgroundinformationtodetermineanappropriatesentence.

PresidentofIndia

ThePresidentistheExecutiveheadoftheStateandhasbeenvestedwithavarietyofpowers.TheConstitutionclearlyprovidesthattheexecutivepoweroftheUnionshallbevestedinthePresidentandshallbeexercisedbyhimeitherdirectlyorthroughofficerssubordinatetohiminaccordancewiththisConstitution.TheConstitutionalsoveststhesupremecommandoftheDefenceForcesoftheUnioninthePresident.TheStateGovernmentscanalsotransferanyfunctiontothePresidentwhichundertheexistinglawbelongstothem.Likewise,theParliamentcanconferbylawfunctionstoauthoritiesotherthanthePresident

TheConstitutionvestsalltheexecutiveauthorityoftheUnioninthePresidentwhichhemayexerciseeitherdirectlyorthroughofficerssubordinatetohim.TheexecutivepowersofthePresident

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extendstoallthosematterswithrespecttowhichtheParliamenthastheexclusivepowertomakelaws.Allexecutiveordersareexpressedtobetakeninhimname.AllcontractsoftheUnionGovernmentarealsoexecutedinthenameofthePresident.ThePresidentisalsothesupremeCommanderofthearmedforcesofIndiaandhasthepowertodeclarewarandmakepeace.AllthemajorexecutiveappointmentsoftheUnionGovernmentarealsomadebythePresident.SomeoftheimportantappointmentsmadebythePresidentincludePresident.SomeoftheimportantappointmentsmadebythePresidentincludethePrimeMinisterandothermembersoftheCouncilofMinisters;theGovernorsofStates;AttoneyGeneralofIndia;ChairmanandmembersoftheUnionPublicServiceCommission;theComptrollerandAuditorGeneralofIndia,ChiefJusticeandJudgesoftheSupremeCourt;ChiefJusticesandJudgesoftheStateHighCourt;theCommissionerforScheduledCastes;ScheduledTribesandBackwardClasses;membersofFinanceCommission;Ambassadorsandotherdiplomaticenvoysetc.ItmaybeobservedthatthroughformallyalltheaboveexecutivepowersarevestedinthePresidentheexercisesthemontheadviceofthePrimeMinisterandhisCouncilofMinisters.

ThePresidentisanintegralpartofParliamentandassuchenjoysextensivelegislativepowers.HehasthepowertosummonfromtimetotimeeachHouseofParliamentsubjecttotheconditionthatthereshouldnotbeagapofmorethansixmonthsbetweenthetwosessionsoftheParliament.HealsoreservestherighttodissolvetheLokSabha.AstheRajyaSabhaisapermanentHousethePresidenthasnotbeengivenanypowertodissolveit.ThePresidentcanproirogueeitherorboththeHouses.

ThePresidentalsoenjoyssubstantialfinancialpowers.NomoneybillcanbeintroducedintheParliamentwithouthisrecommendation.EveryyearatthebeginningofthefinancialyearthePresidentcausestobelaidbeforetheParliamenttheannualfinancialstatementshowingtheestimatedreceiptsandexpenditureoftheUnionGovernment.Similarly,nobillimposing

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oralteringanytaxordutyinwhichtheStatesareinterestedcanbeintroducedintheParliamentwithouttherecommendationofthePresident.

Asalreadypointedout,thePresidentappointstheChiefJusticeandotherjudgesoftheSupremeCourtofIndiaaswellastheChiefJusticesandotherjudgesoftheStateHighCourts.HealsoadministerstheoathofofficetotheChiefJusticeandjudgesoftheSupremeCourt.TheChiefJusticesandjudgesofStateHighCourtsareadministeredtheoathoftheirofficebytheGovernorsofrespectiveStates.However,thepowertoaccepttheresignationofthejudgesoftheSupremeCourtaswellasStateHighCourtsrestswiththePresident.HecanalsoremovefromtheirofficeaftersuccessfulimpeachmentproceedingsagainstthembytheParliaments.ThePresidentreservestherighttoconsulttheSupremeCourtonanyquestionoflaworfactwhichisofpublicimportance.TheSupremeCourtisboundtorendernecessaryopiniontothePresident.LikewisethePresidentcanalsoreferanddisputebetweentheUnionandtheStatesoramongsttheStatesthemselvestotheSupremeCourtandthelatterisboundisgiveitsopinionthereon.

ThePresidentrepresentsIndiaintheinternationalaffairsandenjoysextensivediplomaticpowers.HesendsIndiandiplomaticenvoystoforeignstatesandreceivestheirenvoysaccreditedtoIndia.Hecanalsoasktheforeigndiplomatstoleavethecountrybydeclaringthemaspersonanon-grata.AlltheinternationaltreatiesandagreementsareconcludedbyIndiaonbehalfofthePresidentandaresubjecttoitsfinalsignatures.

ThePresidentofIndiahasalsobeenvestedwithextensiveemergencypowerstodealwithabnormalconditions.TheConstitutionenvisagesthreetypesofemergencies.

•

(a)Emergencycausedbywarorexternalaggressionorinternaldisturbances.IfthePresidentissatisfiedthatagraveemer-gency existswherebythesecurityofIndiaorofanypartoftheterritorythereofisthreatened,whetherbywarorexternalaggressionorarmedrebellion,hemay,byproclamation,

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makeadeclarationtothateffectinrespectofthewholeofIndiaorofsuchpartoftheterritorythereofasmaybespecifiedintheproclamation.ItmaybenotedthatthePresidentcanmakesuchaproclamationofemergencyevenbeforetheactualoccurrenceofwarofanysuchaggressionorrebellion,ifheissatisfiedthatthereisimminentdangerthereof.

(b)EmergencyduetofailureofcosntitutionalmachineryinaState.Article356oftheConstitutionlaysdownthatifthePresidentonreceiptofreportfromtheGovernorofaStateorotherwise,issatisfiedthatasituationhasariseninwhichthegovernmentsoftheStatecannotbecarriedoninaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthisConstitution,thePresidentmaybyproclamation—

(i)AssumeofhimselfalloranyofthefunctionoftheGovernmentoftheStateandalloranyofthepowersvestedinorexercisablebytheGovernororanybodyorauthorityintheStateotherthantheLegislatureoftheState;

(ii)DeclarethatthepowersofLegislatureoftheStateshallbeexercisablebyorundertheauthorityoftheParliament;

(Hi)MakesuchincidentalandconsequentialprovisionsasappeartothePresidenttobenecessaryordesirableforgivingeffecttotheobjectoftheproclamation,includingprovisionsforsuspendinginwholeorinparttheoperationofanyprovisionoftheirConstitutionrelatingtoanybodyorauthorityintheState.However,thePresidentisnotauthorisedtoassumetohimselfanyofthepowersvestedinorexercisablebyaHighCourtortosuspendinwholeorinparttheoperationofanyprovisionoftheConstitutionrelatingtotheHighCourts.

(c)Emergencyduetothreattothefinancialstabilityorcreditofthecountry.IfthePresidentissatisfiedthatasituationhasarisenwherebythefinancialstabilityorcreditofIndiaorofanypartoftheterritorythereofisthreatened,hemaybyaproclamationmakeadeclarationtothateffect.

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DuringthevariouskindsofemergenciesthepowersofthePresidentaregreatlyextended.ItshallbedesirabletohaveaninsightintothepowersofthePresidentduringvariouskindsofemergency.

PresidentoftheSenate

1.ThePresidentoftheSenateistheVice-PresidentoftheUnitedStates,accordingtotheConstitution.ThePresidentProTemporepresidesinhisabsence.Heisthemostseniormajoritypartysenator.

2.TheVicePresidentoftheUnitedStatesofficiallypresidesovertheSenate.Exceptduringtimesofveryimportantdebate,aPresidentprotemporeiselected.

PresidentProTempore

ThePresidentProTemporeisthesenatorwhopresidesovertheSenateintheabsenceoftheV-P.

Thepositionisusuallygiventothemostseniorsenatorofthemajorityparty.

TheConstitutionnamestheVice-Presidentasthe"president"oftheSenatebutherarelypresides.

President

President,inmodernrepublics,thechiefexecutiveand,therefore,thehighestofficerinagovernment.Manynationsoftheworld,includingtheUnitedStates,France,Germany,India,andthemajorityofLatinAmericannations,haveapresidentastheofficialheadofstate.However,theactualpowerofthepresidencyvariesconsiderablyfromcountrytocountry.InGermanythepresidentialpowerisrelativelyweak.Trueexecutivepowerrestswiththechancellor,andallactsofthepresidentmusthavehisapprovalortheapprovalofoneofhisministers.ThepresidentialpowerinIndiaissimilarlysubordinatedtoacabinetofministersandrestrictedprimarilytoceremonialfunctions.Bycontrast,France(undertheFifthRepublic),theUnitedStates,andsomeLatinAmericancountrieshavegiventheofficeofthepresident

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considerableauthority.InLatinAmericaheadsofstatehavenotinfrequentlyassumeddictatorialpowers,whileretainingthetitlepresident.ThepoweroftheFrenchpresidentissuchthathemaydissolveparliamentatanytime,althoughnotmorethanonceayear,andmayvetoparliamentarybills.Heiscommanderinchiefofthearmedforcesandpossessesextraordinaryemergencypowers.IntheUnitedStates,ArticleIIoftheConstitutionprovidesfortheofficeofthepresidency,whichisheldforfour-yeartermsandfilledbyelectionthroughtheelectoralcollege.Thepresidentisgivenfullresponsibilityfortheexecutionofthelawsandisthereforetheheadofallexecutiveagencies.WiththeconsentofCongressheappointscabinetmembersandanyotherexecutiveofficialsheseesfit.Ascommanderinchiefofarmedforcesthepresidenthascontroloverthemilitary,althoughCongresstriedtolimithiswar-makingpowerwiththeWarPowersActof1973.Heisalsoresponsiblefortheconductofforeignaffairs,althoughhistreatiesandappointmentsmustbeapprovedbytheSenateandhisexpendituresbytheHouseofRepresentatives.Tobeeligibleforthepresidencyonemustbeanative-borncitizen,over35yearsold,andatleast14yearsresidentintheUnitedStates.TheTwenty-secondAmendment(1951)limitsapresidenttotwofour-yearterms.

PresidentialPrimary

Methodusedbymorethantwo-thirdsofthestatesinwhichvotersinoneorbothpartiesexpresstheirpreferenceforapresidentialnomineeandchooseallorsomeconventiondelegates.

PresidentialSystemofGovernment

Thepresidentialsystemofgovernmentstandincontrasttotheparliamentarysystemofgovernment.Itoperatesontheprinciplesofseparationofpowers.Thelegislatureandexecutiveareindependentofeachother.Theexecutiveheadofthestateenjoysrealexecutivepowers.Heisneitheramemberofthelegislatureexecutiveheadinofficedoesnotdependsonthe

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sweetwillofthelegislature.Heholdsofficeforafixedtermandcanberemovedfromhisofficebeforetheexpiryofhisnormaltermonlythroughthecumbersomeprocessofimpeachment.

AccordingtoGarner,"PresidentialGovernmentisthatsysteminwhichtheexecutiveincludingboththeheadofthestateandhisministeriscontinuouslyindependentofthelegislatureinrespectofthedurationofhisortheirtenureandirresponsibletoitforhisortheirpoliticies."ThissystemofgovernmentoperatesintheU.S.A.,BrazilandcertainotherstatesofSouthernAmerica.

FeaturesofPresidentialGovernment.Themainfeaturesofpresidentialgovernmentareasfollow:

1.Firstofallunderthissystemtheheadofthestateenjoysrealpowers.Thesepowersarevestedinhimbytheconstitutionorordinarylawsandhecanexercisethesepowersonhisown.Nodoubt,theheadofthestatecanappointsecretariesorministerstoassisthim,buttheyaremerelyhisadvisorsandactaccordingtohisinstructions.ThePresidentcanalsoremovethemfromtheirpostsanytimehelikes.

2.Secondly,thepresidentialsystemisbasedonthetheoryofseparationofpowers.Thethreeorgansofthegovernmentstandindependentofeachother.ThePresidentandhisministerscannotbemembersofthelegislaturenoraretheyaccountabletoit.

3.Thirdly,thecabinetunderpresidentialsystemconsistsofnomineesofthePresident.TheyremaininofficeaslongasthePresidentwantsthemtostay.TheyareaccountabletothePresidentratherthanthelegislature.

President'sBudget

TheannualbudgetrequestsubmittedtoCongressbytheU.S.President.TheprocessbeginswithNIAID'sbudgetrequest,which,aspartoftheNIHbudgetrequest,ismodifiedbytheOfficeofManagementandBudget.

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Pre-SolicitationConference

Prc-SolicitationConference

Ameetingwithprospectivebidderstoobtaininformationforbiddingandinviterecommendations.

PressGallery

1.AgalleryintheHouseofCommonsreservedforaccreditedmembersofthemedia.

2.MembersofthemediaaccreditedtocovertheproceedingsofParliamentandsograntedaccesstothegalleryreservedforthem.

PressSecretary,Presidential

TheWhiteHouseofficialwhospeaksforthePresidentinday-to-daymeetingswiththenewsmedia.

Press,Freedomofthe

Press,Freedomofthe,libertytoprintortootherwisedisseminateinformation,asinprint,bybroadcasting,orthroughelectronicmedia,withoutpriorrestraintssuchaslicensingrequirementsorcontentreviewandwithoutsubsequentpunishmentforwhatissaid.Freedomofthepress,whichhasbeenlimitednotonlybygovernmentsbutattimesbychurches,isabsoluteinnocountry.Inmoderndemocraciesitisrarelyattackedbyovertformsofcensorshipbutisoftencompromisedbygovernments'abilitytowithholdinformation,byself-censorshipinreactiontovariouspressures,byselectivegovernment"leaking"ofinformationordisinformation,andbyotherfactors.

IntheUnitedStates,freedomofthepressandthebroaderfreedomofspeechareprotectedbytheFirstAmendmenttotheConstitutionandareconsideredfundamentalrightsofthepeople.Inpractice,though,somekindsofspeechandpublication(e.g.,obscenityorviolationsofcopyright)areconsideredoutsidetheamendment'spurview,andothers,likecommercialspeech(advertisingorproductclaims),receiveareducedlevelofprotection.Inaddition,broadcastersaresubjecttogovernment•licensingrequirements.Theprotectionstobeaffordedusersof

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on-linecomputerservices,theInternet,andothernewmeansofpublicationarethefocusofadevelopingdebate;in1996afederaldistrictcourtpanelstruckdownthenewCommunicationsDecencyAct,holdingthatInternetcommunicationswereentitledtothesamedegreeofprotectionasprintedcommunications.

PressureGroup

Politicalpartiesconstitutetheverysoulofdemocracy.Democracywithoutapoliticalpartyissaidtobeashipwithoutpilotoraboatwithoutrudder.Besidesthesepartieseverypoliticalsystemisinfluencedbyseveralorganisedgroupswhichareinterestedintheaffairsofthestateforsomespecificpurpose,mainlyselfish,HitchnerandLevineprefertheword'interestgroup'whichaccordingtohimisacollectionofindividualswhotrytorealisetheircommonobjectivesbyinfluencingpublicpolicy.AlmondandPowelldefineinterestgroupas"agroupofindividualswhoarelinkedbyparticularbondsofconcernoradvantageandwhohavesomeawarenessofthesebonds.Eviden-tly, thepressuregroupsconstitutetheagenciesforsafeguardingtheinterestsofagroupofpeople.Hencetheypressuriseoraffecttheworkingofeverypoliticalsystembycontactingthepoliticalparties,exertingpressureonthegovernmentleadersincludingthebureaucracy.

Theoperatethroughthepoliticalpartiesbuttheyfundamentallydifferfromthem.InthewordsofDuverger"Politicalpartiesstrivetoacquirepowerandtoexerciseitbyelecting.Pressuregroupsdonotparticipatedirectlyintheacquisitionofpoweroninitsexercisetheyacttoinfluencepowerwhileremainingapartfromit.Theyexertpressureonit.Pressuregroupsseektoinfluencethemenwhowieldpower."Thusabasicdifferencebetweenthetwoliesinthefactthatpoliticalpartiesaimatcapturingpowerwhereasthepressuregroupsexertpressureonthepowerandstrivetoderivemaximumbenefitfortheirmembers.

Presumption

Aruleoflawthatcourtsandjudgeswilldrawaparticularinferencefromaparticularfact,orfromparticularevidence.

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PretermittedChild

Achildbornafterawillisexecuted,whoisnotprovidedforbythewill.Moststateshavelawsthatprovideforashareofestatepropertytogotosuchchildren.

Pre-TrialConference

Ameetinginwhichattorneysforbothsidesmeetthejudgeinadvanceofthetrialtoseektoclarifyornarrowtheissues.

PreviousQuestion

AdebatablemotionpreventinganyfurtheramendmenttoamotionorbillbeforetheHouse.Ifthepreviousquestionispassed,themainmotionisimmediatelyputtoavote;ifnegatived,themainmotionissuperseded.

PriceAgreement

Apricedecideduponbetweenthepurchaserandthevendors).PriceCompetition-Acontractthatisawardedsolelyuponpriceconsideration.

PriceDiscrimination

Whentheidenticalproductissoldindifferentmarketsandatdifferentpricesinanefforttoincreasemonopolyprofits,itisaviolationofSection2oftheClaytonActof1914.

PriceFixing

Acollusionamongvendorstomarketacommodityorcertaingoodsatthesameprice,therebyrestrictingcompetition.

PriceMaintenance

Theregulationofabasepricethatmaynotbeundersoldbysupplierormanufacturer.

PriceProtection

Anagreementbetweenthebuyerandthesellertofurnishgoodsatapredeterminedpricewithoutincreaseforthetermofthecontract.Anagreeduponindexofperiodicalincreasesmaybeincludedinsuchcontracts.

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PriceSchedule

Anegotiatedorpredeterminedlistingofcommoditiesforacertainprice.

Price/EarningsRatio

Thesharepriceofacommonstockdividebyitsannualearnings.Astocksellingfor$30thatearneddividendsofthreedollarsintheprecedingyearwouldhaveaP/Eratiooften.

PrimaryGroup

Agroupthatapersoncomesintoface-to-facecontactwithineverydaylife;forexample,friends,officeassociates,oralocalsocialclub.

PrimateCenterResearchCode

CodethatidentifiessponsoredprojectsperformedatthePrimateCenter.

PrimeMinisterofIndia

UndertheParliamentarysystemofGovernmentadoptedinIndiathoughformallyalltheexecutivepowersoftheUnionGovernmentarevestedinthePresident,inrealitythesepowersareexercisedbytheCouncilofMinistersundertheleadershipofthePrimeMinister.TheofficeofthePrimeMinisterinIndiahasaconstitutionalbasisandisnotbasedonconventionsasinEngland.Article74(1)clearlymentionsthatthereshallbeaCouncilofMinisterswiththePrimeMinisterattheheadtoaidandadvisethePresident.ThepositionofthePrimeMinisterhasbeenmadeeffectiveundertheforty-secondAmendmentwhichprovidesthatitshallbeobligatoryforthePresidenttoaccepttheadviceoftheCouncilofMinisters.

ThePresidentappointsthePrimeMinisterofIndia.However,itdoesnotmeanthatthePresidentisfreetoappointanyoneasthePrimeMinister.HehastoinvitetheleaderofthemajoritypartyintheLokSabhatobecomethePrimeMinisterandundernormalcircumstancestheappointmentofPrimeMinisterbythePresidentisjustaconstitutionalformality.ThePresidenthas

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hardlyanydiscretioninthematteroftheappointmentofPrimeMinister.However,ifnosinglepoliticalpartypossessesaclearcutmajorityintheParliamentorthereisnoacknowledgedleaderofthemajorityparty,thePresidentmayhavesomediscretionintheappointmentofthePrimeMinister.ItmaybenotedthatevenundersuchcircumstancesthePresidenthastoensurethatonlysuchapersonshouldbeappointedasPrimeMinisterwhoinhisopinionshallbeabletomusterthesupportofthemajorityofthemembersofLokSabhaandcarryoutthepoliciesandprogrammesofhisparty.

ThePrimeMinisterholdsofficeduringthepleasureofthePresident,whichseemstosuggestthatthePresidentcanremovehimatanymovementwithoutassigninganyreasons.InpracticeitisnotsoandthePresidentcannotremoveaPrimeMinistersolongasheenjoysthesupportofthemajorityofhemembersofLokSabha.IfthePresident,inviolationfthisprinciple,dismissesthePrimeMinister,itmaynotbepossibleforhimtofindoutanotherpersonwhomaybeabletosecuretheconfidenceoftheLokSabhaandformastablegovernment.Therefore,thetermofthePrimeMinisterisgenerallyequaltothetermoftheLokSabhaviz.,fiveyears.IfthetermoftheLokSabhaisextendedthetermofthePrimeMinisterisautomaticallyextended.LikewiseiftheLokSabhaisdissolvedearlierthanitsfixedterm,thetermofthePrimeMinisterisAutomaticallycut-short.Inshort,itcanbesaidthatthetermofthePrimeMinisteriscoterminuswiththatofLokSabha.

ThePrimeMinisterastheChiefadvisorofthePresidentandtheChairmanoftheCouncilofMinistersenjoyseveryextensivepowers.TheConstitutionacknowledgestheprimarypositionofthePrimeMinisterintheCouncilofMinistersbyspecificallyprovidingthat"thereshallbeaCouncilofMinisterswiththePrimeMinisterasitshead"toaidandadvisethePresident.EveniftheConstitutionhadnotspecificallyassignedaprimarypositiontothePrimeMinister,hewouldhaveassumedthatpositioninactualpractice.EmphasisingthispointDr.B.R.AmbedkartoldtheConstituentAssembly"therecanbehardly

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anyobjectiontogivingstatutoryrecognitiontothepositionofthePrimeMinisterwhichisestablishedforlongbyconventioninEngland."ItisawellknownfactthatintheparliamentarysystemofgovernmentthePrimeMinisteristheCentreofexecutiveandimpartscontentandmeaningtothepoliciesofthegovernment.

PrimeMinister

1.PrimeMinisterorpremier,chiefmemberofthecabinetinaparliamentarysystemofgovernment.Theprimeministerisheadofthegovernment,incontrastwiththeheadofstate,whomaybeaconstitutionalmonarch,asinGreatBritain,oranelectedofficial,asinthecaseofthepresidentofIndia.Proceduresgoverningtheselectionoftheprimeministervaryfromcountrytocountry,butunderthesystemthathasevolvedinGreatBritain(whichhasprovidedthemodelforCommonwealthcountries)heisusuallytheleaderofthemajoritypartyinParliamentandmustbyconventionbeamemberofthelowerhouse.Theprimeministerappointstheothercabinetministers,makesandcoordinatesthepolicyofthegovernment,controlstheadministration,anddispensespatronage.Inmajorpolicyareashemusthavethesupportofthelegislature;otherwiseheandhiscabinetarecustomarilyexpectedeithertoresignortodissolvethelegislatureandcallnewelections.Anindividualcabinetministerwhoisunabletosupporttheprimeministerisalsoexpectedtoresign.InFrance(undertheFifthRepublic)andinafewothercountrieswithparliamentarygovernments,thepowersoftheprimeministerareconsiderablylessthanthosedescribedabove;mostoftheexecutiveauthorityisexercisedbythepresident,whiletheprimeministerplaysacomparativelyminorrole.IntheUnitedStatesthePresidentcombinesthefunctionsofheadofgovernmentandheadofstate.

2TheLeaderoftheGovernmentwhoisordinarilytheleaderofthepartyhavingthegreatestnumberofseatsintheHouseofCommons.AppointedbytheGovernorGeneral,thePrimeMinisterselectstheothermembersoftheCabinet

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PrimeMinister'sOffice

and,alongwiththem,isresponsibletotheHousefortheadministrationofpublicaffairs.

PrimeMinister'sOffice

SupportstaffappointedbythePrimeMinistertocarryoutpoliticalfunctions.

rrimeKate

Theinterestratethatbankschargetotheirpreferredcustomers.Changesintheprimeratearewidelypublicizedinthenewsmediaandareusedastheindexesinsomeadjustableratemortgages,especiallyhomeequitylinesofcredit.Changesintheprimeratedonotdirectlyaffectothertypesofmortgages,butthesamefactorsthatinfluencetheprimeratealsoaffecttheinterestratesofmortgageloans.

Prime

Contextualtermusedtodescribeanawardwhensub-agreementsareissuedtothataward.

Priming

Theselectiveportrayalofpoliticaleventsandpersonalitiesbythemediawhichinturnaffectspublicopinion.

PrimusInterPares

Latinphrasemeaning"firstamongequals.**

PrincipalBalance

Theoutstandingbalanceofprincipalonamortgage.Theprincipalbalancedoesnotincludeinterestoranyothercharges.

PrincipalInvestigator(PI)

Harvardfacultyorstaffmemberwhodirectsthetechnicalandadministrativeworkofasponsoredproject.

Principalinvestigator/ProgramUirector/rrojectDirector

Anindividualdesignatedbythegranteetodirecttheprojectoractivitybeingsupportedbythegrant.Heorsheisresponsible

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forthescientificandtechnicaldirectionofaproject,theday-to-day managementoftheprojectorprogram,andisaccountabletothegranteefortheproperconductoftheprojectoractivity.

Principal,Interest,Taxes,andInsurance(PITI)

Thefourcomponentsofamonthlymortgagepaymentonimpoundedloans.Principalreferstothepartofthemonthlypaymentthatreducestheremainingbalanceofthemortgage.Interestisthefeechargedforborrowingmoney.Taxesandinsurancerefertotheamountsthatarepaidintoanescrowaccounteachmonthforpropertytaxesandmortgageandhazardinsurance.

Principal

1.Incriminallaw,onewhocommitsanoffense,oranaccomplicewhoispresentduringthecommissionofthecrime.Incommerciallaw,theamountreceivedinloan,ortheamountuponwhichinterestischarged.Inthelawofagency,onewhohaspermittedorengagedanothertoactforhisorherbenefit,inaccordancewithhisorherdirectionandsubjecttohisorhercontrol.

2.Onewhodesignatesanothertoactionherorhisbehalf.Thedesigneewouldbecontrolledbytheprincipal.

3.Theamountborrowedorremainingunpaid.Thepartofthemonthlypaymentthatreducestheremainingbalanceofamortgage.

Principle(ofaBill)

Theobjectorrelatedobjectswhichabillseekstoachieve.Theprincipleofabillisadoptedatsecondreading.

PriorApproval

Writtenapprovalfromthesponsorrequiredforpost-awardchangesintheapprovedprojectorbudget.PImustobtainsuchapprovalbeforeundertakingtheproposedactionorspendingsponsorfunds.Inmanycases,undertheUniversity'sexpanded

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authorities,approvalmybegrantedwithoutconsultingthefundingagency.

PriorRestraint

Thecensoringofprintedmaterialbythegovernmentpriortopublication.

PriorityAction

Aletterinwhichanexaminingattorneysetsforthspecificrequirementsthattheapplicantmustmeetbeforeanapplicationcanbeapprovedforpublication.Anexaminingattorneywillissueapriorityactionafterconsultingwithanapplicantortheapplicant'sattorney.Unlikeanexaminer'samendment,thepriorityactiondoesnotconfirmresolutionoftheissues;instead,itexplainstherequirementsstilloutstanding.

Theapplicantmustrespondtoapriorityactionwithin6monthsfromthedatethepriorityactionismailed.Iftheapplicantfailstodoso,theapplicationwillbeabandoned.PleasenotethatexaminingattorneyshavenodiscretiontoextendthetimeforfilingaresponsetoanOfficeaction.

Thebenefitofapriorityactionisthat,iftheapplicantrespondswithin2months,theapplicationwillbegivenpriorityinprocessingtheresponse.

PriorityScore

AnumberassignedtoanapplicationbyanInitialReviewGroup(IRG).Thescoreisaquantitativeindicatorofperceivedscientificandtechnicalmeritthatrangesfrom100to500.IndividualIRGmembersassignscoresfrom1.0(highestmerit)to5.0(lowestmerit).Votesarecastin0.1intervals.Thepriorityscoresaretheaverageofmembervotesmultipliedby100.

PrivacyAct

Alawthatprotectsagainstneedlesscollectionorreleaseofpersonaldata.RecordsmaintainedbyNIHwithrespecttograntapplications,grantawardsandtheadministrationofgrantsaresubjecttotheprovisionsofthePrivacyAct.

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PrivateBill

1.Abilldesignedtoexemptanindividualorgroupfromtheapplicationofthelaw,suchasabilltoincorporateaprivatecompany.AprivatebillcanonlybeintroducedbyaMemberwhoisnotpartoftheCabinet.

2.PrivateBillsareintroducedonbehalfofanindividualcitizenforalimitedanduniquepurpose.

IfenactedbyboththeHouseandSenateandapprovedbythepresident,theybecomeprivate,notpublic,law.

PrivateCalendar

ThePrivateCalendariscalledtwiceamonthinordertoconsiderprivatebillsunderexpeditedprocedures.

KnownasanonIV-Dcase,itisasupportcasewherethecustodialparenttowhomchildsupportisowedisnotreceivingIV-AbenefitsorIV-Dservices.

PrivateLaw

Lawscontrollingrelationsbetweenindividuals.

PrivateMember

AMemberwhoisnotaMinister.TherulesalsospecificallyexcludetheSpeaker,theDeputySpeakerandParliamentarySecretariesfromthisdesignation.

PrivateMember'sBill

1.AbillsponsoredbyaMemberwhoisnotpartoftheCabinet.Thetermusuallyreferstopublicbills.

2.Publicbillsintroducedinthelegislaturebymemberswhoarenotinthecabinet.

PrivateMembers*BusinessOffice

PartoftheJournalsBranch,theofficeresponsiblefortheschedu-ling ofdebateduringtheperiodsreservedforPrivateMembers'

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PrivateMembers'Business

Businessandtheadjournmentproceedings.ItalsodealswiththecertificationandprocessingofMembers'petitionsandtheadministrativearrangementsconcerningprivatebills.

PrivateMembers*Business

BillsandmotionssponsoredbyprivateMembersincludingitemsontheorderofprecedenceandthoseoutsidetheorderofprecedence.Aperiodisdevotedtotheconsiderationofthisbusinesseachsittingday.

PrivateMortgageInsurance(MI)

Mortgageinsurancethatisprovidedbyaprivatemortgageinsurancecompanytoprotectlendersagainstlossifaborrowerdefaults.MostlendersgenerallyrequireMIforaloanwithaloan-to-value(LTV)percentageinexcessof80percent.

Privatization

1.InReaganomics,traditionalgovernmentalfunctionsweretransferredtoprivateownersorcontractorsonthegroundofgreaterproductivity.

2.Theredirectionbyagovernmentofaprogramorgovernmentfunctiontobecarriedonbyaprivateorganization.

Privilege

1.Privilegereferstotheprioritygrantedspecificbillsandmotionscomparedtoothers.Privilegedquestionsmaybecalledupforfloorconsiderationaheadofothermatters.

2.ThoserightsandimmunitiesenjoyedbytheHouseasacollectivityandbyeachMemberindividually,withoutwhichMemberscouldnotcarryouttheirdutiesandtheHousecouldnotfulfillitsfunctions.

PrivilegedMotion

Amotionarisingfromanddependentonthesubjectunderdebate;itmaybemovedwithoutnoticeandtakesprecedenceoverthemotionthenbeforetheHouse.Privilegedmotionsareoftwokinds:amendmentsandsupersedingmotions.

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PrivyCouncilOffice

Agovernmentaldepartmentthatsupportstheprimeminister,cabinet,andcabinetcommitteesindevisinggovernmentpolicy.

PrivyCouncil

1.Aceremonialbodymadeupofallpresentandformercabinetministers.

2.AformaladvisorybodytotheCrownappointedbytheGovernorGeneralontheadviceofthePrimeMinister.AllCabinetmembersmustbesworntothePrivyCouncil,towhichtheyarenamedforlife.

ProFormaAmendment

AnamendmentMinformonly."Itisofferednottotrulyamendthelanguageofabillbuttoqualifyfor5minutesofdebatetime.Examplesofproformaamendmentsincludemotionsto"strikethelastword,"or"striketherequisitenumberofwords."

ProSe

1.ALatintermmeaning"onone'sownbehalf";incourts,itreferstopersonswhopresenttheirowncaseswithoutlawyers.

2.Usedtodesignateanindependentinventorwhohaselectedtofileanapplicationbythemselveswithouttheservicesofalicensedrepresentative.

ProactiveMatching

ProcessinwhichchildsupportcasedatanewlysubmittedtotheFederalCaseRegistry(FCR)isautomaticallycomparedwithprevioussubmissions,aswellaswiththeemploymentdataintheNationalDirectoryofNewHires(NDNH).TheresultinglocateinformationisthenreturnedtotheappropriateState(s)forprocessing.

ProbateCourt

Thecourtwithauthoritytosuperviseestateadministration.

froDatetstate

Estatepropertythatmaybedisposedofbyawill.

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Probation

Asentencingalternativetoimprisonmentinwhichthecourtreleasesconvicteddefendantsundersupervisionaslongascertainconditionsareobserved.

ProceduralAuthority

AworkdealingwiththeprocedureandpracucesoftheHousewhichmaybereferredtoforguidanceinresolvingpointsoforderandquestionsofprivilege.ThemostfrequentlycitedworksarethoseofMarleauandMontpetit,Beauchesne,Bouhnotand,forBritishprocedure,ErskineMay.

ProceduralClerk

AmemberoftheprofessionalproceduralcadrewhoperformsvariousadministrativeandproceduraldutiesintheProceduralServicesoftheHouseofCommons.

