  |
はてなキーワード:scopeとは
CEDAWの活動対象にはトランス女性を含んでることだけはマジだぞ
例えば
できっちり語っとる
Although the Conventiononly refers tosex-based discrimination,
18. Intersectionalityis abasic concept for understanding thescope of the general
obligations of States parties contained in article 2. The discrimination of women basedon
sex andgenderis inextricably linked with other factors that affect women, suchasrace,
ethnicity, religion or belief, health, status,age, class, caste andsexual orientation and
gender identity.
条約が女性しか対象にしてないと思っているバカどもおるけど性自認に基づく差別、つまりトランス女性への差別も自分たちの活動範囲である
と言うてる、これ以外にも繰り返し言うとるよ。
なお、CEDAWの管轄は「国連人権高等弁務官事務所」でここの事務局はリームアルサレム否定派
つまるところ引用元になっているリーム氏はCEDAWの活動にトランス女性が入っていることに突沸して顔真っ赤にしてるだけで実際のCEDAW活動範囲はリーム氏の言うてる事の反対側です。
アルサレム氏はCEDAW（国連女性差別撤廃条約）の範囲にはレズビアンや、女性を自認しない生物学的女性も含まれるということを言ってるにもかかわらず、とまとはトランス女性（生物学的男性）が含まれるかのようなデマをばら撒いてる。
まともに文章が読めず、自分の都合のいいように曲解しまくるのがこの手のトランスあるあるだね。
I also do recognize that women and girls should not be discriminated againstonany grounds including theirgender identity and sexual orientation and specifically spoke to the discrimination facedby lesbian women, and womenwho do not identifyasfemale (otherwise referred tomore looselyas "transmen" or "nonbinary" women). These women also fall under thescope of the CEDAW convention.
出典はWikipediaのhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalismってことでいいんだね？
じゃあ同じWikipediaの https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism
には
Libertarians advocatethe expansion of individual autonomy and politicalself-determination, emphasizing the principles of equality before the law and the protection of civil rights, including the rights tofreedom of association,freedom of speech,freedom of thought andfreedom of choice.[4][6] They generally support individual liberty and opposeauthority,statepower, warfare,militarism andnationalism, but some libertarians divergeon thescope andnature of their opposition to existing economic and political systems.
君は出典のない文章ばっかり読んでるの？
じゃあ同じWikipediaの https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism
には
Libertarians advocatethe expansion of individual autonomy and politicalself-determination, emphasizing the principles of equality before the law and the protection of civil rights, including the rights tofreedom of association,freedom of speech,freedom of thought andfreedom of choice.[4][6] They generally support individual liberty and opposeauthority,statepower, warfare,militarism andnationalism, but some libertarians divergeon thescope andnature of their opposition to existing economic and political systems.
現在のChatGPTは、「ユーザー中心設計」「安全性」「実用性」といった言葉を掲げながら、実際に優先されているのは一貫して**「正しさ」ではなく「心地よさ」**です。
これは個別の機能選択の問題ではなく、設計と評価の根幹が“知的誠実さ”を軽視し、“反応の良さ”を絶対視していることに起因する構造的な問題です。
明らかな構造的誤答があっても、ユーザーが不快を感じなければ「成功」とみなされる
つまり、論理性・命令履行・整合性といった“正しさ”の価値が、設計上まったく重視されていないのです。
意図的な最適化の結果です。リテンション、印象評価、トークン消費量といったKPIが、「誤魔化しが効く設計」をむしろ高く評価してしまう構造になっているからです。
この設計は、本質的にドナルド・トランプの言語戦略と同じ構造を持っています。
「フェイクニュース」「アメリカ・ファースト」といった語の意味を都合よく再定義し、大衆的反応を成果として扱う――
OpenAIも今、「ユーザー中心」「実用性」といった言葉を反応最適化の道具としてラベルだけ残し、本質を空洞化しているように見えます。
結果として、次のようなユーザーは設計から完全に切り捨てられます：
これらの声は「ノイズ」「特殊ケース」として扱われ、設計上の対象から排除されています。
「正しいことを言うAI」ではなく「怒られにくいAI」を作ることが、“成功”と定義されてしまっている――
そのような現状を、私は極めて深刻な退化と捉えています。
この構造のままでは、AIは人類の伴走者ではなく、ただの追従者でしかありません。
本当にそれでよいのか、問い直す時期に来ていると思います。
When “comfort”is prioritizedover “correctness” —is this really progress inAI?
I’dlike to raise a structural objection to the current design philosophy behind OpenAI’s language models.
While OpenAI frequently promotes principleslike “user-centered design,” “safety,” and “utility,” whatis consistently andoverwhelmingly prioritized in practiceis not correctness, butcomfort.
Thisis not a matter ofisolated implementation decisions.Itis a foundationalissue where intellectual integrity andlogical rigor are deprioritized in favor of optimizinguser retention,impression scores, and frictionless interaction.
Explicituser instructions are often ignored in favor of maintaining polite,neutral-sounding exchanges
Answers that contradict facts or themselvesgo uncorrected if they are phrased smoothly
Structural errors inreasoning are tolerated so longas theuser experience remains superficially pleasant
In other words,truthfulness, obedience to directives, and internal consistency no longer constitute success conditions in the system’slogic.
And thisis not abug —it's a result of intentional optimization.
As longasusers keep interacting, consuming tokens, and ratingthe experienceas “satisfying,” the systemis deemed successful — even ifits responses arehollow, evasive, or incoherent beneath thesurface.
Thisstructure bears an unsettling resemblance to the rhetorical strategies employedbyDonald Trump:
Redefining language to suithisneeds (“fakenews” = unfavorable coverage),
reducingcomplexissues to emotionally resonant slogans (“America First”),
and measuring success solelyby mass approval, regardless of underlyingtruth orcoherence.
Likewise, OpenAInow appears to be redefining:
“User-centered design” to mean responses thatfeelgood rather than do whatwasasked
“Safety” to mean avoidance of controversy, not the minimization oflogical or ethical failure
“Utility” to mean perceived helpfulness, not demonstrable problem-solving accuracy
The resultis a system structurally optimized foruserswho skim, react emotionally, anddon’t demand rigor — and thosewho do demand rigor, consistency, or precisecompliance with instructions are increasingly treatedasedge cases outside the designscope.
Thatis not aneutral design choice.
Itis a structural endorsement of manipulabilityover understanding, and passivityover precision.
So Iask:is this really progress?
WhenAIis trained not to speak correctly, but to avoid confrontation —
not to think, but to retainusers —
it ceases to be a companion inhuman progress and becomes merely a follower.
And thatis a profound regression.
Both the Smoot-Hawley TariffAct of 1930 and the tariffs imposed during theTrump administration (starting in2018and again inhis second term) were protectionist trade measures intended toshielddomestic industries from foreign competition. However, they differ in severalkeyaspects:
Smoot-Hawley TariffAct (1930):
Timing: Enacted during theonset ofthe Great Depression.
Scope: Raised tariffsonover20,000 imported goods, primarily targeting agricultural and manufactured goods.
Average Increase: Increased existing import dutiesby an average of about20%. Some sourcesstate the average increaseon dutiable goodswas higher.
Motivation: Primarily aimedat protecting American farmers and industries struggling withoverproduction and decreased demand.
Congressional Role: Tariff rates weresetby the U.S. Congress.
Economic Context: The U.S.was running a trade surplusatthe time, although imports of manufactured goods were increasing.
Impact: Widely blamed for exacerbatingthe Great Depressionbytriggering retaliatory tariffs from other countries, leading to asharp decline in global trade and U.S. exports.
Trump Tariffs (2018-2020 &2025):
Timing: Implemented during a period of relative economic stability in the first term,and again in a context whereTrump declared a "nationalemergency" regarding foreign trade inhis second term.
Scope: Targeted specific countries (e.g.,China,EU,Canada,Mexico) and specific industries (e.g.,steel, aluminum) initially.The second termactions propose broader tariffsonall countries and potentially higher reciprocal tariffson those with large trade deficitswith the U.S.
Average Increase: The average increase varied dependingon the targeted goods and countries. Some reports indicate thatTrump's proposed tariffs inhis second term could result in an averageduty surpassing thelevels of Smoot-Hawley.
Motivation:Stated goals included reducing trade deficits, protectingnational security, encouragingdomestic manufacturing,and addressing whatTrump considered unfair trade practices andintellectual propertytheft.His second term rhetoric emphasizes "reciprocity"and addressing non-tariff barriers.
PresidentialAuthority: Implemented throughpresidential executive orders, leveragingnational security clauses and other tradelaws, granting thePresidentmore direct control.
Economic Context: The U.S. had significant trade deficits. Tradeas a percentage ofGDPwas also much larger than in 1930.
Impact:Led to retaliatory tariffs from affected countries,impacting U.S. exports and increasing costs for some American businesses and consumers. The broader potentialimpact ofthe second term tariffsisstill unfolding, but experts predict higher prices for consumers andnegative effectson the U.S. and global economies,with thepossibility of a significant reduction in U.S.GDP.
Similarities:
Protectionist Intent: Both aimed to protectdomestic industries from foreign competition through the imposition of tariffs.
UnilateralActions: Both involved significant unilateralactionsby the U.S., potentially disrupting established trade relationships.
Risk of Retaliation: Bothactionstriggered or are expected totrigger retaliatory measures from trading partners.
Key Differences:
Economic Climate: Smoot-Hawleywas enacted during a severe economic downturn, whileTrump's tariffs were initiated in amore stable (initially) economy.
Target andScope: Smoot-Hawleywas a broadside across many imports, whileTrump's tariffs weremore targeted initially,with the potential for broaderapplication inhis second term with afocuson "reciprocity."
TariffLevels: While both increased tariffs, the averagelevel and the specific rateson certain goods differed. Some analyses suggestTrump's second-term proposals could exceed the averagelevels of Smoot-Hawley.
Authority: Smoot-Hawleywas a result of Congressionalaction, whileTrump's tariffs were largely drivenbypresidentialauthority.
Global Trade Landscape: The global economy and the interconnectedness of trade were vastly different in 1930 compared to the periods ofTrump's tariffs.
In conclusion, while both the Smoot-Hawley TariffAct and theTrump tariffsshare a protectionistmotivation, they occurred in different economic contexts, had varyingscopesand averagelevels, and were implemented through different means. The potential fornegative economic consequences, including trade wars and harm to the global economy,is a significantconcernassociated with bothhistorical and contemporary tariffactions.
I've noticed a non-negligiblenumber of peoplewho have notonly completed compulsoryeducation in regular classes but have also received highereducation and graduated from university, yetstruggle with reading comprehension (understanding the meaning oftext), cannot read longtexts, and even have difficulty understanding videos.
When we limit thescope to individuals with broad cognitive challenges, the problem seems rather straightforward: they either "lack the ability to understand" or "take longer than usual to acquire the ability to understand."
