Includes index

pt. I. The molecular basis of life -- 1. The science of biology -- The science of life -- 2. The nature of molecules -- Nature of atoms -- Nature of chemical bonds -- Water -- Acids and bases -- 3. The chemical building blocks of life -- Carbon -- Carbohydrates -- Nucleic acids -- Proteins -- Lipids : hydrophobic molecules -- pt. II. Biology of the cell -- 4. Cell structure -- Prokaryotic cells -- Eukaryotic cells -- Endomembrane system -- Mitochondria and chloroplasts -- The cystoskeleton -- 5. Membranes -- Phospholipids -- Proteins -- Passive transport across membranes -- Active transport across membranes -- Bulk transport by exocytosis and endocytosis -- 6. Energy and metabolism -- Laws of thermodynamics and free energy -- ATP : energy currency of cells -- Enzymes : biological catalysts -- Metabolism -- 7. How cells harvest energy -- Respiration -- Oxidation of glucose -- Glycolysis -- Oxidation of pyruvate to produce Acetyl-CoA -- Krebs cycle -- The electron transport chain and chemiosmosis -- Aerobic respiration -- Oxidation -- Catabolism of proteins and fats -- 8. Photosynthesis -- Pigments -- Photosystem organization -- Light-dependent reactions -- Carbon fixation : the Calvin cycle -- Photorespiration -- 9. Cell communication -- Receptor types -- Intracellular receptors -- Signal transduction through receptor kinases -- Signal transduction through G protein-coupled receptors -- Cell-to-cell interactions -- 10. How cells divide -- Bacterial cell division -- Eukaryotic chromosomes -- Eukaryotic cell cycle -- Interphase : preparation for mitosis -- Cytokinesis : the division of cytoplasmic contents -- Cell cycle

pt. III. Genetic and molecular biology -- 11. Sexual reproduction and meiosis -- Meiosis versus mitosis -- 12. Patterns of inheritance -- Heredity -- Monohybrid crosses : the principle of segregation -- Dihybrid crosses : the principle of independent assortment -- Probability : predicting the results of crosses -- Testcross : revealing unknown genotypes -- Extension to Mendel -- 13. Chromosomes, mapping, and the meiosis-inheritance connection -- Sex linkage and the chromosomal theory of inheritance -- Sex chromosomes and sex determination -- Genetic mapping -- Human genetic disorders -- 14. DNA: the genetic material -- DNA structure -- DNA replication -- Prokaryotic replication -- Eukaryotic replication -- DNA repair -- 15. Genes and how they work -- Genetic code -- Gene expression -- Prokaryotic transcription -- Eukaryotic transcription -- Eukaryotic pre-mRNA splicing -- Structure of tRNA and ribosomes -- Process of translation -- Mutation : altered genes -- 16. Control of gene expression -- Regulatory proteins -- Prokaryotic regulation -- Eukaryotic regulation -- Eukaryotic chromatin structure -- Eukaryotic posttranscriptional regulation -- Protein degradation -- 17. Biotechnology -- DNA manipulation -- Molecular cloning -- DNA analysis -- Genetic engineering -- Medical applications -- Agricultural applications -- 18. Genomics -- Mapping genomes -- Whole-genome sequencing -- Characterizing genomes -- Genomics and proteomics -- 19. Cellular mechanisms of development -- Cell division -- Cell differentiation -- Pattern formation -- Morphogenesis -- Environment effects on development -- pt. IV. Evolution -- 20. Genes within populations -- Genetic variation and evolution -- Changes in allele frequency -- Agents of evolutionary change -- Fitness and its measurement -- Interactions among evolutionary forces -- Maintenance of variation -- Selection acting on traits affected by multiple genes -- Natural selection -- Limits of selection -- 21. The evidence for evolution -- Beaks of Darwin's finches : natural selection -- Peppered moths and industrial melanism : selection -- Artificial selection : human-initiated change -- Fossil evidence of evolution -- Anatomic evidence for evolution -- Convergent evolution and the biogeographical record -- Darwin's critics -- 22. The origin of species -- Nature of species -- Biological species concept -- Evolution of reproductive isolation -- Genetic drift and natural selection in speciation -- Geography of speciation -- Species clusters : rapid evolution -- Speciation and extinction -- 23. Systematics and the phylogenetic revolution -- Cladistics -- Systematics and classification -- Phylogenetics and comparative biology -- Phylogenetics and disease evolution -- 24. Genome evolution -- Comparative genomics -- Evolution of whole genomes -- Evolution within genomes -- Gene function and expression patterns -- Nonprotein-coding DNA and regulatory function -- Genome size and gene number -- Genome analysis and disease prevention and treatment -- Crop improvement through genome analysis -- 25. Evolution of development -- Evolutionary paradox of development -- Gene mutations, new form -- Same gene, new function -- Different genes, convergent function -- Gene duplication and divergence -- Functional analysis of genes across species -- Diversity of eyes in the natural world : a case study

pt. V. Diversity of life on earth -- 26. The tree of life -- Origins of life -- Classification of organisms -- Protists -- Origin of plants -- Sorting out animals -- 27. Viruses -- Bacteriophage : bacterial viruses -- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) -- Other viral diseases -- Prions and viroids : subviral particles -- 28. Prokaryotes -- The first cells -- Prokaryotic diversity -- Prokaryotic cell structure -- Prokaryotic genetics -- Prokaryotic metabolism -- Human bacterial disease -- Beneficial prokaryotes -- 29. Protists -- Eukaryotic origins and endosymbiosis -- Biology of the protists -- Diplomonads and parabasalids : flagellated protists lacking mitochondria -- Euglenozoa -- Alveolata -- Stramenopila -- Rhodophyta : red algae -- Choanoflagellida -- 30. Overview of green plants -- Plant life cycles -- Chlorophytes : aquatic green algae -- Charophytes : green algae related to land -- Bryophytes : nontracheophyte green plants -- Tracheophyte plants -- Lycophytes : club mosses -- Pterophytes : ferns and their relatives -- Evolution of seed plants -- Gymnosperms -- Angiosperms : flowering plants -- 31. Fungi -- Biology of the fungi -- Phylogenetic relationships -- Chytridiomycetes : aquatic fungi with flagellated zoospores -- Zygomycetes -- Deuteromycetes -- Ecology of fungi -- fungal parasites and pathogens -- 32. Overview of animal diversity -- Evolution of the animal body plan -- Traditional classification of animals -- Metazoan tree of life -- Evolutionary development biology and the roots of the animal tree of life -- 33. Noncoelomate invertebrates -- Invertebrate phylogeny -- Parazoa -- Eumetazoa -- Bilaterian acoelomates -- Pseudocoelomates -- 34. Coelomate invertebrates -- Phylum mollusca : the mollusks -- Phylum annelida : the annelids -- The lophophorates : bryozoa and brachiopoda -- Phylum arthropoda : the arthropods -- Phylum echinodermata : the echinoderms -- 35. Vertebrates -- Nonvertebrate chordates -- Vertebrate chordates -- Fishes -- Amphibians -- Reptiles -- Birds -- Mammals -- Evolution of primates -- pt. VI. Plant form and function -- 36. Plant form -- Plant tissues -- Roots -- Stems -- Leaves : photosynthetic organs -- 37. Vegetative plant development -- Embryo development -- Seeds -- Fruits -- Germination -- 38. Transport in plants -- Water and mineral absorption -- Xylem transport -- Rate of transpiration -- Water-stress responses -- Phloem transport -- 39. Plant nutrition and soils -- Plant nutrients -- Special nutritional strategies -- Carbon-nitrogen balance and global change -- Phytoremediation -- 40. Plant defense responses -- Toxin defenses -- Animals that protect plants -- Systemic responses to invaders -- 41. Sensory systems in plants -- Responses to light -- Responses to gravity -- Responses to mechanical stimuli -- Responses to water and temperature -- Hormones and sensory systems -- 42. Plant reproduction -- Flower production -- Structure and evolution of flowers -- Pollination and fertilization -- Asexual reproduction -- Plant life spans