ProceduralMotion

Amotionthatdealswithapurelyroutinematter,suchastnefirstreadingofabilloritsreprintingfollowingamendmentincommittee.

ProcedureandHouseAffairsCommittee

ThestandingcommitteeoftheHousechargedwithongoingreviewofprocedureandpracticeaswellasHouseadministrationandservices.TheCommitteealsoactsasastrikingcommitteeforothercommittees,considersthevotabilityofitemsofPrivateMembers'Business,establishesthelistsofassociatemembersfromwhichsubcommitteeandsubstitutecommitteemembersareeligibletobechosen,andcarriesoutavarietyofotherfunctionsconcerningprivatebillsandHouseprocedures.

Proceeding

1.Theconductofbusinessbeforeajudgeoradministrativehearingofficer.

2.TheactionstakenbytheHouseofCommonsorbyacommittee.Themostimportantpartsoftheproceedingsarethedecisionsthataretaken.

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Proclamation

1.AnofficialnoticeororderissuedbytheCrown.AParliamentisbegunandendedbyproclamation.

2.Theannouncementoftheofficialdateanewlawwilltakeeffect.

ProcurementCycle

Theentirecycleofpurchasingfunctionsanddutieswhichoccurduringacquisitionofcommodities.

ProcurementOfficer

Apersonwhoisauthorizedtoenactandadministercontractsandissuedeterminationsinthatregard.

Procurement

Theacquisitionofpropertyorservicesforthedirectbenefitoruseofthegovernment,generallyviaacontract.

ProfessionalAirTrafficControllersAssociation(PATCO)

Mostofitsmemberswerefederalemployeeswhowentonstrikein1981toprotestworkingconditionsaswellaswages.Inshowingthathewouldbesterninthefaceoflabordemands,PresidentReaganfiredthosememberswhodidnotimmediatelyreturntowork.

ProgramAnnouncement(PA)

1.Processbywhichfederalagenciespublicizeandimplementnewextramuralgrantprogramsandpriorities,orupdateexistingprograms.

2.AnannouncementbyanNIHinstituteorcenterrequestingapplicationsinthestatedscientificareas.Generally,moneyisnotsetasidetopayforthem.Howeverinspring1996,NIAIDinstitutedapolicythroughwhichsomeapplicationsrespondingtoaprogramannouncementwithpercentilesbeyondthepaylinewillbefunded.PAsarepublishedintheNIHGuideforGrantsandContracts.

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ProgramBalance

Theneedtobalanceaninstitute'ssupportofresearchinallitsprogrammaticareaswithitshigh-qualityapplicationseligibleforfunding.

ProgramIncome

Grossincomeearnedbyagranteethatisdirectlygeneratedbythegrant-supportedprojectoractivityorearnedasaresultoftheaward.

ProgramOfficer

Anagencyprogramofficestaffpersonresponsiblefor:(1)developingprogramregulations,applicationnotices,andapplicationpackages,(2)overseeingthereviewandrankingofapplicationssubmittedundertheirprograms,(3)providingdetailedfundingrecommendationstotheGrantsDivisionforapplications,(4)participatinginnegotiations,asnecessary,(5)providingtechnicalassistancetoapplicantsandrecipients,(6)monitoringfundedprojects,and(7)makingrecommendationsaboutrecipients'requestsforrevisionstoprojectactivitiesandbudgets.

ProgramOfficial

TheNIHofficialresponsiblefortheprogrammatic,scientific,and/ortechnicalaspectsofagrant.

ProgrammaticReduction

ProgressReport

Documentationrequiredbysponsoratadefinedtimeprovidingstatusofaproject.Mayincludefinancial,technical,orotherreports.

ProgressiveTax

Ataxratewhichincreasesastheamountofone'sincomeincreases.

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Progressivism

TheProgressivemovement(1900-1917)asthemostsuccessfulreformisterainAmericanhistory.Aphenomenonoftheupper-middleclass,itfostereddirectdemocracyatboththestatelevel(theinitiative,recall,andreferendum)andnationally(thedirectelectionofU.S.senators),municipalnonpartisanship,specialdistrictgovernmentforschooladministration,andtheincometax.AlthoughitwasbroughttoaclosebyWorldWarI,manyofitsprincipleslivedonthroughSenatorRobertLaFollette(R-WI)andintheNewDeal.

ProjectOfficer

AnInstitutestaffmemberwhocoordinatesthesubstantiveaspectsofacontractfromplanningtherequestforproposaltooversight.

ProjectedOrderofBusiness

Atentativeworkingagenda,publishedeachsittingday,listingitemsofbusinessexpectedtobetakenuponthatday.

Proletariat

1.AMarxisttermreferringtothosewhoselltheirlabourtothebourgeoisie;theworkingclass.

2.Proletariat,inMarxiantheory,theclassofexploitedworkersandwageearnerswhodependonthesaleoftheirlaborfortheirmeansofexistence.InancientRome,theproletariatwasthelowestclassofcitizens;itsmembershadnopropertyorassuredincomeandwereasourceofdiscontentandpoliticalinstability.AccordingtoKarlMarx,thebreakupoffeudalismandthedevelopmentofcapitalismcreatedanew,propertylessclassfromthedispossessedpeasantsandretainerswhowereforcedtoselltheirlaborforwagesinthenewindustrialcenters.Marxbelievedthattheseizureofpowerbytheproletariatfromthecapitalistclasswasanecessarysteptoaclasslesssociety.UnderLeninandtheBolsheviks,thisrevolutionwastobedirectedbytheCommunistparty,asthevanguardofthedictatorshipoftheproletariat.

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PromissoryNote

Awrittenpromisetorepayaspecifiedamountoveraspecifiedperiodoftime.

Promoter(ofaPrivateBill)

Thepersonorgroupofpersonsseekingtohaveaprivatebilladopted.Theymustbedirectlyaffectedbythebillandbesignatoriestothepetitionforitsintroduction.

Promulgation

TheactwherebytheGovernorGeneralannouncespassageofabillbyParliamentandproclaimsitinforce.

Pronatalism

Pronatalismisanattitudeoranideologypromotingchild-bearing.Withthedevelopmentofsub-replacementfertilityandademographictransitionwellunderwayinEuropeandJapanleadingtowardsmaller,olderpopulations,somegovernmentshavefashionedpoliciesprovidingfinancialincentivesforlargerfamilies.

PropertyFranchise(Suffrage)

Therequirementthatcitizensownastipulatedamountofpropertytoreceivetherighttovote.

ProportionalRepresentation(PR)

1.Anelectoralsysteminwhichtheshareofseatswoncloselymatchestheshareofpopularvotesreceived.

2.Asystemofmultimemberelectiondistrictsthatencouragestheexistenceofmanypartiesbyallottinglegislativeseatstocompetingpartiesaccordingtothepercentageofvotesthattheywin.

ProposalEvaluatingCriteria

Factsandinformationsuchas:Managementcapabilities,perfor-mance plansandtechnicalproficiencies.Thesefactorsmaybeweightedorgivenanumericalvalue.

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Proposal

Requestsubmittedtoasponsorsettingforthaprojectthatincludesataminimumadescriptionoftheworkandabudget.

ProposetheQuestion

TheformalreadingofamotionfromtheChairwhichplacesitbeforetheHouse.Untilthequestionisproposed,itcannotbedebated,amendedorvotedupon.

ProprietaryColonies

Coloniesinwhichtheproprietors(whohadobtainedtheirpatentsfromtheking)namedthegovernors,subjecttotheking'sapproval.

ProprietaryCommodity

Acommodityforwhichthemanufacturerand/orsupplierhasbeengrantedanexclusiverighttomarket.

Prorogation

TheendingofasessionofParliament.ProrogationalsoreferstotheperiodoftimeaParliamentstandsprorogued.

Prosecutor

Governmentlawyerwhotriescriminalcases.

Protectionism

Protectionismistheeconomicpolicyofrestrainingtradebetweennations,throughmethodssuchashightariffsonimportedgoods,restrictivequotas,avarietyofrestrictivegovernmentregulations,designedtodiscourageimports,andanti-dumpinglawsinanattempttoprotectdomesticindustriesinaparticularnationfromforeigntake-overorcompetition.Thiscontrastswithfreetrade,wherenoartificialbarrierstoentryareinstituted.

ProtectiveRegulation

Duringthe1960s,thefederalgovernmentenactedawiderangeofconsumerprotection,environmental,andautosafetylegislationthatwasaimedatsafeguardingthepublic'shealthandsafety.

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Protest

Thisissometimescalled"new-style"regulationtodistinguishitfromthe"economic"regulationoftheNewDealera.

Protest

Aregisteredcomplaint,madebyabidderorinterestedparty,withregardtoabiddecisionmadebythepurchaserforwhicharemedyorresolutionisexpected.

ProvincialCourts

Courtscreatedbyprovincialstatute,staffedbyjudgesappointedbytheprovincetodealwithmatterssuchassmallclaimsandminorcriminaloffences.

ProvisionalPatentApplication

AprovisionalapplicationforpatentisaU.S.nationalapplicationforpatentfiledintheUSPTOunder35U.S.C.§111(b).Itallowsfilingwithoutaformalpatentclaim,oathordeclaration,oranyinformationdisclosure(priorart)statement.Itprovidesthemeanstoestablishanearlyeffectivefilingdateinanonprovisionalpatentapplicationfiledunder35U.S.C§111(a)andautomaticallybecomesabandonedafteroneyear.Italsoallowstheterm"PatentPending"tobeapplied.

ProvisionalStandingOrder

AstandingorderadoptedbytheHouseforacertainperiodoftime.Thistypeoforderisoftenusedforthepurposeoftryingoutsomenewormodifiedprocedure.

PseudoMark

AwayoflocatingawordmarkthatiscomprisedofanalternativeorintentionallycorruptedspellingofanEnglishword.Thepseudomarksearchlocatesspellingsthatareverysimilarorphoneticallyequivalenttothewordmark.

PsychologicalMethod

Anapproachinstudyinghowvotersdecidethatattemptstofindoutwhatisgoingoninsidethemindsofthevotersandtomeasuretheirperceptionsofparties,candidates,andissues.

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PublicAccounts

AreportonthefinancialtransactionsoftheGovernmentpreparedbytheReceiverGeneralforCanada.TheAuditorGeneralpresentsanannualauditofthisdocumenttotheSpeakerwhichistabledintheHouseandautomaticallyreferredtotheStandingCommitteeonPublicAccounis.

PublicAdministration

1.PublicAdministrationcanbebroadlydescribedasthestudyandimplementationofpolicy.Asamoralendeavor,publicadministrationislinkedtopursuingthepublicgoodthroughthecreationofcivilsocietyandsocialjustice.Theadjective'public'oftendenotes'government',thoughitincreasinglyencompassesNongovernmentalorganizationssuchasthoseofcivilsocietyoranyentityanditsmanagementnotspeci-fically actinginself-interest.

Thetermpublicadministrationsometimesistakentorefertobureaucracy(asinFederalAdministration).Althoughusednegatively,bureaucracyisneededtoperformday-to-dayfunctionsofgovernment.Intruth,publicadministrationandbureaucracyareinasense,thesamething.

2.Thetermpreferredbypoliticalscientiststodescribethebureaucraticprocess-thebusinessofmakingagovernmentwork.

PublicAidMovement

Duringtheperiodfrom1815to1860,stategovernmentsoftenprovidedfinancialsupportforprivatemanufacturing,transportation,andotherindustrialventures.PennsylvaniaandMissouriwereespeciallyactiveinthisregard.

PublicAssistance

1.Awelfareprogramthatdistributespublicfundstopeoplewhoarepoor.

2.BenefitsgrantedfromStateorFederalprogramstoaideligiblerecipients(eligibilityrequirementsvarybetweenparticular

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programs).Applicantsforcertaintypesofpublicassistance(e.g.,TemporaryAssistancetoNeedyFamiliesorTANF)areautomaticallyreferredtotheirStateIV-Dagencyidentifyandlocatethenon-custodialparent,establishpaternity,and/orobtainchildsupportpayments.ThisallowstheStatetorecoupordefraysomeofitspublicassistanceexpenditureswithfundsfromthenon-custodialparent.

PublicAuction

Ameetinginanannouncedpubliclocationtosellpropertytorepayamortgagethatisindefault.

PublicAuthority

Authoritybasedoninstitutionaloffice-holding.

PublicBill

Abillconcernedwithmattersofpublicpolicy;itmaybesponsoredeitherbyaMinister(Governmentbill)orbyaprivateMember(privateMember'sbill).

PublicDebt

Theaccumulatedsumowedbythegovernmenttoitscreditors.

PublicDefender

Lawyeremployedbythegovernmenttorepresentindividualsaccusedofcrimeswhocannotaffordtohiretheirownattorneyprivately.

PublicGood

1.Thepublicorcommongoodisthatsetofgoalswhichpromotestheoverallwell-beingofacitizenry.Thepublicgoodamountstothosegoalswhichindividualsinacommunityhaveincommonandachievebysharingideasandworkingtogether.

2.Goodsandservicesaresuppliedbythegovernmentbecauseitisnotsufficientlyprofitablefortheprivatesectortodoso.Thistermisalsoappliedtoresourcesthataresaidnottobediminishedbytheirconsumptionbyanysingleperson.

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PublicInterestLawFirms

Lawfirms,oftenstaffedbyyounglawyers,thatrepresentconsumers,minorities,andthepoor.

PublicInternationalLaw

PublicInternationalLawconcernsthestructureandconductofstates,internationalorganizations,and,toacertaindegree,alsomultinationalcorporationsandindividuals.Publicinternationallawhasincreasedinuseandimportancevastlyoverthetwentiethcentury.Thisisduemainlytotheincreaseinglobaltrade,conflictandcommunication.AccordingtothePresidentoftheInternationalCourtofJustice,RosalynHiggins,publicinternationallawisanormativesystem"harnessedtotheachievementofcommonvalues—valuesthatspeaktousall,whetherwearerichorpoor,blackorwhite,ofanyreligionornone,orcomefromcountriesthatareindustrializedordeveloping".

Publicinternationallawissometimescalledthe"lawofnations".Itshouldnotbeconfusedwith"privateinternationallaw";i.e.resolutionforconflictoflaws,whichinitsmostgeneralsense,"consistsofrulesandprinciplesofgeneralapplicationdealingwiththeconductofstatesandofinternationalorganizationsandwiththeirrelationsinterse,aswellaswithsomeoftheirrelationswithpersons,whethernaturalorjuridical."

PublicLaw

Lawscontrollingtherelationsbetweenthestateandindividualsinsociety.

PublicOpinion

Theexpressionofattitudesaboutgovernmentandpolitics.

PublicPolicy

1.Acourseofactionchosenbygovernmentofficials.

2.PublicPolicyisacourseofactionorinactionchosenbypublicauthoritiestoaddressaproblem.Publicpolicyis

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PublicationCommodity

expressedinthebodyoflaws,regulations,decisionsandactionsofgovernment.Policyanalysismaybeusedtoformulatepublicpolicyandtoevaluateitseffectiveness.ManypublicpolicyanalystsearnPh.D.,MasterofPublicPolicyandMasterofPublicAdministrationdegreesinpublicpolicyschools,whileothersearnspecializeddegrees,suchasanM.EdforspecializingineducationalpolicyoranMSWforspecializinginsocialwelfarepolicy.

PublicTrusteeisappointedbythegovernortohandleforeclosuresofdeedsoftrust,releasesofdeedsoftrust,andtaxescrowaccountsforlandpurchasecontracts.

PublicWorksandDevelopmentoverseestheorderlydevelopmentoftheCountyandmaintenanceoftheroadwaysthroughthebuilding,planning,engineering,zoning,mappingandroadandbridgedivisions.AnimalControlalsoishandledwithinthisdepartment.

PublicationCommodity

Publicprintingaddedtostoreroomstockandnotyetchargedtoacostcenter.

PublicationforOpposition

Iftheexaminingattorneyraisesnoobjectionstoregistration,oriftheapplicantovercomesallobjections,theexaminingattorneywillapprovethemarkforpublicationintheOfficialGazette.

TheUSPTOwillsendaNoticeofPublicationtotheapplicantstatingthedateofpublication.Anypartywhobelievesitmaybedamagedbyregistrationofthemarkhasthirty(30)daysfromthepublicationdatetofileeitheranoppositiontoregistrationorarequesttoextendthetimetooppose.

Ifnooppositionisfiledoriftheoppositionisunsuccessful,theapplicationentersthenextstageoftheregistrationprocess.ACertificateofRegistrationwillissueforapplicationsbasedonuse,oronaforeignregistrationunder§44,oraNoticeofAllowancewillissueforintent-to-useapplications.

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PublicationNumber

AnumberassignedtothepublicationofpatentapplicationsfiledonorafterNovember29,2000.Itincludestheyear,followedbyasevendigitnumber,followedbyakindcode.Example200011234567A1

PunitiveAction

Anactiontakenagainstacontractor,accordingtocontractstipulation,fornon-complianceofcommoditiessuppliedorperformancerendered.

PurchaseAgreement

Awrittencontractsignedbythebuyerandsellerstatingthetermsandconditionsunderwhichapropertywillbesold.

PurchaseMoneyTransaction

Theacquisitionofpropertythroughthepaymentofmoneyoritsequivalent.

PureCompetition

Manyfirmsandbuyers,eachactingindependently,offerahomogenousproductinafreemarket.

PuttheQuestion

ToputthemotionbeforetheHousetoavote.Atthisstage,nofurtherdebateoramendmentispossible.ThequestionisputtotheHousebytheSpeaker,meaningthattheSpeakerreadsthemainmotion,followedbyanyproposedamendmentorsubamendmentinorder.

PutativeFather(PF)

ThepersonallegedtobethefatherofthechildbutwhohasnotyetbeenmedicallyorlegallydeclaredtobetheLegalFather.

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QualifiedMajority

Theraisingofthesimplemajorityrequirementof"50percentplusone"toahigherlevel,inordertoprotecttherightsoftheminority.

QualifiedMedicalChildSupportOrder(QMCSO)

Anorder,decree,orjudgment,includingapprovalofasettlementagreement,issuedbyacourtoradministrativeagencyofcompetentjurisdictionthatprovidesformedicalsupportforachildofaparticipantunderagrouphealthplanorprovidesforhealthbenefitcoveragetosuchchild.

QualifyingRatios

Calculationsthatareusedindeterminingwhetheraborrowercanqualifyforamortgage.Therearetworatios.The"top"or"front"ratioisacalculationoftheborrower'smonthlyhousingcosts(principle,taxes,insurance,mortgageinsurance,homeowner'sassociationfees)asapercentageofmonthlyincome.The"back"or"bottom"ratioincludeshousingcostsaswillasallothermonthlydebt.

QualityAssurance

Aprogramplannedtoprovidethatgoodspurchasedmaybeinspectedand/ortestedsothatcompliancewithspecificationsmaybedetermined.

QualityControl

Amonitoringofamanufacturingprocessthatdeterminesthelevelofqualityofthegoodstobesupplied.

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QuarantineStock

Stockbeingwithheldfromnormaldistributionduetoproductrecall,inadequatedocumentation,contaminationorothergoodreason.

Quash

Tooverthrow;vacate;toannulorvoidasummonsorindictment.

Quasi-Judicial

AframeworkorprocedureundertheauspicesofaState'sjudicialbranchinwhichcourtofficersotherthanjudgesprocess,establish,enforceandmodifysupportorders,usuallysubjecttojudicialreview.Thecourtofficermaybeamagistrate,aclerk,master,orcourtexaminer.Heorshemayormaynothavetobeanattorney,dependingontheState'slaw.

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QuestionofFinalPassage

FinalPassageofamatteroccurswhenthechairputsthequestiontothechamberforavote.

QuestionofPrivilegesoftheHouse

AQuestionofPrivilegesoftheHouseassertsthatthesafety,dignityorintegrityoftheHouseisinquestion.

ExpressedintheformofaHouseresolution,itmustbefirstruleduponbythechairwithin48hours.

Ifvalid,onehourofdebateisgrantedandavoteisheld.Question

ThematterbeforetheHouseoracommitteeaboutwhichitiscalledupontomakeadecision.WhentheHouseappearsreadytocometoadecision,theSpeakerasksiftheHouseis"readyforthequestion".

QuestionsandCommentsPeriod

AperiodoftimeattheconclusionofcertainspeechesduringwhichotherMembersmayaskquestionsormakecomments.Duringthisperiod,theChairwillusuallyrecognizeMembersofpartiesotherthanthatoftheoriginalspeaker.

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QuestionsontheOrderPaper

AheadingunderRoutineProceedingsduringwhichtheGovernmentmayrespondtowrittenquestionsprintedontheOrderPaper.Answersmaybegiveneitherorallyorinwriting,orthequestionmaybewithdrawnormadeanorderforreturn.

QuitclaimDeed

Adeedthattransferswithoutwarrantywhateverinterestortitleagrantormayhaveatthetimetheconveyanceismade.

QuorumCall

1.AQuorumCallintheHouseseekstobringamajorityofmemberstothefloortorecordtheirpresence.

2.AQuorumCallintheSenatemayhavemorethanonepurpose.Mostoftenitisusedtodelayproceedings.

Thedelaywhilenamesarebeingreadisusedtoawaitabsentsenatorsortoholdprivateconversations.

AquorumcallmayalsoseektobringamajoritytotheSenatefloor.Thisisknownasa"live"quorumcall.

Quorum

1.AQuorumisthenumberofHousememberswhomustbepresentbeforebusinessmaybeconducted.

AquorumintheHouserequiresthepresenceof218,while100areneededinCommitteeoftheWhole.

2.ThenumberofMembers,includingtheSpeaker,necessarytoconstituteameetingoftheHousefortheexerciseofitspowers.IntheHouse,itissetbytheConstitutionat20;inacommittee,itisamajorityofthecommitteemembers.

QuotaSample

Amethodofpolling,consideredlessreliablethanarandomsample,inwhichmembersofaparticulargroupareinterviewedinproportiontotheirpercentageinthepopulationasawhole.

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Thepositionoccupiedbyawarehousingunitintherack.Theslotmaybeoneormoreunitshigh,oroneormoreunitsdeep.Rackslotsmaybefixedorfloating.Fixedslotsareusuallylocatedatthefirstandsecondlevel.Usingmodernstockpickinglifttrucks,allslotscanbefixedslots.Theadvantageofthestockpickeristhatyoucansubstitutemovingupanddownfortraveldistance,afactthatisoftenoverlookedinevaluatingstockpickingtrucks.

RackUnitClearance

Spaceallowedforhandlingclearancebetweenwarehousingunitsstoredonashelfinashelfrack,betweenthewarehousingunitandtheuprightsoroneithersideofthewarehousingunitandtheuprightsinadrive-inordrive-throughrack.

Rack

Woodormetalframeworkuponwhichunitsorunitizedloadsareplank.

RadicalFeminism

Abeliefthatmenandwomenconstitute"sexualclasses"andthatwomen'ssubordinatedstatusistheresultofasystemwhichiscontrolledbymen.

RamseyerRule

TheRamseyerRulerequiresHousecommitteereportstoshowindetailhowabillwouldchangecurrentlaw.

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RandomDraw

TheruleisnamedaftertheIowamemberwhosuggestedit,WilliamC.Ramseyer.Heservedfrom1915-1933.

RandomDraw

ThemethodofchoosingthenamestoestablishtheListfortheConsiderationofPrivateMembers'Business.ThenamesofalleligibleMembersarechosenatrandomfromaballotbox.

RandomSample

Agroup,chosenbypolltakers,thatisrepresentativeoftheuniversethatisbeingpolled.

RankingMember

1.Memberofthemajoritypartyonacommitteewhoranksfirstinseniorityafterthechairperson.

2.TheRankingMemberreferstothe2ndhighestrankonacommitteeonthemajorityside,afterthechairman.

RankingMinorityMember

1.Theminoritypartymemberwiththemostseniorityonacommittee.

2.TheRankingMinorityMemberhasthehighestrankonaCommitteeontheminorityside.

RateLock

Acommitmentissuedbyalendertoaborrowerorothermort-gage originatorguaranteeingaspecifiedinterestrateforaspecifiedperiodoftimeataspecificcost.

RationalExpectationsEconomics

Onlynewinformationaffectsmarketbehavior.Thegovernmentexertslittleindependenteffectbecausethemarketforeseessuchactionsandtakesthemintoconsiderationbeforetheyoccur.

Rationalism

Inepisterrtologyandinitsbroadestsense,rationalismis"anyviewappealingtoreasonasasourceofknowledgeorjustifica-

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tion"(Lacey,286).Inmoretechnicaltermsitisamethodoratheory"inwhichthecriterionoftruthisnotsensorybutintellectualanddeductive'(Bourke,263).Differentdegreesofemphasisonthismethodortheoryleadtoarangeofrationaliststandpoints,fromthemoderateposition"thatreasonhasprecedenceoverotherwaysofacquiringknowledge"totheradicalpositionthatreasonis"theuniquepathtoknowledge"(Audi,771).

Invariouscontexts,theappealtoreasoniscontrastedwithrevelation,asinreligion,orwithemotionandfeeling,asinethics.Inphilosophy,however,reasonismoreoftencontrastedwiththesenses,includingintrospectionbutnotintuition(Lacey,286).WithintheWesternphilosophicaltradition,"rationalismbeginswiththeEleatics,Pythagoreans,andPlato,whosetheoryoftheself-sufficiencyofreasonbecametheleitmotifofNeoplatonismandidealism"(Runes,263).SincetheEnlightenment,rationalismisusuallyassociatedwiththeintroductionofmathematicalmethodsintophilosophy,asinDescartes,Leibniz,andSpinoza(Bourke,263).Thisiscommonlycalledcontinentalrationalism,becauseitwaspredominantinthecontinentalschoolsofEurope,whereasinBritainempiricismdominated.

Rationing

Rationingisthecontrolleddistributionofresourcesandscarcegoodsorservices:itrestrictshowmuchpeopleareallowedtobuyorconsume.Rationingcontrolsthesizeoftheration,one'sallottedportionoftheresourcesbeingdistributedonaparticulardayorataparticulartime.

ReadingofaBill

Oneofthestagesofthepassageofabill.Thereadingstages(first,secondandthird)ofeachbillhavetheirownindividualfunction.

Readings

First,secondandthirdreadingsrepresentingtheintroductionanddebateofproposedbillsinthelegislativechambers.

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Reaganomics

Rcaganomics

TheeconomicpoliciesassociatedwiththepresidencyofRonaldReagan(1981-1989),includedreducedspendingforsocialprograms,supply-sidetaxcuts,deregulationandmarketizationofdecisionmaking,devolutionofsocialpoliciesbacktothestates,andtheprivatizationofgovernmentalservices.

RealEstateAgent

Apersonlicensedtonegotiateandtransactthesaleofrealestate.

RealEstateSettlementProceduresAct(RESPA)

Aconsumerprotectionlawthatrequireslenderstogiveborrowersadvancenoticeofclosingcosts.

RealProperty

1.Landandappurtenances,includinganythingofapermanentnaturesuchasstructures,trees,minerals,andtheinterest,benefits,andinherentrightsthereof.

2.Land,buildings,andotherimprovementsaffixedtoland.

3.Realestateorrealpropertyincludes:

a.Thepossessionof,claimto,ownershipof,orrighttothepossessionofland.

b.Allmines,minerals,andquarriesintheland,allstandingtimberwhetherornotbelongingtotheowneroftheland,andallrightsandprivilegesappertainingthereto.

c.Improvements.

RealigningElection

Inthiselection,theminorityofthepreviousgenerationbecomesthenewmajority,largenumbersofaparty'straditionalfollowersdeserttothehistoricrival,andsynopticpolicychangeresults.Suchelectionsarebelievedtohaveoccurredin1860,1896,andcertainlyin1932;disagreementgreetstheclaimsmadefor1828or1980.

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RealigningElection

1.Realigningelectionorrealignmentaretermsfrompoliticalhistoryandpoliticalsciencedescribingadramaticchangeinpolitics.Itmaycenterona"criticalelection"orbespreadoutoverseveralelections.Morespecifically,theyrefertoanyoneofseveralUnitedStatespresidentialelectionsinwhichtherearesharpchangesintherulesofthegame(suchascampaignfinancelawsorvotereligibility),newissues,newleadersandnewbasesofpowerforeachofthetwopoliticalparties,resultinginanewpoliticalpowerstructureandanewstatusquothatwilllastfordecades.Theusualfocusisonthetransitionbetweenpartysystems,asbetweentheFirstPartySystemandtheSecondPartySystem,andthentotheThirdPartySystemandsoon.

Thecentralholdingofrealignmenttheory,firstdevelopedinthepoliticalscientistV.O.Key's1955article,"ATheoryofCriticalElections",isthatAmericanelections,parties,andpolicymakingroutinelyshiftinswift,dramaticsweeps.

V.O.KeyJr.,E.E.Schattschneider,JamesL.Sundquist,WalterDeanBurnhamandPaulKleppner,someofthemostdistinguishedelectionscholarsofthepasttwogenerations,studiedtheelectionreturnsgoingback150years,andfoundpatternssosimilarandsopeculiarthatatfirsttheyseemeddifficulttobelieve.Thoughtheydifferedonsomeofthedetails,itwasconcludedthatnotonlydorealigningelectionsoccur,butthattheyoccuronaregularschedule:onceevery36-yearsorso.

2.Electionswhichmayleadtoabasicshiftinthepartyidentificationoftheelectorate.

Realism

1.Atheoryofinternationalrelationsholdingthatstrugglesareresolvedonthebasisofpowerofconflictingparties.

2.Realism,alsoknownaspoliticalrealism,inthecontextofinternationalrelations,encompassesavarietyoftheories

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Realtor

andapproaches,allofwhichshareabeliefthatstatesareprimarilymotivatedbythedesireformilitaryandeconomicpowerorsecurity,ratherthanidealsorethics.Thistermisoftensynonymouswithpowerpolitics.

Thetermrealismcan,insteadofreferringtothebroadfamilyofrealisttheories,referspecificallytoclassicalrealism,thecommonancestorandoriginalformofrealism.

Realtor

Arealestateagent,brokeroranassociatewhoholdsactivemembershipinalocalrealestateboardthatisaffiliatedwiththeNationalAssociationofRealtors.

Reapportionment

Thedrawingofnewboundarylinesforlegislativedistrictsbasedontheresultsofacensusofthepopulation.

ReasonableCosts

Costswhicha"prudentperson"wouldpayinalikecircumstance.AcostallowabilitycriterionstandardofOMBA-21

ReasonableDoubt

Uncertaintythatmightexistinthemindofareasonablepersonapplyingreasontotheevidenceintroduced.

D*trf-»-**AA±Ul.-IT-mllLL-II.Mil.&

i\6cison6Q/ArncnQiTicriL

Anamendmentexpressingspecificreasonsforopposingthesecondorthirdreadingofabill.Areasonedamendmentisintendedtopreventfurtherprogressonthebill.

Reauthorization

Sanctionsanew,usuallywithchanges,apreviouslyapprovedprogram.

Rebudget

Themovementoffundsfromoneapprovedbudgetcategorytoanother.Mayrequiresponsor'spermission.

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Rebuttal

1.Aprocedureforcontestingthepeerreviewofagrantapplication.

2.Theintroductionofcontraryevidence;theshowingthatstatementsofwitnessesastowhatoccurredisnottrue;thestageofatrialatwhichsuchevidencemaybeintroduced.

RecalloftheHouse

PursuanttotheStandingOrders,theSpeakermayrecalltheHouse,whenitstandsadjournedduringasession,tomeetpriortothedatethatitisscheduledtoreconvene.

Theabilityofvotersinaconstituencytoremovetheirelectedrepresentativefromofficebymeansofapetition.

RecedeandConcur

ToRecedeandConcurisamotionforresolvingdifferencesbetweenHouseandSenateversionsofabill.

Onechamberwithdrawsfromitstextofabilloramendmentandacceptsthelanguageoftheother.

ReceivingReport

Aformusedbythereceivingunittoinformothersofthereceiptofgoodspurchased.

Recess

1.ARecessisatemporarybreakinaHousesessionforashortperiodoftimewithinthesameday.

TheSpeakerhastheauthoritytodeclarerecesseswithoutavote.

Recessalsoreferstolongerbreaksoverseveraldays,suchasholidayperiods,whichareapprovedbyvote.

2.MarksatemporaryendtothebusinessoftheCongress,andsetsatimeforthenextmeeting.

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Recipient

Apersonororganizationthatreceivessupportfundsand/orTemporaryAssistancetoNeedyFamilies(TANF)payments.

ReciprocalTradeAgreementsActof1934

ThebrainchildofSecretaryofStateCordellHull,thisactremovedtariffratemakingfromCongressbyempoweringtheStateDepartmenttonegotiatebilaterallyforthreeyearstolower(orraise)importdutiesbyasmuchas50percent.Extendedmanytimes,theprincipleofauthorizingtheexecutivebranchtonegotiatetariffslivesoninforeigntradeandisresponsibleforAmerica'slowimportduties.

Reciprocity

1.ArelationshipinwhichoneStategrantscertainprivilegestootherStatesontheconditionthattheyreceivethesameprivilege.

2.Reciprocityisacentralcomponentinservice-learningandcommunityengagement.Intruecampus/communitypartnershipseveryindividual,organization,andentityinvolvedinservice-learningfunctionsasbothateacherandalearner.

Recognition

Recognitioniswhenthechairgrantspermissiontoamembertospeak.

Membersmaynotspeakwithoutfirstobtainingrecognition.

RecognizedParty

Foradministrativeandfinancialpurposes,undertheprovisionsoftheParliamentofCanadaActandtheBy-lawsoftheBoardofInternalEconomy,apartythathasarecognizedmembershipof12ormorepersonsintheHouseofCommons.