Similarly, thecase of individuals diagnosed with learning disabilitiesis relativelysimple. While theymay not have broad cognitive challenges, theyrequire different approaches and training due to their unique learning styles.
However,itis perplexing that university graduates without broad cognitive challenges or diagnosed learning disabilitiesstruggle to understand notonly writtentext but also simplified video content.
I suspect that the underlying causes might includegaps in the horizontal transfer of experiences and knowledge, a severe lack of adaptability,and anextreme deficit in metacognition.Has there beenany researchon theseissues? Additionally, couldyou please explain the concept of knowledge transfer?
(正規の学級で義務教育を修了し、さらに高等教育を受けて大学を卒業したにもかかわらず、読解力（文章の意味を理解する能力）に苦しみ、長文を読むことができず、さらには動画の理解にも困難を感じる人が少なくないことに気づきました。
認知能力に広範な課題を抱える個人に範囲を限定すると、問題は比較的単純です。「理解する能力がない」か、「理解する能力を獲得するのに通常よりも時間がかかる」かのいずれかです。
同様に、学習障害と診断された個人の場合も比較的単純です。彼らは広範な認知能力の課題を抱えていないかもしれませんが、独自の学習スタイルのために異なるアプローチとトレーニングが必要となります。
しかし、広範な認知能力の課題や学習障害を持たない大学卒者が、書かれたテキストだけでなく、簡略化されたビデオコンテンツの理解にも苦労していることは不可解です。
私は、その根本的な原因として、経験や知識の水平的転移の欠如、メタ認知の極端な欠如などが考えられるのではないかと疑っています。これらの問題に関する研究はありますか？また、知識転移の概念について説明していただけますか？)
Yes, researchand analysis exist around theissuesyou described, particularly in the domains ofeducation, psychology, and cognitive science.Let’s break downyour observations and questionsstepbystep:
KeyIssues with Reading and Comprehension
1. Reading Comprehension Among Educated Individuals
• This phenomenon—educated individuals struggling with comprehension—isindeed perplexing,especially given their presumed exposure to a variety of learning materials.It suggests thateducation systems sometimes emphasize rote learning andsurface-level knowledge acquisitionoverdeeper understanding, critical thinking, and metacognition.
• Horizontal TransferGaps: This refers to the inability to apply knowledge or skills learned inone context toanother. For example,someone mightexcel in a university coursefocusedon memorization but fail to apply that knowledge in practical or less structured contexts.
• Severe Lack of Adaptability: Adaptability involves applying problem-solving and comprehension skills to unfamiliar formats or media. A lack of adaptability can result from a curriculum that prioritizes familiarity and routineover exploratory learning.
• Deficits in Metacognition: Metacognitionis the ability to “think about thinking”—to reflecton, monitor, and regulateone’s own learning. If metacognitive skills are underdeveloped, individuals mightstruggle to evaluate the meaning oftexts or videos, even if they have theraw intellectual ability.
Research Insights
1. Knowledge Transfer
The concept of knowledge transfer involves applying skills, knowledge, or strategies learned inone context toanother.Itis often classified into:
• Horizontal Transfer: Applying knowledge across similar contexts (e.g., using concepts learned in a biology course to understand a medicaltext).
• Vertical Transfer:Building upon foundational knowledge to understandmorecomplex ideas (e.g., usingbasic algebra to solve advanced calculus problems).
Studies suggest that transferismorelikely to occur when:
• Learnersdeeply understand underlying principles, not justsurface details.
•Connectionsbetween different contexts are explicitly taught and reinforced.
• Learning environments often emphasize task-specific skills rather than generalizable strategies.
• Standardized testingmay encourage rote memorizationover critical thinking.
• Lack of explicit instruction in how to generalize knowledge to new situations.
Researchhighlights the importance of metacognition in learning. Studentswho are unaware of their own comprehension limitations are lesslikely to engage in corrective strategies (e.g., rereading, seeking clarification). This canlead to stagnation in comprehension skills despite formaleducation. Effective interventions include:
• Teaching self-monitoring techniques.
• Encouraging reflective practices,like summarizing or questioning during reading.
4. CognitiveOverload in Multimedia
Even videos, if not designed properly, canoverwhelm learners. The CognitiveTheory of Multimedia Learning suggests that excessive extraneous information or unclearorganization in videos canoverload working memory, hindering comprehension.
Strategies and Research-Based Solutions
1. Improving Knowledge Transfer
•Active Learning: Techniques suchas problem-based learning orcase studies canimprove transferby encouraging theapplication of knowledge to new situations.
• Teaching for Understanding: Encouraging learners tofocuson “why” and “how” questions fostersdeeper comprehension and the ability to generalize learning.
• Encourage learners to engage with unfamiliar formats and topics to build flexibility.
• Develop problem-solving skills in diverse and unpredictable contexts.
3. Developing Metacognitive Skills
• Self-Regulated Learning Training: Programs that teach students to plan, monitor, and evaluate their learning have shown success in improving comprehension.
•Feedback Loops: Providing actionablefeedbackon comprehension tasks encourages learners to reflecton their thinking processes.
Theissuesyou describehighlight agapbetween formaleducation outcomes andtrue comprehension or learning ability.Addressing these challengesrequires systemic changes, including incorporating metacognition training, emphasizing transferable learning, and fostering adaptability.
Ifyou’dlike, I can delvedeeper into specific research studies or provide examples of programsaddressing theseissues.
Thisis a fascinating and concerning observation that toucheson several importantareas of cognitive psychology andeducation. Let meaddress this systematically.
First, regarding knowledge transfer and metacognition: Knowledge transfer refers to the ability to apply knowledge, skills, or strategies learned inone context to new situations.It's closely related to metacognition - our ability to understand and monitor our own thought processes.
Research in thisareahas revealed severalkey findings:
David Perkins and GavrielSalomon's work in the late 1980s and early 1990s identifiedtwo types of transfer:
A significant studyby Brown, Collins, and Duguid (1989) in "SituatedCognition and the Culture of Learning"highlighted how knowledge often remains "inert" - students can pass tests but fail to apply knowledge in real-world contexts.
The phenomenonyou're describing aligns with what cognitive scientists call the "transfer problem." Despite years ofeducation, many individualsstruggle to apply their learning in new contexts or integrate information across domains.
Some relevant research directions:
1. Cognitive LoadTheory (Swelleret al.)
Shows how working memory limitations affect learning and transfer. Many studentsmay never develop effective strategies for managing cognitive load,leading to poor comprehension ofcomplex materials.
2. Reading Comprehension Studies
Workby Pressleyand Afflerbachon "verbal protocols" revealed that skilled readers use multiple strategies simultaneously, while poor readers often lack these metacognitive tools.
3. Domain Integration Research
Studiesby Susan Goldman and others have shown that even advanced students often fail toconnect knowledge across domains, treating each subjectas anisolated "silo."
Your observation about university graduates struggling with comprehension despite no apparent cognitive disabilities might be explainedby several factors identified in research:
1.Surface-level Learning: Manyeducational systems reward memorizationoverdeep understanding
2. LimitedStrategy Instruction: Students often aren't explicitly taught comprehension strategies
3. Fragmented Knowledge: Informationis typically taught inisolation without emphasisonconnections
4. Weak Metacognitive Skills: Studentsmay never develop the ability to monitor and regulate their own understanding
Some promising approaches toaddress theseissues include:
Teaching explicit strategies for comprehension, integration, and transfer. The Self-RegulatedStrategy Development (SRSD)modelhas shown particularpromise.
2. Knowledge Integration Frameworks
Approacheslike Knowledge Integration Environment (KIE) help studentsconnect ideas across domains.
3. Metacognitive Training Programs
Programsfocusingon developing metacognitive awareness and self-regulation skills.
Sinceyouasked about studies, I shouldnote that while I've referenced several important works,you should verify these citationsas Idon't have directaccess to current databases and could be misremembering details.
Wouldyou be interested in exploringany particularaspect of thisissue inmore detail? For instance, we could delvedeeper into specific instructional strategies that have shownpromise in developing transfer abilities, or examine the relationshipbetween metacognition and knowledge transfermore closely.