pt. VII. Animal form and function -- 43. The animal body and principles of regulation -- Organization of the vertebrate body -- Epithelial tissue -- Connective tissue -- Muscle tissue -- Nerve tissue -- Vertebrate organ systems -- Homeostasis -- 44. The nervous system -- The mechanism of nerve impulse transmission -- Synapses -- Central nervous system : brain and spinal cord -- Peripheral nervous system : sensory and motor neurons -- 45. Sensory systems -- Sensory receptors -- Mechanoreceptors : touch and pressure -- Hearing, vibration, and detection of body position -- Chemoreceptor : taste smell, and pH -- Vision -- 46. The endocrine system -- Lipophilic versus hydrophilic hormones -- The pituitary and hypothalamus -- Major peripheral endocrine glands -- Hormones -- 47. The musculoskeletal system -- Types of skeletal systems -- Bone -- Joints and skeletal movement -- Muscle contraction -- Modes of animal locomotion -- 48. The digestive system -- The mouth and teeth -- The esophagus and the stomach -- The small intestine -- The large intestine -- Variations in vertebrate digestive systems -- Neutral and hormonal regulation of the digestive tract -- Accessory organ function -- Food energy, energy expenditure, and essential nutrients -- 49. The circulatory and respiratory systems --Invertebrate circulatory systems -- Vertebrate circulatory systems -- The four-chambered heart and blood vessels -- Blood flow and blood pressure -- Components of blood -- Gas exchange across respiratory surfaces -- Gills, cutaneous respiration, and tracheal systems -- Lungs -- Structures and mechanisms of ventilation -- Transport of gases in body fluids -- 50. Temperature, osmotic regulation, and the urinary system -- Regulating body temperature -- Osmolarity and osmotic balance -- Osmoregulatory organs -- Evolution of the vertebrate kidney -- Nitrogenous wastes : ammonia, urea, and uric acid -- The mammalian kidney -- Hormonal control of osmoregulatory functions -- 51. The immune system -- Integumentary system -- Nonspecific immunity -- Specific immune response -- T cells : cell-mediated immunity -- B cells : humoral immunity and antibody production -- Autoimmunity and hypersensitivity -- Antibodies in medial treatment and disease -- Pathogens -- 52. The reproductive system -- Animal reproduction strategies -- Vertebrate fertilization and development -- Human male reproductive system -- Human female reproductive system -- Contraception and infertility treatments -- 53. Animal development -- Fertilization -- Cleavage and the blastula stage -- Gastrulation -- Organogenesis -- Vertebrate axis formation -- Human development -- pt. VII. Ecology and behavior -- 54. Behavioral biology -- Behavioral genetics -- Learning -- Development of behavior -- Animal cognition -- Orientation and migratory behavior -- Animal communication -- Behavioral ecology -- Reproductive strategies and sexual selection -- Altruism and group living -- Evolution of social systems -- 55. Population ecology -- Environmental challenge -- Population demography and dynamics -- Life history and the cost of reproduction -- Population growth and environmental limits -- Human population growth -- 56. Community ecology -- Biological communities : species living together -- Ecological niche concept -- Predator-prey relationships -- Species interactions -- Ecological succession, disturbance, and species richness -- 57. Dynamics of ecosystems -- Biogeochemical cycles -- Flow of energy in ecosystems -- Trophic-level interactions -- Biodiversity and ecosystem stability -- Island biogeography -- 58. The biosphere -- Ecosystem effects of sun, wind, and water -- Earth's biomes -- Freshwater habitats -- Marine habitats -- Pollution and resource depletion -- Global warming -- 59. Conservation biology -- The biodiversity crisis -- Value of biodiversity -- Factors responsible for extinction -- Preserving endangered species -- Conservation of ecosystems