RecognizingVisitors

TheactiontakenbytheSpeakerinformallydrawingtheattentionoftheHousetothepresenceofadistinguishedvisitorintheSpeaker'sgalleryintheChamber.

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RecommendedLevelsofFutureSupport

Fundinglevelrecommendedforeachfutureyearapprovedbythescientificreviewgroup,subjecttoavailabilityoffundsandscientificprogress.

Recommended

Adesignationgivenbyastudysectionadvisingthatanapplicationbefunded.Theapplicationgetsapriorityscoreandsummarystatement.Roughlythetophalfofapplicationsbeingreviewedarerecommendedforfunding.

Recommittal(ofaBill)

Thereferralofabillbacktocommitteeforfurtheramendmentinaspecificareaorforthereconsiderationofacertainclauseorclauses.Therecommittalismovedasanamendmenttothemotionforthirdreadingofthebill.

Recompeting

Agrantwhoseterm(e.g.,fouryears)isoverandforwhichtheapplicantisagainseekingNIHsupport.

AReconciliationBillmakesthechangesinlawrequiredtomeetpre-setspendingandrevenuelevels.

ThebillariseswhenapriorbudgetresolutionpassedbytheHouseandSenatecallsforit.

Thebudgetcommitteepackagesthebillsproducedbyalltheothercommitteesintooneomnibusbill.

RecordCopy

OriginalcopyofaninternationalapplicationfiledunderthePatentCooperationTreatymaintainedbytheInternationalBureauoftheWorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization.

Record

Awrittenaccountofalltheacts,proceedingsandtestimonyinalawsuit.

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RecordedDivision

AvotewherethenamesofthosevotingforandagainstamotionareregisteredintheofficialrecordoftheHouseorofoneofitscommittees.IntheHouse,arecordeddivisionmayberequestedbyfiveMembersrising.MembersvotebyrisingintheirplacesandbowingtotheSpeakerastheirnamesarecalledbyaTableOfficer.

RecordedVote:House

ARecordedVoteisaspecifictypeofvoteheldontherecord.ItlinksthenameofeachReDresentativewithhis/hervotingposition.

ARecordedVoteistheonlytypeofvoteontherecordintheCommitteeoftheWhole.IntheHouse,thereare3typesofrecordvotes:aRecordedVote,theYeasandNays,andanautomaticRollCall.

All3areelectronicvotesandareontherecord.Thedifferenceisthemethodusedtoobtaineachone.

RecordedVote:Senate

ARecordedVoteisavoteheldontherecord.ItlinksthenameofeachSenatorwithhis/hervotingposition.

ThetechnicaltermforarecordvoteintheSenateisthe"YeasandNays."

Thevoteisheldbyacalloftheroll—theSenateClerkreadsthenamesofallSenatorsinalphabeticalorderandtheyrespondwhentheirnameiscalledwith"yea""nay"or"present."

Recorder

Thepublicofficialwhokeepsrecordsoftransactionsthataffectrealpropertyinthearea.Sometimesknownasa"RegistrarofDeeds"or"CountyClerk."

RecordingSecretary'sOffice(RSO)

OfficetowhichgiftsanddonationstotheUniversityaresent,-processedandacknowledged.

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Recording

Thenotingintheregistrar'sofficeofthedetailsofaproperlyexecutedlegaldocument,suchasadeed,amortgagenote,asatisfactionofmortgage,oranextensionofmortgage,therebymakingitapartofthepublicrecord.

RectangularPinwheelCoursePattern

Anarrangementofwarehousingunitsinwhichtwopairofuni-blockpatternsarearrangedinanunbalancedpinwheel.

RecyclableMaterials

Goodsthatmaybecollectedforreuseasmaterialtomanufacturenewproducts.Rent-Actualrentalcostforspaceusedforwarehouseandinventorycontrolfunctionsincludingofficespace.Forownedbuildingsafairmarketrentalvalueordepreciationshouldbeused.

RedirectExamination

Followscross-examinationandisexercisedbythepartywhocalledfirstandquestionedthewitness.

Redistribution

Theprocessofreallocatingwealthandincometoachieveaneconomicorsocialobjective.

Redistributh/ePolicy

Apublicpolicythattakessomethingawayfromonepersonandgivesittosomeoneelse.

ReducedQuorum

Thenumberofmembersofacommitteeauthorizedbythecommitteetomeetforthesolepurposeofhearingwitnesses.Atameetingwithareducedquorum,nomotionmaybeproposedandnovotemaybetaken.

ReexaminationProceeding

AtanytimeduringtheenforceabilityofapatentanypersonmayfilearequestfortheUSPTOtoconductasecondexamina-

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Refer

tionofanyclaimofthepatentonthebasisofpriorartpatentsorprintedpublicationswhichthatpersonstatestobepertinentandapplicabletothepatentandbelievestohaveabearingonthepatentability.Inorderfortherequestforreexaminationtobegranted,asubstantialnewquestionofpatentabilitymustbepresentwithregardtoatleastonepatentclaim.Therequestmustbeinwritingandmustbeaccompaniedbypaymentofareexaminationrequestfilingfeeassetforthin37CFR1.20(c).

Refer

ToReferistosendabilljustintroducedtotheappropriatecommitteeforinitialexamination.

ReferraldecisionsaremadebytheparliamentarianinboththeHouseandSenate.

ReferenceGroup

Agroupwhoseviewsserveasguidelinestoanindividual'sopinion.

Referendum

1.Adecisiononpolicyproposalsbyadirectvoteoftheelectorate.

2.Referendum,referralofproposedlawsorconstitutionalamendmentstotheelectorateforfinalapproval.Thisdirectformoflegislation,alongwiththeinitiative,wasknowninGreeceandotherearlydemocracies.Today,theselegislativedevicesarewidelyusedincertaincountries,mostnotablySwitzerland.TheiruseintheUnitedStatesreachedapeakintheearlypartofthe20thcent.IntheUnitedStatestherearetwomaintypesofreferendum—mandatoryandoptional.Themandatoryreferendummayberequiredbystateconstitu-tions andcitychartersforavarietyofmatters.Itusuallyappliestoconstitutionalamendmentsandbondissues,whichbylawhavetobeplacedbeforethevotersforapproval.Theoptionalreferendumisappliedtoordinarylegislation.Bytheusualprocedureimplementationofalawispostponedforacertainlengthoftimeafterithasbeenpassedbythe

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legislature;duringthistime,ifapetitionispresentedcontainingtherequisitenumberofnames,theproposedlegislationmustbeputtoavoteatthenextelection.

Referral(toaCommittee)

Thesendingofabill(beforeoraftersecondreading),aresolutionoraquestiontoacommitteeforstudyandreport.Dependingontheobjectivesofthereferral,itmaybemadetoastanding,legislativeorspecialcommitteeortoaCommitteeoftheWhole.

Referral

RequestsenttoaIV-DagencyfromanonIV-Dagentoragencyaskingthatachildsupportcasebeestablished.

RefinanceTransaction

Theprocessofpayingoffoneloanwiththeproceedsfromanewloanusingthesamepropertyassecurity.

Reflection

Reflectionisaprimarycomponentofservice-learning.Reflectiondescribestheprocessofderivingmeaningandknowledgefromexperience.Virtuallyallthoughtentailssomelevelofreflection.Effectivereflectionengagesbothteachersandstudentsinathoughtfulandthought-provokingprocessthatconsciouslyconnectslearningwithexperience.

ReformLiberalism

Aliberalideologywhichadvocatesalargerroleforthestateinprovidingequalityofopportunity.

RegionalImbalance

Regionalimbalanceisamajorproblemofunder-developmentinIndia.Itshowsalackofevendevelopmentintermsofpercapitaincome,availabilityofnaturalresources,accesstopublicservicesandfacilities,etc.Itisanindicatorofunderdevelopment.

EveryStateisdividedintodifferentregionsforadministrativeefficiency.Itisnotpossiblethateveryregionhassimilarareas

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RegionalPower

andeconomicconditions.Someregionshavelargerareasthoughyeteconomicconditionsisquiteloworevenworse.Thisiscalledregionalimbalance.InIndiathisregionalimbalanceisquiteconspicuous.Fromadministrativeefficiencypointofview,Indiahasbeendividedinto25Stateand9UnionTerritoriesbuttheselackbalance.

RegionalPower

Aregionalpowerisatermusedinthefieldofinternationalrelationstodescribeastatewithpowerandinfluencethatallowsittohaveacertainelementofcontroloveritsgeographicalregion.Ifthereareanymajorpowersorsuperpowersinaregion,theyareautomaticallyacceptedasaregionalpower,eventhoughtheirpowerandinfluencespreadswellbeyondtheboundariesoftheirregion(thiscanbeseenwithChinainEastAsia,IndiainSouthAsiaandtheUnitedStatesinNorthAmerica).Therearesomeregions,likeOceania,thatareconsideredmiddlepowers.Mostregionswouldonlyhaveonedominantregionalpower,withtheremainingpowersunderitsinfluence,however,inplaceslikeEurope,thisisnotalwaysthecase.

Regionalism

Regionalismisatermusedininternationalrelations.Regiona-lism alsoconstitutesoneofthethreeconstituentsoftheinter-national commercialsystem(alongwithmultilateralismandunilateralism).Itreferstotheexpressionofacommonsenseofidentityandpurposecombinedwiththecreationandimple-mentation ofinstitutionsthatexpressaparticularidentityandshapecollectiveactionwithinageographicalregion.

Thefirstcoherentregionalinitiativesbeganinthe1950sand1960,buttheyaccomplishlittle,exceptinWesternEuropewiththeestablishmentoftheEuropeanCommunities.Someanalystscalltheseinitiatives"oldregionalism".Inthelate1980s,anewboutofregionalintegration(alsocalled"newregionalism")beganandstillcontinues.Anewwaveofpoliticalinitiativespromptingregionalintegrationtookplaceworldwideduringthe

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lasttwodecades,while,ininternationaltrade,afterthefailureoftheDoharound,regionalandbilateraltradedealshavemushroomed.

TheEuropeanUnioncanbeclassifiedasaresultofregionalism.Theideathatliesbehindthisincreasedregionalidentityisthatasaregionbecomesmoreeconomicallyintegrated,itwillnecessarilybecomepoliticallyintegratedaswell.TheEuropeanexampleisespeciallyvalidinthislight,astheEuropeanUnionasapoliticalbodygrewoutofmorethan40yearsofeconomicintegrationwithinEurope.TheprecursortotheEU,theEuropeanEconomicCommunity(EEC)wasentirelyaneconomicentity.

RegisterofPairedMembers

AregisterkeptattheTableinwhichareenteredthenamesofpairedMembers.Byregistering,Membersindicatethattheywillnottakepartinanyrecordeddivisionheldonthedateforwhichtheyareregistered.

RegistrationNumber

Aregisteredpatentattorney/agentisassignedaregistrationnumberthattheymustincludeonpatentcorrespondenceandformswhenrepresentingothersbeforetheUSPTO;individualapplicantsdonothavearegistrationnumberandshouldleavethisfieldblankonpatentforms.

*1..-It■■Ml

Kegistration

Federalregistrationoftrademarksinvolvestheestablishmentofrightsinamarkbasedonlegitimateuseofthemark.Althoughfederalregistrationoftrademarksisnotrequiredtouseatrademark,owningafederaltrademarkregistrationhasseveraladvantages,includingnoticetothepublicoftheregistrantsclaimofownershipofthemark,alegalpresumptionofownershipnationwide,theexclusiverighttousethemarkonorinconnectionwiththegoodsorservicessetforthintheregistration,theabilitytobringanactionconcerningthemarkinfederalcourt,theuseoftheU.S.registrationasabasistoobtainregis-tration inforeigncountries,andtheabilitytofiletheU.S.I

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RegressiveTax

registrationwiththeU.S.CustomsServicetopreventimportationofinfringingforeigngoods.

RegressiveTax

1.Ataxthatweightsmoreheavilyonlowincomes.

2.Inanabsolutesense,thisisataxinwhichtheratefallsasthetaxablebaseincreases,aswithearlySocialSecurity.Inarelativesense,itisariseintotaltaxespaidasapercentageofone'sincome,aswithmostpropertyandsalestaxes.

RegularOrder

RegularOrderreferstotheregularrulesofprocedureintheChamber.IntheSenate,thetermmayalsorefertothedailyorderofbusiness

Acallfortheregularorderasksthechairtorestoreproperprocedure.

RegulativeLaws

Lawsthatcontrolindividualandorganizationalbehaviour.

Governmentagenciesthatexercisequasi-judicialandquasi-legislativepowers.TheyareadministrativelyindependentofboththePresidentandCongress(althoughpoliticallyindependentofneither).

Reimbursement

Fundsarereceivedfromthesponsorbasedonactualexpensesincurred.InvoicesareusedtoreportexpensesprocessedintheGLandactasarequestforpayment.Thesponsorwillpaytheamountreportedviacheck,wire,orelectronicfundtransfer(EFT)

ReinstateaBill

ToreturnagovernmentbilltotheOrderPaperatthestageithadattainedpriortoprorogation(itisnotnecessaryinthecaseofprivateMembers'bills).BillsmaybereinstatedeitherbyunanimousconsentorbyGovernmentmotion.

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ReissueApplication

Anapplicationforapatenttotaketheplaceofanunexpiredpatentthatisdefectiveinoneormoreparticulars.

Rejoinder

Therejoining(returningtoactiveconsideration)ofclaimspreviouslywithdrawnfromconsiderationtoduetoanelectionrequirement.

ReligiousSocialism

Religioussocialismisatermusedtodescribeformsofsocialismthatarebasedonreligiousvalues.Religioussocialism,specificallyoftheChristianvariety,wastheoriginalkindofsocialismthatexistedinearly19thcenturyWesternEurope,fromwhichallotherbranchesofsocialismareultimatelyderived.

RelinquishingStatement

Adocumenttobecompletedwhentransferringanawardfromoneinstitutiontoanother.

RemainingBalance

Theamountofprincipalthathasnotyetbeenrepaid.

RemainingTerm

Theoriginalamortizationtermminusthenumberofpaymentsthathavebeenapplied.

Remand

Whenanappellatecourtsendsacasebacktoalowercourtforfurtherproceedings.

Removal,Orderof

Anorderbyacourtdirectingthetransferofacasetoanothercourt.

•a

RentLossInsurance

Insurancethatprotectsalandlordagainstlossofrentorrentalvalueduetofireorothercasualtythatrenderstheleasedpremises

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ReorderPoint

unavailableforuseandasaresultofwhichthetenantisexcusedfrompayingrent.

ReorderPoint

Thelevelofinventoryofagivencommodityatwhichapurchaserequisitionisinitiated.Itisacombinationofexpectedusageduringtheleadtimeperiodplusasafetystock.

ReorderQuantity

Thenumberofunits,determinedbylogicalfactors,scheduledforreorderwhenthereorderpointisreached.

RepaymentPlan

Anarrangementmadetorepaydelinquentinstallmentsoradvances.

ReplacementReserveFund

Afundsetasideforreplacementofcommonpropertyinacondominium,PUD,orcooperativeproject—particularlythatwhichhasashortlifeexpectancy,suchascarpeting,furniture,etc.

ReportProgress

ToreporttotheHousefromaCommitteeoftheWhole,indicatingthattheCommitteehasnotconcludeditsdeliberations.SuchareportisnecessarybecauseaCommitteeoftheWholehasnopowertoadjournitsownsittingortoadjournconsiderationofamattertoafuturesitting.

ReportStage

1.ThestageinthelegislativeprocessafterthesecondreadingwhentheHousedebatesthecommittee'sreportonaproposedbill.

2.ThestageatwhichtheHouseconsidersabillasreportedbyacommittee,withorwithoutamendments.Atthisstage,allMembersmayproposeamendmentstothetextofthebill,subjecttothecriteriasetoutintheStandingOrders.

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ReporttotheHouse

AwrittenororalstatementbyacommitteetotheHouse,givingtheresultsofaninquiryorrequestingadditionalpowers.Foracommitteestudyingabill,thebillitself,andanyamendmentsmadethereto,constitutesitsreport.

ReportingOut

ReportingOutreferstothevoteofacommitteetosendabilltothefullHouseorSenateforreview.

Repossession

Totakeback—asinaseizureorforeclosure—tosatisfytheobligationtotheseller,bankorfinancecompanyafterthedebtordefaultsonhisorherpayments.

Representation,ingovernment,thetermusedtodesignatethemeansbywhichawholepopulationmayparticipateingoverningthroughthedeviceofhavingamuchsmallernumberofpeopleactontheirbehalf.Althoughanelectivepresidencyandevenanonelectivemonarchymaypossesspsychologicalcharacteristicsofrepresentationforitspeople,thetermisgenerallyusedtorefertotheprocedurebywhichageneralpopulationselectsanassemblyofrepresentativesthroughvoting.IntheUnitedStatesthisassemblyistheCongressoftheUnitedStates,whileinGreatBritainitisParliament.Historically,representationwasfirstseenintheRomanrepublic,butitcameintomoregeneraluseinfeudaltimeswhenakingwouldselectrepresentativesfromeachestate—theclergy,nobility,andburghers—sotheymightofferadviceorpetitionhim.Outofthissystem,aspeoplegraduallysecuredtherighttochoosetheirrepresentativesthemselves,grewthemodernrepresentativelegislature.Modernrepresentationisusuallybaseduponnumbersandterritorialgroupingsofthepopulation,suchasacongressionaldistrictintheUnitedStates.AnelectiondistrictinboththeUnitedStatesandGreatBritainsendsonlyasinglemembertothelegislativebodyandisthereforecalledasingle-memberdistrict.The

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representativeischosenonthebasisofwinningapluralitywithinthedistrict.Incontrasttothissystemisthatofproportional-representation,inwhichthereareplural-memberdistricts(innationalelections,thecountryasawholemayformoneconstituency)andtheseatsintheassemblyaredistributedamongthepartiesonthebasisoftheproportionofthevotethateachpartyreceives.Thissystemgivesmoreassurancethatminorityvoteswillbetakenintoaccountandtendstoencouragetheproliferationofparties.Oneperennialcontroversyonthesubjectconcernswhetherelectedrepresentativesshouldactaccordingtotheexplicitdesiresoftheirconstituentsoraccordingtotheirownpersonaljudgmentswhentheyconflictwiththosedesires.

RepresentativeDemocracy

1.Ademocracyinwhichleadersareelectedtospeakforandrepresentthepeople.

2.Asystemofgovernmentbasedontheelectionofdecision-makers bythepeople.

Representative

Onewhostandsfororactsonbehalfofanother.Apatentattorneyorpatentagentmayrepresenttheinventorsnamedinapatentapplication.

Reprimand

PursuanttoanorderoftheHouseofCommons,aformalreproofaddressedbytheSpeakertoapersonadjudgedguiltyofabreachofprivilegeorofacontemptoftheHouse.

Reprint(ofaBill)

Ifabillisamendedsubstantiallyatcommitteestage,thecommitteemayorderareprintwhenitreportsthebilltotheHouse.WhentheHousehaspassedabillatthirdreading,itisreprintedforuseoftheSenate.

REPS

Re-examinationProcessingSystem

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Republic

Republic[Lat.respublico,=publicaffair],todayunderstoodtobeasovereignstateruledbyrepresentativesofawidelyinclusiveelectorate.Thetermrepublicformerlydenotedaformofgovernmentthatwasbothfreefromhereditaryormonarchicalruleandhadpopularcontrolofthestateandaconceptionofpublicwelfare.ItisinthissensethatwespeakoftheancientRomanrepublic.Today,inadditiontotheabovecharacteristics,arepublicisastateinwhichallsegmentsofsocietyareenfranchisedandinwhichthestate'spowerisconstitutionallylimited.Traditionallyarepublicisdistinguishedfromatruedemocracyinthattherepublicoperatesthrougharepresentativeassemblychosenbythecitizenry,whileinademocracythepopulaceparticipatesdirectlyingovernmentalaffairs.Inactualpractice,however,mostmodernrepresentativegovernmentsareclosertoarepublicthanademocracy.TheUnitedStatesisanexampleofafederalrepublic,inwhichthepowersofthecentralgovernmentarelimitedandthecomponentpartsofthenation,thestates,exercisesomemeasureofhomerule.Franceisanexampleofacentralizedrepublic,inwhichthecomponentpartshavemorelimitedpowers.TheUSSR,thoughintheoryagroupingoffederatedrepublicsandautonomousregions,wasinfactacentralizedrepublicuntilitsbreakupin1991.

RepublicanCommunism

RepublicancommunismisavariantofrepublicanismthatadvocatesindependentcommuniststatesincountriessuchasIrelandandScotland.

RequestforApplication(RFA)

Theofficialstatementthatinvitesgrantorcooperativeagreementapplicationstoaccomplishaspecificprogrampurpose.RFAsindicatetheamountoffundssetasideforthecompetitionandgenerallyidentifyasingleapplicationreceiptdate.

RequestforApplications/RequestsforProposals(RFA/RFP)

1.Formalannouncementbysponsorofafundinginitiativetosupportresearchprojectswithinawell-definedarea.Typically

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RequestforProposals(RFP)

RFA'sarepublishedintheFederalRegister,agencyannounce-ments, orinafoundationannouncement.FederalRFP'sarepublishedintheCommerceBusinessDaily.

2.Aformalannouncementtypicallyfromagovernmentalsponsorthatinvitesgrantorcooperativeagreementapplicationsinawell-definedscientificareatosupportspecificprograminitiatives,indicatingtheamountoffundssetasideforthecompetitionandtheestimatednumberofawardstobemade.ToelectronicallyidentifyNationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH)RequestsforApplications,connecttotheNIHGuidewebsite.

RequestforProposals(RFP)

AnnouncesthatNIHwouldliketoawardacontracttomeetaspecificneed,suchasthedevelopmentofananimalmodel.RFPshaveasingleapplicationreceiptdateandarepublishedintheNIHGuideforGrantsandContracts.

RequesttoReinstateanApplication

IfanapplicationisabandonedduetoaUSPTOOfficeerror,anapplicantmayfilearequesttoreinstatetheapplication,insteadofapetitiontorevive.Thereisnofeeforarequestforreinstatement.Youmustfilearequestforreinstatementwithintwomonthsoftheissuedateofthenoticeofabandonment.Youmustincludeatruecopyofthedocumentthatwastimelysubmitted,andacopyofanacceptableformofproofofreceiptintheUSPTO.

Requisition

Internaldocumentbywhichausingagencyrequeststheprocurementofficetoinitiateapurchase.Mayalsobeaformusedtoobtainsuppliesfromastoreroomorwarehouse.

RescindaResolution

TocanceltheeffectofaresolutionpreviouslyadoptedbytheHouse.Amotiontorescinddoesnotdealasecondtimewithaquestionalreadydecidedduringthesession.

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RescissionBill

ARescissionBillcancelspreviouslyapprovedbutunspentfunds.Congressorthepresidentmayproposeit.

RescissionsmustreceiveapprovalfromCongresswithin45daysoftherequesttocancelallottedfunds.

Fabrication,falsification,orplagiarisminproposing,performing,orreportingresearch,orinreportingresearchresults.Fabricationismakingupdataorresultsandrecordingorreportingthem.Falsificationismanipulatingresearchmaterials,equipment,orprocesses,orchangingoromittingdataorresultssuchthatresearchisnotaccuratelyrepresentedintheresearchrecord.Plagiarismistheappropriationofanotherperson'sideas,processes,results,orwordswithoutgivingappropriatecredit.Thetermdoesnotincludehonesterrororhonestdifferencesofopinion.

ReservetheBalanceofTime

ToReservetheBalanceofTimeistosavetheremainderofthetimeallottedforlaterinthedebate.

rveservingHiemgnttoVSDject

ReservingtheRighttoObjectisamethodusedtobeabletobrieflydiscussaunanimousconsentrequest.

Underregularorder,arequestoughttobeobjectedtoimme-diately orbeallowedtoproceed.

Underreservationofobjection,thechairhasthediscretiontoallowsomediscussionfirst.

ResidualPowers

Thosepowersinafederalsystemofgovernmentnotexplicitlyallocatedinaconstitution.

Resolution

1.AformalstatementofadecisionoropinionbytheHouse,Senate,orboth.

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2.AmotionadoptedbytheHouseinordertomakeadeclarationofopinionorpurpose.Aresolutiondoesnothavetheeffectofrequiringthatanyactionbetaken.

3.Toarriveatanappropriatedispositionofacomplaintorprotestthroughadministrativeaction.

Respondent

Thepartyansweringapetitionormotion.

RespondingJurisdiction

Thecourtoradministrativeagencywithjurisdictionoveranon-custodial parentorchildsupportorderonwhichaninitiatingStatehasrequestedaction.

ResponsibleBidder

Abidderwhoisknowntohavethenecessarycapabilitiesandassetstoperformandprovideallrequirementsofanintendedcontract.

ResponsibleGovernment

1.Aformofgovernmentinwhichthepoliticalexecutivemustretaintheconfidenceofamajorityoftheelectedlegislatureorassembly,anditmustresignorcallanelectionifandwhenitisdefeatedonavoteofnonconiidence.

2.TheprinciplethatMinistersarecollectivelyresponsibletotheHousefortheactionsoftheGovernment.Thelegislativebranchofgovernmentthusexercisescontrolovertheexecutive.

ResponsiveBidder

Abidderwhotendersabidwhichmeetsallrequirementsoftheinvitationtobid.

Restriction

Iftwoormoreindependentanddistinctinventionsareclaimedinasingleapplication,theexaminermayrequiretheapplicanttoelect(designate)asingleinventiontowhichtheclaimswillbe

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restricted(limitedto).Thisrequirementisknownasarequirementforrestriction(alsoknownasarequirementfordivision).Suchrequirementwillnormallybemadebeforeanyactiononthemerits;however,itmaybemadeatanytimebeforefinalaction(finalrejection).

RestrictiveSpecification

Aspecificationthatmakesrequirementsfortechnicalaspectsofacommoditywhicheliminatescompetitiveorgenericbidding.

Resubmission

SendingN1Hanapplicationforinitialpeerreviewafterithasbeenreviewedbyastudysectionandrevisedbytheapplicant.Eachresubmissionisgivenacode,e.g.,Al,A2.NIHlimitsyoutotworesubmissions.

RevenueBill

ARevenueBillfocusesonmethodsforraisingmoney,e.g.taxes,userfees,customsduties,andtariffs.

RevenueSharing,General

Federalgrantstostateandlocalcommunities,distributedbyformulawithfewornostringsabouthowthemoneyistobeused.

Revenue

Acashinflowwhichdoesnotincreasetheliabilityofthegovernment.

Reverse

Whenanappellatecourtsetsasidethedecisionofalowercourtbecauseofanerror.Areversalisoftenaccompaniedbyaremand.

ReviewandAdjustment

Processinwhichcurrentfinancialinformationisobtainedfrombothpartiesinachildsupportcaseandevaluatedtodecideifasupportorderneedstobeadjusted.

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ReviewCycle

ReferstotheCenterforScientificReview'sthriceyearlyinitialpeerreviewcycle,fromthereceiptofapplicationstothedateofthereview.

ReviseandExtend

AskingtoReviseandExtendallowsamembertoaddtooredithis/herfloorremarksintheCongressionalRecord.

MakingchangestothewordsactuallyspokenonthefloorrequirestheconsentoftheentireHouse.

Revisionsarelimitedtothosethatmaketechnicalorgrammaticalcorrections.

Extensionsareusuallythetextofarticles,letters,orreportstoaccompanythefloorstatement.

RevocableTrust

Atrustthatthegrantormaychangeorrevoke.

Revoke

Tocancelornullifyalegaldocument.Revolution

Revolution,inapoliticalsense,fundamentalandviolentchangeinthevalues,politicalinstitutions,socialstructure,leadership,andpoliciesofasociety.Thetotalityofchangeimplicitinthisdefinitiondistinguishesitfromcoups,rebellions,andwarsofindependence,whichinvolveonlypartialchange.ExamplesincludetheFrench,Russian,Chinese,Cuban,andIranianrevolutions.TheAmericanRevolution,however,isamisnomer:itwasawarofindependence.Thewordreix>/urion,borrowedfromastronomy,tookonitspoliticalmeaningin17th-centuryEngland,where,paradoxically,itmeantareturnorrestorationofaformersituation.Itwasnotuntilthe18thcent.,withtheFrenchRevolution,thatrevolutionbegantomeananewbeginning.SinceAristotle,economicinequalityhasbeenrecog-nized asanimportantcauseofrevolution.Tocquevillepointed

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outthatitwasnotabsolutepovertybutrelativedeprivationthatcontributedtorevolutions.Thefalloftheoldorderalsodependsontherulingelitelosingitsauthorityandself-confidence.Theseconditionsareoftenpresentinacountrythathasjustfoughtadebilitatingwar.BoththeRussianandChineserevolutionsinthe20thcent,followedwars.ContemporarythinkingaboutrevolutionisdominatedbyMarxistideas:revolutionisthemeansforremovingreactionaryclassesfrompowerandtransferringpowertoprogressiveones.

RevolvingDebt

Acreditarrangement,suchasacreditcard,thatallowsacustomertoborrowagainstapreapprovedlineofcreditwhenpurchasinggoodsandservices.Theborrowerisbilledfortheamountthatisactuallyborrowedplusanyinterestdue.

RevolvingDoor

Peopleenterpublicservicefromtheprivatesectorandthenreturntotheiroldcorporatejobsatahigherlevel,onlytorepeatthecycleoverandoveragain.Theresultisthatgovernmentalregulationisleastindependentofthosewhoaresupposedlybeingregulated.Thisbecameanimportantargumentinfavorofderegulationafter1970.

Re-Warehousing

Thepracticeofrehandlinglotsalreadyinstorageinordertomakeroomorconsolidatelots.Re-warehousingisacontinuousprocessthatinvolveshandlingduetothemannerinwhichwithdrawalsaremadefromlots.Re-warehousingalsooccursinmakingletdownsfromtheupperracktiersorstackstofacilitatemakingwithdrawals.Oneofthemajorhiddencostsinre-warehousing.

Rider

1.Aprovisionaddedtoabillsothatitmay'ride'toapprovalonthestrengthofthatbill.RidersaregenerallyattachedtoSenateappropriationsbills.

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RightofFirstRefusal

2.ARiderisanamendmentattachedtoabill,usuallyunrelatedtothesubjectoftheunderlyingbill.

Itssponsortriesto"ride"ittopassageonthestrengthoftheoriginalbill.

RidersarepermittedintheSenateandareroutine.Houserulesbanridersunlessanexceptionismade.

RightofFirstRefusal

Aprovisioninanagreementthatrequirestheownerofapropertytogiveanotherpartythefirstopportunitytopurchaseorleasethepropertybeforeheorsheoffersitforsaleorleasetoothers.

RightofIngressorEgress

Therighttoenterorleavedesignatedpremises.

RightofReply

Therightofthemoverofasubstantivemotionoramotionforsecondreadingofabilltospeakasecondtimeindebate.Asthissecondspeechclosesthedebate,theSpeakerwillsoinformtheHousewhenrecognizingtheMember.

RightofSurvivorship

Injointtenancy,therightofsurvivorstoacquiretheinterestofadeceasedjointtenant.

RighttoEquality

Article14provides:"TheStateshallnotdenytoanypersonequalitybeforethelawortheequalprotectionofthelawswithintheterritoryofIndia"Equalitybeforethelawimpliesthatnooneisabovethelawoftheland.However,exceptionsareallowedbytheConstitutiontothePresidentandGovernor.Equalprotectionofthelawmeanstherighttoequaltreatmentinsimilarcircumstances.

RighttoFreedom

Article19enumeratescertainpositiverightsconferredbythe

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ConstitutioninordertopromotetheidealoflibertypromisedinthePreamble.Sixfundamentalrightsinthenatureof'freedom'areguaranteedtothecitizensintheArticle(Originallytherewereseven,butnowtherighttopropertyisdelected).Article19formsthecoreoftheChapteronFundamentalRights.However,absoluteindividualrightscannotbeguaranteedbyanymodernState;thereforethesixfreedomsinourConstitutionarelimitedbytheConstitutionitselfbyconferringupontheStatethepowertoimpose,bylaw,reasonablerestrictionsinthelargerinterestsofthecommunity.

RighttoWorkLaws

Statelegislationdesignedtooutlawtheunionshop,passedbytwentystatesactingunderSection14BoftheTaft-HartleyAct.

Right

1.Right,inpolitics,themoreconservativegroupsinthepoliticalspectrum,incontrasttotheradicalleftandtheliberalcenter.ThedesignationstemsfromtheseatingofthenobilityontherightsideofthepresidingofficerintheFrenchNationalAssemblyof1789.InsomeEuropeanlegislativeassembliesconservativemembersarestillseatedinthatposition.

2.Rightsaresocialclaimswhichhelpindividualsdeveloptheirpersonality.Ifdemocracyisagovernmentofthepeople,andalsoagovernmentforthepeople,itmustthenservetheindividuals.Suchademocraticgovernmentcanbestservethepeopleifitmaintainsandprovidesasystemofrights.Statesnevergivesrights,theyonlyrecognizethem;governmentsneverbestowrights,theyonlyprotectthem.Rightsemanatefromsocietyandbelongtotheindividualsasmembersofthesocietybuttheyexisttohelpindividualsattainthedevelopmentofthehumanpersonality.Statecomesintoprovideanatmosphereforthedueenjoymentoftherights.Itisinthissensethatthefunctionsofthegovernmentprovideconditionsfortheexerciseofrightsanditisalsointhissensethatrightsexisttoprovideasourcefromwhereallgovernmentalactivitiesbegin.