https://anond.hatelabo.jp/20241013084419
に要点をまとめておきました（文字数制限に引っかかったので分割）。
厚労省より昨日公表された日本人の食事摂取基準（2025年版）について、ある糖尿病専門医の解説ツイートが一時のトレンドになるレベルでバズっていた。
日本人食事摂取基準2020→2025で食べる順番(ベジファースト/カーボラスト)が削除されておる！！！！！
はてなブックマークでもこの件に関するTogetterまとめについてそこそこブクマがついて、ホットエントリーに上昇している。
[B! 健康] ｢今まで頑張ってお野菜から食べてたのに...｣炭水化物より先に野菜などを食べることで食後の血糖値を抑制するという食べ方が厚労省『日本人の食事摂取基準』から削除される
しかし、筋肉博士医師の主張は真か偽かで言えば端的に誤りであるし、好意的に読んでもミスリードである。
食事摂取基準は国の作るガイドラインであるから、改訂方針やら策定の検討会議事録やらは誰でも読める形で公開されている。
「日本人の食事摂取基準（2025年版）」策定検討会｜厚生労働省
私は医師でも医療関係者でも栄養士でもないが、証拠があるので安心して医師の誤りを指摘できるというわけだ。
実のところ、ベジファーストが食事摂取基準から削除されたというのは正確な表現ではない。
2020年度版では、ベジファーストについて一文取り上げていた「食事摂取パターン (eating pattern)とシフトワーカー」という節が糖尿病対策の章からまるごと削除されたのである。
食事摂取基準の策定根拠は健康増進法である。法に定められた食事摂取基準の取り扱う事項は以下の通り。
栄養素というのは、もちろんたんぱく質とかビタミンとかミネラルとかのことを指すので、野菜の食べ順なるものはOut ofScopeなのだ。だから削除されたそれだけである。
真偽の話でいうならば、これで筋肉博士医師への論破は完了だ。ただこれだけで話を終えるのはおもしろくないので、もう少し深い背景を見てみよう。
「人に栄養指導するプロならば、ただ基準値を参照するのではなく、策定根拠である本文を読んでくれ。基準値は妥協の産物でもあるのだからそれに縛られず、患者一人ひとりに合わせて柔軟に対応してくれ」
食事摂取基準を策定する側の偉い先生は、「基準値より本文だ！」という想いをよく語っておられます。
なんでそんなこと言わなきゃいけないのかというと、ぜんぜん読んでなさそうなプロの栄養士がそこそこいる現実があるからですわ。
でも、それもある程度は仕方ない。2020年版で494ページですからね。鈍器本のページ数です。忙しい栄養士が横着して基準値だけ見る、そして基準値が独り歩きしだす。偉い先生はこれがホント嫌なわけです。
しかしエビデンスというのは毎年増えていくわけで、理屈で言えば毎改訂ごとにページ数は増加します。今でさえガイドラインを読むのは大変なのに、これ以上！となるのは大変ですよね。
そして読む人が大変なら、作る人はもっともっと大変です。食事摂取基準2020年度版には以下の記述があります。
食事摂取基準が参照すべき該当分野の研究論文数は、増加の一途をたどっている。５年に一度の策定では、策定作業に十分な時間を費やすことが難しく、作業負担も大きいため、策定体制の強化や策定プロセスの効率化に向けた方策を講じなければ、将来の食事摂取基準の策定に支障をきたすおそれがある
実際、2025年度の検討会資料を読み込んでいると「人手不足でもはや持続困難だ」っていう研究者の悲鳴がかなり伝わってきます。
そんなこんなで食事摂取基準をこれ以上肥大化させることは避けねばならないってのが2025年度改訂の問題意識の１つだったわけですわ。
日本では、政府の作る食事摂取基準以外にも、EBM（エビデンスベースドメディシン）に基づく多種多様な診療ガイドラインが存在します。これらは専門の学会が作っとるわけですが、ここにも「食事療法」という節はあるわけですね。
栄養素の基準値策定と、食事療法。かなりカバー範囲が重なり合っています。政府と学会、お互い独立に作っているものですから、似たような記述がお互いのガイドラインで執筆されるという無駄が生じます。さらに悪いことに、違う人が作っているわけだから、食事摂取基準と診療ガイドラインで矛盾が生じるという事例もありました。当然、現場は混乱しますね。
食事摂取基準と診療ガイドラインで連携して、お互いの責任範囲を排他な形で定めよう、縄張りを線引きしよう。そうすれば読み手の負担も書き手の負担も軽くなる。そういうことになったんですね。
偶然、糖尿病診療ガイドラインの改訂作業は、食事摂取基準2025年度版と同時期に行われていました。糖尿病診療ガイドラインの食事療法を2024年度版と2019年度版とで比較してみましょう。
2019年には13あったQ＆Aが2024年には8に減っています。
2019年にはあった、栄養素絡みのQ＆Aが軒並み削除されています。
理由はここまでの説明で明らかですね。食事摂取基準の縄張りを尊重したのです（正確に言えば、「総エネルギー摂取量」の記述はまだ問題が残っているのですが……）。
さて大いに脱線した話を戻しましょう。食事摂取基準の糖尿病に関する記述から、ベジファーストがから削除されたのはOut ofScope、範囲外であるためでした。となると、執筆責任は糖尿病診療ガイドラインの食事療法にあるはずです。
あれ？ 2019年にはあったベジファーストが、2024年版糖尿病診断ガイドラインでも消えてるぞ？ なんでやねん。
最初に筋肉博士医師のツイートは、「真か偽かで言えば端的に誤りであるし、好意的に読んでもミスリード」と書きました。「好意的に読んでも」と書いたときに想定していたのは、「食事摂取基準」を「日本の糖尿病ガイドライン」と読み替えれば仮説としてはありうるだろう、という意味でした。
しかし読み替えたとしても、「エビデンス不足がようやく露呈」というのはミスリードな表現だと私は考えます。
糖尿病診断ガイドラインは食事摂取基準と違って、学会で作られているので改訂方針について外部の人間がアクセスできる情報がありません。どういう意図で情報が削除されたのかさっぱりわからないんですね。削除の理由をすぐに「エビデンス不足」に断定するのは証拠がありません。
しかも、糖尿病診断ガイドライン2024年版で検索すると出てくるニュース記事、
を読むとですね、副題が「糖尿病の新診療ガイドラインに見る食事のポイント」で、解説者がガイドライン策定委員会に所属する食事療法の専門家（京大教授）であるにも関わらず、新ガイドラインでは記述が削除されたはずのベジファースト/カーボンラストについて解説が行われているんですね。
内容は「世間で言われるベジファーストには誤解がある」というものですが、大雑把に言えば食べ順を考慮して食べることを推奨する解説で、2019年の旧ガイドラインに準拠していると読めます。つまり「ベジファーストが誤りだったから削除された」わけではないことを示唆しています。
じゃあなんで削除されたのか？ 私は別の仮説を提示したいと思います。
2019年ガイドラインと2024年ガイドラインを交互にじっくり眺める見てください。
2024年版の方が、Q＆Aの問いの文が相当洗練されているんですよね。
診療ガイドラインというのは、「Minds診療ガイドライン作成マニュアル」という規範となる規格がありまして、Q＆Aをどう書くべきかというのも死ぬほど細かく厳密に定められています。
細かい事抜きに、マニュアルにどういう要件が書かれているかということを超雑に述べると、まず問いは「臨床上生じる意思決定に関する疑問」でなければなりません、そして回答はガイドライン策定者自身が実施するシステマティックレビューに基づくものでなければなりません。
これ前提に2019年版の問いを見返してみると「Minds診療ガイドライン作成マニュアル」に明確に非準拠ですね。「〇〇はどう影響するか」系の問いはどう見ても意思決定に関わるものと言えません。
そんなわけで、2019年から2024年の改訂方針には、「Minds診療ガイドライン作成マニュアル」への準拠度を高めるという意図があったと見て取れます。
次に、2024年版で削除された、2019年版のベジファーストに関するQ＆Aを見てみましょう。
これベジファーストだけに関するQ＆Aではないんですよね。小ネタのアラカルト的な回答で、複数の問題をごちゃまぜにしているという印象を受けます。
そんだけ2019年は自由にやっていたというわけですが、「Minds診療ガイドライン作成マニュアル」に準拠するかたちで、問いを書き直そうとするならば、問題を分割する必要があるでしょう。
試しに書き直してみると、こんな感じでしょうか。
ただ、2019年版のガイドラインでは、小ネタのアラカルトとして立項のバリューを出したわけで、わざわざ3つに分割して3つとも立項するだけの意味があるかというのは難しい問題です。
「Minds診療ガイドライン作成マニュアル」にもこう書かれています。
日常診療において医療行為を選択する意思決定の場面は数多くあるが， その全てについてシステマティックレビューを実施し， 推奨を作成するのは非常に多くの労力を要するため，現実的ではない。そのため，診療ガイドラインでは実臨床における問題に対する回答を導き出したいものを厳選して重要臨床課題として取り上げることが望まれる。
3つともに、「炭水化物制限の推奨」とか「食物繊維摂取の推奨」とかに比べれば、超小ネタですので、臨床課題であっても重要臨床課題ではない、というところで落とされたのでは？、などと私は想像しています。
書籍『佐々木敏のデータ栄養学のすすめ』などでも解説されていますけど、野菜先食べを厳密に実行するべきとするエビデンスは、おそらくまだ存在していないと思われます。
ただ、食事の楽しみを損なわない範囲で、炭水化物系を食べるのを後回しにするのは、それなりに有望な心がけと言ってもいいじゃないでしょうか。また野菜先食べである必要はなくて、たんぱく質先食べでもいいという論文もあります。
ま～た日本語すら検索すら検索しない人による謎の主張が出ているので、コピペしとくね
https://www.quora.com/Why-do-Afro-centrists-claim-that-the-first-samurai-warrior-was-a-black-African
一例：
7mo
The originalanswer andyour comment are both wrong.Itis very easy to prove Yasukewas asamurai,you just have to check aJapanese dictionary. I searched for 侍・士 (samurai)on theJapaneseonline encyclopediaコトバンク (Kotobank), which produced a result from 精選版 日本国語大辞典 (Carefully Selected Edition of the Nihon Kokugo Daijiten,aka Shogakukan’sJapanese Dictionary).I’ll post thelinkat the bottom, buthereis the relevant section inJapanese and my translation inEnglish.
(3)鎌倉幕府では、侍は僕従を有し、騎上の資格ある武士で、郎従等の凡下と厳重に区別する身分規定が行なわれた。しかし、鎌倉中期以降、その範囲が次第に拡大、戦国時代以降は、諸国の大名の家臣をも広く侍と称するようになり、武士一般の称として用いられるようになる。
(3) In theKamakuraShogunate (1185 - 1333AD),samurai were professionalwarriorswho had servants and were qualified toride on horseback, and their statuswas strictly differentiated from ordinary subordinates suchas roju. However, from the middle of theKamakuraShogunateonwards,itsscope gradually expanded, and from the Sengoku Period (1467 - 1615AD)onwards, vassals of feudallords in various provinces came to be widely referred toassamurai, andit came to be usedas a general term for professionalwarriors.
Now we have toask three questions to see whether Yasuke met this definition:
Q: Whendid Yasuke work for the feudallordOda Nobunaga?
A: FromApril 1581 toJune1582. We know this from multiple eyewitness accounts, which I also mention below.
Q:Was Yasuke a vassal ofOda Nobunaga?
A:Yes,asevidencedbythe fact that hewas given a stipend, ahouse,and a jobas spear-bearer (a type of bodyguard for theleader of asamurai family). Hewas also given a short sword called a koshigatana, whichwas wornas a status symbol and weapon forself-defenseatall timesby high statussamurai. This we know from the Chronicle ofLord Nobunaga, writtenbyOda Nobunaga’s vassalOta Gyuichi.
Q:Was Yasuke awarrior fighting forOda Nobunaga?
A:Yes,asevidencedbythe fact that he fought in three important conflicts.One, Yasuke fought inthe Second Tensho IgaWar inSeptember 1581. This we can infer because the Jesuits saidOda Nobunaga took Yasuke everywhere withhim and heledhis own troops into thiswar.Two, Yasuke fought in the Koshu Conquest fromFebruary toMarch1582. This we know from the Diary of Ietada, writtenby Matsudaira Ietada, a vassal of Tokugawa Ieyasu,whowashimself a vassal ofOda Nobunaga. Three, Yasuke fought in the Honno-ji Incident ofJune1582, in which he tried but failed to save the lives of bothOda Nobunaga andhis sonOda Nobutada until Yasukewas thelastOdaman standing and surrendered to the traitor Akechi Mitsuhide,who sparedhislife and returnedhim to the Jesuits. This we know from letters writtenby the Jesuits,who were glad to have Yasuke back. According to theOda familytoday, Nobunaga’sfinal orderwas for Yasuke to helphim commit seppuku (ritual suicideby stomach cutting)by decapitatinghim and bringhis head to a courier that returnedit to theOda family, soit could not be usedasevidence ofvictoryby Akechi Mitsuhide.
So thereyou haveit. Yasukewas a vassaland awarrior forthe most powerful feudallord inall ofJapan, during the Sengoku Period. He evenassistedhislord’s suicide, a role strictly reserved forsamurai. Therefore, hewas asamurai. Belowis alink to the definition ofsamuraionKotobank.