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RollCallVote:House

ARollCallVoteisavoteheldontherecord.ThenameoftheRepresentativeandhis/hervotingpositionarenotedtogether.

Memberscasttheirvotethroughanelectronicdeviceusingaplastici.d.card.VotingstationsarescatteredaroundtheHousefloor.Afterinsertingtheircard,Memberspusheithera"present""yea"or"nay"buttontorecordtheirvote.

IntheHouse,thereare3typesofrecordvotes:aRecordedVote,theYeasandNays,andanautomaticRollCall.All3areelectronicvotesandareontherecord.Thedifferenceisthemethodusedtoobtaineachone.

Althoughoftenusedgenericallytodescribeanyvoteheldontherecord,thetechnicaltermforthistypeofvote—anautomaticrollcall—describesthosevotesheldafteraMemberrisesandobjectstoavoteonthegroundsthataquorumisnotpresent.Intheabsenceofaquorum,arollcallvoteisautomatic.Nosufficientsecondisrequired.

RollCallVote:Senate

ARollCallVoteisavoteontherecord,notingthenameofeachSenatorandhis/hervotingposition

ThetechnicaltermforarollcallvoteintheSenateisthe"yeasandnays."

TheSenateClerkreadsthenamesofallSenatorsaloudinalphabeticalorder.Senatorsvotebyrespondingwhentheirnameiscalled,andshoutingout"yea""nay"or"present."Tospeeduptheprocess,SenatorsoftengodirectlytothedeskontheSenatefloorandlettheClerkknowtheirposition,outofalphabeticalsequence.SenatorsalsosometimesgivetheClerkahandsignalfromtheentrancedoorstothechamber—thumbsuporthumbsdown—ratherthanapproachthedeskorwaitfortheirnametobecalledinorder.

Roll-CallVote

Amethodofvotinginalegislatureinwhichallmemberspresent

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atasessionmustvote,andtheirpositionsbecomeamatterofpublicrecord.

RollingAverageInventory

Anaverageinventorycountorvaluebasedontheimmediatepast12monthperiod.Rows-Twoormorecolumnsbesideoneanother.

RoomLottery

TheRoomLotteryisadrawingforofficespaceheldeverytwoyears.Memberschooseaccordingtorank.

MemberofficesareinoneofthreeHouseofficebuildings:Cannon,Longworth,orRayburn.

Root

Afive-digitsegmentoftheChartofAccountsthatidentifiesthefacultymemberorPIresponsiblefortheexpendituretransaction.

RoutineMotion

AmotionrequiredfortheobservanceoftheproprietiesoftheHouse,themaintenanceofitsauthority,themanagementofitsbusiness,thearrangementofitsproceedings,theestablishingofthepowersofitscommittees,thecorrectnessofitsrecordsorthefixingofitssittingdaysorthetimesofitsmeetingoradjournment.

RoutineProceedings

BusinessofabasicnatureforwhichadailyperiodissetasideintheHouse.Itincludessuchitemsastablingofdocuments,presentingpetitions,introductionandfirstreadingofbillsandstatementsbyMinisters.

Row-by-RowVote

RecordedvoteinwhichMembersriseonerowatatimeratherthanbyparty,usuallystartingontheSpeakersright.ThismethodisusedintheHouseforfreevotesandvotesonprivateMembers'business(where,asacourtesy,thesponsoringMembervotes

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RoyalAssent

first,followedbytheotherMembersonhisorhersideoftheHouse).ItisalsousedinCommitteeoftheWhole,whereonlytheyeasandnaysarerecorded,ratherthanthevotesofindividualMembers.

RoyalAssent

1.TheapprovalofabillbytheCrown.

2.Theapproval,byarepresentativeoftheCrown,ofabillpassedbytheHouseandtheSenate,makingitintoanActofParliament.Bytradition,RoyalAssentisaccordedintheSenateChamber,usuallybyadeputyoftheGovernorGeneralinthepresenceofMembersoftheHouseandSenate.Alternatively,itmaybesignifiedbyawrittendeclaration,eitherbytheGovernorGeneralorher/hisdeputy.

RoyalColonies

ColoniescontrolledbytheBritishkingthroughgovernorsappointedbyhimandthroughtheking'svetopowerovercoloniallaws.

RoyalConsent

ConsentsignifiedbyaMinister,onbehalfoftheCrown,toabillaffectingtheprerogative,hereditaryrevenues,personalpropertyorinterestoftheSovereign.BillsthatrequireRoyalConsentmustbewithdrawniftheydonotreceiveit.

RoyalPrerogative

Therights,powersandprivilegesexercisedbytheCrown.

AmessagefromtheGovernorGeneral,requiredforanyvote,resolution,addressorbillfortheappropriationofpublicrevenue.OnlyaMinistercanobtainsucharecommendation.

Rule22

Rule22governscloture,theprocedureusedtoendafilibuster.Cloturetakes60votes.

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Ifitwins,upto30hoursofdebatemaystillbeheld,althoughthisisrarelyutilized.

Instead,debateusuallyendsshortlyafteracloturevote,followedbyanimmediatevoteonfinalpassage.

RulefromtheRulesCommittee

ARulefromtheRulesCommitteeisasetofguidelinesforthedebateandamendmentofaparticularbill.

Knownas"specialrules",theserulesaretemporaryanddistinctfromthestandingrulesoftheHouse.

RuleofCourt

Anordermadebyacourthavingjurisdiction.Rulesofcourtareeithergeneralorspecial:theformeraretheregulationsbywhichthepracticeofthecourtisgoverned;thelatterarespecialordersmadeinparticularcases.

RuleofLaw

Beliefthatallactions,ofindividualsandgovernments,aresubjecttoaninstitutionalizedsetofrulesandregulations.

RuletoShowCause

Acourtorderobtainedonmotionbyeitherpartytodemonstratewhytheparticularreliefsoughtshouldnotbegranted.Generally,usedinconnectionwithcontemptproceedings.

Rule

1.AmeasurefromtheHouseRulesCommittee,whichsetsthetermsofthedebateforabill,thetimetobeallowedfordiscussionontheflooroftheHouse,andtheextenttowhichthebillmaybeamendedonthefloor.

2.Apolicystatementorregulationwhichmaybeissued,withappropriateauthority,byanadministrativegovernmentagencytointerpretorclarifyastatute.

RunoffSystem

Anelectoralsysteminwhichadditionalroundsofballotingare

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RussianSocialDemocraticLabourParty

held(withtrailingcandidatesdropped)untilacandidatereceivesamajorityofthevotescast.

RussianSocialDemocraticLabourParty

TheRussianSocial-DemocraticLabourParty,orRSDLPalsoknownastheRussianSocial-DemocraticWorkers'PartyandtheRussianSocial-DemocraticParty,wasarevolutionarysocialistRussianpoliticalpartyformedin1898inMinsktounitethevariousrevolutionaryorganizationsintooneparty.TheRSDLPlatersplitintoBolshevikandMenshevikfactions,withtheBolshevikseventuallybecomingtheCommunistPartyoftheSovietUnion.TheMezhraiontsywerealsoformedfromthisparty.

ItwasnotthefirstRussianMarxistgroup;theGroupfortheEmancipationofLabourwasformedin1883.AttheendofthefirstpartycongressinMarch1898,allninedelegateswerearrested.TheRSDLPwascreatedtoopposenarodnichestvo,revolutionarypopulism,theprogramoftheSocial-Democrats(SDs),wholaterjoinedtheSocialist-RevolutionaryParty.TheRSDLPprogramwasbasedonthetheoriesofKarlMarxandFriedrichEngels-that,despiteRussia'sagrariannature,thetruerevolutionarypotentiallaywiththeindustrialworkingclass.

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Sacralism

Sacralismisamergerofchurchandstatewhereinthetwoareindistinguishable,i.e.statereligionwherethestateisthereligion.

Christiansacralismis,accordingtoVerduin,thehybridproductthatresultedfromthecolossalchangeknownastheConstan-tinianshiftthatbeganearlyinthefourthcenturyAD,whenChristianitywasgrantedofficialtoleranceintheRomanEmpirebytheEmperorConstantine,andwascompletedbytheEmperorTheodosius'sdeclarationin392outlawingpaganismandmakingChristianitytheofficialreligionoftheEmpire.

SafeCongressionalDistrict

Asusuallydefined,adistrictinwhichthewinnerreceives55percentormoreofthevote.

SafeSeat

Asafeseatisaseatinalegislativebody(e.g.,Congress,Parliament,CityCouncil)whichisregardedasfullysecuredbyacertainpoliticalpartywithverylittlechanceofanelectionupsetbecauseofthenatureoftheelectorateintheconstituencyconcerned.

Incountrieswithparliamentarygovernment,partiesoftentrytoensurethattheirmosttalentedpoliticiansareselectedtocontesttheseseats.Thisisdonetoensurethatthesepoliticianscanstayinparliament,regardlessofthespecificelectionresult,andthattheycanconcentrateonministerialroleswithoutneedingtospendtoomucheffortonmanagingelectorate-specificissues.Unsurprisingly,candidateselectionfortheseseatsisusuallykeenly

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SafetyStock

contested.Thefactthatvotersinsafeseatshavelittlechancetoaffectelectionoutcomes-andthus,thosevoters'concernscantheoreticallybeignoredbypoliticalpartieswithnoeffectonelectionoutcome-isoftenregardedasundemocratic,andisamajorargumentofsupportersofvariousmulti-memberproportionalrepresentationelectionmethods.

SafetyStock

Thelevelofstock,overandabovetheexpectedusagebetweentnetimearepienisnmentorderisprocessedandrepienisnmentactuallyoccurs,thatisheldinreservetotrytopreventstock-out,shouldtherebeadelayindeliveryofstockbythevendor.

Sale-Leaseback

Atechniqueinwhichasellerdeedspropertytoabuyerforaconsideration,andthebuyersimultaneouslyleasesthepropertybacktotheseller.

SalicLaw

SalicLaw(s'lik)[key],ruleofsuccessionincertainroyalandnoblefamiliesofEurope,forbiddingfemalesandthosedescendedinthefemalelinetosucceedtothetitlesorofficesinthefamily.ItiscalledtheSaliclawonthemistakensuppositionthatitwaspartoftheLexSalica;provisionsofthatcodeforbadefemalesuccessiontopropertybutwerenotconcernedwithtitlesoroffices.TherulewasmostprominentlyenforcedbythehouseofValoisandthesucceedinghouseofBourboninFrance.AtthetimeofPhilipVitwasintroducedtoSpain;whenitwasrescindedthereinfavorofIsabellaII,theCarlistsroseinrevoltonthegroundsofthelaw.TherulewasalsoinvolvedintherivalryofStephenandMatildaforthethroneofEnglandandintheclaimofEdwardIIItotheFrenchsuccession(onecauseoftheHundredYearsWar).BecausetheGuelphsfollowedtheSaliclaw,theunionofGreatBritainandHanover—begunwhentheelectorofHanoverascendedtheBritishthroneasGeorgeI—hadtobediscontinuedwhenVictoriaascendedtheBritishthrone.

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463

Salvage

Propertyorequipmentwhichhasservedtheusefullife,butstillhasvalueasasourceforpartsorscrap.

Sanction

Sanction,inlawandethics,anyinducementtoindividualsorgroupstofolloworrefrainfromfollowingaparticularcourseofconduct.Allsocietiesimposesanctionsontheirmembersinordertoencourageapprovedbehavior.Thesesanctionsrangefromformallegalstatutestoinformalandcustomaryactionstakenbythegeneralmembershipinresponsetosocialbehavior.Asanctionmaybeeitherpositive,i.e.,thepromiseofrewardfordesiredconduct,ornegative,i.e.,thethreatofpenaltyfordisapprovedconduct,butthetermismostcommonlyusedinthenegativesense.Thisisparticularlytrueofthesanctionsemployedininternationalrelations.Theseareusuallyeconomic,takingtheformofanembargoorboycott,butmayalsoinvolvemilitaryaction.

Underitscovenant,theLeagueofNationswasempoweredtoinitiatesanctionsagainstanynationresortingtowarinviolationofthecovenant.ItsdeclarationofanembargoagainstParaguay(1934)derivedfromthispower.EconomicsanctionswereappliedagainstItalyduringitsinvasionofEthiopia(1935)intheLeague'smostfamous,andnotablyineffective,useofitspower.

TheUnitedNations,underitscharter,alsohasthepowertoimposesanctionsagainstanynationdeclaredathreattothepeaceoranaggressor.OncesanctionsareimposedtheyarebindinguponallUNmembers.However,therequirementthatoverhalfofthetotalmembershipoftheSecurityCouncilandallfivepermanentmembersagreeonthedecisiontoeffectasanctiongreatlylimitstheactualuseofthatpower.UNmilitaryforcesweresenttoaidSouthKoreain1950,andinthe60seconomicsanctionswereappliedagainstSouthAfricaandRhodesia(nowZimbabwe).Inthe1990seconomicsanctionswereimposedonIraqafteritsinvasionofKuwait,andtheSecurityCouncilapprovedtheuseofforcetoexpelIraqiforces

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464SavingandLoanAssociations

fromKuwait.SanctionswerealsoimposedontheformerYugoslaviaasaresultoftheBosniancivilwarandKosovocrisis.

SavingandLoanAssociations

Originallythesewereconservative"thriftinstitutions"thatpromotedhomeownershipbyinvestingin"save"homemortga-ges. Theyalsopromotedpersonalthriftbybeingguaranteedtherighttopayaslightlyhigherrateofinteresttotheirdepositorsthancouldcommercialbanks.Withderegulationin1980,manyS&Lsengagedinriskierinvestmentventuresandwentbankrupt;andthecostsofthe$450billioninvestorbailoutsarestillbeingpaidbyU.S.taxpayers.

Say'sLaw

Supplycreatesitsowndemand.JeanBaptisteSay(1767-1832)believedthatincreasingsupplywouldyieldfullemploymentandthateconomiesaresupply-driven.Becausesomeproducerincomeiserodedbysavingsandtaxes,Keynesarguedthattheyaredemand-driven.

Scandinavism

i•..'1/„•*!.*Iti

ScandinavismandNordismarepoliticalideasthatsupportscooperationbetweentheScandinavianand/orNordiccountries.

Schedule

Anappendixtoabillthatcontainsmattersofdetailnotsuitableforinclusioninaclause,orthetextofanagreementthatthebillbringsintoeffect.Schedulesformpartofabillandaresubjecttoamendment,withtheexceptionoftreatiesandagreementswhichfallwithintheprerogativeoftheCrown.

ScheduledPurchases

Aregulatedbiddingtobecarriedoutatpre-determinedintervalstocoincidewiththevolumeacquisitionneedsofuseragencies.

ScientificReviewAdministrator(SRA)

Afederalscientistwhopresidesoverascientificreviewgroupandisresponsibleforcoordinatingandreportingtheviewof

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eachapplicationassignedtoit.TheSRAservesasaninterme-diary betweentheapplicantandreviewersandpreparessummarystatementsforallapplicationsreviewed.

ScientificReviewGroup(SRG)

Acharteredcommitteethatperformsthefirstlevelofpeerreview;nowgenerallycalledascientificreviewgroup(alsoknownasastudysection).

ThetermMarxandEngelsusedtostressthattheirideologywasbasedonanalysisofclassconflict.

Scope(ofaBill)

Thefieldofapplicabilityofabillasindicatedbyitstext.Theadoptionofabillatsecondreadingestablishesitsscope,whichmaynotbealteredorextendedbysubsequentmotionstoamend.Billssenttocommitteebeforesecondreadingcanhavetheirscopealtered.

ScopeorStatementofWork

Detaileddescriptionoftheworktobeperformedonaproject.

.*"5■

1.IntheCenterforScientificReview(CSR)peerreviewprocess,applicationsthatarejudgedbyastudysectiontobecompetitive,i.e.,generallyintheupperhalfoftheapplicationsreviewed,ineseapplicationsareassignedapnontyscoreandforwardedtotheappropriateInstitute/Centerforthesecondlevelofreview.

2.ScoreddescribesaproposedbilloramendmentwhichhasreceivedacostanalysisbytheCongressionalBudgetOffice.

Scrap

Commoditiesthataredeemedworthlesstotheownerandareonlyvaluabletotheextenttheycanberecycled.

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Scroll

ThehandwrittenrecordofproceedingsintheHouseofCommonskeptbyaTableOfficerandusedtopreparetheJournals.

SealedBid

Abidsubmittedasasealeddocument,byaprescribedtime.Thecontentsofthebidwillnotbeknowntootherspriortotheopeningofallbids.

SearchCopy

CopyofaninternationalapplicationfiledunderthePatentCooperationTreatymaintainedbytheInternationalSearchingAuthority.

SearchWarrant

Awrittenorderissuedbyajudgethatdirectsalawenforcementofficertosearchaspecificareaforaparticularpieceofevidence.

Seat

■

1.ThedeskintheHouseassignedtoaMember.MembersareaccordedseatsintheHousenotasindividualsbutintheircapacityasrepresentativesoftheirelectoraldistricts.

2.TheelectoraldistrictwhichaMemberrepresents.SeatingPlan

AfloorplanoftheChambershowingthelocationofeachMember'sdesk.PrintedcopiesaredistributedtoMembersandtovisitorsinthegalleries.

Secession

Secession,inpoliticalscience,formalwithdrawalfromanassociationbyagroupdiscontentedwiththeactionsordecisionsofthatassociation.Thetermisgenerallyusedtorefertowithdrawalfromapoliticalentity;suchwithdrawalusuallyoccurswhenaterritoryorstatebelievesitselfjustifiedinestablishingitsindependencefromthepoliticalentityofwhichitwasapart.Bydoingsoitassumessovereignty.

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SecondDegree

SecondDegreereferstoanamendmentofferedtochangethetextofanotheramendment.

SecondInternational

ThereunionofsocialistandlabourpartiesinEurope,withtheabsenceofanarchists,establishedin1889.

•*

Amortgagethathasalienpositionsubordinatetothefirstmortgage.

SecondNewDeal

UsedtorefertoRoosevelt'srelationshipwithhissecondCongress(1935-1936),whentheadministrationshiftedfromafocusonrestructuringeconomicinstitutionstooneofrelyingmoreonKeynesiannotionsoffiscalpolicy.

1.SecondReadingofabilloccursatthetimeabillisreferredtoaSenatecommitteeforinitialconsideration.

Inmodernpractice,billsatthisstagearenolongerreadinfullunlessasenatorsodemands.

ThepracticestemsfromtheoldEnglishpracticewhenmanylegislatorswereilliterate.

2.Thestageinthepassageofabillatwhichtheprincipleandobjectofabilliseitheracceptedorrejected.Detailedconsi-deration isnotgiventotheclausesofthebillatthisstage.

SecondaryGroup

Anorganizationorgroupofpeople,suchasalaborunion,orafraternal,professional,orreligiousgroup,thatmayinfluenceanindividual'sopinion.

SecondaryMarket

Thebuyingandsellingofexistingmortgages,usuallyaspartofa"pool"ofmortgages.

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Seconderf;

AMemberwhoformallysupportsamotionoramendmentintheHouseofCommons.TheMemberdoesnotactuallyneedtospeakinordertosupportamotionbutmaysimplyindicatehisorherconsent.Motionsincommitteedonotrequireseconders.

Second-OrderElections

Second-orderelectionsareelectionsthathavelessimportanceforvotersthanfirst-orderelections,andthusareoftenusedbyvoterstopunishorrewardthecurrentgoverningparties.Localandregionalelectionsarealmostalwaysconsideredsecond-orderelections.IntheEUelectionstotheEuropeanParliamentareconsideredtobesecond-ordernationalelections,inthatvotersusetheirchoicesforrepresentativestothesupranationalbodytosendsignalstotheirnationalgovernments.

•••i

SecretService

ThegovernmentagencythatguardsthePresident,theVice-President,themajorpresidentialandvice-presidentialcandidates,andtheirspouses.

SecretSession

AsittingoftheHouseofCommons,orapartofasitting,whichonlyMembersandcertainofficersoftheHousemayattend.ThepublicandallotherHousepersonnel,includingtheHansardreporters,arerefusedadmittanceorareorderedtowithdraw.

SecretVote

Avotebysecretballot.ThismethodofvotingisusedonlyfortheelectionoftheSpeaker,fortheelectionofcommitteechairsandvice-cnairs[nmoremanonecandidateisnominated;,andiorappealsonthevotabilityofitemsofprivateMembers*business.

SecretaryoftheSenate

TheSecretaryoftheSenateisanon-partisanemployeewhoservesastheChiefAdministrativeOfficer.

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Section15DeclarationofIncontestability

Aswornstatement,filedbytheownerofamarkregisteredonthePrincipalRegister,claiming"incontestable"rightsinthemarkforthegoods/servicesspecified.An"incontestable"registrationisconclusiveevidenceofthevalidityoftheregisteredmark,oftheregistrationofthemark,oftheowner'sownershipofthemarkandoftheowner'sexclusiverighttousethemarkwiththegoods/services.Theclaimofincontestabilityissubjecttocertainlimitedexceptionssetforthin§§15and33(b)oftheTrademarkAct,15U.S.C.§§1065and1115(b).15U.S.C.§1065.FilingaSection15Declarationisoptional.However,therearecertainrulesgoverningwhenonemaybefiled.A§15AffidavitmaynotbefileduntilthemarkhasbeenincontinuoususeincommerceforatleastfiveconsecutiveyearssubsequenttothedateofregistrationformarksregisteredundertheActof1946(andsubsequenttothedateofpublicationunder§12(c)oftheTrademarkAct,15U.S.C.§1062(c),formarksregisteredundertheActsof1905and1881forwhichthebenefitsoftheActof1946havebeenclaimed).The§15Affidavitmustbeexecutedandfiledwithinoneyearfollowinga5-yearperiodofcontinuoususeofthemarkincommerce.

MarksregisteredontheSupplementalRegisterarenoteligibleforclaimsofincontestablerightsunder§15.

Section8DeclarationofContinuedUse

Aswornstatement,filedbytheownerofaregistrationthatthemarkisinuseincommerce.Section8oftheTrademarkAct,15U.S.C.§1058.ItmustbefiledbythecurrentowneroftheregistrationandtheUSPTOmustreceiveitduringthefollowingtimeperiods:(1)Attheendofthe6thyearafterthedateofregistration(orthedateofpublicationunder15U.S.C.§1062(c)forregistrationsissuedundertheActsof1905or1881thathaveclaimedthebenefitsoftheActof1946),and(2)Attheendofeachsuccessive10-yearperiodafterthedateofregistration.Thereisasix-monthgraceperiod.Iftheserulesanddeadlinesarenotmet,theUSPTOwillcanceltheregistration

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Section8DeclarationofExcusableNonuse

Aswornstatement,filedbytheownerofaregistration,thatthemarkisnotinuseincommerceduetospecialcircumstancesthatexcusesuchnonuseandisnotduetoanyintentiontoabandonthemark.Section8oftheTrademarkAct,15U.S.C.1058.ItmustbefiledbythecurrentowneroftheregistrationandtheUSPTOmustreceiveitduringthefollowingtimeperiods:(1)Attheendofthe6thyearafterthedateofregistration(orthedateofpublicationunder15U.S.C.§1062(c)forregistrationsissuedundertheActsof1905or1881thathaveclaimedthebenefitsoftheActof1946),and(2)Attheendofeachsuccessive10-yearperiodafterthedateofregistration.Thereisasix-monthgraceperiod.Iftheserulesanddeadlinesarenotmet,theUSPTOwillcanceltheregistration.

OncetheUSPTOacceptstheSection8DeclarationofExcusableNonuse,theowneroftheregistrationisnotrequiredtofileanotherSection8Declarationuntilthenextstatutoryfilingperiod.

Section9RenewalApplication

Asworndocument,filedbytheownerofaregistration,toavoidtheexpirationofaregistration.FederaltrademarkregistrationsissuedonorafterNovember16,1989,remaininforcefor10years,andmayberenewedfor10-yearperiods.TrademarkregistrationsissuedorrenewedpriortoNovember16,1989remaininforcefor20years,andmayberenewedfor10-yearperiods.Trademarkownershaveatotalof18monthstofilea§9RenewalApplication.The§9RenewalApplicationmaybefiledoneyearpriortotheregistrationexpirationdateorduringthe6-monthgraceperiodimmediatelyafterthedateofexpiration.Ifthe§9RenewalApplicationisnotfiledorisfiledafterthegraceperiodends,theregistrationwillexpire.

Becausetheduedateofthe10-year§8Declarationcoincideswiththeduedateofthe§9RenewalApplication,theUSPTOcreatedaformentitled"CombinedDeclarationofUseinCommerceandApplicationforRenewalofRegistrationofaMarkUnderSections8&9"

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SectionofanAct

EachseparatedivisionofanAct,numberedwithanArabicnumeral.Theclausesofabillbecomesectionsoncethebillisassentedto.

Sectionalism

SectionalismisatendencyamongsectionsinbureaucracytoblindlyfocusontheinterestofasectionandlookattheovertendencyofthePresidentswrongsandnotbenefitthewhole.Innationalpolitics,sectionalismisoftenaprecursortoseparatism.Inapoliticalcontext,sectionalismisloyaltytotheinterestsofone'sownregionorsectionofthecountry,ratherthanthenationasawhole.Sectionalismisbelievingone'sownlifestyleisbetterthanothers'.

Secularism

Inapluralsocietylikeourswithamultiplicityofreligions,creedsandcultures,democracycannotsurvive,muchless,flourishunlessitisbasedontheprincipleofsecularism.AslateSmt.IndiraGandhiputit,"SecularismanddemocracyarethetwinpillarsofourState,theveryfoundationofoursociety."

Asecularstateasdefinedscientifically,meansaStatewhichrecogniseseverycitizenasequalanddoesnotrecogniseanysocialorreligiousstratificationasvehiclesforexercisingpoliticalrights.Butwhatisgenerallyprojectedassecularismis'toleranceofallreligionswithspecialemphasisontheprotectionofminoritiesandpreservationofcommunalharmony.Thiscommonlyunderstoodmeaningofsecularism,fallsfarshortofthescientificmeaningofit.Theessenceofsecularism,however,restsontwobasicprinciples.

(a)Separationreligionfrompolitics.

(b)AcceptanceofreligionaspurelyandstrictlyprivateaffairsofindividualshavingnothingtodowiththeState.

Inshort,theconceptualdelinkageofreligionfromStateconstitutesthecoreofthephilosophyofsecularism.

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Itisaninstrumentofsocialchangeandpoliticaltransformation.Itinvolvesachangefromatraditionaltoamodernpatternofhumanrelations.Itisbothanidealandreality.

SecuredLoan

Aloanthatisbackedbycollateral.

SecurityDilemma

Thespiralofpreparationsandtensionswhichemergewhentheprotectiveactionsofonestateieadtocountermeasuresbyanotherstateself-government.Therightofmembersofagrouptocontroltneirowncollectiveattairs.

SecurityofTenure

SecurityofTenureisatermusedinpoliticalsciencetodescribeaconstitutionalorlegalguaranteethatanoffice-holdercannotberemovedfromofficeexceptinexceptionalandspecifiedcircumstances.

Withoutsecurityoftenure,anoffice-holdermayfindhisorherabilitytocarryouttheirpowers,functionsanddutiesrestrictedbythefearthatwhomeverdisapprovesofanyoftheirdecisionsmaybeabletoeasilyremovethemfromofficeinrevenge.Securityoftenureoffersprotection,byensuringthatanoffice-holder cannotbevictimisedforexercisingtheirpowers,functionsandduties.Itenablesthedemocraticorconstitutionalmethodologythroughwhichanoffice-holdercomestoofficenottobeoverturnedexceptinthemostextremeandstrictcases.

Security

Thepropertythatwillbepledgedascollateralforaloan.

Segregation

Theseparationofpersonsbyrace.

SelectCommittee

ASelectCommitteeisformedforaspecificpurposeandusually

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foralimitedperiodoftime.SelectCommitteesarerarelygivenlegislativepower.Insteadtheyconductinvestigationsandstudies.

SelectivePay

ThefundingofasmallnumberofprogrammaticallyimportantapplicationsatthemarginofthepaylineasrecommendedbyCouncil.

Self-ProvingWill

Awillwhosevaliditydoesnothavetobetestifiedtoincourtbythewitnessestoit,sincethewitnessesexecutedanaffidavitreflectingproperexecutionofthewillpriortothemaker'sdeath.

SellerCarry-Back

Anagreementinwhichtheownerofapropertyprovidesfinancing,oftenincombinationwithanassumablemortgage.

SellingShort

Inanticipationoffallingstockpricesof,say,IBM,aspeculatorborrows1000sharesfromabrokerandsellsthem,withtheunderstandingthatin90daystheborrowedshareswillhavetoberepurchasedandreturnedtotheloaningbroker.If,whenthespeculatorbuysthembackthepriceoftheshareshasfallenbyone-half,thenatidyprofitwillhavebeenmade.ButwhathappensifthepriceofIBMkeepsongoingup?

SenateBill

Abill,eitherpublicorprivate,whichisfirstintroducedintheSenate.Suchbills,prefixedwiththeletter"S"ratherthanMCM,areconsideredintheHouseonlyaftertheyhavebeenpassedbytheSenate.

SenateChamber

TheSenateChamberistheassemblyroomintheCapitolwhereSenatorsgathertodebateandvote.

SenateJournal

TheSenateJournalistheofficiallogofSenateflooraction,keptasrequiredbytheConstitution.

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TheUpperHouseoftheCanadianParliamentconsistingordinarilyof105SenatorsappointedbytheGovernorGeneralontheadviceofthePrimeMinister.TheSenatepossessesallofthepowersoftheHouseofCommonsexceptthatofinitiatingfinanciallegislation.

SenatorialCourtesy

1.AnunwrittencustombywhichindividualsenatorswhobelongtothesamepoliticalpartyasthePresidentexerciseaninfor-mal vetopoweroverpresidentialappointmentsintheirstates.

2.SenatorialCourtesyreferstothepracticeofconsultinghome-statesenatorsonanomination.

TheSenaterarelyconfirmspresidentialappointmentsifthenominee'sownsenatorsdisapprove.

SeniorExecutiveService(SES)

Acorpsofabout8000high-leveladministratorsandmanagersatthetopofthegovernmentbureaucracywhohavelessjobsecuritybutwhoareeligibleforsubstantialcashbonusesformerit.

SenioritySystem

1.Asystem,untilmodifiedandreformedinthe1970s,thatautomaticallyresultedinthosemembersofthemajoritypartyinahouseofCongresswiththelongestcontinuousserviceonacommitteebecomingcommitteechairmen.

2.TheSenioritySystemisthetraditionofgrantingprivilegestothosewhohaveservedthelongest.

SenseoftheHouse

SenseoftheHouseislegislativelanguagewhichofferstheopinionoftheHouse,butdoesnotmakelaw.

SenseoftheSenate

SenseoftheSenateislegislativelanguagewhichofferstheopinionoftheSenate,butdoesnotmakelaw.

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SenttotheDESK

Awrittencopyofabill,amendment,ormotionmustbepro-filed orSenttotheDeskbeforeitisdebated.

SeparateButEqual

AdoctrineestablishedbytheSupremeCourtin1896underwhich"JimCrow"segregationlawswereheldtobeconstitutional.

SeparateVote

TodemandaSeparateVoteistoasktheHousetorevoteanamendmentadoptedinCommitteeoftheWhole.

TheHousehasthefinalauthorityoverlegislativedecisionsandmayaffirmorrejectcommitteeactions.

SeparationofPowers

1.AnoutstandingtraditionoftheAmericangovernmentisSeparationofPowers.Thismeansthatallpowersofthegovernmentshouldnotbeconcentratedinonepersonoroneassemblyofpersonsforconcentrationofpowersleadstoandisdefinitionoftyranny.IntheUnitedStatesthreefunctionsofthegovernmentnamely,law-making,administrationoflawsandinterpretationoflaws(andjustice)areentrustedtothreedistinctbranchesofnationalgovernment.Thecongressmakesthelaws,thePresidentadministersthemandtheSupremeCourt,alongwiththeotherfederalcourts,interpretsthemandimpartsjustice.Thethreebranchesareindependentofoneanother.ThePresidentiselectedbythepeople:theCongressarealsoelecteddirectlybythepeopleandneitherPresidentcandissolveanyHouseoftheCongressnorthelattercanremovethePresident.AlthoughthejudgesareappointedbythePresidentwiththeapprovaloftheSenate,theycannotberemovedbyeitherofthem.

2.OneofthemostimportantofthebasicprinciplesthatguidedtheframersoftheUSConstitutionintheirdesignforAmerica'sfuturegovernancewastheideathattherootcause

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SeparationofWitnesses

andessenceoftyrannicalgovernmentistheconcentrationofcontroloverallthepowersandfunctionsofgovernmentinthehandsofthesameindividualornarrowpoliticalfaction.ThecorollarytheFramersdrewfromthiswastheseparationofpowersprinciple:thatfreepopulargovernmentcanbestbesustainedbydividingthevariouspowersandfunctionsofgovernmentamongseparateandrelativelyindependentgovernmentalinstitutionswhoseofficialswouldbeselectedatdifferentintervalsandthroughdifferentproceduresbysomewhatdifferentconstituenciessoastomakeitunlikelythatthesamesmallfactioncouldgaincontrolofthemallatthesametime.Thus,intheAmericanfederalrepublictheFramersdesigned,"thepowersurrenderedbythepeopleisfirstdividedbetweentwodistinctgovernments[theFederalgovernmentandthegovernmentsoftheseveralstates],andthentheportionallottedtoeachsubdividedamongdistinctandseparatedepartments[theexecutive,thelegislative,andthejudicial]."

3.Theseparationofpowersbetweenexecutive,legislative,andjudicialbranchesofgovernment.

SeparationofWitnesses

Anorderofthecourtrequiringallwitnessestoremainoutsidethecourtroomuntileachiscalledtotestify,excepttheplaintiffordefendant.

Separatism

Sparatismisatermusuallyappliedtodescribetheattitudesormotivationsofthoseseekingindependenceor"separation"oftheirlandorregionfromthecountrythatgovernsthem.Toalesserextent,separatismmayalsorefertosocialisolationorinvolvementincliques.Thetermseparatistmovementsusuallyreferstosocialmovementsthataspiretoautonomyforaparticulargroupofpeoplefromadominantpoliticalinstitutionunderwhichtheysuffer,althoughseparatismcanalsobeenforcedbyarulingpoliticalpower,asoccurredinSouthAfricaunderapartheid.Thegroundsforseparationcanberegional,ethnic,

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linguistic,cultural,religious,orgender—oracombinationofthesefactors.

Sequester

Toseparate.Sometimesjuriesaresequesteredfromoutsideinfluencesduringtheirdeliberations.

Sergeant-at-Arms

1.AseniorofficialoftheHouseappointedbyGovernorinCouncil,theSergeant-at-ArmsassiststheClerkasheadofparliamentaryprecinctservices,performingcertainceremonialfunctionsandbeingresponsibleforsecurityandbuildingservices.

2.TheSergeant-at-Armsistheofficerwhomaintainsorderinthechamberandprovidessecurityformembers.

Serve

Todeliveralegaldocument,suchasacomplaint,summonsorsubpoena.Serviceconstitutesformallegalnotice.

ServiceAisle

Anaisleusedtoreachaccessaisles.Serviceaislesmayalsobeusedtogainaccesstostoragelots.Utilizingtheserviceaisletogainfacingsorslotsisoftenoverlookedinmakinglayouts.

ServicebyPublication

Serviceofprocessaccomplishedbypublishinganoticeinanewspaperorbypostingonabulletinboardofacourthouseorotherpublicfacility,afteracourtdeterminesthatothermeansofserviceareimpracticalorhavebeenunsuccessful.ThisprocedureisnotlegalineveryState.

ServiceMark

Aword,name,symbolordevicethatistoindicatethesourceoftheservicesandtodistinguishthemfromtheservicesofothers.Aservicemarkisthesameasatrademarkexceptthatitidentifiesanddistinguishesthesourceofaserviceratherthan

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ServiceofProcess

aproduct.Theterms"trademark"and"mark"areoftenusedtorefertobothtrademarksandservicemarks.

ServiceofProcess

Thedeliveryofawritorsummonstoapartyforthepurposeofobtainingjurisdictionoverthatparty.

Service-Learning

Service-learningisaparticularformofexperientialeducationthatincorporatescommunityserviceasanothertextthatcancontributeanddeepenclassroomtopicsthroughcriticalreflectionanddialogue.Therearethreegeneralcharacteristicsofservice-learning:1)Itisbasedontheexperienceofmeetingneedsinthecommunity.2)Itincorporatesreflectionandacademiclearning.3)Itcontributestostudents'interestinandunderstandingofcommunitylife.

Servicer

Anorganizationthatcollectsprincipalandinterestpaymentsfromborrowersandmanagesborrowers'escrowaccounts.Theserviceroftenservicesmortgagesthathavebeenpurchasedbyaninvestorinthesecondarymortgagemarket.

Servicing

Thecollectionofmortgagepaymentsfromborrowersandrelatedresponsibilitiesofaloanservicer.

Session

OneofthefundamentaltimeperiodsintowhichaParliamentisdivided,usuallyconsistingofanumberofseparatesittings.SessionsarebegunbyaSpeechfromtheThroneandareendedbyprorogationordissolutionoftheParliament.

SessionalAllowance

AnannualallowancepaidtoMembersoftheHouseofCommonsinaccordancewiththeParliamentofCanadaAct.

SessionalOrder

AnordergoverningtheconductofthebusinessoftheHouse

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orofitscommitteeswhichhaseffectonlyfortheremainderofthesessioninwhichitisadopted.

SessionalPaper

AnydocumenttabledintheHouseorfiledwiththeClerkduringagivensession.Allsuchdocumentsareopentopublicscrutiny.

SetAside

Moneytakenoutofthebudgetforaspecificpurpose,forexample,tofundacongressionallymandatedprogram.

Settlement

Agreementresolvingadisputebetweenpartiesinalawsuitwithouttrial.Settlementsofteninvolvethepaymentofcompensationbyonepartyinsatisfactionoftheotherparty'sclaims.

Settlor

Thepersonwhosetsupatrust.Alsocalledthegrantorordonor.

ShadowCabinet

1.ThecohesivegroupofspecializedcriticsintheofficialOppositionparty.

2.ThegroupofMembersineachoppositionparty,especiallytheOfficialOpposition,chosentoactaspartycriticsforeachoftheministerialportfolios.

SharedPowers

Thefusingoroverlappingofpowersandfunctionsamongtheseparatebranchesofgovernment.

Shelves

Boardfixedhorizontallyandsupportedbyaframeoruprights.Maybeofmetalorwood.Shelvesmaybefixedoradjustable.Usedforsmallstores.SheriffiselectedbyvoterstoserveasthechieflawenforcementofficeroftheCounty.Heisresponsible

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Sheriff

formaintainingthepeaceandenforcingstatecriminallaws.TheSheriffalsooperatestheCountyjailandisthefirewardentorprameanatoresttires.

Anofficerofacounty,oftenchosenbypopularelection,whoseprincipaldutiesaretoaidthecourts.Thesheriffservesprocesses,summonsjuries,executesjudgmentsandholdsjudicialsales.

ShermanAntitrustAct(1890)

Thisearliestfederalantimonopolystatuteattemptedtoprohibitootnbusinessoenaviorandstructuresintendedtoproduceamonopoly.Morethanadecadepassedbeforethelawmetwithmajorsuccessinthecourtroom.

Lawspassedbystatelegislaturesthataredesignedtoprotectreportersfrombeingforcedtorevealtheirnewssources.

ShortTitle(ofaBill)

ThetitleofaproposedAct,usedforpurposesofcitation.Shorttitlesneednotcoveralloftheprovisionsofabill.

ShowCause

Acourtorderdirectingapersontoappearandbringforthanyevidenceastowhytheremediesstatedintheordershouldnotbeconfirmedorexecuted.Ashowcauseorderisusuallybasedonamotionandaffidavitaskingforrelief.

SidebarConference

Confidentialdiscussionbetweenjudgeandattorneystoresolvelegalmatters,whichcouldbeprejudicialifairedbeforethejury.

Side-by-SideComparison

ASide-by-SideComparisonisadetailedanalysisshowinghowonebill'stextcomparestoanother's.

SignificancePoliticalTheory

Atheoryisdescribedasonethatenablesustoorganizeout

Shield

Laws

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knowledge,orientourresearchandinterpretourfindings.Butitistheoryseenasascience,asamethodologyandasatechniqueforreachingagoalseenasaphilosophy,atheoryistheenunciationofgeneralrulesandlawsastohowamanmustlive,astatebeorderedandasocietybeorganized.Soseen,atheoryisanendinitself.Buttheory,aswehaveseenearlier,isbothascienceaswellasaphilosophy.Itis,therefore,anend,(philosophy)andanendtobeachievedthroughthemeans(science).Politicaltheoryisapartphilosophyandapartscience.Itistherefore,neitheracompletepoliticalphilosophynorafullpoliticalscience.Definingpoliticaltheoryasthe"criticalstudyoftheprinciplesofrightorderinhumansocialexistence",Germinodeclaresthatpoliticaltheoryis,"neitherreductionistbehaviouralsciencenoropinionatedideology".

SigningOfficial(SO)

AnSO,orSigningOfficial,hasinstitutionalauthoritytolegallybindtheinstitutioningrantsadministrationmatters.Theindividualfulfillingthisrolemayhaveanynumberoftitlesinthegranteeorganization.Thelabel"SigningOfficial"isusedinconjunctionwiththeNIHeRACommons.TheSOcanregistertheinstitution,andcreateandmodifytheinstitutionalprofileanduseraccounts.TheSOalsocanviewallgrantswithintheinstitution,includingstatusandawardinformation.AnSOcancreateadditionalSOaccountsaswellasaccountswithanyotherroleorcombinationofroles.Formostinstitutions,theSigningOfficial(SO)islocatedinitsOfficeofSponsoredResearchorequivalent.

SimpleResolution

ASimpleResolutionisusedtotakeactiononbehalfofonlyonechamberortogiveitsnon-bindingopinion.Itdoesnotbecomelaw.Usesincludemodifyingorproposinganinternalrule,orcreatinganewcommittee.

SineDieAdjournmentMotion

Incommittee,motionwhichhastheeffectofadjourningtheconsiderationofamatterwithoutassigningadayforfurtherconsideration;theneteffectistoendconsiderationofthematter.

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SingleStateFinancialInstitutionDataMatch

ProcessbywhichdelinquentchildsupportobligorsarematchedwithaccountsheldinFinancialInstitutions(FI)doingbusinessinonlyoneState.

SingleTransferableVote(STV)

Aformofproportionalrepresentationinwhichelectorsvoteforindividualsratherthanpartylists,buttheydosobyrankingthecandidatesintheirorderofchoice.

Single-Member-PluralitySystem(SMP)

Anelectoralsysteminwhichthecandidatewiththemostvoteswins,eventhoughthatwinmaynotrepresent51%ofthevotes.

Single-PartySystem

Apartysysteminwhichthereexistsonlyonepartyandnopoliticalalternativesarelegallytolerated.

oitting

AmeetingoftheHouseofCommonswithinasession.Althoughusuallyacalendarday,asittingmaylastforonlyamatterofminutesormayextendoverseveraldays.

Six(Three)Months'Hoist

Anamendmentatsecondorthirdreadingofabillwhichhastheeffectofarejectionofabill.Itproposesthatthebillnotnowreceivesecond(orthird)reading,"...butthatitbereadasecond(orthird)timethisdaysix(three)monthshence."

Slander

Falseanddefamatoryspokenwordstendingtoharmanother'sreputation,business,ormeansoflivelihood.Slanderisspokendefamation;libelispublished.

SleeperCandidacy

ASleeperCandidacyisacandidacyforpublicofficeinwhichthecandidatedoeslittleornocampaigning,hopingtorideinto

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officebybeingconfusedwithabetterknownperson,orbyjustbeingthealternativetoawell-knownbutwidelydislikedincumbent,oronthestrengthofgoodballotpositionandanotveryvisiblegrassrootsorganization,orevenonthestrengthofapopularethnicname.

OncefamousexamplesofSleeperCandidaciesincludethevictoriesofJohnKennedy(norelationtotheU.S.SenatorandfuturePresident)forStateTreasurerofMassachusetts,andRobertCasey(norelationtotheformerAuditorGeneralandfutureGovernorofPennsylvania)forStateTreasurerofPennsy-lvania. ThesuccessfulSleeperCandidacyofaLaRouchebackerfortheDemocraticnominationforLieutenantGovernorofIllinoismadetheDemocraticnominationforGovernormeaningless,andeffectivelyendedthegubernatorialcampaignandpossiblePresidentialcandidacyofformerU.S.SenatorAdlaiStevenson.

SlipLaw

ASlipLawisthefirstprintofanewlawinpamphletform,usuallyavailable2-3daysafterenactment.

Slot

Thepositioninablockoccupiedbyalot.

SmallBusinessInnovationResearch(SBIR)

Anawarddesignedtosupportprojectsfromsmallbusinessesthatmayultimatelyhavecommercialviability.Forthecomputationofsuccessrates,SBIRawardsarenotincludedinthecountofRPGs.

SmallBusinessTechnologyTransfer(STTR)

A3-yearpilotprogrambeguninFY1994undertheSmallBusinessInnovationResearchProgram,thatisdesignedtofostertechnologicalinnovationsthroughcooperativeeffortsbetweensmallbusinessandresearchinstitutions.TheSTTRgrantsareawardedforprojectsthathavepotentialforcommercialization.Forthecomputationofsuccessrates,STTRawardsarenotincludedinthecountofRPGs.

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SmallClaimsCourt

Acourtthathandlescivilclaimsforsmallamountsofmoney.Peopleoftenrepresentthemselvesratherthanhireanattorney.

SmallEntity

ForpurposesofsmallentitydeterminationperMPEP509.02-meansanindependentinventor,asmallbusinessconcern,oranonprofitorganizationeligibleforreducedpatentfees

SmallGrants

Provideresearchsupport,specificallylimitedintimeandamount,foractivitiessuchaspilotprojects,testingofnewtechniques,orfeasibilitystudiesofinnovative,high-riskresearch,whichwouldprovideabasisformoreextendedresearch.

SmallLotStorage

Asmalllotisgenerallyconsideredtobeaquantityoflessthanonepalletstackstackedtomaximumstorageheight.Thus,thetermreferstoalotconsistingoffromonecontainertotwoormorepalletloads,butisnotsufficientquantitytoformacompletepalletcolumn.

Smoke-FilledRoom

Aphrasethatgrewoutofthe1920RepublicanConventioninChicago,symbolizingtheselectionofacandidatebypoliticalbossesoperatinginsecret.

Smoot-HawleyTariffof1930

EnactedlessthanayearatterBlackThursday,thiswasoneofthehighesttarifflawsinAmericanhistory;itwasblamedforinitiatingaprotectionisttradewarthatprolongedtheGreatDepression.

SocialCapital

'Socialcapital'atermpopularizedbyRobertPutnam,referstofeaturesofsocialorganization,suchasnetworks,relationships,norms,andtrust,thatfacilitatecoordinationandcooperation

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formutualbenefit.Socialcapitalenhancesthebenefitsofinvestmentinphysicalandhumancapital.

SocicilChancre

Socialchangedescribeseffortstoaddresstherootcausesofproblemsthataffectsociety.

SocialDarwinism

ImproperlydeducedbyHerbertSpencerfromtheworkofCharlesDarwin,thistheorybecamepopularinthelatenineteenthcentury.Itisthenotionthatonlythefinestwillsurviveassocietyevolvesandthatgovernmentshouldnotintervenetohelpthosewhoare"lessfit."

SocialDemocracy

SocialDemocracyisapoliticalideologythatemergedinthelate19thcenturyoutofsocialism.Unlikesocialism,whichaimstoreplacethecapitalistsystementirely,socialdemocracyaimstoreformcapitalisminordertoremoveitsperceivedinjustices.

TheSocialistInternational(SI)—theworldwideorganisationofsocialdemocraticanddemocraticsocialistparties—definessocialdemocracyasanidealformofdemocracythatcansolvetheproblemsfoundinunregulatedcapitalism.TheSIemphasizesthefollowingprinciples:First,freedom—notonlyindividualliberties,butalsofreedomfromdiscriminationandfreedomfromdependenceoneithertheownersofthemeansofproductionortheholdersofabusivepoliticalpower.Second,equalityandsocialjustice—notonlybeforethelawbutalsoeconomicandsocio-culturalequalityaswell,andequalopportunitiesforallincludingthosewithphysical,mental,orsocialdisabilities.Finally,solidarity—unityandasenseofcompassionforthevictimsofinjusticeandinequality.

SocialDemocrats

Socialistsemphasizingpopularconsent,peacefulchange,politicalpluralism,andconstitutionalgovernment.

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SocialEngineering(PoliticalScience)

SocialEngineeringisaconceptinpoliticalsciencethatreferstoeffortstoinfluencepopularattitudesandsocialbehavioronalargescale,whetherbygovernmentsorprivategroups.Inthepoliticalarenathecounterpartofsocialengineeringispoliticalengineering.

Forvariousreasons,thetermhasbeenimbuedwithnegativeconnotations.However,virtuallyalllawandgovernancehastheeffectofchangingbehaviorandcanbeconsidered"socialengineering"tosomeextent.Prohibitionsonmurder,rape,suicideandlitteringareallpoliciesaimedatdiscouragingperceivedundesirablebehaviors.InBritishandCanadianjurisprudence,changingpublicattitudesaboutabehaviourisacceptedasoneofthekeyfunctionsoflawsprohibitingit.Governmentsalsoinfluencebehaviormoresubtlythroughincentivesanddisincentivesbuiltintoeconomicpolicyandtaxpolicy,forinstance,andhavedonesotorcenturies.

SocialEquality

Thedimensionofsocialequalitywantstheextensionofequalityintosocietyingeneral.HerealsoitdoesnotmeantheuniformityinsocialstatusbecauseasBarkeropines,equalityisa'derivativevalue',itbeingderivedfromthesupremevalueofthedevelopmentofhumanpersonality—'ineachalikeandequally'.Buttheneverypersonalityhasitsownsystemandthereforeuniformity,ifimposed,willdefeatthespontaneousdevelop-ment ofallthevarietiesofhumanpersonality.Socialequalitymeansthatthereshouldabsenceofdiscriminationintermsofcaste,creed,colour,religionanddescent.Itmeanssocialharmonyinwhichalltheindividualshaveequalopportunitiestodeveloptheirpersonality.Italsomeansabsenceofspecialprivilegesinthesociety.ThesegregationofapeoplefromthegeneralpopulationintermsofuntouchabilityisabigblotontheIndiansociety.Theconceptofsocialequalitywoulddemandemanci-pation ofwomen,children,untouchablesandothereconomicallyandsociallybackwardcommunities.However,thesocial

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inequalitiescannotbeeradicatedinashorttime.Ittakesafairlyconsiderabletime.Acombinationoflegal,economicandpersuasivefactorscanbeagooddirection.However,thefactremainsthatnosocietytill-to-datehasbeenabletoachievecompletesocialequality.

SocialJustice

Thepartialequalizationofwealthandincometoreachamoredesirableoutcome.

SocialPatriotism

SocialPatriotismisanopenlypatrioticstandpointwhichcombinespatriotismwithsocialism.ItwasfirstidentifiedattheoutsetoftheFirstWorldWarwhenamajorityofSocialDemocratsoptedtosupportthewareffortsoftheirrespectivegovernmentsandabandonedsocialistinternationalismandworkerssolidarity.

AttheInternationalSocialistConferenceatZimmerwaldthesocialpatriotswereidentifiedas"theopenlypatrioticmajorityoftheformerlySocial-Democraticleaders"inGermany,aswellastheopposition-manneredcenterofthepartyaroundKautsky,andtowhichinFranceandAustriathemajority,inEnglandandRussiaapartoftheleaders(Hyndman,theFabians,theTrade-Unionists,Plekhanov,IliaRubanovich,theNashaZarya)group.

SocialProgressivism

Socialprogressivismistheviewthatastimeprogresses,soshouldsocietalmoresandmorality.Socialprogressivesbelievethatthereisnoinherentvalueintradition.Theyarguethatallsocialarrangements-includingmarriage,thefamilyandgenderroles-shouldnotbesetinstone;rather,theyshouldbechangedorupdatedwheneversuchachangeisforthegreatergoodofsocietyoritbenefitsthepeoplewhowishtoengageinthosesocialarrangements.Theoppositeofsocialprogressivismiscalledsocialconservatism.

SocialRelation

SocialRelationcanrefertoamultitudeofsocialinteractions,

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SocialSecurity

regulatedbysocialnorms,betweentwoormorepeople,witheachhavingasocialpositionandperformingasocialrole.Insociologicalhierarchy;,socialrelationismoreadvancedthenbehavior,action,socialbehavior,socialaction,socialcontactandsocialinteraction.Socialrelationsformthebasisofconceptssuchassocialorganization,socialstructure,socialmovementandsocialsystem.

SocialSecurity

Acompulsorynationalinsuranceprogram,financesbytaxesonemployersandemployees.Theinsurancefallsintofourcategories:old-ageandsurvivorsinsurance,disabilityinsurance,Medicare,andunemploymentinsurance.

Social-Imperialism

Social-Imperialismisimperialismwithasocialist/communistface.Anti-revisionistsapplythetermtocountriesthattheyseeashavingbetrayedsocialismandturnedthemselvesintoimperialistichegemonsthatexploitothercountries.BecauseMarxisttheoryisanti-imperialist,theaccusationofsocial-imperialismimpliesthatthecountrysoaccusedhasceasedtobesocialistandhasreturnedtocapitalismandimperialisminpractice,evenifitappearssocialistonthesurfaceand/orespousessocialistidealsandterminology.Thetermisoftensummedupasmeaning"socialistinwords,imperialistindeeds".

MaoistChinafamouslycalledtheSovietUnionsocial-imperialistintheyearsleadinguptotheSino-Sovietsplit,arguingthattheSovietUnionhadcometodominateandexploitthesmallercountriesinitsspheretothepointoforganisingtheireconomiesaroundSoviet,notdomestic,needsandmakingthemintodependentbananarepublicswhosegovernmentstoedtheSovietline.ChinathussawtheSovietUnionashavingbecomeanalogoustotheUnitedStates,anon-socialistempire,shortlyafterthedeathofStalin,andofbeingthesocialistworldsequivalentofacolonialistandimperialistcountryintheF/rsrWorld.

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Socialism

1.Aclassofideologiesfavoringaneconomicsysteminwhichallormostproductiveresourcesarethepropertyofthegovernment,inwhichtheproductionanddistributionofgoodsandservicesareadministeredprimarilybythegovernmentratherthanbyprivateenterprise,andinwhichanyremainingprivateproductionanddistribution(socialistsdifferonhowmuchofthisistolerable)isheavilyregulatedbythegovernmentratherthanbymarketprocesses.Bothdemocraticandnon-democraticsocialistsinsistthatthegovernmenttheyenvisionasrunningtheeconomymustinprinciplebeonethattrulyreflectsthewillofthemassesofthepopulation(oratleasttheir"true"bestinterests),butofcoursetheydifferconsiderablyintheirideasaboutwhatsortsofpoliticalinstitutionsandpracticesarerequiredtoensurethiswillbeso.Inpractice,socialisteconomicprinciplesmaybecombinedwithanextremelywiderangeofattitudestowardpersonalfreedom,civilliberties,masspoliticalparticipation,bureaucracyandpoliticalcompetition,rangingfromWesternEuropeandemocraticsocialismtothemoreauthoritariansocialismsofmanythirdworldregimestothetotalitarianexcessesofSoviet-stylesocialismorcommunism.

2.Aleftistpoliticalideologythatemphasizestheprincipleofequalityandusuallyprescribesalargeroleforgovernmenttointerveneinsocietyandtheeconomyviataxation,regulation,redistribution,andpublicownership.

3.Socialism,generaltermforthepoliticalandeconomictheorythatadvocatesasystemofcollectiveorgovernmentownershipandmanagementofthemeansofproductionanddistributionofgoods.Becauseofthecollectivenatureofsocialism,itistobecontrastedtothedoctrineofthesanctityofprivatepropertythatcharacterizescapitalism.Wherecapitalismstressescompetitionandprofit,socialismcallsforcooperationandsocialservice.Inabroadersense,thetermsocialismisoftenusedlooselytodescribeeconomictheoriesrangingfromthosethatholdthatonlycertainpublicutilitiesand

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Society

naturalresourcesshouldbeownedbythestatetothoseholdingthatthestateshouldassumeresponsibilityforalleconomicplanninganddirection.Inthepast150yearstherehavebeeninnumerabledifferingsocialistprograms.Forthisreasonsocialismasadoctrineisilldefined,althoughitsmainpurpose,theestablishmentofcooperationinplaceofcompetitionremainsfixed.

4.WhiletheoriginalConstitutiondidnotmentionanyparticularideology,itdidgiveexpressiontotheresolveofsecuringtothecitizenseconomicjusticeandequalityofopportunity.Thisistheessenceofsocialism.Theword'socialist'wasintroducedinthePreamblebythe42Amendment.Theterm,however,isnotdefinedintheConstitution.ItmaybepointedoutthatthesocialismenvisagedinIndiadoesnotmeanabolitionofprivatepropertyornationalisationofallmeansofproduction.Amixedeconomy'wasenvisaged,alongwithprovisionofequalopportunity,abolitionofvestedinterests,andeliminationofinequalityinincomeandstatusandstandardofliving.Inthepresentcontextofeconomicliberalisation,however,thesocialistcredentialsofourStatemaywellbequestioned.

Society

Aself-sufficientgroupofindividualslivingtogetherundercommonrulesofconduct.

SocioeconomicsorSocio-economicsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweeneconomicactivityandsociallife.Thefieldisoftenconsideredmultidisciplinary,usingtheoriesandmethodsfromsociology,economics,history,psychology,andmanyothers.Itisarelativelynewsocialsciencethathasemergedasaseparatefieldofstudyinthelatetwentiethcentury.Mostcollegesanduniversitiesdonothaveaseparatedepartmentordegreeforsocioeconomicstudies.Socioeconomicstypicallyanalyzeboththesocialimpactsofeconomicactivityandeconomicimpactsofsocialactivity.Inmanycases,however,socioecono-

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mistsfocusonthesocialimpactofsomesortofeconomicchange.Suchchangesmightincludeaclosingfactory,marketmanipulation,thesigningofinternationaltradetreaties,newnaturalgasregulation,etc.Suchsocialeffectscanbewide-ranginginsize,anywherefromlocaleffectsonasmallcommunitytochangestoanentiresociety.

SociologicalMethod

Anapproachinstudyinghowthevotersdecidethatfocusesonthesocialandeconomicbackgroundofthevoters,theirincome,socialclass,ethnicgroup,education,andsimilarfactors.

SoftPower

SoftPowerisatermusedininternationalrelationstheorytodescribetheabilityofapoliticalbody,suchasastate,toindirectlyinfluencethebehaviororinterestsofotherpoliticalbodiesthroughculturalorideologicalmeans.ThetermwasfirstcoinedbyHarvardUniversity;professorJosephNye,whoremainsitsmostprominentproponent,ina1990book,BoundtoLead:TheChangingNatureofAmericanPower.Hefurtherdevelopedtheconceptinhis2004book,SoftPower:TheMeanstoSuccessinWorldPolitics.Whileitsusefulnessasadescriptivetheoryhasnotgoneunchallenged,softpowerhassinceenteredpopularpoliticaldiscourseasawayofdistinguishingthesubtleeffectsofculture,valuesandideasonothers'behaviorfrommoredirectcoercivemeasures,suchasmilitaryaction(hardpower)oreconomicincentives.

SolemnAffirmation

AsolemnaffirmationswornbyaMemberbeforetakingaseatintheHouseofCommons.Asolemnaffirmationisanalternativetotheoathofallegianceandhasthesameeffect.

SophomoreSurge

AsophomoresurgeisatermusedinthepoliticalscienceoftheUnitedStatesCongressthatreferstoanincreaseinvotesthatcongressionalcandidates(candidatesfortheHouseof

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SourceSelection

Representatives)usuallygetwhenrunningfortheirfirstre-election. ThephrasehasbeenadoptedinAustraliabypsephologistMalcolmMackerrasforhiscalculationofelectoralpendulums

SourceSelection

Acontractingtermdenotingthereviewprocessbywhichacontractorisselected.

Sovereign

1.Thehighestorsupremepoliticalauthority.

2.Sovereignty,supremeauthorityinapoliticalcommunity.Theconceptofsovereigntyhashadalonghistoryofdevelopment,anditmaybesaidthateverypoliticaltheoristsincePlatohasdealtwiththenotioninsomemanner,althoughnotalwaysexplicitly.JeanBodinwasthefirsttheoristtoformulateamodernconceptofsovereignty.InhisSixBookesofaCommonweale(1576)Bodinassertedthattheprince,orthesovereign,hasthepowertodeclarelaw.ThomasHobbeslaterfurtheredtheconceptofkinglysovereigntybystatingthatthekingnotonlydeclareslawbutcreatesit;hetherebygavethesovereignbothabsolutemoralandpoliticalpower.Hobbes,likeothersocial-contracttheorists,assertedthatthekingderiveshispowerfromapopulacewhohavecollectivelygivenuptheirownformerpersonalsovereigntyandpowerandplaceditirretrievablyintheking.

Theconceptofsovereigntywascloselyrelatedtothegrowthofthemodernnation-state,andtodaythetermisusedalmostexclusivelytodescribetheattributesofastateratherthanaperson.Asovereignstateisoftendescribedasonethatisfreeandindependent.Initsinternalaffairsithasundividedjurisdictionoverallpersonsandpropertywithinitsterritory.Itclaimstherighttoregulateitseconomiclifewithoutregardforitsneighborsandtoincreasearmamentswithoutlimit.Noothernationmayrightfullyinterfereinitsdomesticaffairs.Initsexternalrelationsitclaimstherighttoenforceitsownconceptionofrightsandtodeclarewar.

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Thisdescriptionofasovereignstateisdenied,however,bythosewhoassertthatinternationallawisbinding.BecausestatesarelimitedbytreatiesandinternationalobligationsandarenotlegallypermittedbytheUnitedNationsChartertocommitaggressionatwill,theyarguethattheabsolutefreedomofasovereignstateis,andshouldbe,athingofthepast.Incurrentinternationalpracticethisviewisgenerallyaccepted.TheUnitedNationsistodayconsideredtheprincipalorganforrestrainingtheexerciseofsovereignty.IntheUnitedStates,thenation(i.e.thefederalgovernment)andeachstateareconsideredsovereign.Amongconflictsinwhichtheconceptcomesintoplayarethosebetweenthefederalandstategovernmentsandthosebetweencitizensandeitherthefederalorastategovernment.Governmentsaregenerallyheldtobeimmunefromsuitforconsequencesoftheirsovereignacts(thoseactsthegovernmentwasconstitutedorempoweredtoperform).This"sovereignimmunity"mustbewaivedtopermitsuitagainstthegovernment.Itisalsoencounteredinclaimsthatgovernmentofficials,inpursuanceoftheirduties,beimmunefromhavingtogiveevidencebeforeatribunalorinquiry.

SpeakeroftheHouse

1.ThepresidingofficerandmostpowerfulmemberoftheHouseofRepresentatives.HeistechnicallyelectedbythefullHousebutinpracticeischosenbythemajorityparty.

2.ThepresidingofficerintheHouseofRepresentatives.TheSpeakeriselectedbythemajoritypartyintheHouse.

Speaker

TheMemberelectedbytheHouse(bysecretballot)topresideoveritsproceedings.Inparticular,heorsheisresponsibleformaintainingorderanddecorum.AsChairoftheBoardofInternalEconomy,theSpeakeroverseestheadministrationoftheHouse.Inaddition,theSpeakeristhespokespersonandrepresentativeoftheHouseofCommonsinitsrelationswiththeSenate,theCrownandotherbodiesoutsidetheHouseofCommons.

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Speaker'sChair

SpeakersChair

ThechairatthenorthendoftheCommonsChamberoccupiedbytheSpeakeroranotherpresidingofficerwhentheHouseisinsession.WhentheHouseisinCommitteeoftheWhole,theSpeaker'sChairisvacatedandtheChairoftheCommitteeoccupiestheClerk'splaceattheTable.

Speaker*sLobby

TheSpeaker'sLobbyisthenarrowroomextendingthelengthoftheHousechamberandjustoutsideit.

Membersuseittoreadpapers&formeetingswithjournalistsandoneanother.It'sclosedtothepublic.

Speaker'sParade

AparadeconsistingoftheSpeaker,theSergeant-at-ArmswiththeMace,theClerkoftheHouseandotherHouseofficialswhichdepartsfromtheSpeaker'sOfficefortheHouseseveralminutespriortotheopeningofthesitting.

Special(AdHoc)Committee

Legislativecommitteesappointedforspecial,temporarypurposes,suchas*oinvestigateaproblembeforethegovernmentprepareslegislationonthesubject.

SpecialAppearance

Noticeofthepartythathasbeensuedthatheorsheisawareofthelawsuit,butconteststhecourt'sauthorityoverhimselforherself.Thispreventsadefendantfromlosingacasebydefault.

SpecialCommittee

1.AgroupofMembers,orofMembersandSenators,appointedtostudyaparticularmatter.Onceithasmadeitsfinalreport,thecommitteeceasestoexist.

2.CommitteescreatedbyCongresstoconductspecialinvestiga-tions.

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SpecialDamages

Aformofcompensatorydamagesorderedpaidwhentheinjurydoneresultedfromtheotherside'swrongbutwasnotanaturalornecessaryconsequence.

SpecialElection

StatesholdaSpecialElectionwhenalawmakerdies,resigns,orisexpelledfromofficeinmid-term.

SpecialInterest

SpecialInterestreferstoanygroupofpeopleorganizedaroundaspecificsharedinterest.Examplesmightbeseniorcitizens,environmentalists,aspecificindustrysuchasoilortobacco,anethniccommunity,anindividualcorporation,oraprofessionaltradeassociation,liketriallawyersorinsuranceagents.

SpecialinterestgroupslobbyCongressandseektopersuadeMemberstotheirpointofviewthroughpoliticalactivity.ExampleswouldbesponsoringlobbyingvisitstoCongressbytheirmembers,educationalissuecampaignsonT.V.andinnewspapers,massmailingsontheissues,fund-raisingforcandidateswhosharetheirviews,providingvolunteersforcampaignwork,makingfinancialcontributionstocampaigns,andhelpingMembersofCongressadvocatefortheircausebyprovidingdata,research,andbackgroundinformationontheirissues.

SpecialOrder

1.AnorderoftheHouseadoptedtoregulateitsaffairsforalimitedperiodoftimeortodealwithaparticularmatter.

2.SpecialorderspeechesareinorderontheHousefloorattheendoflegislativebusinessfortheday.Membersmaygivespeechesonanytopictheywish,uptoonehourinlength.However,thetotalperiodoftimeforspecialordersonanydaymaynotexceed4hoursormidnight,whichevercomesfirst.Membersmustreservetimeforaspecialorderspeechthroughtheirpartyleader.