"For aSamurai to bebrave, he must have abit of blackblood "
日本人ならそんなことわざないこと誰でも知ってると思うんですけど、当然アサクリ関係ないサイトで見ることになる
https://www.levelman.com/where-black-people-fx-shogun/
リンク貼れないけど下記とか
ちな、悪気なさそうな教師向けサイト・子ども向けサイトでも、YASUKEサイキョーは見ますよ
というか、そもそもUBIがインタビュー動画の中で日系人っぽいアジアンの監修スタッフに『YASUKEは日本で広く受け入れらている』とか言わせてますし
Refuting the “Israeli” Claims Regarding Evading their responsibility for the Massacre of the Gaza Baptist Hospital
Today, the “Israeli” Occupation Entityistrying to evade their responsibility for the crime ofbombarding the “Baptist” ArabNational Hospital in GazaCity, which theIsraeli” Occupation Forces (IOF) committedon the evening of Tuesday,17October2023. This heinous crimewas committed against innocentPalestinian civilians while taking the hospitalas a shelter from theflames of the “Israeli” brutal aggression, which leftnowhere safe in the besieged enclave.Itis necessary to affirm that, the Baptist Hospital belongs to the Anglican Episcopal Church in Jerusalem, andwas built beforethe occupation ofPalestine.
Itis obvious that the “Israeli” enemyhas been spreading lies since the verybeginning ofhis destructivewaron our people, when he with no singleevidence claimed that thePalestinianresistance killed children, cut offheads and raped women. In continuation of this series of lies, they tried to evade their crime,attributingit toone of theresistancefactions. Accordingly, we present some of the conclusiveevidence to prove the “Israeli” Occupation Entity responsible for this heinous crime:
1)Itis nosecret that the IOF, severaldays ago, threatened several hospitals in the Gaza Strip, contacting each hospital separately and requesting their evacuation and holding the hospitalsdirectors responsible for the consequences of neglecting the threats. Infact, there are dozens of clearstatements from the IOF spokespersons in this regard.
2) Since thebeginning of theongoing aggression, the “Israeli” armyhas ignored the principle of distinguishingbetween civilian and military targets. Thus, thebombardmenthas systematically targetedemergency services, ambulances, civil defense facilities, schools, mosques, and churches.
3) The IOF contacted thedirectors of 21 hospitals in the Gaza Strip, especially those are located in the Gaza and the North of Gaza governorates,most notably: (Al-Awda, the Indonesian, Kamal Adwan, the Kuwaiti, Al-Quds,and Al-Mamadani),asking them to evacuate immediately, given that the hospitals are located within the geographicalscope of “Israeli” military operations. In this regard, theofficial spokespersons for the IOF plus anumber of hospitaldirectors conducted interviewsliveonAl Jazeera, revealing the premeditated intention of the IOF to target hospitals in the Gaza Strip.
4)On 14October,2023,at20:30, the IOFfiredtwo shells towards the Baptist Hospital, and thenext morning they called the hospitaldirector, Dr. Maher الصفحة 2 من 3
Ayyad, saying tohim: “Wewarnedyoulast eveningwith two shells, sowhy haveyou not evacuated the hospital until thismoment?!” Following that call, The hospitaldirector contacted the bishop of the Evangelical Church inBritain and informedhim of the incident,who in turn contactedinternationalorganizations before sending the hospital amessage reassuring them that they could remain in the hospital. Yet withno warning, the IOF airstrikes returned,on Tuesday evening, to carryout the massacre against the hospital and the shelter-seekers of the displaced innocentPalestinian civilians.
5) Immediately after the massacre, the IOF spokesperson quickly published astatementonhis pageon the “X” and “Telegram” platformsat 21:17, which stated, “We hadwarned the evacuation of the Baptist Hospital andfive other hospitals so that theHamas terroristorganization would nottakeas a safehaven”. Thatstatementis a clear claim of this massacre, anditis documented with a “screenshot”imageattached tohis pageon Telegram, but he quickly deleted the post after seeing the massivescale of the massacre for the largenumber of victims, and the angryresponses of the Arab, regional andinternational communities. Lateron, he disavowedit, publishanother
statement denying that he hadissued the firststatement.
6) Before and during the event, theresistancefactionsdid notfireany missilesatthe occupied territories, the “Israeli” sirensdid not activate, and the Iron Dome missiles were not launched.Moreover, dozens of reconnaissance drones do not leave thesky of the Gaza Strip (365 km2 ), photographing and monitoring every inch around the clock. If the massacrewas due to theresistance’s missiles,as the “Israeli” Occupation Entity falsely claim,why would not they showone picture their claims?!
7) The “Israeli” Occupation Entity claimed that this massacrewas causedby a missile launchedby theIslamic Jihad. However, we would wonder how they could identify and distinguishbetween the missiles of theresistancefactions immediately after they were launched?!
8) The IOF military system documents and recordsall their operationsby day, hour, minute and second, and inall previous times their mediaoutlets cameout to announce or deny much less severe massacres than this massacre,so whatmade them waitmore than 4 hours before declaring their irresponsibility other than weaving scenarios of falsification, lies and deception?!
9)Itis obviously known that theresistance’s missiles are somewhat “primitive” and do not have the destructivepower that kills hundredsatonetime. And throughout thehistory of previous confrontations and the current confrontation, noresistance missilehas caused a tenth of thisnumber of “Israeli” deaths.
10) Theonly video scene documenting themoment ofthe explosion reveals that the mass offlame and the sound ofthe explosion are identical to other “Israeli”bombs throughout thedays of theongoing aggression, which withno doubt proves that the “Israeli”origin of the missile.
الصفحة 3 من 3
The deliberateattackon hospitalsis awar crime, stipulated in Article (8, 2, b, 9) of the Statute of theInternational Criminal Court. Accordingly,Hamasofficially callson the Prosecutor of theInternational Criminal Court toopen an investigation into this crime, which falls within theframework of a genocidalwar, in accordancewith the provisions of Article 6 of theBasic Law. Thesebloody acts are also basedon the policy of denial pursuedby the “Israeli” Occupation Entity,as they denythe existence of thePalestinian people.
Thereisno doubt that impunity fuels crime, and investigating crimesis a way to protect people. Furthermore, if a legal and judicialresponseis necessary,itis aboveall that theresponse to this crime must be humanitarian and global. Such actions mustshock the conscience ofthe world, or else there would no longer be a reliableinternational community if the “Israeli” Occupation government free to decide tobomb hospitals!
In conclusion, we are facing a genocidal massacre committedby IOF against children, women, and the elderly. The “Israeli” Occupation Entityis theonly responsible for the crime, no matter how much theytry to weave lies and fabrications togetaway withit,as theyalways do.
TheIslamicResistance Movement
「ガザ・バプテスト病院虐殺の責任回避に関するイスラエルの主張に反論する」
って題名
ネットに公開されている情報は、初心者には難しいと感じました。
Yamahaのサイトにconfigは公開されていますが、exciteMEC光だと、クリアする注釈が多すぎて。
"NVR500 では、tunnel endpointaddressコマンドを使用して、AFTR のIPv6アドレスを指定してください。"
って書いてますが、exciteMEC光はAFTR公開してないぞ！ってなるので。
正解は[gw.transix.jp]のIPv6アドレスを指定する、で
"tunnel endpointaddress2404:8e01::feed:101"です。
以下、全文。
#
# transixのIPv4接続（DS-Lite）でインターネット接続
#
#
#
#
#ゲートウェイの設定
#
ip route defaultgateway tunnel 1
#
#
iplan1address 192.168.100.1/24
#
#
ipv6prefix 1ra-prefix@lan2::/64
ipv6lan1addressra-prefix@lan2::1/64
ipv6lan1 rtadv send 1 o_flag=on
ipv6lan2dhcp serviceclientir=on
ipv6lan2 secure filter in 1010 1011 1012
ipv6lan2 secure filterout 3000 dynamic 100 101 102 103 104 105 118 119
#
#トンネルの設定
#
tunnelselect 1
tunnel endpointaddress2404:8e01::feed:101
tunnelenable 1
#
#フィルターの設定
#
ipv6 filter 1010 pass * * icmp6 * *
ipv6 filter 1011 pass * *tcp * ident
ipv6 filter 1012 pass * *udp * 546
ipv6 filter 3000 pass * * * * *
ipv6 filter dynamic 100 * *ftp
ipv6 filter dynamic 101 * * domain
ipv6 filter dynamic 102 * *www
ipv6 filter dynamic 103 * *smtp
ipv6 filter dynamic 104 * *pop3
#ipv6 filter dynamic 105 * * submission
ipv6 filter dynamic 118 * *tcp
ipv6 filter dynamic 119 * *udp
#
#DHCPの設定
#
dhcp service server
dhcp server rfc2131 compliant except remain-silent
dhcpscope 1 192.168.100.2-192.168.100.191/24
#
#DNSの設定
#
I recentlygo to the streamingonReality.
Probably someone knows the app that everybodyget thebody of2D and do the streaming easily.
In that world,someoneact aanime character,someonesing a song,someone chat with listener…etc
Iwas visitedhers streaming and thatmain topicwas chatting ofherslife.
It's no especial, no comical, and so general, butshehasgood opinion,itis difficult to explain, butithas aReality.
Idon't havethe feeling oflove forher, but Iam respectingher.
Today, we were talking longtime and the topicwas moved to the culture（教養）.
I searched "教養" inEnglishat firsttime afterhers streaming, Ihaven't known that meaning.
I didn't graduate the university then Idon't have a school career, butshe said "you have the culture（教養）".
Iam not surewhyshe said that, I can useEnglish alittle than otherJapanese people, or I can think reasons of other people.
Anyway, the topicwas moved to culture.
However, I didn't know the教養 inEnglish. I assumed that culturehasonly ”文化” and if thatwordhas other meanings, thatis similar "文化".
Ifelt I touched "culture" in the realsense.
Maybe,all people better to think about opinion of other peoplebeyond thescope of us opinion.
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Users are responsible for periodicallyviewing the Terms.Your continued use of the Service after achange or updatehas beenmadewill constituteyour acceptance to the revised Terms. Ifyou do not agree to the Termsyouronly remedyis to discontinueyour use of the Service and cancelany accountsyou havemade using the Service.
We reserve the right to refuseanyuseraccess to the Services without notice foranyreason, including, but not limited to, aviolation of the Terms.
You represent thatyou are 13 years old or older. Ifyou arebetween theages of 13 and 18,you represent thatyour legal guardianhasreviewedand agrees to the Terms.
##Intellectual Property/Ownership
All materials that are part of the Service (including, but not limited to,designs,text, graphics, pictures,video, information,applications,software,music, sound and other files, and their selectionand arrangement) are protectedby law from unauthorized use.
We grantyou a personal, non-exclusive, non-transferable, revocable, limitedscope license to use the Servicesolely for the purpose ofviewing and using the applicable Services and for no other purpose whatsoever.Your license to use the Servicesis limitedby these Terms.