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SpecialPublics

MemberssometimessharetheirtimewithotherMemberstoholdinformalissuediscussionsortodevelopapoliticalthemechosenbytheparty.SomeMembersbecomewell-knownfordeliveringregularspecialorderspeechesonapetsubject.

SpecialPublics

Aconceptdevelopedbypoliticalscientiststodescribethosesegmentsofthepublicwithviewsaboutparticularissues.

SpecialSession

1.ASpecialSessionofCongressmaybeconvenedafterthatCongresshasalreadyadjournedsinedie.

TheConstitutiongivesthepresidenttheauthoritytorecallCongressforspecialsessions.

SincethefirstCongress,27specialsessionshavebeenheld.ThelastwascalledbyPres.Trumanin1948.

2.BriefsessionheldforaspecificpurposeatatimeoftheyearwhentheHousedoesnotusuallysit.Fromaproceduralstandpoint,aspecialsessionislikeanyothersession.

SpecificPerformance

Wheredamageswouldbeinadequatecompensationforthebreachofacontract,thepartywhobreachedthecontractwillbecompelledtoperformspecificallywhatheorsheoriginallyagreedtodo.

SpecificTariffRates

Thisimporttaxisleviedatafixedamountperunitratherthanapercentageofthegood'sworth.Specificdutiesareusedbecauseofthedifficultyofestablishingafairmarketvalueforimportedgoods,onwhichadvaloremratescouldbecharged.

Specimen

Areal-worldexampleofhowthemarkisactuallyusedongoodsorintheofferofservices.Labels,tags,orcontainersforgoodsareconsideredtobeacceptablespecimensofuseforatrademark.

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Foraservicemark,specimensmaybeadvertisingsuchasmagazineadvertisementsorbrochures.Actualspecimens,ratherthanfacsimiles,arepreferred.However,iftheactualspecimensarebulky,orlargerthan8V2"x11",thentheapplicantmustsubmitfacsimiles,(e.g.,photographsorgoodphotocopies)ofthespecimens.Facsimilesmaynotexceed8V2"x11".Onespecimenisrequiredforeachclassofgoodsorservicesspecifiedinthetrademarkapplication.

Specimensarerequiredinapplicationsbasedonactualuseincommerce,Section1(a),15U.S.C.§1051(a),andmustbefiledwiththeAmendmenttoAllegeUse,15U.S.C.§1051(c),ortheStatementofUse,15U.S.C.§1051(d),inapplicationsbasedonabonafideintentiontousethemarkincommerce,Section1(b),15U.S.C.§1051(b).SpecimensarenotrequiredforapplicationsbasedonaforeignapplicationorregistrationunderSection44oftheTrademarkAct,15U.S.C.§1126,orforapplicationsbasedonanextensionofprotectionofaninternationalregistrationtotheUnitedStatesunderSection66(a)oftheTrademarkAct,15U.S.C.§1141f.

SpeechfromtheThrone

AspeechnormallydeliveredbytheGovernorGeneralattheopeningofasessionofParliament(althoughitmaybereadbythereigningmonarch),whichoutlinestheGovernment'slegislativeplansforthesession.ThespeechisdeliveredintheSenateChamberinthepresenceoftheMembersofbothHouses.

Spencer,Herbert(1820-1903)

AnEnglishsocialphilosopherandauthorofSocialStatics,hislaissez-faireeconomicviewsweremorepopularintheUnitedStatesthaninhisowncountry.ItwasSpencer,andnotCharlesDarwin,whooriginatedthephrase"survivalofthefittest."

SpendthriftTrust

Atrustsetupforthebenefitofsomeonewhothegrantorbelieveswouldbeincapableofmanaginghisorherownfinancialaffairs.

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SphereofInfluence

SphereofInfluence,termformerlyappliedtoanareaoverwhichanoutsidepowerclaimshegemonywiththeintentionofsubsequentlygainingmoredefinitecontrol,asincolonization,orwiththeintentionofsecuringaneconomicmonopolyovertheterritorywithoutassumingpoliticalcontrol.Asphereofinfluencewasusuallyclaimedbyanimperialisticnationoveranunderdevelopedorweakstatethatborderedanalreadyexistingcolony.TheexpressioncameintocommonusewiththecolonialexpansionofEuropeanpowersinAfricaduringthelate19thcent.Asphereofinfluencewasformalizedbytreaty,eitherbetweentwocolonizingnationswhoagreednottointerfereinoneanother'sterritory,orbetweenthecolonizingnationandarepresentativeoftheterritory.Theoretically,thesovereigntyofanationwasnotimpairedbytheestablishmentofasphereofinfluencewithinitsborders;inactuality,theinterestedpowerwasabletoexercisegreatauthorityintheterritoryitdominated,andifdisordersoccurreditwasinapositiontoseizecontrol.Thusthecreationofspheresofinfluencewasfrequentlythepreludetocolonizationortotheestablishmentofaprotectorate.Theterminthissenseisnolongerrecognizedininternationallaw,however.Currently,itisusedbythemorepowerfulnationsoftheworldtodenotetheexclusiveorpredominantinteresttheymayhaveincertainareasoftheglobe,especiallyforthepurposesofnationalsecurity.

SpoilsSystem

1.Apracticeunderwhichvictoriouspoliticiansrewardfollowerswithjobs.

2.Theassumptionthat,aftersuccessfullywinninganelection,thepoliticalexecutiveisentitledtoappointlargenumbersofsupporterstothebureaucracy.

Sponsor(ofaBill)

TheMemberorMinisterwhopresentsabillintheHouseofCommons.

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1.ASponsoristhememberwhointroducesabillandisitschiefadvocate.

2.Theentitythatfundsadefinedproject.

SponsoredAccount

Asponsoredaccountistheaccountingstringofsegmentsthatidentifiestheaward(grant,contractorcooperativeagreement)intheUniversity'sGeneralLedger.Incomeandexpenseassociatedwiththeawardarepostedtotheaccount.Harvard'sChartofAccountsconsistsofsevensegmentstotaling33digits.

Anawardcanberepresentedbymorethanoneaccount.Forexample,mostoftheworkonagivenawardmightoccurattheHarvardMedicalSchool,whowouldhavethemainaccount.ApieceoftheworkmightalsotakeplaceattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,whereapart-ofaccountwouldbeestablishedtorepresentthatpieceoftheworkatHSPH.

SpousalSupport

Courtorderedsupportofaspouseorex-spouse;alsoreferredtoasmaintenanceoralimony.

Stack

Twoormorecolumnsinbackofoneanother.

StackingEfficiency

Aratioexpressedasapercentageofthepotentialstackingheightusedbythewarehousingunitsinthestackaftermakingalldeductionsforpalletsorotherhorizontalseparation.

Staffer

Stafferistheinformaltermusedforanyoneemployedbyanofficer,member,orCommitteeofCongress.

StandardCharacterFormat

Anapplicantmaysubmitastandardcharacterformatrepresen-tation ofamarkif(1)Alllettersandwordsinthemarkare

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StandardPalletRack

depictedinLatincharacters;(2)allnumeralsinthemarkaredepictedinRomanorArabicnumerals;(3)themarkincludesonlycommonpunctuationordiacriticalmarks;and(4)themarkdoesnotincludeadesignelement.

StandardPalletRack

Thetermusedtodesignatetheone-deepshelftyperack.Originallydesignedforpalletsbutalsousedforshelfstorageoflargeunits,usually,oneortwoofakind.Therackconsistsofuprightsandbeamsandmaybeboltedoradjustable.Greatcareshouldbeexercisedinloadingrackstoavoidoverloading.Suchracksshouldbesecuredtothefloororrowspositionedbacktobackandsecuredtoeachotherwithspacerbarsorspacerrods.Beamsareusuallydesignedtoacceptdunnageorcrossbracingtopreventloadsfromfallingbetweenthebeams.

Standard

Performancelevelsandcharacteristicsthathavebeendeterminedasageneralexpectationforagivencommodity.

StandardizedDataElements

DataelementsthatmustbeincludedineachchildsupportcaserecordthatistransmittedtotheFederalCaseRegistry(FCR).

StandingCommittee

1.ApermanentcommitteeestablishedintheStandingOrdersoftheHouse.Itmaystudymattersreferredtoitbystandingorspecialorderor,withinitsareaofresponsibility,undertakestudiesonitsowninitiative.

2.AStandingCommitteeoftheHouseorSenatehaspermanentstatus,whereasaSelectCommitteeistemporary.

TheoldeststandingcommitteeinCongressistheHouseWaysandMeansCommittee,createdin1802.

StandingOrder

1.ApermanentorderadoptedbytheHousetoregulateits

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proceedings.StandingordersmaybealteredorrepealedonlybyasubsequentdecisionoftheHouse.

2.ThecollectionofthepermanentwrittenrulesadoptedbytheHousetogovernitsproceedings.

Standing

Thelegalrighttosueorenteralawsuitonaparticularmatter.StareDecisis

1.ALati.iphrasemeaning"standbypastdecisions"thatisoften,butnotalways,usedbyjudgesindecidingcases.

2.Thelegalprinciplethatprecedentsarebindingonsimilarsubsequentcases;thebasisofthecommonlawsystem.

StarredQuestion

AquestionontheOrderPaperforwhichanoralresponseisrequested.Incurrentpractice,thequestionissuperscribedwiththenumeral"1"ratherthanwithanasteriskasindicatedintheStandingOrders.

StateCouncilofChina

TheStateCouncilofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaistheCentralPeople'sGovernment.ItisthecabinetoftheCentralGovernmentofChina.ItscompositionandfunctionsarediscussedinSectionIIIofChapterThreeofheConstitution.Itisdescribedas"theexecutivebodyofthehighestorganofstatepower".Itiscalledthehighestorganofstateadministration.ThePrimeMinister,calledthePremier,isheadoftheStateCouncil.However,hispositionisconsiderablydifferentfromthatofthePrimeMinistersofIndiaandGreatBritain.ThePresidentofthePeople'sRepublicChinabeingaceremonialheadofstate,therealpowerofgovernmentbelongstotheStateCouncilwhichisresponsibletotheNationalPeople'sCongress,butfunctionsundertheguidanceoftheCommunistPartyofChina.

TheStateCouncil,accordingtoArticle86,iscomposedofthePremier,theVice-Primers,theStateCouncillors,theMinisters

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inchargeofministries,theMinistersinchargeofcommission,theAuditor-GeneralandtheSecretary-General.ThenumberofVice-PremiersandofvariousothermembersisnotfixedeitherbytheConstitutionorthelaw.TheirnumberisdeterminedbytheNationalPeople'sCongressatthetimeofelectionoftheStateCouncil.

ThetermofofficeoftheStateCouncilisthesameasthatoftheNationalPeople'sCongress,whichmeansthatordinarilytheStateCouncilisconstitutedforaperiodoffiveyears.ThereisaninterestingprovisioninthepresentConstitutionofChina.ItsaysthatthePremier,theVice-PremiersandStateCouncillorsshallservenotmorethantwoconsecutiveterms.ThismeansthatPremierofChinacannotholdofficeconsecutivelyformorethantenyears.ThisisinsharpcontrastwiththepracticeinChinaearlier.PremierChouEnliewhohadfoundedmodernChinaalongwithChairmanMaoremainedPremierfromtheinceptionofthePeople'sRepublicin1949tillhisdeathinJanuary1976.ThiswaslikeNehruremainingthePrimeMinisterofIndiafrom1946(asInterimPrimeMinistertillAugust1947,andregularPrimeMinisterfromAugust(15,1947)tillhisdeathinMay1964.InSovietUnionalso,Stalin,KhruschevandKosyginheldofficeofthePrimeMinisterforlongtime.InChinaanewpracticeissoughttobeintroduced.HaiGao-feng,whosucceededPremierChau,remainedinofficeonlytill1980whenhewasmadetoresign.ThePremierisboundbytheprovisionsoftheConstitutionsnottoholdofficeformorethantwoconsecutiveterms.However,thisrestrictiondoesnotapplytotheMinistersinchargeofministriesandcommissions.

StateDirectoryofNewHires

AdatabasemaintainedbyeachState,whichcontainsinformationregardingnewlyhiredemployeesfortherespectiveState.ThedataisthentransmittedtotheNDNH,whereitiscomparedtotheemploymentdatafromotherStatesaswellaschildsupportdataintheFederalCaseRegistry(FCR).AnymatchesfoundarereturnedtotheappropriateStatesforprocessing.EmployersarerequiredtosubmitnewhiredatatotheSDNHwithin20

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daysofthehiredate.Multistateemployers(thosethatdobusinessandhireworkersinmorethanoneState)haveadditionaloptionsonwheretoreportnewhireinformation.InmostStates,theSDNHiscontainedintheStateParentLocatorService(SPLS)thatispartofeachStateIV-Dagency,inothersitisoperatedbytheStateEmploymentSecurityAgency(SESA).

StateDisbursementUnit(SDU)

ThesinglesiteineachStatewhereallchildsupportpaymentsareprocessed.Uponimplementationofcentralizedcollections,eachstatewilldesignateitsStateDisbursementUnit,orSDU,towhichallwithheldchildsupportpaymentsshouldbesent.

StateEmploymentSecurityAgency(SESA)

AgenciesineachStatethatprocessunemploymentinsuranceclaims.Theyarealsorepositoriesofquarterlywagedata,informationonallemployeessubmittedbyemployers,whichtheysubmittotheNationalDirectoryofNewHires(NDNH)alongwiththeunemploymentinsuranceclaimdata.InsomeStates,theSESAalsooperatestheStateDirectoryofNewHires(SDNH),whichcontainsdatasubmittedbyemployersonnewlyhiredemployees.DatasubmittedtotheNDNHisthencomparedagainstchildsupportorderinformationcontainedintheFederalCaseRegistry(FCR)forpossibleenforcementofchildsupportobligationsbywagegarnishment.

StateFormulaGrants

Theseareentitlementgrantsmadetostatesinaccordancewithavarietyofformulassuchasthenumberofchildrenorstudentstobeserved.Instate-administeredgrants,thestateitselfisthegranteeandmayawardgrantstosubgrantesoneitheradiscretionaryorformulabasis.Stateformulagrantprograms,providegrantstoStateeducationagencieswhointurnsendthefundstolocalschooldistrictstoservestudents.StateEducationAgenciesreceivefundsbasedonformulasspecifiedinprogramregulations.

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StateNationalism

Statenationalismisaformofnationalismwhichimpliesthatthenationisacommunityofthosewhocontributetothemaintenanceandstrengthofthestate.Russiaisagoodexampleof"statenationalism"or"stagnations".

StateParentLocatorServices(SPLS)

AunitwithinthestateChildSupportEnforcementAgenciesthepurposeofwhichistolocatenoncustodialparentsinordertoestablishandenforcechildsupportobligations,visitation,andcustodyordersortoestablishpaternity.ThisunitoperatestheStateCaseRegistry(SCR),andinmostStates,theStateDirectoryofNewHires(SDNH).(InsomeStatestheSDNHisoperatedbytheStateEmploymentSecurityAgencyorSESA.)

StateSocialism

StateSocialismisatermintroducedtodescribethetypeofgovernmentincountriesruledbycommunistparties,suchastheformerUSSR,whicharegenerallyknownasCommunistStates.However,init'soriginalmeaning,communismreferstoasituationwherethereisnostateandwhereeveryonedoeswhattheycanandtakesnomorethantheyneed.Sotheterm'StateSocialism'wasintroducedtoavoidconfusion.Some,however,mostnotablyTrotskyists,saythatisalsoawrongtermandproposethealternativeStatecapitalism.

StateUseLaws

Lawsthatareenactedinmanystatesrequiringstateagenciestopurchasefromprisonindustriesandphysicallydisadvantagedworkorganizations.

State

1."Thestateisanassociationoffamiliesandvillagesforthesakeofattainingaperfectandselfsufficientexistence".—Aristotle

2."Astateisanassociationoffamiliesandtheircommonaffairsgovernedbyasupremepowerandbyreason".—Bodin

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3."Thestateisthepoliticallyorganizedpeopleofadefiniteterritory".—Bluntschli

4."Acommunityofpersons,moreorlessnumerouspermanentlyoccupyingadefiniteportionofterritory,independent,ornearlyso,ofexternalcontrol,andpossessinganorganizedgovernmenttowhichthegreatbodyofinhabitantsrenderhabitualobedience".—Garner

5."Aterritorialsociety,dividedintogovernmentandsubjects,whetherindividualsorassociationsofindividuals,whoserelationshipsaredeterminedbytheexerciseofthissupremecoercivepower".—Laski

6."By'thestate',wemeanaparticularandspecialassociation,existingforthespecialpurposeofmaintainingacompulsoryschemeoflegalorder,andactingthereforethroughlawsenforcedbyprescribedanddefinite.—Barker

StatelessNation

AstatelessnationisapoliticaltermusedtorefertoaNation/NationalityorethnicgroupthatdoesnotpossessitsownNationState.Asanypoliticalterm,"statelessnation"isconflictualbothinitsdefinitionandinitsuse.Inpoliticalorideologicaldebate"statelessnation"isusedbythoseinfavourthataNation/NationalityorethnicgroupachievetheirownNationState.ThenotionisusuallyopposedtothatofEmpireorImperialism,inthesensethattheydenoteastatethatencompassesandcontrolsseveraldifferentethnicgroupsunwillingtoremainunderthatsovereignty.

StatesmayrecognizetheexistenceofasubsumedNation/Nationalityorethnicgrouptodifferentdegrees:recognizingspecificculturalandlinguisticrights,andallowingcertainpoliticalautonomy.Forinstance,theCouncilofEuropehasestablishedsince1992the^EuropeanCharterforRegionalorMinorityLanguages"toprotectsomespecificculturalandlinguisticrights.

StatelessSociety

Asocietywithoutasovereigngovernment.

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StatementsbyMembers.

StatementsbyMembers

Adaily15-minuteperiodprecedingtheoralquestionperiod,whenMemberswhoarenotCabinetMinistersmaymakestatementsonmattersofnational,regionalorlocalimportance.StatementsarelimitedinlengthtooneminuteandopportunitytospeakisgivenequallytoallprivateMembers.

statementsDyMinisters

AheadingunderRoutineProceedingsduringwhichaMinistermay,ifheorshedesires,makeashortfactualannouncementorstatementofgovernmentpolicy.Spokespersonsofrecognizedoppositionpartiesaregivenanopportunitytocommentandtheday'sscheduleisadjustedtocompensateforthetimetaken.

otatism

Theheavyinterventionofthestateinsocietalaffairs,especiallyintheeconomicsystem.

Statolatry

Statolatry,whichcombinesidolatrywiththestate,firstappearedinGiovanniGentile'sDoctrineofFascism,publishedin1931underMussolini'sname.Thesameyear,anencyclicalbyPopePiusXIcriticizedFascistItalyasdevelopingMapaganworshipofthestate"whichitcalled"statolatry".

StatuaryHall

StatuaryHallisalargecircularroominthecapitolwithstatuesoffamousAmericansfromeachstate.Stillknownforitsacoustics,itservedastheHousechamberfrom1819-1857.

StatusofHouseBusiness

ApublicationoftheHousethatprovidescumulativeinformationonthestatusofallbills,motionsandwrittenquestionsbroughtforwardduringthesession.

StatuteofLimitations

Alawthatsetsthetimewithinwhichpartiesmusttakeactiontoenforcetheirrights.

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Statute

1.Aspecificpieceoflegislation.

2.Lawenactedbylegislaturesorexecutiveofficers,suchascodes.

StatutoryDebate

AstatutorydebateoccurswhenastatutehasincludedprovisionsforadebateontheflooroftheHousewithregardtoanorder,regulation,declaration,guidelineorotherinstrumentofdelegatedlegislation.

StatutoryExpenditures

ExpendituresauthorizedbyParliamentoutsidetheannualsupplyprocess.ActsauthorizingstatutoryexpendituresgivetheGovernmenttheauthoritytowithdrawfundsfromtheConsolidatedRevenueFundforoneormoreyearswithouttheannualapprovalofParliament.TheamountstobespentareincludedintheEstimatesforinformationonly,andarenotdealtwithintheAppropriationBillssincetheamountshavealreadybeenappropriated.

StatutoryInstruments

Regulations,orders,commissionsorotherinstrumentsissuedbyvirtueofpowerconferredbyanActofParliamentorbytheGovernorinCouncil.StatutoryinstrumentsaresubjecttoreviewbytheStandingJointCommitteefortheScrutinyofRegulations.

StatutoryItem

AnitemincludedintheEstimatesforinformationpurposesonly,forwhichlegislativeapprovalalreadyexists.

StatutoryLaw

LawenactedbyCongress,orbystatelegislaturesoflocallegislativebodies.

Stay

Asuspendingofajudicialproceedingbyorderofthecourt.

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SteeringCommittee

Acommitteeappointingsenatorstostandingcommittees.Alsoknownasassignmentcommittee.

Stipend

1.Apaymentmadetoanindividualunderafellowshiportraininggrantinaccordancewithpre-establishedlevelstoprovidefortheindividual'slivingexpensesduringtheperiodoftraining.

2.Apaymentmadetoanindividualunderafellowshiportraininggrantinaccordancewithpre-establishedlevelstoprovidefortheindividual'slivingexpensesduringtheperiodoftraining.Astipendisnotconsideredcompensationfortheservicesexpectedofanemployee.

Stipulation

Anagreementbyattorneysonoppositesidesofacaseastoanymatterpertainingtotheproceedingsortrial.Itisnotbindingunlessagreedtobytheparties.

otockcontrol

Determiningtheusagerateofaninventoryandcontrollingtheleveloforderingandinventoryaccordingly.

StockKeepingUnit

Awarehousingitem(SKU)thatmustbestoredandaccountedforseparately.Asinglestockkeepingunitmayhavetobestoredindifferentlotsforthepurposeofqualitycontrol,maintainingstockrotation,isolationorquarantine.Itmayalsobenecessarytosplitstockbetweenreservestorageandpick-linewhentheentirestockcannotbemaintainedinthepick-line.

StockMarkets

Placeswheresharesofcommonstockareboughtandsold.ThelargestaretheNewYorkStockExchange(NYSE)andAmericanStockExchange(Amex);whiletheNASDAQisanelectronicnetworkmaintainedbytheNationalAssociationofSecurities

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Dealersthatrecordsthetransactionsofabout4000smallerstocks.Over-the-counter(OTC)marketsaremaintainedbyregionalbrokeragehousesthroughtelephoneorcomputernetworks.

Stock-out

Theconditionexistingwhenasupplyrequisitioncannotbefilledfromstock.Stock-outRate-Thenumberofstock-outsperhundredlineitemspicked.

Storeroom

Asecureplaceforstorageofthings.Astoreroommaybeadesignatedseparatesecureareawithinawarehouseoradesignatedstorageroominaworkplaceandmaycontainware-house stockorend-useitems.

Stranger

AnyonewhoisnotaMemberoftheHouseofCommonsoranofficialoftheHouse.ThisincludesSenators,diplomats,depart-mental officialsandjournalists,aswellasmembersofthepublic.StrangersareadmittedtothegalleriesbutmaybeexpelledifthereisadisturbanceoriftheHousesoorders.

StrategicDeterrence

ApolicyfollowedbytheUnitedStatessincetheSecondWorldWarthatassumesthatifenoughnuclearweaponsaredeployedbytheUnitedStates,anenemywouldnotattackforfearofbeingdestroyedbyaretaliatoryblow.

StreamlinedReview(FormerlyTriage)

IntheCSRpeerreviewprocess,applicationsthatarejudgedbyastudysectiontobeinthelowerhalfoftheapplicationsevaluatedinagivenreviewround.Theseapplicationsaregenerallynotreviewedduringthestudysectionmeeting,butreturnedtotheapplicantwiththeassignedreviewers'writtencomments.

StrikeFromtheRecord

ToStrikeFromtheRecordistodeleteremarksfromthe

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StriketheLastWord

CongressionalRecordjudgedtobeinappropriate.Wordsaremostoftenstruckfromtherecordaspartofthe"wordstakendown"procedure.

StriketheLastWord

StriketheLastWordifamotionusedbymemberstogainfiveminutestospeakwhenregulartimehasexpired.

Itisnotofferedtoactuallystrikethelastword,butonlytogetmoredebatetime.Novoteisheld.

StriketheRequisiteNumberofWords

StriketheRequisiteNumberofWordsisamotionusedtogetfiveminutestospeakwhendebatetimehaslapsed.

Itisnotofferedtoactuallystrikethedesignatedwords,butonlytogetmoredebatetime.Novoteisheld.

otrtKingcommittee

AcommitteechargedwithpreparinglistsofMemberstoserveonthestandingandlegislativecommitteesoftheHouse.TheStandingCommitteeonProcedureandHouseAffairshasamongitsresponsibilitiesthatofactingasstrikingcommittee.

StructureJism

1.Atheoryofinternationalrelationsstressingtheimpactofworldeconomicstructuresonthepolitical,social,culturalandeconomiclifeofcountries.

2.Structuralismisbestknownasatheoryinthehumanities.However,itmaymoreaccuratelybedescribedasanapproachinacademicdisciplinesingeneralthatexplorestherelationshipsbetweenfundamentalprincipalelementsinlanguage,literature,andotherfieldsuponwhichsomehighermental,linguistic,social,orcultural"structures"and"structuralnetworks"aredrawn.Throughthesenetworksmeaningisproducedwithinaparticularperson,system,orculture.Structuralismasafieldofacademicinterestbeganaround1958andpeakedinthelate60'sandearly70s.

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StructuredRule

AStructuredRuleconstructsspecialguidelinesforconsideringabill,usuallybylimitingamendments.

StylizedMark

Onetypeofdepictionofthemarksoughttoberegistered.Anothernameforthistypeofmarkis"specialform."Ifthemarkincludesaparticularstyleoflettering,oradesignorlogo,themarkisconsideredtobestylizedorinspecialform.Therefore,applicantsmustselectthe"stylizedorspecialform"markformatwhenapplyingforthesetypesofmarks.Therepresentationofthemark'spageshouldshowablackandwhiteimageofthemark,nolargerthan3.5inchesby3.5inches(8cmby8cm).Themarkinspecialformmustbeasubstantiallyexactrepresentationofthemarkasitappearsonthespecimenorontheforeignregistration,asappropriate.

SubJudiceConvention

AconventionwherebyMembersrefrainfrommakingreferencetocertainmatters,particularlycriminalcases,whicharebeforethecourts.Itdoesnotapplytobills.

Subactivity

Afour-digitsegmentoftheChartofAccountsthathelpstoidentifytasks,phases,orsub-categorieswithinanactivity;requiredforsponsoredresearchawards;allowsawardtobebrokendownbytask,program,oryear.

Sub-AgreementAccount

FromtheUniversity'sbusinessrules,thisisaspecialpart-ofaccount.Everysub-agreementissuedtoasubcontractorbyHarvardrequiresanaccounttocapturethetransactionsoftheagreement.

SubalternView/

Thewordsubalternmeans,'ofinferiorrank'.Itisusedforthegeneralattributeofsubordinationparticularlyinthecontextof

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Subamendment

erstwhilecolonialsocietiesofAsia,AfricaandLatinAmerica,andisexpressedintermsofclass,caste,age,gender,officeoranyotherway.Subordinationcannotbeunderstoodexceptasoneoftheconstitutivetermsinalinearrelationshipofwhichtheotherisdomination.Subalterngroupsarealwayssubjecttotheactivityofthedominantgroup,evenwhentheyrebelorriseup.Themethodofdominancecanbelaw,police,bureaucracy,money,power,caste,religion,custometc.

Subamendment

Anamendmenttoanamendment.Asubamendmentmustberelevanttotheamendmentitseekstomodify,ratherthantotheoriginalquestion.

Asubcommitteenormallyestablishedattheorganizationmeetingofastanding,legislativeorspecialcommitteetoplanthecommittee'swork.

Subcommittee

1.Acommitteeofacommittee,towhichthelattermaydelegateitspowers,exceptthepowertoreporttotheHouse.Notallcommitteesaregrantedthepowertoestablishsubcommittees.

2.Smallcommitteesformedfromthemembersofalargecommittee.

Subcontractor

TherecipientofanawardofaportionofthescopeofworkunderanexistingHarvardUniversityaward.

Subgovernments

Thisisthebeliefthatpublicpolicyismadeindozensofcozyrelationshipsinvolvingacongressionalsubcommittee,anadministrativeagency,andafewinterest-groupinsiders.Alsoknownasirontrianglesandpolicywhirlpools,subgovernmentsaresaidtobetypicalofpluralistpoliticsandoneofthereasonsthatsynopticchangeisrareintheUnitedStates.

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Subjects

Membersofasocietywhoarenotinvolvedinthepoliticalprocessofthatsociety.

SubordinateFinancing

Anymortgageorotherlienthathasaprioritythatislowerthanthatofthefirstmortgage.

Subpoena

Aprocessissuedbyacourtcompellingawitnesstoappearatajudicialproceeding.Sometimestheprocesswillalsodirectthewitnesstobringdocumentaryevidencetothecourt.

Aprocessbywhichthecourtcommandsawitnesstoproducecertaindocumentsorrecordsinatrial.

Subpoena

1.Adocumentissuedbythecourttocompelawitnesstoappearandgivetestimonyortoprocuredocumentaryevidenceinaproceeding.

2.Awrittendocumentissuedbyacourtthatordersapersontoappearincourtortoproduceevidence.

SubsequentDesignation

ArequestbytheholderofaninternationaltrademarkregistrationforanextensionofprotectionoftheregistrationtoadditionalContractingParties.

SubsidiaryMotion

Amotionthatisproceduralinnature,dependentonanorderalreadymadebytheHouse,andusedtomoveforwardaquestionthenbeforetheHouse.Motionsforthesecondandthirdreadingsofbillsaresubsidiarymotions.

Subsidy

Agovernmentgrantofmoney.

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SubstantiveImw

SubstantiveLaw

Lawdealingwithrights,dutiesandliabilities,asdistinguishedfromlawthatregulatesprocedure.

SubstantiveMotion

Anindependentproposalthatiscompleteinitself.NormallysuchmotionsrequirewrittennoticebeforetheycanbemovedintheHouse.

SubstantiveReasonsforRefusal

Thereareseveralsubstantivereasonsforrefusingregistrationofamark.Theseinclude:likelihoodofconfusion;primarilymerelydescriptiveordeceptivelymisdescriptiveofthegoods/services;primarilygeographicallydescriptiveorprimarilygeographicallydeceptively;misdescriptiveofthegoods/services;primarilymerelyasurname;ormereornamentation.Thisisnotacompletelistofallpossiblegroundsofrefusal.

SubstituteMember(ofaCommittee)

AMemberdesignatedtoreplaceapermanentmemberofacommitteeatoneorseveralofitsmeetings.Whensuchasubstitutionhasbeenmade,thesubstituteenjoysalloftheregularmember'srightsandprivilegesincommittee.

SubstitutePatentApplication

Anapplicationwhichisinessenceaduplicateofaprior(earlierfiled)applicationbythesameapplicantabandonedbeforethefilingofthesubstitute(laterfiled)application;asubstituteapplicationdoesnotobtainthebenefitofthefilingdateofthepriorapplication

Substitute

Substituteamendmentsofferanentirealternativetotheexistingtext.Substitutesareofferedforsections,titles,orevenentirebills.

IntheSenate,substitutesforentirebillsarecalled"completesubstitutes."IntheHouse,substitutesforentirebillsarecalled"amendmentsinthenatureofasubstitute"

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SuccessRateBase

ThebasisforcomputingtheRPGsuccessrate.Itincludesthetotalnumberofcompetingapplicationsreviewed(thenumberofapplicationssubjectedtoastreamlinedreviewprocess).AlsoknownasRateBase.

SuccessRate

IndicatesthepercentageofreviewedRPGapplicationsthatreceivefundingcomputedonafiscalyearbasis.Itisdeterminedbydividingthenumberofcompetingapplicationsfunded,bythesumofthetotalnumberofcompetingapplicationsreviewedandthenumberoffundedcarryovers.Notethatapplicationsthathaveoneormoreamendmentsinthesamefiscalyearareonlycountedonce.SuccessratecomputationsexcludeSBIR/STTRs.

Suffrage

Therighttovote.

Suffragism

Apoliticalmovementbywomentoobtaintherighttovoteinanelection.

SuggestiveMark

Amarkthat,whenappliedtothegoodsorservicesatissue,requiresimagination,thoughtorperceptiontoreachaconclusionastothenatureofthosegoodsorservices

SuitinEquity

Acivilcaseinwhichacourtforbidsorallowsanotherpersontotakeanaction.

SummaryJudgment

Acourtorderthatdecidesacaseinfavorofonesideonthebasisofaffidavitsorotherevidence,beforethetrialcommences.Itisusedwhenthereisnodisputeastothefactsofthecase,andonepartyisentitledtojudgementasamatteroflaw.

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SummaryStatement

Anofficialdocumentshowingtheoutcomeofinitialpeerreview,containingpriorityscoreandpercentile,codesforvariousareasofconcern(e.g.,humansubjectresearch),andrecommendedbudget.Summarystatementsgenerallyhaveashortsynopsisoftheprojectpreparedbythescientificreviewadministratorandreviewercritiques.Whenspecialreviewcriteriaareused,thecritiquesaresynthesizedbythescientificreviewadministrator.

SummoningaWitness

OrderingawitnesstoappearattheBaroftheHouseorbeforeoneofitscommittees.Witnessesaresummonedbeforecommitteesonlyaftertheyhavedeclinedaninvitationtoappear.

SummoningParliament

TheconvocationofaParliamentfollowingageneralelection.ParliamentissummonedbyaproclamationissuedbytheGovernorGeneralontheadviceofthePrimeMinister.