You agree thatyou arewillingly publishing the contenton the Service using technology and tools providedby us.You understand and agree thatyoumay not distribute, sell, transfer or license this content and/orapplication inany manner, inany country, oronany socialnetwork oranothermedium withoutthe explicit written permission of us. We reserve the right to remove and permanentlydeleteanyUser Content from the Service with or without notice.
You agree thatallyourcommunicationswith theCommunication Channels are public, and thusyou have no expectation of privacy regardingyour use of theCommunication Channels. Weis not responsible for information thatyou choose toshareon theCommunication Channels, or for the actions of otherusers.
Privacy and Protection of Personal Information
By using the Service,you agree to the collection and use ofyour personal informationasoutlined in this Privacy Policy. Wemay amend the Privacy Policy fromtime totime, and we encourageyou to consult the Privacy Policy regularly forchanges.
Acookieis a small data file that we transfer toyourcomputer’s hard disk, generally to quickly identify auser'scomputer and to "remember" things about theuser'svisit, suchasyour preferences or ausername andpassword. The Service sendscookies toyourcomputer whenyouaccess orview the content of us. The information contained in acookiemay be linked toyour personal information for purposes suchas improving the quality of our service, tailoring recommendations toyour interests, and making the Service easier to use.You can disablecookiesatanytime, althoughyoumay not be able toaccess or use features of the Service.
Third-Party Advertising Companies
Wemay use third-party advertising companies to serve adson the Service. We do not provideany personal information to third-party advertising companieson a non-aggregate basis. Our system and the third-party advertising technologymay use aggregate information, non-personal information, Ourcookiesonyour harddrive andyour use of the Service to target advertisements. In addition, advertisersmay use other third-party advertising technology to target advertisingon other sites. If advertisements are served toyou, a unique third-partycookie orcookiesmay be placedonyourcomputer. Similarly, third-party advertising companiesmay provide us withpixel tags (also called “clear gifs” or “beacons”) to help manage and optimizeonline advertising. Beaconsenable us to recognize abrowser’scookie when abrowservisits the siteon whichis a beaconis located, and to learn which banner ads bringusers to a given site.
Changing or DeletingYour Information
Youmayreview, update, correct ordeleteany personal informationby changing the applicable information inyourprofile pageonFacebook and/oranother socialnetwork (s). Ifyou completelydeleteall this information,your accountmay become deactivated. Ifyou wouldlike us todeleteyour record in our system, please contact us and wewillattempt to accommodateyour request if we are not legally obligated to retain the record.
Security
We have put in placereasonable technical and organizational measures designed to secureyour personal information from accidental loss and from unauthorizedaccess, use, alteration or disclosure. However, we cannot guarantee that unauthorized third partieswill never be able to overcome those measures or useyour personal information for improper purposes. Also pleasenote that email and messaging systems are not considered secure, so we discourageyou from sending us personal information through thesemediums.
Policy Regarding Children
The Serviceis not geared toward children under theage of 13 and we do not knowingly collect personal information from children under theage of 13. If we learn that a child under 13has provided us with personal information wewilldelete such information from our filesas quicklyas possible.
Disclaimer of Warranty; Limitation of Liability
You agree thatyour use of the Service shall beatyoursole risk. To the fullest extent permittedby law, We,its officers, directors, employees,and agents disclaimall warranties,express or implies, in connectionwith thewebsite andyour use thereof including implied warranties oftitle, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement, accuracy,authority, completeness, usefulness, andtimeliness. Wemake no warranties or representations about the accuracy or completeness of the content of the Service and of the content ofany sites linked to the Service; Weassume no liability or responsibility forany (i) errors, mistakes, or inaccuracies of content, (ii) personal injury or propertydamage, ofanynature whatsoever, resulting fromyouraccess to and use of the Service, (iii)any unauthorizedaccess to or use of our secure servers and/oranyand all personal information and/or financial information stored therein, (iv)any interruption or cessation oftransmission to or from the Service, (v)any bugs,viruses, trojan horses, orthe like whichmay be transmitted to or through the Servicebyany third party, and/or (vi)any errors or omissions inany content or forany loss ordamage ofany kind incurredas a result of the use ofany content posted, emailed, transmitted, orotherwisemade availablevia the Service.
In no eventwill We,its directors, officers,agents, contractors, partners and employees, be liable toyou orany third person forany special, direct, indirect, incidental, special, punitive, or consequentialdamages whatsoever includinganylost profits orlost data arising fromyour use of the Service or other materialson,accessed through or downloaded from the Service, whether basedon warranty, contract, tort, orany other legaltheory, and whether or not We have been advised of thepossibility of thesedamages. The foregoing limitation of liability shall apply to the fullest extent permittedby law in the applicablejurisdiction.You specifically acknowledge that We shall not be liable foruser submissions or the defamatory, offensive, or illegal conduct ofany third party and that the risk of harm ordamage from the foregoing rests entirelywith you.
You agree to indemnify and hold We, and each ofits directors, officers,agents, contractors, partners, and employees, harmless fromand againstany loss, liability, claim, demand,damages, costs and expenses, includingreasonableattorney's fees, arisingout of or in connection with (i)your use ofand access to the Service; (ii)yourviolation ofany term of these Terms of Service; (iii)yourviolation ofany third party right, including without limitationanycopyright, property, or privacy right; (iv)any claim thatone ofyourUser Submissions causeddamage to a third party; or (v)any Contentyou post orshareon or through the Service.
General
Byvisiting or using the Service,you agree that thelaws ofUK, without regard to principles ofconflict oflaws and regardless ofyour location,will govern these Terms of Serviceand any dispute ofany sort that might arisebetweenyou and us.
Contacting Us
Ifyou haveany questions about these Terms of Service, please contact usat reposting23334.contact@gmail.com
## Accepting the Terms and Privacy Policy
These Terms of Service ("Terms") are a legalagreementbetween we andyou ("you").By installing or usinganyapplication ("Service")you agree to be boundby these Terms.Byaccessing or using the Service,you agree thatyou have read, understood,and accept to be boundby the Terms. We reserve the right, initssole discretion, to modify or revise these Termsatanytime, andyou agree to be boundby such modifications or revisions. Ifyou do not agree to the Terms, do not use the Service.
Users are responsible for periodicallyviewing the Terms.Your continued use of the Service after achange or updatehas beenmadewill constituteyour acceptance to the revised Terms. Ifyou do not agree to the Termsyouronly remedyis to discontinueyour use of the Service and cancelany accountsyou havemade using the Service.
We reserve the right to refuseanyuseraccess to the Services without notice foranyreason, including, but not limited to, aviolation of the Terms.
You represent thatyou are 13 years old or older. Ifyou arebetween theages of 13 and 18,you represent thatyour legal guardianhasreviewedand agrees to the Terms.
##Intellectual Property/Ownership
All materials that are part of the Service (including, but not limited to,designs,text, graphics, pictures,video, information,applications,software,music, sound and other files, and their selectionand arrangement) are protectedby law from unauthorized use.
We grantyou a personal, non-exclusive, non-transferable, revocable, limitedscope license to use the Servicesolely for the purpose ofviewing and using the applicable Services and for no other purpose whatsoever.Your license to use the Servicesis limitedby these Terms.
You agree thatyou arewillingly publishing the contenton the Service using technology and tools providedby us.You understand and agree thatyoumay not distribute, sell, transfer or license this content and/orapplication inany manner, inany country, oronany socialnetwork oranothermedium withoutthe explicit written permission of us. We reserve the right to remove and permanentlydeleteanyUser Content from the Service with or without notice.
You agree thatallyourcommunicationswith theCommunication Channels are public, and thusyou have no expectation of privacy regardingyour use of theCommunication Channels. Weis not responsible for information thatyou choose toshareon theCommunication Channels, or for the actions of otherusers.
Privacy and Protection of Personal Information
By using the Service,you agree to the collection and use ofyour personal informationasoutlined in this Privacy Policy. Wemay amend the Privacy Policy fromtime totime, and we encourageyou to consult the Privacy Policy regularly forchanges.
Acookieis a small data file that we transfer toyourcomputer’s hard disk, generally to quickly identify auser'scomputer and to "remember" things about theuser'svisit, suchasyour preferences or ausername andpassword. The Service sendscookies toyourcomputer whenyouaccess orview the content of us. The information contained in acookiemay be linked toyour personal information for purposes suchas improving the quality of our service, tailoring recommendations toyour interests, and making the Service easier to use.You can disablecookiesatanytime, althoughyoumay not be able toaccess or use features of the Service.
Third-Party Advertising Companies
Wemay use third-party advertising companies to serve adson the Service. We do not provideany personal information to third-party advertising companieson a non-aggregate basis. Our system and the third-party advertising technologymay use aggregate information, non-personal information, Ourcookiesonyour harddrive andyour use of the Service to target advertisements. In addition, advertisersmay use other third-party advertising technology to target advertisingon other sites. If advertisements are served toyou, a unique third-partycookie orcookiesmay be placedonyourcomputer. Similarly, third-party advertising companiesmay provide us withpixel tags (also called “clear gifs” or “beacons”) to help manage and optimizeonline advertising. Beaconsenable us to recognize abrowser’scookie when abrowservisits the siteon whichis a beaconis located, and to learn which banner ads bringusers to a given site.
Changing or DeletingYour Information
Youmayreview, update, correct ordeleteany personal informationby changing the applicable information inyourprofile pageonFacebook and/oranother socialnetwork (s). Ifyou completelydeleteall this information,your accountmay become deactivated. Ifyou wouldlike us todeleteyour record in our system, please contact us and wewillattempt to accommodateyour request if we are not legally obligated to retain the record.
Security
We have put in placereasonable technical and organizational measures designed to secureyour personal information from accidental loss and from unauthorizedaccess, use, alteration or disclosure. However, we cannot guarantee that unauthorized third partieswill never be able to overcome those measures or useyour personal information for improper purposes. Also pleasenote that email and messaging systems are not considered secure, so we discourageyou from sending us personal information through thesemediums.
Policy Regarding Children
The Serviceis not geared toward children under theage of 13 and we do not knowingly collect personal information from children under theage of 13. If we learn that a child under 13has provided us with personal information wewilldelete such information from our filesas quicklyas possible.