Summons

1.Anoticetoadefendantthatanactionagainsthimorherhasbeencommencedinthecourtissuingthesummonsandthatajudgmentwillbetakenagainsthimorherifthecomplaintisnotansweredwithinacertaintime.

2.Legalnoticeinforminganindividualofalawsuitandthedateandlocationofthecourtwherethecasewillbeheard.

Sunset

Sunsetreferstolawssettoexpireunlessspecificallyre-authorizedbyCongress.

Congresssometimesestaousnesfederalagenciesorprogramswithadesignatedenddateinthelaw.ThispracticepromotesanexaminationbyfutureCongressesofthoseagenciesorprograms.Ifanaffirmativedecisionisnotmadetocontinuethemthanthe"sunsets"onthemandtheyautomaticallyterminate.

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SuperiorCourts

InCanada,courtsorganizedbyprovincialstatute,staffedbyjudgesappointedbythefederalgovernment.

SupersedingMotion

AmotionmovedforthepurposeofsupersedingorreplacingthequestionbeforetheHouse.Itmaybeeitheradilatorymotionoramotionforthepreviousquestion.

Superstate

Asuperstateisanagglomerationofnationsoftenlinguisticallyandethnicallydiverse,underasinglepoitical-administrativestructure.Thisisdistinctfromtheconceptofsuperpower,althoughthesearefrequentlyseentogether.Itisalsodistinctfromtheconceptofempire,whereonenationdominatesothernationsthroughmilitary,political,andeconomicpower,asintheRomanEmpire,althoughanempiremayalsobeasuperstate,asinancientChina.

Supplement

Arequestforadditionalfundseitherforthecurrentoperatingyearorforanyfutureyearrecommendedpreviously.AlsoknownasaType3applicationoraward,asupplementcanbeeithernoncompeting(administrative)orcompeting(subjecttopeerreview).

SupplementalAppropriations

ASupplementalAppropriationsbillprovidesfundsinadditiontotheregularappropriationslevel.

Supplementaloftenarisewhenanemergency,e.g.disasterrelief,requiresimmediatefunding.

SupplementalAssessmentRoll

Containsalistingofallpropertythathasundergoneachangeinownersniporexpenenceanowconstruction.

Theamountofeachsupplementalassessmentisthedifferencebetweentheproperty'snewbaseyearvalue,determinedasof

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SupplementalProposal

thedateofchangeinownershiporcompletionofnewconstruction,andtheexistingtaxablevalue.

SupplementalProposal

Aproposalrequestinganincreaseinsupportduringacurrentbudgetperiodforexpansionoftheproject'sscopeorresearchprotocolortomeetincreasedcostsunforeseenatthetimeoftheaward.

SupplementalRegister

SecondarytrademarkregisterfortheUSPTO.ItallowsforregistrationofcertainmarksthatarenoteligibleforregistrationonthePrincipalRegister,butarecapableofdistinguishinganapplicant'sgoodsorservices.MarksregisteredontheSupplementalRegisterreceiveprotectionfromconflictingmarksandotherprotections,butareexcludedfromreceivingtheadvantagesofcertainsectionsoftheTrademarkActof1946.Theexcludedsectionsarelistedin15U.S.C.§1094.

IftheapplicantseeksregistrationontheSupplementalRegister,theapplicationshouldstatethatregistrationisrequestedontheSupplementalRegister.Ifnoregisterisspecified,theOfficewillpresumethattheapplicantseeksregistrationonthePrincipalRegister.ToregisteramarkontheSupplementalRegister,applicantsmusteitherbeusingthemarkorfilingunderTrademarkActSection44basedonaforeignregistration.

SupplementaryEstimates

AnexpenditureplanintroducedtoprovidefundstotheGovern-ment tomeetneworincreasedexpenses.TheGovernmentmayintroduceasmanysetsofSupplementaryEstimatesinagivenfiscalyearasitdeemsnecessary.

SupplementaryQuestion

AquestionseekingclarificationorfurtherinformationfollowingaMinister'sresponsetoaquestionduringtheoralquestionperiod.TheSpeakerhaswidediscretioninpermittingtheposingofsupplementaryquestions.

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"*~Supplies

Allitemsthatareconsumable.Generally,thesewouldbecommoditieswithashorterlifewhileinusethanitemsthatwouldremainininventoryafterissuanceorassignmentforuse.

SupplyMotion

Anymotion,includinganoppositionmotiononanallottedday,movedunderthecontinuingorderofthedayfortheconsiderationofthebusinessofsupply.SupplymotionsforconcurrenceintheEstimatesgiverisetoappropriationbills.

SupplyPeriod

Oneofthreeperiodsintowhichtheyearisdividedforthepurposeoftheconsiderationofthebusinessofsupply.Oppositionorallotteddaysaredividedamongthesupplyperiods,whichend,respectively,onDecember10,March26andJune23.

SupplyRequisition

Aformusedbyacostcentertorequesttheissueofacommodityorcommoditiescarriedinstoreroomstock.

Supply-SideEconomics

Thisisthebeliefthatprosperitydependsonincreasingthesupplyofgoodsandservicesratherthanonstimulatingdemand.Reaganomicssoughttodosobyloweringtaxesonproducerslikehigh-salariedownersandmanagers.Criticsofsupply-sideeconomicspointedtothesimilaritybetweenitsideasandthefallacyofSay'slaw,whichstatesthatsupplycreatesitsowndemand.

SupportOrder

Ajudgment,decree,ororder,whethertemporary,final,orsubjecttomodification,issuedbyacourtoranadministrativeagencyofacompetentjurisdiction,forthesupportandmaintenanceofachild.ThisincludesachildwhohasattainedtheageofmajorityunderthelawoftheissuingState,oroftheparentwithwhomthechildisliving.Supportorderscanincorporatetheprovision

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SupportIrust.

ofmonetarysupport,healthcare,paymentofarrearages,orreimbursementofcostsandfees,interestandpenalties,andotherformsofrelief.

SupportTrust

Atrustthatinstructsthetrusteetospendonlyasmuchincomeandprincipal(theassetsheldinthetrust)asneededforthebeneficiary'ssupport.

Supports

Theattitudesandactionsofpeoplethatsustainandbuttressthepoliticalsystematalllevelsandallowittocontinuetowork.

SuppressionofDissent

Suppressionofdissentoccurswhenanindividualorgroupwhichismorepowerfulthananothertriestodirectlyorindirectlycensor,persecuteorotherwiseoppresstheotherparty,ratherthanengagewithandconstructivelyrespondtooraccommodatetheotherparty'sargumentsorviewpoint.Whendissentisperceivedasathreat,actionmaybetakentopreventcontinuingdissentorpenalisedissidents.Governmentorindustrymayoftenactinthisway.

Supranationalism

Supranabonalismisamethodofdecision-makingininternationalorganizations,whereinpowerisheldbyindependentappointedofficialsorbyrepresentativeselectedbythelegislaturesorpeopleofthememberstates.Member-stategovernmentsstillhavepower,buttheymustsharethispowerwithotheractors.Becausedecisionsaremadebymajorityvotes,itispossibleforamember-statetobeforcedbytheothermember-statestoimplementadecision.However,unlikeafederalstate,memberstatesfullyretaintheirsovereigntyandparticipatevoluntarily,beingsubjecttothesupranationalgovernmentonlysofarastheydecidetoremainmembers.

SupremacyClause

TheclauseinArticleVIoftheConstitutiondeclaringthatthe

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ConstitutionandthelawsofCongressare"thesupremeLawoftheLand"andshallprevailoveranyconflictingstateconstitutionsorlaws.

SupremeCourtofIndia

AttheapexoftheCentreJudicialsystemistheSupremeCourtofIndia(PartV,ChapterIV,Articles124-147oftheConstitutionrelatetotheunionJudiciary).TheSupremeCourtoriginallyconsistedofachiefjusticeandsevenotherjudges.In1985,thestrengthwasincreased.ItcomprisestheChiefJusticeandnotmorethan25otherjudges.ThechiefjusticeisappointedbythePresidentinconsultationwithsuchotherjudgesoftheSupremeCourtandHighCourtashemaydeamnecessary(besidestakingtheadviceoftheCouncilofminister).ConventiondictatestheappointmentoftheseniormostjudgeoftheSupremeCourtasChiefJustice.Inthecaseofotherjudges,thepresidentappointsthemafterconsultingtheChiefJusticeofIndiaalso(Article124).InrealitythecabinetdeliberatesupontheopinionoftheChiefJusticeandadvisesthePresidentorsomeoneappointedbythePresidentforthepurpose

TobeappointedjudgeoftheSupremeCourtaPersonmustbe(i)acitizenofIndiaand(ii)eitheradistinguishedjurist,oronewhohasbeenaHighCourtJudgeforatleast5years,oranAdvocateofaHighCourt(ortwoormoresuchCourtsinsuccession)foratleast10years(Article124).Nominimumageisfixedforappointmentasajudge.

Onceappointed,ajudgeoftheSupremeCourtholdsofficetillheattainstheageof65years.HemayrelinquishofficeearlierbyaddressinghisresignationtothePresident.AjudgecanberemovedbythePresidentuponanaddresstotheeffectbeingpassedineachHouseofParliamentbyaspecialmajority(i.e.,amajorityofthetotalmembershipofthatHouseandbyamajorityofnotlessthantwo-thirdofthemembersofthatHousepresentandvoting).Suchremovalmaytakeplaceonlyonhegroundsofprovedmisbehaviourorincapacity(Article124).Inthiscontext,itmaybepointedoutthattheConstitutiondoes

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SurchargeDue

notprovidefor'impeachment'ofajudge.ImpeachmentisprovidedonlyinthecaseofthePresident.InthecaseofanimpeachmentmotionbeingpassedbythetwoHouses,thePresidentforthwithceasestobethePresident.Butinthecaseofthemotionofremovalofajudge,thePresidentmustissuetherequiredorder.

SurchargeDue

Anadditionalfeethatmayberequiredduetolateorinsufficientpaymentoffees

Surety


•

Abondpurchasedattheexpenseoftheestatetoinsuretheexecutor'sproperperformance.Oftencalledafidelitybond.

SuspendaMember

TheactionofdismissingaMemberfromtheserviceoftheHouseanditscommitteesforoneormoredaysasaresultofdisorder.ThisactionmaybeexercisedbytheSpeakeralone,orasanorderoftheHouse.

SuspensionInquiryLetter

AnOfficeactioninquiringastothestatusofthematterthatisthebasisforsuspensionofanapplication.Theexaminingattorneywillissueasuspensioninquiryletterafteranapplicationhasbeensuspendedforsixmonthsormore,unlesstheinformationisavailabletotheexaminingattorneyintheOffice'sdatabases.Iftheapplicantdoesnotrespondtothesuspensioninquiryletter,theapplicationwillbeabandoned.

SuspensionLetter

Suspendstheactiononanapplication.Anapplicationmaybesuspendedforavarietyofreasons.Theseincludewaitingforthedispositionofacitedpriorpendingapplicationtobedeterminedorwaitingforanassignmentofownershiptoberecorded.Applicantsdonotneedtorespondtosuspensionletters.

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SuspensionofaSitting

ApauseduringthecourseofasittingoftheHouseofCommons.Whenthesittingissuspended,theSpeakerleavestheChairbuttheMaceremainsontheTable.

SuspensionoftheRules

1.AprocedurepermittedfortimesamonthundertherulesoftheHouseofRepresentatives,whichallowsanybilltobedebatediftwo-thirdsofthememberswhoarevotingagree.

2.SuspensionoftheRulesisaspecialprocedureusedtospeedupactionbysettingasidetheregularrules.

Billsbroughtupunderthisprocessaredebatedfor40minutes,maynotbeamendedandrequirea2/3vote.

Suspension

1.Nolongerqualifiedasaprospectivebidderandmayberemovedfromthelistofvendorstoreceivebids.

2.Temporarywithdrawalofagranteesauthoritytoobligategrantfunds,pendingeithercorrectiveactionbythegrantee,asspecifiedbyNIH,oradecisionbyNIHtoterminatetheaward.

SweatEquity

Contributiontotheconstructionorrehabilitationofapropertyintheformoflabororservicesratherthancash.

SwingState

ThisarticleisabouttheUSpoliticalterm.

Aswingstate(also,battlegroundstate)inUnitedStatespresi-dential politicsisastateinwhichnocandidatehasoverwhel-ming support,meaningthatanyofthemajorcandidateshaveareasonablechanceofwinningthestate'selectoralcollegevotes.Suchstatesaretargetsofbothmajorpoliticalpartiesinpresidentialelections,sincewinningthesestatesisthebestopportunityforapartytogainvotes.Non-swingstatesaresometimescalledsafestates,becauseonecandidatehasstrong

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enoughsupport,thattheycansafelyassumetheywillwinthestate'svotes.

SymbolicLaws

Lawsdesignedtocreatespecialmeaningforsociety,suchastheadoptionofanationalanthem.

Syndicalism

Avariationofsocialisminwhichtheworkersownorcontrolthefactoryorworkplace.

SynopticChange

Thisislarge,majorchange,somethingthatisrareinAmericanpublicpolicy.Usuallycausedbymajorelectoralrealignmentorbysomesenseofemergency,itistheantithesisofincrementalchange.

DICTIONARYOFPUBUCA

BSD

MISTRATION

TablebytheBackDoor

Totableadocument,whichisrequiredbystatute,byorderoftheHouseorbyStandingOrders,byfilingitwiththeClerk.ArecordofsuchtablingisprintedintheJournals.

TablebytheFrontDoor

TotableadocumentintheHouseofCommons.AMinisteroraParliamentarySecretarymaydothisduringtheperiodsetasideduringRoutineProceedingsor,withthepermissionoftheHouse,atanyothertimeduringthesitting.

TableOfficers

TheclerkswhoprovideproceduraladviceduringsittingsoftheHouse,takethevotesandkeeptheminutesofproceedings.

Table

1.TheTableinfrontoftheSpeaker'sChairatwhichtheClerkandtheotherTableOfficerssit.CopiesoffrequentlyconsultedproceduralauthoritiesarekeptontheTablefortheconvenienceofMembersandtheMaceisplacedonitwhentheHouseissitting.

2.TheTableOfficersarealsocollectivelyreferredtoastheTable.

TablingofDocuments

ThefirstitemcalledbytheSpeakerunderRoutineProceedings.Atthistime,MinistersandParliamentarySecretarieshavetheopportunitytotablereturns,reports,responsestopetitionsorcommitteereportsandotherdocuments.

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Tabling

ATABLINGmotion,ifadoptedbyamajorityvote,permanentlykillsthependingmatterandendsanyfurtherdebateonit.

TakeNoteDebate

DebateonamotionthatincludesthewordsthattheHouse"takesnote"ofanissuetoallowMemberstoexpresstheirviews.TherulesthatapplytosuchadebatearethoseappliedtoaCommitteeoftheWhole,withsomeexceptions.

Talesman

Apersoncalledtoactasajurorfromamongthebystandersinacourt.

TalkOutaBill

TorisetodebateandcontinuetoprovideMemberstodebateabilluntilthetimeallottedfordebateinthatsittinghasexpired.

TangiblePersonalPropertyMemorandum(TPPM)

Alegaldocumentthatisreferredtoinawillandusedtoguidethedistributionoftangiblepersonalproperty.

TargetedResearch

Researchfundedasaresultofaninstitutesetasideofdollarsforaspecificscientificarea.Institutessolicitapplicationsusingresearchinitiatives(RFAsforgrants,RFPsforcontracts).Targetedresearchapplicationsarereviewedbycharteredpeerreviewcommitteeswithininstitutes.

Targeting(Politics)

Targetinginpoliticsiswidelyusedindeterminingtheresourcesoftime,money,andmanpowertobedeployedinpoliticalcampaigns.Politicalparties,campaigncommitteesandpoliticalactioncommitteesprefertoplacetheirresourcesdispro-portionately inconstituencieswherevictoryispossible,butnotassured.

Tariff

1.Afederaltaxonimports.

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2.Atariffisataxonforeigngoods.Whenashiparrivesinportacustomsofficerinspectsthecontentsandchargesataxaccordingtothetariffformula.Sincethegoodscannotbelandeduntilthetaxispaiditistheeasiesttaxtocollect,andthecostofcollectionissmall.Smugglersofcourseseektoevadethetariff.

AnorderforservicesissuedunderanestablishedTaskOrdercontract.Theordertypicallywillcontainanegotiatedstatementofwork,deliverables,andcosts.

TaxBase

Inonesense,ataxbaseisthatwhichistaxed,suchasannualincome,personalwealthorproperty,orthevalueofgoodsthatarebeingimportedorsoldatretail.Inanothersense,itisthesmallerdollaramountthatissubjecttotaxationafterallexemptions,exclusions,andincomenottaxedhavebeensetaside.Thedifferencebetweentheapparentgrossincomeandtheremainingtaxableincomeaccountsforthedifferencebetweennominalandeffectiveratesoftaxation.

TaxExpenditures

TaxexpendituresarelossestotheU.S.treasuryfromgrantingcertaindeductions,exemptions,orcreditstospecificcategoriesoftaxpayers.

TaxbreaksareonemethodCongressusestopromotecertainpolicyobjectives.Forexample,deductionsformortgagesencouragehomeownership,whilecreditsforchildcareexpensesallowsingleparentstowork.

Taxexpendituresareanalternativetodirectgovernmentspendingonpolicyprograms.

TaxRate

Thisisthepercentageoftaxleviedonsomethingbeingtaxedsuchasincomeorproperty.Proportionalratesarethosethatarethesameregardlessofthesizeofthebasebeingtaxed.Progressiveratesarethosethatarelargerasthetaxablebase

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TaxTheories

becomesgreater.Regressiveratesarethosethatgrowsmallerasthebaseincreases.

TaxTheories

Taxesarebasedonseveralunderlyingjustifications:thevalueofservicesreceivedbackfromthetaxingauthority,theabilitytopay(itselfbasedontheequalityofsacrificeortheequalutilityofmoney),theredistributionofwealth,ortheKeynesiannotionofcountercyclicalfiscalpolicy.

TaxationBill

BillintroducedbyaMinisterproposingtointroduceanewtax,toincreaseanexistingtax,tocontinueanexpiringtaxortoextendtheapplicationofatax,orabillintroducedbyaMemberproposingtoreduceanexistingtax.

TaxesonDomesticGoodsandServices

Taxesleviedonthedomesticproduction,saleortransfer,leasing,useordeliveryofgoods,andrenderingofservices.

TaxesonIncomeandProfit

Taxesimposedonalltaxableincomeearnedorreceivedbyataxpayerwhetheranindividual,partnership,orcorporation,duringaparticularperiodoftime,usuallylastingoneyear.

TaxesonInternationalTradeandTransactions

Thesumofimportandcustomsduties,andotherinternationaltrade-relatedtaxcollectionsofthenationalgovernment.

TaxesonProperty

Taxesimposedontheownershipofwealthorimmovablepropertiesandonthetransferofrealorpersonalproperties,bothtangibleandintangible.

TechnologyCenter

AunitofseveralGroupArtUnitsinthemechanical,electrical,chemicalordesignarea,managedbyoneormoreGroupDirectors.FormerlyreferredtoasGroups.

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TellerVote

1.AvoteintheCommitteeoftheWholeinwhichmembersfiledowntheaisleoftheHouseandarecounted.

2.Duringatellervotemembersvotebyturninginsignedindexcards,greenforyeaandredfornay.Since1993,TellerVotesmayoccurintheHouseonlywhentheelectronicvotingsystemisbroken.

TenancyinCommon

Asopposedtojointtenancy,whentherearetwoormoreindividualsontitletoapieceofproperty,thistypeofownershipdoesnotpassownershiptotheothersintheeventofdeath.

Tenure

Astatus,grantedafteraprobationaryperiodwhichprotectsateacherfromdismissalwithoutdueprocess.Thetenuresystemcanbeverydifficultforprofessorsanddemandsmuchoftheirtimewhentheyarenearingconsideration.Understandingthesystemsoftenureandfacultyrewardsatyourschoolisimportantasyouattempttodevelopfacultyalliesforyoureffort.Someschoolsaremoresupportiveofqualityteachingandevencommunityinvolvement,however,mostarebasedonpublishingandresearch.

TermContracting

Establishingasourcefromwhichtoacquiregoodsorservicesforaspecificperiodoftime.

TestRoll

AregistersignedbyMembersinwitnesstotheirhavingtakentheoathofallegianceorhavingmadethesolemnaffirmationrequiredbytheConstitutionAct,1867.Oncetheyhavetakentheoathandsignedtheroll,MembersmaytaketheirseatsintheHouse.

Testimony

Evidencegivenbyacompetentwitness,underoath,asdistin-guished fromevidencederivedfromwritingsandothersources.

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Testing(Commodities)

lcsiiriciiLomrnoaiiiesI

Toperformalaboratoryanalysisofproductspurchasedfromacontracttodetermineifthequalityandperformanceagreedtobythecontractorremainsincompliance.

ThirdInternational

ThepoliticalorganizationinwhichtheofficialideologywasMarxist-Leninismorcommunism,establishedin1921.

ThirdParty

AnypoliticalpartyotherthanthetwopoliticalpartieswhichhavedominatedtheAmericanelectoralsystemsince1856:theDemocrats[foundedinthe1820s]andtheRepublicans[foundedin1854].t

CurrentthirdpartiesincludetheGreenParty,theLibertarianParty,theNaturalLawParty,andtheReformParty.

ThehighestpercentageofthepopularvoteeverwonbyaThirdPartywas27.4%bytheProgressivePartycandidateforPresidentin1912.

ThirdPartyLiability

Acategoryunderwhichthestatepaysthedifferencebetweentheamountofthemedicalbillandtheamounttheinsurancecompanyhaspaid.Thisoccursonlywhenapublicassistancerecipienthasmedicalinsuranceinadditiontocoverageprovidedbythepublicassistanceprogram.

ThirdParty

1.Aminorpartythatisanalternativetothetwomajorparties;forexample,theKnow-Nothingsofthe1850s,apartythatexploitedfearofIrishimmigrantsandother"foreigners,"orthePopulistsofthe1890s,aprotestpartyofWesternfarmersfavoring"freesilver."

2.Generally,apoliticalpartyrepresentedintheHousethatissmallerinsizethantheOfficialOppositionparty.

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ThirdReading

1.ThelaststageofconsiderationofabillintheHouse,attheconclusionofwhichthebillasawholeiseitherfinallyapprovedorrejected.

2.ThirdReadingintheSenateisthelastrequiredreadingofabilljustpriortothevoteonfinalpassage.

Thefirstreadingisatthetimeofintroduction;thesecondatthetimeofreferraltoCommittee.

Billsarerarelyreadinfull,unlessasenatorsodemands.

Third-PartyClaim

Anactionbythedefendantthatbringsathirdpartyintoalawsitt.

Third-PartyOrigination

Aprocessbywhichalenderusesanotherpartytocompletelyorpartiallyoriginate,process,underwrite,close,fund,orpackagethemortgagesitplanstodelivertothesecondarymortgagemarket.

Ticket-Splitter

AvoterwhomaybeaRepublicanorDemocrat,butwhooccasionallyvotesforacandidateofanotherparty.

TimeAgreement

ATimeAgreementisavoluntarypactamongsenatorstolimitdebatetimeonabilloronanamendment.

Timeagreementsarenegotiatedbythetwopartyleadersamongallthesenatorsintheirparty.

Oneobjectionfromanysenatorwillpreventatimeagreementfromgoingintoeffect.

TimeAllocation

Theallocationofaspecificperiodoftimefortheconsiderationofoneormorestagesofapublicbill.

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TitleCompany

Acompanythatspecializesinexaminingandinsuringtitlestorealestate.

TitleInsurance

Insurancethatprotectsthelender(lender'spolicy)orthebuyer(owner'spolicy)againstlossarisingfromdisputesoverownershipofaproperty.

TitleSearch

Acheckofthetitlerecordstoensurethattheselleristhelegalownerofthepropertyandthattherearenoliensorotherclaimsoutstandino.

Tort

1.Acivilwrongorbreachofadutytoanotherperson,asoutlinedbylaw.Averycommontortisnegligentoperationofamotorvehiclethatresultsinpropertydamageandpersonalinjuryinanautomobileaccident.

2.Legalterm.Awrongfulorinjuriousact(otherthanbreakingacontract)forwhichacivilsuitmaybebroughtincourtbyprivatepersons.Ifthesuitissuccessful,thecourtmayawardthevictimscashcompensationfordamages,"punitive"damagesabovetheactualcostoftheinjuryinordertopunishthedefendent,and/oracourtorderbanninganyfuturerepetitionsofthekindofbehaviorgivingrisetothesuit.Forexample,ahouseholdermightsuetheownersofanearbyfactoryforcreatingexcessivenoiseorpollutionthatinterferesunreasonablywiththehouseholder'shealthorthepeacefulenjoymentofhisproperty.Tortlawproceduresarethusoneoftheprincipalmechanismsfordefiningandprotectingpropertyrightsshortofevokingcriminallawandisanimportantgovernmentalmechanismfortryingtoovercometheproblemofnegativeexternalities.

TotalDirectCosts

Thesumofalldirectcostsinaproject'sbudget.Totaldirect

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costsincludealldirectcoststhatareallowablebutexcludedfromthecalculationofmodifiedtotaldirectcosts,whichisthebasisforindirectcostcalculation.

lotaifrojectcosts

1.Thetotalallowablecosts(bothdirectcostsandfacilitiesandadministrativecosts)incurredbythegranteetocarryoutagrant-supportedprojectoractivity.TotalprojectcostsincludecostschargedtotheN1Hgrantandcostsbornebythegranteetosatisfyamatchingorcost-sharingrequirement.

2.Totalallowablecosts,bothdirectandfacilitiesandadminis-trative, incurredbythegranteetocarryoutaprojectoractivity.Theseincludecostsbornebythegranteetosatisfyamatchingorcost-sharingrequirement.

Totalitarianism

1.Amodernformofdespoticruleinwhichthestateundertakestoremakesocietyaccordingtoanideologicaldesign.

2.Totalitarianism,amodernautocraticgovernmentinwhichthestateinvolvesitselfinallfacetsofsociety,includingthedailylifeofitscitizens.Atotalitariangovernmentseekstocontrolnotonlyalleconomicandpoliticalmattersbuttheattitudes,values,andbeliefsofitspopulation,erasingthedistinctionbetweenstateandsociety.Thecitizen'sdutytothestatebecomestheprimaryconcernofthecommunity,andthegoalofthestateisthereplacementofexistingsocietywithaperfectsociety.

Varioustotalitariansystems,however,havedifferentideologicalgoals.Forexample,ofthestatesmostcommonlydescribedastotalitarian—theSovietUnionunderStalin,NaziGermany,andthePeople'sRepublicofChinaunderMao—theCommu-nist regimesoftheSovietUnionandChinasoughttheuniversalfulfillmentofhumankindthroughtheestablishmentofaclasslesssociety;GermanNationalSocialism,ontheotherhand,attemptedtoestablishthesuperiorityoftheso-calledAryanrace.

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TownMeeting

AnannualmeetingheldinthespringinmanyNewEnglandtowns,atwhichthetownspeoplecometogethertoelectaboardofselectmenandtodiscusslocalpolicyquestions.Thetownmeetinghasbecomeasymbolofparticipatorydemocracy.

TrademarkDocumentRetrievalSystem

Onlineretrievalofdocumentsfromtheelectroniccasefileforfederaltrademarkapplicationsandregistrations.Toaccessinformationaboutaspecificmark,usersmustprovidetheassociatedserialnumber,registrationnumber,referencenumber,*orinternationalregistrationnumberoftherecordtheyseek.

TraditionalAuthority

Authoritybasedonbirthrightandcustom.

TraditionalistPoliticalScience

Politicalscientistswhostudypoliticsbyemphasizinghistoricaldescription,thatis,lawandcasework,anddonotshyawayfrommakingvaluejudgmentsofrightandwrongareoftencalledtraditionalists.

TrainingAwards

Awardsdesignedtosupporttheresearchtrainingofscientistsforcareersinthebiomedicalandbehavioralsciences,aswellashelpprofessionalschoolstoestablish,expand,orimprovepro-grams ofcontinuingprofessionaleducation.Trainingawardsconsistofinstitutionaltraininggrants(T)andindividualfellowships(F).

Transcript

Theofficialrecordofproceedingsinatrialorhearing.

TransferofOwnership

Anymeansbywhichtheownershipofapropertychangeshands.Lendersconsiderallofthefollowingsituationstobeatransferofownership:thepurchaseofaproperty"subjectto"

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themortgage,theassumptionofthemortgagedebtbythepropertypurchaser,andanyexchangeofpossessionofthepropertyunderalandsalescontractoranyotherlandtrustdevice.

Stateorlocaltaxpayablewh^ititlepassesfromoneownerto

Transitory

Actionsare"transitory"whentheymighthavetakenplaceanywhere,andare"local"whentheycouldoccuronlyinsomeparticularplace.

TransnationalprogressivismisatermcoinedbyHudsonInstituteFellowJohnFontein2001todescribeamovementandpoliticalviewthatendorsesaconceptofpostnationalglobalcitizenshipandpromotestheauthorityofinternationalinstitutionseverthesovereigntyofindividualnation-states.

Traverse

Inpleading,totraversesignifiestodeny.Whenadefendantdeniesanymaterialallegationoffactintheplaintiff'sdeclaration,heorsheissaidtotraverseit.

TreasuryBills,Notes,andBonds

BillsaredebtobligationsoflessthanoneyearissuedbytheU.S.TreasuryDepartmenttoraiseshort-termmoneyforthegovernment.Treasurynoteshavematuritiesoffromtwototenyears,whilebondsmatureintentothirtyyears.

TreasuryBoard

Acabinetcommitteeandgovernmentdepartmentwhoseprimaryresponsibilityistooverseegovernmentspending.

TreasuryIndex

Anindexthatisusedtodetermineinterestratechangesfor

TransferTax

another.

TransnationalPr

sivism

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Tribe

certainadjustable-ratemortgage(ARM)plans.ItisbasedontheresultsofauctionsthattheU.S.TreasuryholdsforitsTreasurybillsandsecuritiesorisderivedfromtheU.S.Treasury'sdailyyieldcurve,whichisbasedontheclosingmarketbidyieldsonactivelytradedTreasurysecuritiesintheover-the-countermarket.

Tribe

Acommunityofpeopletiedtogetherbyamythofcommonancestry.

Tribunal

Thecourt,administrativeagency,orquasi-judicialagencyautho-rized toestablishormodifysupportordersortodetermineparentage.Tri-CountyHealthDepartmentprotects,promotesandimprovesthehealth,environmentandqualityoflifeforonemillionresidentsofAdams,ArapahoeandDouglascounties.

TrumanDoctrine

AsenunciatedbyPresidentTruman,adoctrinedeclaringthatAmericansecurityandworldpeacedependedonUnitedStatesprotectionforthe"freepeoplesoftheworld."

TrustAgreementorDeclaration

Thelegaldocumentthatsetsupalivingtrust.Testamentarytrustsaresetupinawill.

Trust

Alegaldeviceusedtomanageproperty-realorpersonal-establishedbyoneperson(thedonor,grantororsettlor)forthebenefitofanother(thebeneficiary).Athirdpersonorthegrantormanagesthetrust.Thispersonisknownasthetrustee.

Trustee

1.Afiduciarywhoholdsorcontrolspropertyforthebenefitofanother.

2.Arepresentativewhoactsindependentlyindecidingwhatisinthebestinterestsofhisorherconstituents.

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Truth-in-Lending

Afederallawthatrequireslenderstofullydisclose,inwriting,thetermsandconditionsofamortgage,includingtheannualpercentagerate(APR)andothercharges.

TurnaroundTime

Thelengthoftimeforcompletingaprocessusuallyexpressedasanaveragebutcanbedeterminedforindividualitems(i.e.timefromplacingrequisitiontoissueofgoodsortimefromrequisitiontoissuanceofaP.O.).

Two-toFour-FamilyProperty

Apropertythatconsistsofastructurethatprovideslivingspace(dwellingunits)fortwotofourfamilies,althoughownershipofthestructureisevidencedbyasingledeed.

Two-PartySystem

Apartysysteminwhichtherearetwocrediblecontendersforpowerandeitheriscapableofwinninganyelection.

Two-Party-PlusSystem

Apartysysteminwhichmerearetwomajorcontendersforpowerofapproximatelyequalstrengthplusoneormoreminorpartiesabletowinseatsbutnottocontrolthegovernment.

Two-StateAction

ActionaStatemustfileundertheUniformInterstateFamilySupportAct(UIFSA)guidelineswhenitdoesnothaveLongArmJurisdiction(i.e.,cannotlegallyclaimpersonaljurisdictionoveranon-custodialparentwholivesinanotherState).ThisisusuallyincaseswhereaStateistryingtoestablishaninitialchildsupportorderonbehalfofaresidentcustodialparty.Otheractions,suchasrequestingwagewithholdingorreviewingand/orrevisinganexistingsupportorder,donotrequireaTwo-StateActioneveniftheinitiatingStatedoesnothaveLongArmJurisdiction.

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Two-StepMortgage

Two-StepMortgage^

Anadjustable-ratemortgage(ARM)thathasoneinterestrate1forthefirstfiveorsevenyearsofitsmortgagetermandadifferentinterestratefortheremainderoftheamortizationterm.

TypedMark

Termnolongerinuse

Typology

Abroadclassificationschemeofgovernmentalsystems.Tyranny

Aformofgovernmentinwhichonepersonrulesarbitrarily.

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1.FromtheLatin,thisphrasemeans"beyondthepower."Administrativeagenciesandboardspossessonlythosepowersthathavebeendelegatedtothembyalegislature.Thus,administrativeactsthatarefoundbyacourttoexceedastatutorygrantofauthorityarenullandvoid.