Disclaimer of Warranty; Limitation of Liability
You agree thatyour use of the Service shall beatyoursole risk. To the fullest extent permittedby law, We,its officers, directors, employees,and agents disclaimall warranties,express or implies, in connectionwith thewebsite andyour use thereof including implied warranties oftitle, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement, accuracy,authority, completeness, usefulness, andtimeliness. Wemake no warranties or representations about the accuracy or completeness of the content of the Service and of the content ofany sites linked to the Service; Weassume no liability or responsibility forany (i) errors, mistakes, or inaccuracies of content, (ii) personal injury or propertydamage, ofanynature whatsoever, resulting fromyouraccess to and use of the Service, (iii)any unauthorizedaccess to or use of our secure servers and/oranyand all personal information and/or financial information stored therein, (iv)any interruption or cessation oftransmission to or from the Service, (v)any bugs,viruses, trojan horses, orthe like whichmay be transmitted to or through the Servicebyany third party, and/or (vi)any errors or omissions inany content or forany loss ordamage ofany kind incurredas a result of the use ofany content posted, emailed, transmitted, orotherwisemade availablevia the Service.
In no eventwill We,its directors, officers,agents, contractors, partners and employees, be liable toyou orany third person forany special, direct, indirect, incidental, special, punitive, or consequentialdamages whatsoever includinganylost profits orlost data arising fromyour use of the Service or other materialson,accessed through or downloaded from the Service, whether basedon warranty, contract, tort, orany other legaltheory, and whether or not We have been advised of thepossibility of thesedamages. The foregoing limitation of liability shall apply to the fullest extent permittedby law in the applicablejurisdiction.You specifically acknowledge that We shall not be liable foruser submissions or the defamatory, offensive, or illegal conduct ofany third party and that the risk of harm ordamage from the foregoing rests entirelywith you.
You agree to indemnify and hold We, and each ofits directors, officers,agents, contractors, partners, and employees, harmless fromand againstany loss, liability, claim, demand,damages, costs and expenses, includingreasonableattorney's fees, arisingout of or in connection with (i)your use ofand access to the Service; (ii)yourviolation ofany term of these Terms of Service; (iii)yourviolation ofany third party right, including without limitationanycopyright, property, or privacy right; (iv)any claim thatone ofyourUser Submissions causeddamage to a third party; or (v)any Contentyou post orshareon or through the Service.
General
Byvisiting or using the Service,you agree that thelaws ofUK, without regard to principles ofconflict oflaws and regardless ofyour location,will govern these Terms of Serviceand any dispute ofany sort that might arisebetweenyou and us.
Contacting Us
Ifyou haveany questions about these Terms of Service, please contact usat reposting23334.contact@gmail.com
## Accepting the Terms & Privacy Policy
These Terms of Service ("Terms") are a legalagreementbetween we andyou ("you").By installing or usinganyapplication ("Service")you agree to be boundby these Terms.Byaccessing or using the Service,you agree thatyou have read, understood,and accept to be boundby the Terms. We reserve the right, initssole discretion, to modify or revise these Termsatanytime, andyou agree to be boundby such modifications or revisions. Ifyou do not agree to the Terms, do not use the Service.
Users are responsible for periodicallyviewing the Terms.Your continued use of the Service after achange or updatehas beenmadewill constituteyour acceptance to the revised Terms. Ifyou do not agree to the Termsyouronly remedyis to discontinueyour use of the Service and cancelany accountsyou havemade using the Service.
We reserve the right to refuseanyuseraccess to the Services without notice foranyreason, including, but not limited to, aviolation of the Terms.
You represent thatyou are 13 years old or older. Ifyou arebetween theages of 13 and 18,you represent thatyour legal guardianhasreviewedand agrees to the Terms.
##Intellectual Property/Ownership
All materials that are part of the Service (including, but not limited to,designs,text, graphics, pictures,video, information,applications,software,music, sound and other files, and their selectionand arrangement) are protectedby law from unauthorized use.
We grantyou a personal, non-exclusive, non-transferable, revocable, limitedscope license to use the Servicesolely for the purpose ofviewing and using the applicable Services and for no other purpose whatsoever.Your license to use the Servicesis limitedby these Terms.
You agree thatyou arewillingly publishing the contenton the Service using technology and tools providedby us.You understand and agree thatyoumay not distribute, sell, transfer or license this content and/orapplication inany manner, inany country, oronany socialnetwork oranothermedium withoutthe explicit written permission of us. We reserve the right to remove and permanentlydeleteanyUser Content from the Service with or without notice.
You agree thatallyourcommunicationswith theCommunication Channels are public, and thusyou have no expectation of privacy regardingyour use of theCommunication Channels. Weis not responsible for information thatyou choose toshareon theCommunication Channels, or for the actions of otherusers.
Privacy and Protection of Personal Information
By using the Service,you agree to the collection and use ofyour personal informationasoutlined in this Privacy Policy. Wemay amend the Privacy Policy fromtime totime, and we encourageyou to consult the Privacy Policy regularly forchanges.
Acookieis a small data file that we transfer toyourcomputer’s hard disk, generally to quickly identify auser'scomputer and to "remember" things about theuser'svisit, suchasyour preferences or ausername andpassword. The Service sendscookies toyourcomputer whenyouaccess orview the content of us. The information contained in acookiemay be linked toyour personal information for purposes suchas improving the quality of our service, tailoring recommendations toyour interests, and making the Service easier to use.You can disablecookiesatanytime, althoughyoumay not be able toaccess or use features of the Service.
Third-Party Advertising Companies
Wemay use third-party advertising companies to serve adson the Service. We do not provideany personal information to third-party advertising companieson a non-aggregate basis. Our system and the third-party advertising technologymay use aggregate information, non-personal information, Ourcookiesonyour harddrive andyour use of the Service to target advertisements. In addition, advertisersmay use other third-party advertising technology to target advertisingon other sites. If advertisements are served toyou, a unique third-partycookie orcookiesmay be placedonyourcomputer. Similarly, third-party advertising companiesmay provide us withpixel tags (also called “clear gifs” or “beacons”) to help manage and optimizeonline advertising. Beaconsenable us to recognize abrowser’scookie when abrowservisits the siteon whichis a beaconis located, and to learn which banner ads bringusers to a given site.
Changing or DeletingYour Information
Youmayreview, update, correct ordeleteany personal informationby changing the applicable information inyourprofile pageonFacebook and/oranother socialnetwork (s). Ifyou completelydeleteall this information,your accountmay become deactivated. Ifyou wouldlike us todeleteyour record in our system, please contact us and wewillattempt to accommodateyour request if we are not legally obligated to retain the record.
Security
We have put in placereasonable technical and organizational measures designed to secureyour personal information from accidental loss and from unauthorizedaccess, use, alteration or disclosure. However, we cannot guarantee that unauthorized third partieswill never be able to overcome those measures or useyour personal information for improper purposes. Also pleasenote that email and messaging systems are not considered secure, so we discourageyou from sending us personal information through thesemediums.
Policy Regarding Children
The Serviceis not geared toward children under theage of 13 and we do not knowingly collect personal information from children under theage of 13. If we learn that a child under 13has provided us with personal information wewilldelete such information from our filesas quicklyas possible.
Disclaimer of Warranty; Limitation of Liability
You agree thatyour use of the Service shall beatyoursole risk. To the fullest extent permittedby law, We,its officers, directors, employees,and agents disclaimall warranties,express or implies, in connectionwith thewebsite andyour use thereof including implied warranties oftitle, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement, accuracy,authority, completeness, usefulness, andtimeliness. Wemake no warranties or representations about the accuracy or completeness of the content of the Service and of the content ofany sites linked to the Service; Weassume no liability or responsibility forany (i) errors, mistakes, or inaccuracies of content, (ii) personal injury or propertydamage, ofanynature whatsoever, resulting fromyouraccess to and use of the Service, (iii)any unauthorizedaccess to or use of our secure servers and/oranyand all personal information and/or financial information stored therein, (iv)any interruption or cessation oftransmission to or from the Service, (v)any bugs,viruses, trojan horses, orthe like whichmay be transmitted to or through the Servicebyany third party, and/or (vi)any errors or omissions inany content or forany loss ordamage ofany kind incurredas a result of the use ofany content posted, emailed, transmitted, orotherwisemade availablevia the Service.
In no eventwill We,its directors, officers,agents, contractors, partners and employees, be liable toyou orany third person forany special, direct, indirect, incidental, special, punitive, or consequentialdamages whatsoever includinganylost profits orlost data arising fromyour use of the Service or other materialson,accessed through or downloaded from the Service, whether basedon warranty, contract, tort, orany other legaltheory, and whether or not We have been advised of thepossibility of thesedamages. The foregoing limitation of liability shall apply to the fullest extent permittedby law in the applicablejurisdiction.You specifically acknowledge that We shall not be liable foruser submissions or the defamatory, offensive, or illegal conduct ofany third party and that the risk of harm ordamage from the foregoing rests entirelywith you.
You agree to indemnify and hold We, and each ofits directors, officers,agents, contractors, partners, and employees, harmless fromand againstany loss, liability, claim, demand,damages, costs and expenses, includingreasonableattorney's fees, arisingout of or in connection with (i)your use ofand access to the Service; (ii)yourviolation ofany term of these Terms of Service; (iii)yourviolation ofany third party right, including without limitationanycopyright, property, or privacy right; (iv)any claim thatone ofyourUser Submissions causeddamage to a third party; or (v)any Contentyou post orshareon or through the Service.
General
Byvisiting or using the Service,you agree that thelaws ofUK, without regard to principles ofconflict oflaws and regardless ofyour location,will govern these Terms of Serviceand any dispute ofany sort that might arisebetweenyou and us.
Contacting Us
Ifyou haveany questions about these Terms of Service, please contact usat reposting23334.contact@gmail.com
These Terms of Service ("Terms") are a legalagreementbetween we andyou ("you").By installing or usinganyapplication ("Service")you agree to be boundby these Terms.Byaccessing or using the Service,you agree thatyou have read, understood,and accept to be boundby the Terms. We reserve the right, initssole discretion, to modify or revise these Termsatanytime, andyou agree to be boundby such modifications or revisions. Ifyou do not agree to the Terms, do not use the Service.
Users are responsible for periodicallyviewing the Terms.Your continued use of the Service after achange or updatehas beenmadewill constituteyour acceptance to the revised Terms. Ifyou do not agree to the Termsyouronly remedyis to discontinueyour use of the Service and cancelany accountsyou havemade using the Service.
We reserve the right to refuseanyuseraccess to the Services without notice foranyreason, including, but not limited to, aviolation of the Terms.
You represent thatyou are 13 years old or older. Ifyou arebetween theages of 13 and 18,you represent thatyour legal guardianhasreviewedand agrees to the Terms.
All materials that are part of the Service (including, but not limited to,designs,text, graphics, pictures,video, information,applications,software,music, sound and other files, and their selectionand arrangement) are protectedby law from unauthorized use.
We grantyou a personal, non-exclusive, non-transferable, revocable, limitedscope license to use the Servicesolely for the purpose ofviewing and using the applicable Services and for no other purpose whatsoever.Your license to use the Servicesis limitedby these Terms.
You agree thatyou arewillingly publishing the contenton the Service using technology and tools providedby us.You understand and agree thatyoumay not distribute, sell, transfer or license this content and/orapplication inany manner, inany country, oronany socialnetwork oranothermedium withoutthe explicit written permission of us. We reserve the right to remove and permanentlydeleteanyUser Content from the Service with or without notice.
You agree thatallyourcommunicationswith theCommunication Channels are public, and thusyou have no expectation of privacy regardingyour use of theCommunication Channels. Weis not responsible for information thatyou choose toshareon theCommunication Channels, or for the actions of otherusers.
By using the Service,you agree to the collection and use ofyour personal informationasoutlined in this Privacy Policy. Wemay amend the Privacy Policy fromtime totime, and we encourageyou to consult the Privacy Policy regularly forchanges.
Acookieis a small data file that we transfer toyourcomputer’s hard disk, generally to quickly identify auser'scomputer and to "remember" things about theuser'svisit, suchasyour preferences or ausername andpassword. The Service sendscookies toyourcomputer whenyouaccess orview the content of us. The information contained in acookiemay be linked toyour personal information for purposes suchas improving the quality of our service, tailoring recommendations toyour interests, and making the Service easier to use.You can disablecookiesatanytime, althoughyoumay not be able toaccess or use features of the Service.
Third-Party Advertising Companies
Wemay use third-party advertising companies to serve adson the Service. We do not provideany personal information to third-party advertising companieson a non-aggregate basis. Our system and the third-party advertising technologymay use aggregate information, non-personal information, Ourcookiesonyour harddrive andyour use of the Service to target advertisements. In addition, advertisersmay use other third-party advertising technology to target advertisingon other sites. If advertisements are served toyou, a unique third-partycookie orcookiesmay be placedonyourcomputer. Similarly, third-party advertising companiesmay provide us withpixel tags (also called “clear gifs” or “beacons”) to help manage and optimizeonline advertising. Beaconsenable us to recognize abrowser’scookie when abrowservisits the siteon whichis a beaconis located, and to learn which banner ads bringusers to a given site.
Youmayreview, update, correct ordeleteany personal informationby changing the applicable information inyourprofile pageonFacebook and/oranother socialnetwork (s). Ifyou completelydeleteall this information,your accountmay become deactivated. Ifyou wouldlike us todeleteyour record in our system, please contact us and wewillattempt to accommodateyour request if we are not legally obligated to retain the record.
We have put in placereasonable technical and organizational measures designed to secureyour personal information from accidental loss and from unauthorizedaccess, use, alteration or disclosure. However, we cannot guarantee that unauthorized third partieswill never be able to overcome those measures or useyour personal information for improper purposes. Also pleasenote that email and messaging systems are not considered secure, so we discourageyou from sending us personal information through thesemediums.
The Serviceis not geared toward children under theage of 13 and we do not knowingly collect personal information from children under theage of 13. If we learn that a child under 13has provided us with personal information wewilldelete such information from our filesas quicklyas possible.
Disclaimer of Warranty; Limitation of Liability
You agree thatyour use of the Service shall beatyoursole risk. To the fullest extent permittedby law, We,its officers, directors, employees,and agents disclaimall warranties,express or implies, in connectionwith thewebsite andyour use thereof including implied warranties oftitle, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement, accuracy,authority, completeness, usefulness, andtimeliness. Wemake no warranties or representations about the accuracy or completeness of the content of the Service and of the content ofany sites linked to the Service; Weassume no liability or responsibility forany (i) errors, mistakes, or inaccuracies of content, (ii) personal injury or propertydamage, ofanynature whatsoever, resulting fromyouraccess to and use of the Service, (iii)any unauthorizedaccess to or use of our secure servers and/oranyand all personal information and/or financial information stored therein, (iv)any interruption or cessation oftransmission to or from the Service, (v)any bugs,viruses, trojan horses, orthe like whichmay be transmitted to or through the Servicebyany third party, and/or (vi)any errors or omissions inany content or forany loss ordamage ofany kind incurredas a result of the use ofany content posted, emailed, transmitted, orotherwisemade availablevia the Service.
In no eventwill We,its directors, officers,agents, contractors, partners and employees, be liable toyou orany third person forany special, direct, indirect, incidental, special, punitive, or consequentialdamages whatsoever includinganylost profits orlost data arising fromyour use of the Service or other materialson,accessed through or downloaded from the Service, whether basedon warranty, contract, tort, orany other legaltheory, and whether or not We have been advised of thepossibility of thesedamages. The foregoing limitation of liability shall apply to the fullest extent permittedby law in the applicablejurisdiction.You specifically acknowledge that We shall not be liable foruser submissions or the defamatory, offensive, or illegal conduct ofany third party and that the risk of harm ordamage from the foregoing rests entirelywith you.
You agree to indemnify and hold We, and each ofits directors, officers,agents, contractors, partners, and employees, harmless fromand againstany loss, liability, claim, demand,damages, costs and expenses, includingreasonableattorney's fees, arisingout of or in connection with (i)your use ofand access to the Service; (ii)yourviolation ofany term of these Terms of Service; (iii)yourviolation ofany third party right, including without limitationanycopyright, property, or privacy right; (iv)any claim thatone ofyourUser Submissions causeddamage to a third party; or (v)any Contentyou post orshareon or through the Service.
Byvisiting or using the Service,you agree that thelaws ofUK, without regard to principles ofconflict oflaws and regardless ofyour location,will govern these Terms of Serviceand any dispute ofany sort that might arisebetweenyou and us.
Ifyou haveany questions about these Terms of Service, please contact usat otoco.contact@gmail.com
合衆国憲法修正10条で、明確に規定された以外の権利はすべて、州または人民に留保されている、とされていて、連邦刑法がそもそも規定できるのが、州を越えた犯罪、国際犯罪、通貨偽造などの国家の信用棄損、郵便、電子メールなどのそもそも越境性を前提としている物、などに限られています。だからこれらを除いて、州内で完結する犯罪を連邦法で規制することはできない。後述するかもしれない麻薬関係のように、近年連邦法の適用範囲は広まりつつあるようですが。元増田があげているIRSはfederal taxを規制しているから当然連邦法の預かる所となる。federal interestを明らかに損なっているでしょう。あと、A or B oranother Cの場合、anotherは同類の何かを示しているので、普通AもBもCに属すると解するのではないですか。AやBやその他のC、とかAやBなどのCと訳すことは誤訳とは思いませんが。明確に分かれているの意味が分からないです。
Amendment X
The powers not delegated tothe UnitedStatesby the Constitution,nor prohibitedbyit to thestates, are reserved to thestates respectively, or to the people.
なぜ？アメリカは体裁上は各州が独立した国です（state=国連マターの国）。連邦刑法の共謀罪が規定する、アメリカ合衆国、アメリカ合衆国の利益を損なう、またはそのエージェンシーに対する犯罪を、取り締まっていれば、５条が規制しているのは第３条２で規定されている、国際犯罪であって、アメリカは純地方的な行為についてはこれを留保しているのだから、問題ない、こういうロジックでしょう。この留保は明示はしていないけど、していることはどうみても第３４条２項の留保だよ。この辺りは最後に書く、留保の意味にも関連して来るけど、どの条文を留保しているか特定して明示しないっていうのは立派な作戦ではある。