2.Termusedtodescribeanactionwhichexceedstheconferredconstitutionalpowersoftheactor.Literally,"beyondthepower."

UnanimousConsent

1.Unanimousconsentmeansthatallmembersontheflooragree,orconsent,toapendingrequest.

Unanimousconsentisneededwhenamemberwishestoactcontrarytooroutsideregularprocedures.

2.Aprocedureforadoptingnoncontroversialmeasureswithoutavote.

UnclaimedFunds

Supportpaymentthatcannotbedisbursedbecausetheidentityofthepayorisunknown,ortheaddressofthepayeeisunknown.

UnderdevelopmentinThirdWorldCountries

TheformercoloniesinAsia,AfricaandLatinAmericawerenotonlykeptpoliticallysubjugatedbytheirimperialrulers,butwereeconomicallyexploitedtotheextentthatmostofthemwentbelowthepovertylinewhencolonialismended.Thelivesof

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UnderdevelopmentinThirdWorldCountries

peoplewerecharacterisedbypoverty,illiteracyanddisease.Therewereinadequateandill-equippedhospitals,veryfewplacesoflearningandverylimitedopportunitiesofemployment.Mostofthesesocietieswereconservativeandbackward.Inthefieldofeconomy,theywereintentionallykeptbackwardbythecolonialpowers.Agriculturewasdonethroughprimitivemethodsandindustrywasminimum.Feudallordsandcapitalistsexploitedthepeasantsandworks.Theerstwhilecolonieswereonlyraw-materialproducersandexporters.

Afterdecolonisation,theopportunitiesfordevelopmentweresolittlethatmostofthecolonialworldremaineddependentontheirformerrulers.By1970s,theworldhadgotdividedintoNorthandSouth.While,politically,coldwarhaddividedtheworldintosocialistEastandcapitalistWest,economicallyandfromdevelopmentangleitwaddividedintodevelopedNorthandunderdevelopmentordevelopingSouth.Evendecadesaftergainingfreedommostofthedevelopingcountrieswerestillconcernedwithbetterpricesfortheirexports,ratherthanmakingeffortsfortheirallarounddevelopment.Unfortunatelydevelopingcountrieshaveneverbeenaunifiedgroup,yetwhatwascommonwastheirbackwardness.Evenin1960s,thedevelopedanddevelopingcountriescouldbeeasilyidentifiedasmanufacture-exportersandprimary-exportersrespectively.ThismeantthatwhilemostofmanufacturingwasdonebydevelopedNorth,mostofrawmaterialwasprovidedbydevelopingSouth.Similarwasthedivisionoftheworldintocapitalexportersandcapitalimporters.Thus,capitalinvestmentwasmostlydonebyNorthinSouth.Bymid1970,theNorth-Southdividedwasbasedonfunctionaldivisionoftheworld.TheSoughwantedhighercommodityprices;andthedevelopingcountriesalsowatercurbsonthefreedomofNortherncapitaltodoasitpleasedintheThirdWorld.Thesituationhadbegunchanging.TheSouthcametofullyrealisetheextenttowhichitwasbeingeploited.Thepost-colonialcountriestookseriousnoteoftheirplight.Theyassertedtheirrightforfullshareinworld'sdevelopmentprocess.WiththecallforNewInternationalEconomicOrder

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(NIEO)in1974bytheGeneralAssemblyoftheUnitedNations,ontheinitiativeofNon-alignedMovement,numerousstepsweretakentoreducethevastgapbetweenthetwolevelsofdevelopment.

Uni-BlockCoursePattern

Anarrangementofwarehousingunitsinwhichalllengthsarelaidinonedirection.

UnicameralLegislature

Alegislaturewithonlyonehouse.

Unicameralism

Aparliamentarysysteminwhichthelegislativepowerisvestedinonechamber.

UniformBlock

Anyuniformcombinationofwarehouseelements,i.e.,units,tiers,rows,stacks,columns,bins,shelvesorracks.

UnilateralAward

Anawardgrantedbyasponsorthatdidnotgothroughacompetitiveprocess.

UnilateralMistake

Anactoromissionarisingfromignoranceormisconceptionofapartytoacontract,whichmay,dependinguponitscharacterorthecircumstancessurroundingit,justifyrepealingacontract.

UnionCalendar

TheUnionCalendaristhelistofbillsavailableforconsiderationintheCommitteeoftheWhole.

BillsarereferredtotheUnionCalendariftheydirectlyorindirectlydealwithmoney.

UnionShop

Aplaceofworkinwhichanypersonmaybehiredprovidedheorshejoinstheunionwithinaspecifiedtime.

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UnitClearance

Spaceallowedforhandlingclearancebetweencolumnsorstacks,orbetweentiersinracks,shelvesorbins.

UnitLoadPattern

Thearrangementofthecoursesinaunitizedload.

UnitRule

Aprocedureatnationalpoliticalconventionswhichinsomecasesallowedthemajorityofastatedelegationtocastthestate'sentirevote.

UnitarySystemofGovernment

Acentralizedsystemofgovernment,suchasthatofFrance,wheremostoftheimportantpolicydecisionsaremadebyacentralgovernment.

UnitarySystem

Asystemofgovernmentinwhichasinglesovereigngovernmentrulesthecountry.

UnitedNations

Aworldorganizationfoundedin1945forthepurposeofcollectivelykeepingthepeaceandworkingforthebettermentofhumanity.

UnrestrictedFunds

Non-sponsoredfundswhichcanbeexpendedatthediscretionoftherecipient.

UnwrittenConstitution

Anuncodifiedconstitutionestablishedthroughtraditionalpractice.

UsheroftheBlackRod

AnofficeroftheSenatewhoseresponsibilitiesincludedeliveringmessagestotheCommonswhenitsMembers'attendanceisrequiredintheSenateChamberbytheGovernorGeneraloradeputyoftheGovernorGeneral.

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Utilities

Actualelectricity,telephone,etc.,costsdirectlyincurredbythewarehouse.

UtilityPatentApplication

Protectusefulprocesses,machines,articlesofmanufacture,andcompositionsofmatter.

UtilityPatent

Maybegrantedtoanyonewhoinventsordiscoversanynew,useful,andnonobviousprocess,machine,articleofmanufacture,orcompositionofmatter,oranynewandusefulimprovementthereof.

Utility

Avalueestablishedforcommoditiesorserviceswhenamounts,qualityandcostsaredetermined.

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VanishingMarginals

Anelectoraltrendinwhichthenumberofunsafe,marginaldistrictsinHouseelectionsappearstobedeclining.

VendorFile

Afilemaintainedthatlistsvendors.Thefileshouldcontainallinformationpertinenttothevendor,i.e.,applicationinformation,commoditiessuppliedandperformancerecord.

Venire

Thepanelofcitizenscalledforjuryservicefromwhichajurywillbeselected.

Venue

Theparticularcounty,cityorgeographicalareainwhichacourtwithjurisdictionmayhearanddetermineacase.

Verdict

Formaldecisionmadebyajury,readbeforeacourt,andacceptedbythejudge.

VerticalOccupancyRatio

Ratioofoccupancyintheoccupiablespacemeasuredbycountingthewarehousingunitsinanactiveblockandcomparingthiscountwiththecapacityofitscorrespondinguniformblock.

VerticalSeparations

Spaceconsumedbyunitclearancebetweencolumns,stacks,posts,wallsorotherwarehousingelements.

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Vested

Havingtherighttouseaportionofafundsuchasanindividualretirementfund.Forexample,individualswhoare100percentvestedcanwithdrawallofthefundsthataresetasidefortheminaretirementfund.However,taxesmaybedueonanyfundsthatareactuallywithdrawn.

VeteransAdministration(VA)

Anagencyofthefederalgovernmentthatguaranteesresidentialmortgagesmadetoeligibleveteransofthemilitaryservices.Theguaranteeprotectsthelenderagainstlossandthusencourageslenderstomakemortgagestoveterans.

Veto

1.Aprivilegedsinglevotethat,accordingtosomesystemsofrulesfordecision-making,hastheeffectofblockingornegatingamajoritydecision.IntheUnitedStates,thePresidentmayvetoabillpassedbymajoritiesinbothhousesofCongress,preventingitfrombecominglawunlesseachhousethenre-passesthebillbyatwo-thirdsmajority.IntheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncil,anegativevote(veto)byevenoneofthefivepermanentmemberstates(theUSA,Russia,Britain,FranceandChina)hastheeffectofdefeatinganyproposedSecurityCouncilresolution.

2.Disapprovalofabillbyachiefexecutive,suchasthePresident,orastategovernor.

VetoPower

ThePresidentofAmericacanexerciseanegativeinfluencebystoppinglegislation.Towhichheisopposed.Theinfluenceisexercisedbyhimthroughhisvetopower.ArticleI,Sec.7describestheroleofthePresidentinlegislationafterabillhasbeenpassedbytheCongress.ThefoundingfathersdepartedfromstrictseparationofpowersbygivingthePresidentthePowertovetolegislation.VetopowermeanstheauthorityofthePresidenttorefusehissignatureonabill,order,resolutionorvotepassedbythetwoHousesoftheCongressthusstopping

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ViceChairman

itsfinalenactment.BillspassedbytheCongressmustbesubmittedtothePresidentbeforebecominglaws.

ThevetopowermaybeusedfrequentlyandinstrikingmannerifthePresidentbelongstoonepartyandmajorityintheCongressisofanother.In1947DemocraticPresident,HarryTrumanvetoedaRepublicantaxbillandalabourbill.Whiletheformervetowassustained,thelatterwasoverriddenbythetwo-thirdmajorityoftheCongress.In1944afterPresidentRoosevelthadvotedanimportantrevenuebillandsharplycriticisedtheCongress,thetwoHouses(controlledbythesamepartytowhichthePresidentbelonged),"inaburstofwrath,carriedthebilloverhisvetobyoverwhelmingmajorities."Infact,"thereismore'politics'Ivetooperationsthanappearsonthesurface."Thefollowingtablewillshowtheuseofveto'PowerbyvariousPresidentsandnumberofvetoesoverriddenbyCongress.

ViceChairman

OnaHouseCommittee,theViceChairmanisthe2ndrankingmajoritymember,afterthechairman.OnJointHouse/SenateCommittees,avicechairmanfromonechamberserveswithachairmanfromtheother.

Vice-Chair

Thepersonelectedasdeputytothechairofastandingorspecialcommittee.

Village

Village,smallruralpopulationunit,heldtogetherbycommoneconomicandpoliticalties.Basedonagriculturalproduction,avillageissmallerthanatownandhasbeenthenormalunitofcommunitylivinginmostareasoftheworldthroughouthistory.

Violence

Theutilizationofphysicalforceorpowerasameansofachievingends.

VirginiaPlan

AplanofferedattheConstitutionalConventionof1787,and

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favoredbylargestates,whichcalledforatwo-houselegislature,thelowerhousechosenbythepeopleandtheupperhousechosenbythelower;andanationalexecutiveandanationaljudiciarychosenbythelegislature.

Visitors

DistinguishedpersonswhoareinvitedtotheSpeaker'sgalleryintheChamberandrecognizedbytheSpeaker,orforeignheadsofStateorofgovernmentwhoaddressparliamentariansfromtheflooroftheHouse.

Vitiate

ToVitiatemeanstoundoornegateapreviousaction.VitiationrequirestheunanimousconsentoftheSenate.

VoiceVote

1.DuringaVoiceVote,memberssay"aye"aloudasagroup,followedbythegroupsaying"no."

Thepresidingofficerdecideswhichgroupprevailedandannouncestheresult.Nonamesarerecorded.

2.AnoralvoteheldwithoutrecordingindividualMembers'votesorthenumberofyeasandnays.

Void

Honeycombinaunitizedloadcausedbyfailuretoutilizetheloadingareaat100percentefficiency.

VoirDire

Tospeakthetruth.Processinwhichprospectivejurorsarequestionedtodeterminewhethertheycanperformtheirdutiesinanimpartialmanner.

Voluntaryism

Voluntaryismisa!'eoryadvocatedbyAuberonHerbert,stressing"voluntarytaxation"andtheboycottofelectoralpolitics.TheoriginalsourcesforvoluntaryismcanbefoundinHerbert'sbook"TheRightandWrongofCompulsionbytheState."Some,

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suchasBenjaminTuckerviewHerbert'sphilosophyasanarchism,howeverhenevercalledhimselfananarchistasheconsideredanarchismtobeaphilosophythatdoesnotprovidefordefenseofpersonandproperty.Voluntaryismdoesnotopposeprofit.Herbertbelievedinterestandrenttobelegitimateand,unlikelabor-valueindividualism,hedidnotholdthatlandhadtobeincontinualusetoretaintitle.Anyvoluntaryeconomicagreementbetweenindividualsisacceptable.

Volunteerism

Theactofengaginginservicethataddressesimmediatesocialneeds,butdoesnotnecessarilyaddresstheconditionsorrootcausesfromwhichthoseneedsemerge.

VotebyShowofHands

Incommittee,avotebyshowofhandsisrecordedintheminutesbyindicatingthenumber,butnotthenames,ofthememberswhovotedfororagainstamotion.

_VoteofCensure

Amotionofnonconfidencerequiringtheprimeministerandthecabinettoresign.

Vote

1.Theformalexpressionofopinionforthepurposeofreachingadecision.IntheHouse,votesaregiveneitherorallyorbytheMembersstandingintheirplaces.

2.AnindividualitemoftheEstimatesindicatingtheamountofmoneyrequiredbytheGovernmentforaparticularprogramorfunction.

VotingBloc

AVotingBlocisagroupofmemberswithacommoninterestwhotendtovotealikeonanissue.

VotingMachine

VotingMachine,instrumentforrecordingandcountingvotes.

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Thevotingmachineitselfisgenerallypositionedinabooth,oftenclosedoffbyacurtaintoassuresecrecyforthevoter.

Inthecaseofoldermechanicalvotingmachines,whenavoterenterstheboothandclosesthecurtainbymeansofalever,themachineunlocksforvoting.Thetitlesofallelectiveofficesarelistedonthefaceofthemachinealongwiththepartycandidatesrunningforeachoffice.Aboveeachnameisaleverwhich,whendepressed,indicatesavoteforthatcandidate.Onlyonecandidateforeachofficemaybeselected.Write-invotesarepossibleandpropositionsareplacedatthetopoftheballot.Whenthevoterpullsthecurtainopentoleave,themachineautomaticallyregistersthevoteandisclearedforusebythenextperson.

ThemechanicalvotingmachinewasfirstusedinNewYorkstatein1892,andcametobeusedthroughouttheUnitedStates.Fasterandmoreaccurateintabulatingthevotethanthepaperballot,themechanicalvotingmachinenowhasbeenreplacedinmanyareasbyso-calledelectronicorcomputerizedvoting.Inthemostcommonformofelectronicvoting,votersindicatetheirpreferencesusingpunchcardsthatarereadbycomputer.Othermodernvotingtechnologiesincludetheoptical-scansystem,inwhichmarkedballotsarereadbycomputerusingopticalsensing,andthedirect-recordelectronicvotingsystem,inwhichavoterchoosesacandidatebymeansofpushbuttonsortouchscreensonacomputerizedvotingmachine,whichtalliesthevotes.Anumberofexpertshavecalledfordirect-recordelectronicsystemstohaveincreasedsafeguardsagainstpotentialcomputertamperingandtoprovideapaperrecordofanindividual'svotesothatanon-electronicmeansofrecountingachallengedelectoralresultwouldexist.

Thevotingmachine'sgreatestassetisprotectionagainstvotingfraudorhumanerror.However,criticsclaimthatitintimidatessomecitizens,thatsomemachinesaresubjecttobreakdown,andthatfraudisnotcompletelyeliminated.Computerizedvotingmachinesthatusepunchcardsarealsosusceptibletovotererror,astheylackthemeanstopreventapersonfromvoting

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VotingParadox

fortwocandidatesforthesameoffice,andcanfailtoregisteravoteclearly.FormanyyearstheUnitedStateswastheonlycountrythatusedvotingmachinesextensively;Brazilnowusesanationalcomputerizedvotingsystem.Thecostofvotingmachines,combinedwithlessfrequentelectionsandsimplerballotsinmanycountries,makethemimpracticalforworldwideuse.

VotingParadox

Alsoknownasthecyclicalmajorityproblem,thisisaproblemofvotinginlegislatureswhentherearethreeormoregroupsofrelativelyequalsize.Whenmotionsareframeddichotomously(e.g.,asyesorno)therewillalwaysbeamajoritywinneronanyroll-call,barringties.Atthesametime,however,theremaybenotrueoverallmajoritypreference.Thusitisparadoxicalthattherebothisandisnotamajorityatthesametime.

VotingSystem

AVotingSystemisameansofchoosingbetweenanumberofoptions,basedontheinputofanumberofvoters.Votingisperhapsbestknownforitsuseinelections,wherepoliticalcandidatesareselectedforpublicoffice.Votingcanalsobeusedtoawardprizes,toselectbetweendifferentplansofaction,orbyacomputerprogramtodetermineasolutiontoacomplexproblem.Votingcanbecontrastedwithconsensusdecisionmaking.Avotingsystemconsistsoftherulesforhowvotersexpresstheirdesires,andhowthesedesiresareaggregatedtoyieldafinalresult.Thestudyofformallydefinedvotingsystemsiscalledvotingtheory,asubfieldofpoliticalscience,economicsormathematics.Votingtheorybeganinthe18thcenturyandhasledtoseveralproposalsforvotingsystems.

Mostvotingsystemsarebasedontheconceptofmajorityrule,ortheprinciplethatmorethanhalfofthevotersshouldgettheoutcometheywant.Giventhesimplicityofmajorityrule,thosewhoareunfamiliarwithvotingtheoryareoftensurprisedthatsuchavarietyofvotingsystemsexists,orthatpopularvotingsystemscanproduceresultsnotsupportedbymorethanhalf

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thevoters.Ifeveryelectionhadonlytwochoices,thewinnerwouldbedeterminedusingmajorityrulealone.However,whentherearethreeormoreoptions,theremaynotbeasingleoptionthatispreferredbyamajority.Differentvotingsystemsmaygiveverydifferentresults,particularlyincaseswherethereisnoclearmajoritypreference.Thus,thechoiceofvotingsystem(s)isoneimportantcomponentofademocraticgovernment.

Voting

Voting,methodofregisteringcollectiveapprovalordisapprovalofapersonoraproposal.Thetermgenerallyreferstotheprocessbywhichcitizenschoosecandidatesforpublicofficeordecidepoliticalquestionssubmittedtothem.However,itmayalsodescribetheformalrecordingofopinionofagrouponanysubject.Ineithersenseitisameansoftransformingnumerousindividualdesiresintoacoherentandcollectivebasisfordecision.

Inearlyhumanhistoryvotingwassimplythecommunicationofapprovalordisapprovalbytribalmembersofcertainproposalsofferedbyachieftain,whotypicallyheldanelectedoffice.Eventuallyinpoliticalvoting,theballotcameintouse,asophisticatedformofwhichisthevotingmachine.Inmoderndemocraciesvotingisgenerallyconsideredtherightofalladultcitizens.Inthepast,however,votingwasoftenaprivilegelimitedbystringentpropertyqualificationsandrestrictedtotheupperclasses,anditisonlyinrecenttimesthatuniversalsuffragehasbecomeafact.IntheUnitedStatesthiswasaccomplishedin1920whenwomenweregiventherighttovotebytheNineteenthAmendment.Whileindemocraciesvotingis,generally,avoluntaryright,intotalitariansystemsitisvirtuallyacompulsoryduty,andnonvotingmaybeconsideredanactofdisapprovalofgovernmentpolicies.

Inrecentyearsagreatdealofstudyhasbeendevotedtotheanalysisofvotingbehaviorinnonauthoritariannations.Throughtheuseofcomplexsamplingsurveysattemptshavebeenmadetodetermineonwhatbasisavotermakesadecision.Findings

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Voting

revealthatvotingisinfluencednotonlybypoliticaldifferencesbutalsobyreligious,racial,andeconomicfactors.Forthisreasonnearlyallpoliticiansrelyonasamplingsurvey,orpoll,togaugetheattitudesoftheirconstituencies.AlsoasubjectforconsiderablestudyintheUnitedStatesisthatlargesegmentofthepopulationthatrefrainsfromvoting.Researchhasshownthatnonvotingiscausedbyfactorsthatincludesocialcrosspressures,newresidencyinthecommunity,andrelativepoliticalignoranceorlackofinterest.

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AdolphWagnerwasanineteenthcenturyGermaneconomistwhobelievedthatthepercentageofanation'sgrossnationalproductaccountedforbythepublicsectorwillgrowinexorablybecauseoftheincreasedcostsofmaintaininglawandorder,war,andtheincreasingdemandforpublicservices.

Waive

Tovoluntarilygiveuparightoraclaim.

WaiverofBids

Apurchasingmethod,wherebythebiddingprocessisomittedandgoodsarepurchasedfromavailablesources.Governmentagenciesmustbedulyauthorizedbylaw(orrule)tomakethistypeofpurchase.

WaiverofIrregularity

Noting,butdisregardingnoncompliancewithinabidwhichmaybeduetoerror.Suchwaiverordisregardmustnotunfairlyaffectthecompetitiveprocess.

WarehouseRequisition

ArequestfromthewarehousetoPurchasingtoinitiateapurchaseordertorestockoneormorecommodities.

WarehouseSecurity

Thecombinedtotalefforttoexcludeintrusionintoawarehousebyunauthorizedpersons,destructivepests,andothereventsbeyondman'scontrol(i.e.windstorm,lightning,andflood).

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Warehouse

Includesrecordskeeping,accesscontrol,buildingdesign,andmaintenanceandhousekeepingfunctions.

Warehouse

1.Astructuredesignatedforstorageofthings.

2.Usedasaverbindicatestheactofstoringthings,asin,"Wewillwarehousetheseelectricalsupplies".

WarehousingUnit

Thismaybeasinglelargepackagehandledasaunitloadoragroupofpackagespalletizedonapalletorotherwiseunitized.

Warranty

Awrittenororalstatementbyonepartytoacontractthatafactisorwillbeasitisexpresslydeclaredorpromisedtobe.

WaysandMeansMotion

Amotionproposingtointroduceanewtax,toincreaseanexistingtax,tocontinueanexpiringtaxortoextendtheapplicationofatax.Ifadopted,itbecomesanorderthatabillorbillsbasedonitsprovisionsbebroughtin.

WeeklyBusinessStatement

AstatementnormallymadeattheendoforalquestionperiodonThursday,outliningtheGovernmentbusinesstobeconsideredinthefollowingweek.Itismade*bytheGovernmentHouseLeader,usuallyinresponsetoaquestionfromtheOppositionHouseLeader.

WeightofEvidence

Thebalanceorpreponderanceofevidence;theinclinationofthegreateramountofcredibleevidence,offeredinatrial,tosupportonesideoftheissueratherthantheother.

WelfareState

1.AgovernmentlikethatoftheUnitedStatesthatexercisesresponsibilityforthewelfareofitscitizensinsuchareasassocialsecurity,housing,andeducation.

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2.Theprovisionfor^distributivebenefitssuchaseducationandhealthservicesbythestate.

Whip

1.AlegislatorwhoischosentobeassistanttotheleaderofthepartyintheHouseortheSenateandwhosejobistomarshalsupportforpartystrategy.

2.Legislativeleadersofeachpartywhoareresponsibleforroundinguppartymembersforimportantvotes.

Whistle-Blowers

Governmentemployeeswhopubliclyexposeevidenceofofficialwasteorcorruptionthattheyhavelearnedaboutinthecourseoftheirduties.

WhiteHouseStaff

SpecialadvisorstothePresident,partoftheExecutiveofficeandsimilartotheCanadianPrimeMinister'sOffice.

WhitePaper

AdocumenttabledintheHousepresentingGovernmentpolicyinagivenarea.ItmaycontainlegislativeoradministrativeproposalsonwhichtheGovernmentintendstoact.

WildernessPreservationism

Aformofenvironmentalismpositingtheintrinsicimportanceofwildernessforhumankind.

WilliamsonTrade-Off

ThisgraphicmodeldevelopedbyOliverWilliamson(b.1932)comparesthelossofconsumersurpluswiththecostsavingsthatwouldaccruetotheproducerfirmafteramerger.

WindowClose

Timeperiodafterwhichautilitypatent(thatissuesfromanapplicationfiledonorafter12December1980)expiresifamaintenancefeehasnotbeenpaid.Apetitionmustbefiledalongwiththeappropriatefeestoreinstateanexpiredpatent.

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WindowOpen

Timeperiodwhenamaintenancefeecanbepaidwithorwithoutasurcharge.

WithdrawnClaim

Anon-electedclaim.

"Withdrawn"isthestatusidentifierthatshouldbeusedforclaimsthatwerenotelected(chosenbytheapplicanttoremainunderconsideration)inresponsetoarestrictionrequirement.

Further,anappellant(onewhoisappealinganexaminer'sfinalrejectiontotheBoardofPatentAppealsandInter-ferences) maywithdrawsomeoftheappealedclaims,resultingincancellationofthewithdrawnclaims

WithdrawnPatent

Anallowedapplicationforpatentinwhichtheapplicantfilescorrespondencetowithdrawthepatentfromissue;thuspreven-ting itfromissuingonthepatentissuedate.Theprinteddocumentissometimesavailableonthedayofpublication,butislaterretractedandwillnotbeavailableinthepatentdatabase.NocopyofthepatentdocumentwillappearontheofficialUSPTOwebsite.

WithholdingofSupport

AdecisionbyN1Hnottomakeanoncompetingcontinuationawardwithinthecurrentcompetitivesegment.

Witness

Apersoninvitedtoappearbeforeacommitteetopresentanopiniononaparticulartopicortoprovidetechnicaladvicewithrespecttoabill.Whiletestifying,witnessesenjoythesameprivilegeoffreedomofspeechasMembers.

WomanSuffrage

WomanSuffrage,therightofwomentovote.Throughoutthelatterpartofthe19thcent,theissueofwomen'svotingrightswasanimportantphaseoffeminism.

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WordsTakenDown

WordsTakenDownistheHouseruleusedtodisciplineamemberforusinginappropriatewordsindebate.

Afterthewordsare"takendown"bytheclerkandreadback,thechairrulesontheirsuitability.

Ifruledinappropriate,themembermaynotspeakagainonthesamedaywithoutHousepermission.

Workflow

Workflowdiagramsareaformalwaytoidentifyproceduralstepsandthelogicemployedinaprocessusedtocompleteataskorjob.Workflowdiagramsincludeeachinterimstepandproduct(s);thedirectionofmovementthroughtheprocess(indicatedbyarrows);decisionpoints,alternativeprocessesandrepeatedsteps,anddependencies(stepsorprocessesthatmustbecompletedbefore,duringoraftercompletionofaparticularstepj;anacaninciuaetneestimateatimerequireaioreacnstep,whoperformsorreviewseachstep,andresourcerequirements.Dependingonthetypeofworkflowdiagrammingmethodused,thestartandendpointsofeachinterimstepmaybelistedseparatelyortheentireprocessstepcanbeindicatedbyasinglenotation.

WorkingClearance

Thespaceallowedbetweenthetopofastackorcolumnandthelowestoverheadobstruction.Forexample,ceilingjoists,beams,sprinklerheads,steampipes,etc.Thisallowancewillvarydependinguponlocalfirecodes.

WorldBank

TheInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopmentwascreatedattheBrettonWoodsconferenceof1944.

WorldGovernment

Worldgovernmentistheconceptofapoliticalbodythatwouldmake,interpret,andenforceinternationallaw.Inherenttothe

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WorldTradeOrganization

conceptofaworldgovernmentistheideathatnationswouldberequiredtopoolorsurrender(dependingonpointofview)sovereigntyoversomeareas.Ineffect,aworldgovernmentwouldaddanotherlevelofadministrationabovetheexistingnationalgovernmentsorprovidecoordinationoverareasnationalgovernmentsarenotcapableofadequatelyaddressingasindependentpolities.

Currently,therehasnotbeenanationtoofficiallyputforwardplansforaworldgovernment,althoughsomepeopledoseeinternationalinstitutions(suchastheInternationalCriminalCourt,UnitedNations,andInternationalMonetaryFund)asthebeginningelementsofaworldgovernmentsystem.AnorganizationcomprisedoflegislatorsfromvariousnationsknownasParliamentariansforGlobalActionhavepromotedideasofdemocraticglobalgovernance,thoughsuchpromotionhasvariedinitsscopeandintensityduringtheorganization'shistory.Capitalizingonthegrowingimportanceofworldwidewebinthehumancivilization,agroupofindividualsadheringtoTheGlobalistManifestoisactivelyadvocatingfortheformationofoneworldgovernment,initiallythroughtheinternet.Earth

WorldTradeOrganization

Aninternationalorganizationcreatedtoprovidethegroundrulesforinternationaltradeandcommerce.

WritofElection

AdocumentissuedbytheChiefElectoralOfficerinordertoinstituteanelectioninaspecificelectoraldistrict.Followingtheelectionandthevalidationoftheresults,thenameoftheelectedcandidateisrecordedonthewritbythereturningofficerwhosignsandreturnsittotheChiefElectoralOfficer.Subsequently,theChiefElectoralOfficerwillsendtotheClerkoftheHouseofCommonsacertificateofelectionforelectedcandidates.

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Inthe46yearspriortotheGreatFireof1836,theUnitedStatesgovernmenthadissuedabout10,000patents.Mostofthesecouldneverberevivedagain,butCongressactedtorestorethoserecordsthatcouldbereconstructedfromprivatefilesandreproducemodelswhichweredeemedcritical.Patentswhoserecordswerenotrestoredwerecancelled.Therewereatotalof2,845patentsrestored,mostofwhichwereeventuallygivenanumberbeginningwith"X".AllpatentsafterthedateoftheestablishmentofthePatentOfficeinJuly1836werenumberedasanewseries(withouttheX),beginningwithanewPatentNo.1toJohnRuggles.AsmallnumberofthenewseriespatentshadbeendestroyedintheGreatFirebuttheywerequicklyrecoveredfromtheirowners'records.XfilesbearnumbersthatrangefromX000001toX011280.X0000001isthefirstpatent,issuedtoSamuelHopkinsin1790.

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Yeas&Nays:House

IntheHouse,Yeas&Naysisaspecifictypeofrecordedvote.Itrequiresasecondingof1/5ofthosepresenttotakeplace.Thevote,ifordered,placesmembers'positionsonrecord.Itisusuallyheldbyelectronicdevice.

YellowSocialism

YellowsocialismwasthenameappliedtoaformofrevisionistsocialismwhichbecameprominentintheearlytwentiethcenturypriortoWorldWarJ,asanalternativetoMarxism(sometimescalled"redsocialism").Yellowsocialistsrejectedclassstruggle,thegeneralstrikeandrevolutionarysocialismingeneral.

Theterm"yellowsocialism''wascoinedbyaformermemberoftheFrenchSocialistParty,PierreBietry,in1904whenhefoundedthe"FederationNationaledesJaunesdeFrance"(NationalFederationofYellows),arightwingsocialistgroupthatrejectedMarxism,classstruggleandlabourmilitancy.Overthenexttwodecadesrevolutionarysocialistswouldderideallrevisionistsas"yellowsocialists"whethertheyacceptedthelabelforthemselvesornot.

IntheUnitedStates,yellowsocialismwasassociatedwiththebusinessunionismofSamuelGompers(andthusdescribedas"yellowunionism").

Yellowsocialistsandyellowunionistswerecriticisedbymoreradicalsocialistsfortheirconcessionstonationalismandoccasionalengagementinchauvinismsuchasoppositiontoimmigration(forsupposedlyfloodingthelabourmarketand

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reducingwagesordenyingjobstonative-borncitizens),andsometimesevenracismoranti-Semitism.

InEurope,duringWorldWar/,yellowsocialismbecameasso-ciated withthesocialdemocraticpartieswhosupportedtheirownstatesinthewarratherthantakinganinternationalistpositionagainsttheconflict.

However,the"BerneInternational(or"Two-and-a-halfInter-national") whichmetatZimmerwaldin1915wasalsodescribedbyLeninas"yellowsocialist",despiteitsoppositiontothewar,foritsrejectionofrevolutionarysocialism.Afterthewar,theterm"yellowsocialism"fellintodisuse,andtheyellowsocialistswereabsorbedintothelargerpost-warsocialdemocraticmovement.Overtime,thesocialdemocratsevolvedtowardstheirmodernform,andmanyoftheviewsheldbytheyellowsocialistsdisappearedfromthemovement.

YieldforaQuestion

ToYieldforaQuestionallowsamembertokeepthefloorwhileallowingacolleaguetospeak.

Theyieldedtimeshouldbeusedforaquestionandnotastatement,butthisisnotalwaysenforced.

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Zero-BaseBudgeting(ZBB)

1.AmanagementsysteminstitutedbyPresidentCarterthatsoughttoexaminetheneedforexistingprogramsasiftheywerebeingproposedforthefirsttime.

2.Zero-BasedBudgetingrequiresthataprogrambejustifiedfromthegroundupeachfiscalyear.

Thealternativeistousethepriorfundinglevelforthatprogramasthebasisforfurtheradjustments.

Zionism

JewishnationalistmovementadvocatingestablishmentofaJewishnation-state.

ZoneContracting

1neaward01contractsaccordingtodistnctorregiondesignation.Thistypeofawardissuanceisgenerallyappliedwhenthepotentialforservicebyasinglevendortoanentirearea

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ParmanandParasharKashmir-TheParadiseofAsia

Parashar,ParmanandPublicAdministrationandWelfarePolicies

Sarup&Sons

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