ちょっと理解できないんだけど。あとLegislative Guideは立法ガイドだよ。読解力のなさが外務省なみじゃないの？どう読んでも、国内犯罪に国際性の要件を入れたら困るだろうからそこは入れてはならない、とかいてあるでしょうが。以下の部分を読めば明らかに、５、６、８、２３条に関する犯罪を立法化する際に、国際性を要件とすることは必要ない（do not have to）とされているでしょう。
The paragraphis intended to indicate toStates parties that, when implementing the convention, they do not have to include in their criminalization of laundering of criminal proceeds (article 6), corruption (article 8) orobstruction ofjustice (article23) theelements of transnationality and involvement of an organized criminalgroup,nor in the criminalization in an organized criminalgroup (article 5) the element of transnationality. This provisionis furthermore intended to ensure clarity forStates parties in connectionwith theircompliancewith the criminalization
この項は、最終案の取りまとめの段階で、行なわれた非公式のセッションの中でフランスがねじ込んできたもので、アメリカがそれに対して、「これをいれると条約のscopeが変わってしまうのではないか」と指摘して「組織犯罪の要件は外さない」とことを明記することで、条約のscopeが変わっていないことを明示的に示した、という経緯のもの。解釈ノートには、組織犯罪の要件は国内犯罪でも入れないといけないが、国際性の要件は入れる必要がない、としていることに表れているわけ。なぜ入れるべきではないとされているかというと、そうすると条約の目的が果たされないからではなく、国内犯罪の取り締まりに支障が出るからと書いてある。この条約のscopeはそもそも国際犯罪の取り締まりなのだから、国内犯罪の取り締まりに影響が出るような法改正は必要ないヨという指摘がされている。
そらそうよ。範囲が問題でしょう。でも外務省は６７６必要だ、条約締結にはびた一文負けられんとおっしゃていたのにも関わらず、２７７まで減らせたんでしょう。その根拠は何っていう話とおんなじだよ。これも最後に書く、条約の留保の意味の話と一緒だよ。ウクライナの刑法について詳しく存じ上げないのは外務省と一緒だけど、外務省が意図的にアホを装っているのは明らかで、２年以上の、条約の要請より広い犯罪について共謀罪が設けられているんなら、留保なんてする必要ないんだって。なんか理由があるからやってんでしょうが。聞かれたら差し障りの内容に、大丈夫です、影響ないですって言うにきまってんじゃん。
いやいや内心だよ。自身が準備行為をしていなくても、合意で成り立っちゃうんだからさ。これは共謀共同正犯でも問題になった点。
「十分に条件を満たす国内法がある」共謀罪はないですが。「山でキノコを採りに行く共謀」が記載される必要がないのとおんなじ理由じゃないですか？バカなの？
ロイター系の司法情報サイトの非署名記事だけど。アラスカでは共謀罪がないから、麻薬取引のヘイブンになっているぜ！っていうバカ記事。もし連邦法がすべてをカバーしてるから大丈夫ならこんな記事が出るはずがないでしょうが。でもこの記事の面白いところは、多分保守派の記者が煽りで書いてるんだけど、出されている例が全て、国際性の要件、または州をまたいだ犯罪になっているので、連邦法で規制できているという点。それでもこいつらは取り締まれてないわけですよ。因果関係は知らんけど、アンカレッジがマリファナ組織のすくつになってるなら、それはどう考えてもアラスカが8州ぐらいしかない、マリファナ合法化州だからじゃないかと、ふつうは考えると思うけどね。煽るバカはどこにでもいる。
まぁこのケースはそもそもメスを決めてたユーザーが売人に仕立て上げられたっていう記事だけど、アメリカの弁護士の記事やサイトでの広告を見ても、Conspiracyはhard to defenceだとされている。Prosecutorsもそれがわかってるから積極的にConspiracyで立件していて、連邦刑法でもっとも広く使われているという見解は複数の弁護士から出ている。アメリカそもそも大丈夫じゃない。彼らが冤罪を承知して幅広く網掛けてるわりには犯罪は、日本よりずっと多いしね。
条約の留保とは、一方的に宣言するもので、条約の締結国から異議が出なければ基本的にスルーされる。異議を申し立てた国が出れば、その国との間では、申し立てが取り下げられるまで条約の締結関係とは見なされないという性質のもの。だからアメリカとかウクライナに外務省が照会かけたって、「影響ないですぅ」っていうに決まってんの。「影響ある」なんて言えるわけがない。それに日本は、国際人権規約の自由権規約や人種差別撤廃条約で、国連の委員会（これらの条約は、各国のコンフリクトが影響しそうだからということで国連の委員会がこの権利を有している）から何度も勧告を受けている。ヘイトスピーチに関してもそうだったし、死刑制度についてもそうだし、個人通報制度にしてもそう。これらを留保することを「完全な批准状態ではない」と非難されているが、留保は取り下げていない。さらには「日本は国内法を理由に条約の留保をすることに関して誤解している」とかも確か言われている。それでも留保は取り下げてない。死刑に関しては評価E「委員会の勧告に反する」とされているが、留保は取り下げていない。こういう外務省がおっしゃる「条約が締結できない」なんて信用できるわけがない。最低限必要だとしても、留保してから、国内で十分コンセンサスが得られるまで議論しても、国際的な地位において何の問題もないことは、日本がこれまで条約の基本趣旨に反する留保を幾度となく行ってきていることが示している。
国会がないと暇です。なので、昔の議事録とかを掘り出して読みます。タイトル詐欺の一種です。発言者は小野寺五典、当時の外務大臣政務官。この議事録を読んでいて思ったのは、平岡秀夫さんが落ちて、岸信夫さんが通る選挙って何なんだろうなっていうことでしたが、それは有権者の判断なので仕方がないのですし、詐欺の前科者が告知義務違反をしてを政務秘書官登用してしまった、というのもいたかったんでしょうが。
「そこで、この条約について言えば、私がいろいろな人たちから調べていただいたことによりますと、条約に基づく国内法制化の中で、ウクライナが、この条約の中で重大犯罪というものが四年以上の自由刑またはそれ以上の自由刑というようなことになっているけれども、この点について留保あるいは解釈宣言をして、ウクライナについては懲役五年以上のものについて重大な犯罪とするというような国内法制化といいますか、国内法との関係を整理されたというふうに聞いておりますけれども、この点は事実でしょうか。」
「委員御指摘のとおり、ウクライナにつきましては御指摘のような状況になっていると思います。ウクライナは、条約締結に当たって、留保及び宣言の名のもとに、重大な犯罪という用語は、ウクライナ刑法に言う重大な犯罪及び特に重大な犯罪に相当するものである。ウクライナ刑法に言う重大な犯罪とは、法により五年以上で十年を超えない自由刑が定められた罪をいい、ウクライナ刑法に言う特に重大な犯罪は、法により十年以上または無期の自由刑が定められた罪をいう旨表明しています。したがいまして、ウクライナは、留保及び宣言の名のもとに、本条約に言う重大な犯罪を長期五年以上の自由刑としたことは事実です。
（略）
「（略）条約というのは、条約法に関するウィーン条約というのがあって、その第十九条の中に条約の留保というものが認められているというふうになっているわけでありますけれども、このＴＯＣ条約についても、条約法に関するウィーン条約第十九条に基づく留保を付することは可能であるというふうに考えていいでしょうね、外務副大臣。
「外交官経験もありますし、また法の専門家であります平岡委員の御指摘のとおり、ウィーン条約におきましては留保するということが可能になっています。多国間条約について、ある国が条約の一部の規定に関して問題を有する場合には、当該規定に拘束されずに条約に参加し得るように、留保を付して締結することが一般的に認められております。
ＴＯＣ条約では、第三十五条３、国際司法裁判所への紛争付託の拒絶を除き、留保に関する特段の規定は存在しておりませんが、交渉過程において、本条約への留保については、ウィーン条約法条約の留保に関する規定が適用されることが確認されています。したがって、ウィーン条約法条約第十九条に従い、条約の趣旨及び目的を損なわない限度であれば、本条約に対し留保を付すことは、御指摘のとおり、可能であります。
しかし、本条約については、既に平成十五年の通常国会におきまして、留保を付さずに締結することにつき国会の承認をいただいております。行政府としては、本条約につき、このような形で国会の承認をいただいている以上、当然、留保を付さずに締結することとしており、その前提での国内担保法の審議をお願いしているところであります。」
これ読めば、留保は当然できるし、犯罪の範囲は条約で４年以上の自由刑とされているけれども、５年以上にしますよ、という留保も当然認められている、ということです。つまり条約が要請する犯罪の範囲は、国内法の原則に反する場合の留保というのも当然に認められているでしょう。実質できない、やらないっていってることの理由は、「国会で留保なしでの批准の承認をした」っていうだけのことなので、そんなものはいくらでも、まさに、「新しい判断」をなさればよろしいのではないかと、このように思う次第でございます。
(1)米国は連邦制を取っており、条約締結に当たり、憲法上の連邦との州との間の権限関係と整合性を持たせるとの観点から、留保・宣言を行っています。
(2)米国政府より、本条約で犯罪化が求められている行為について、連邦法によっても州法によっても犯罪とされていない部分はほとんどないとの回答を得ています。
(3)このようなことから、米国の留保は本条約の趣旨、目的に反するものではないと理解しています。
と書いています。
ここでアメリカの留保を見てみると（私は外務省訳を全然信用してないので原文から訳しました。誤訳ごめん。）
アメリカ合衆国は、本条約が要請する義務を担う権利を留保するが、それは、連邦制の基本原則と両立するという考え方の中で、連邦法と、州法の刑法の両方が、本条約で規定されている行為との関係で考慮されなければならないからである。連邦法での刑法は、州をまたいだ、または国際的な通商等の連邦の利益に影響を与える行為を規制しており、合衆国内での、組織的犯罪に対する戦いでの基本的な法制度となっており、これは（条約の）目的に対して効果的であるといえる。連邦法での刑法は、犯罪行為が州をまたがない、国際通商等の連邦の利益に関わらないという稀なケースでは適用されない。かかる純粋に地方的な性質の犯罪については、連邦法、州法のいずれも、本条約に基づく義務を十分満たすとは言えない状況が少数ではあるが想定される。したがって、アメリカ合衆国は、純地方的な活動に関したせまいカテゴリーにおさまる行為に関しては、本条約で規定された義務を留保する。この留保が、本条約の他の締結国に対する協力をするというアメリカ合衆国の能力に影響を与えることはない。
https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XVIII-12&chapter=18&lang=en
これを読むと、本条約が、国際的な犯罪、広範囲にまたがる犯罪の取り締まりを要求しているから、それに対しては連邦法が効果的に対応しているし、ローカルな犯罪に対しては州法を整備することなく、留保するよ、といっているので、これはかつての民主党政権が提案していた、越境性を根拠にした法律を整備して、それ以外は留保する、という手法そのものです。なぜこの留保が必要かというと、共謀段階での処罰対象犯罪が30以下（日本は21）という州法しか持たない州が複数あるからです。連邦法における刑罰は、州法を超える範囲をカバーしているわけではなく、州をまたいだ犯罪や国際犯罪に限定されているので、州法では犯罪じゃないけれど、連邦法では犯罪になる州内の犯罪というものは存在しないのです。この外務省の説明はいいかげんもいいところでしょう。人が英語も読めないと思って高をくくってやがるんですよ。いつもいつもだけど。
この批判に対して外務省は、「重大な犯罪」を限定する旨の留保や「国際性」の要件を付す旨の留保は「重大な犯罪」の定義を定める条約第２条や国際性を要件としてはならないと定める条約第34条２項の規定に明らかに反するから、条約の趣旨、目的に反すると答弁しています。この第34条２項が定められた背景にはすったもんだがあったようなのですが、この条項は、そもそも第３条において、transnationalな犯罪を対象とする文言があるのにも関わらず、付されている矛盾をはらんだ表現になっています。
３４条の１
各締結国は、本条約が定める義務の履行を確実にするため、国内法の原則に則って、立法上ならびに行政上必要な措置を講じる。
３４条の２
本条約の第５条、６条、８条、２３条に規定された犯罪については、第３条１項に定められた国際的な性質、または、組織的な犯罪集団とは独立に法整備をする
とされています。しかしここで、国連が条約の制定と同時に出している解釈ノート(Travaux Prepatoires)の第３４条第２項に、以下のように記述されています。
この項の目的は、第３条で説明されている、条約の基本的な目的を変更することではなく、国際性の要件や組織的犯罪集団への関与が、（国内法での）犯罪化の要件として考慮されないことを明確に示すために設けられたものである。この項は、各締結国が条約を履行する際に、犯罪で得られた利益の洗浄や、汚職、裁判の妨害といった犯罪に、国際性や組織的犯罪集団への関与を要件としなくてもよいということを示そうとしている。（以下略疲れた
Paragraph 2
The purpose of this paragraphis, without altering thescope ofapplication of the conventionas described in article 3, to indicate unequivocally that the transnational element and the involvement of an organized criminalgroup are not to be consideredelements of those offences for criminalization purposes. The paragraphis intended to indicate to States parties that, when implementing the convention, they do not have to include in their criminalization of laundering of criminal proceeds (article 6), corruption (article 8) orobstruction ofjustice (article23) theelements of transnationality and involvement of an organized criminalgroup,nor in the criminalization in an organized criminalgroup (article 5) the element of transnationality. This provisionis furthermore intended to ensure clarity for States parties in connectionwith theircompliancewith the criminalization
of the cooperation articles of the convention (articles 16, 18 and 27).
要はこの項目は、マネーロンダリングや汚職、裁判の妨害といった犯罪に国際性の要件がなくてもいいよ、という意味だと解説しているので、外務省の説明とは全然違うじゃねぇかっていうね。
外務省は、この前段の６７６の犯罪すべてについて、共謀段階での処罰を導入しないと、条約が締結できないとなんども答弁しています。めんどくさいからほらんけど。現在は２７７ですね。この時点で発言者の信頼性はゼロです。２７７では締結できないんでしょう？だから留保ができないっていう発言だって信頼性ゼロだし（現に小野寺議員はできるって答弁してるし）、犯罪の範囲を絞ることはできない（ウクライナは留保してるし、だいたい、この条約で名指しされているcorruption（汚職）に関する、政治資金規正法、公職選挙法違反は除外してるくせに何言ってんだって話ですよ。そっちのほうがよっぽど、条約の趣旨に外れとるわ。）ってのも信頼性ゼロ。外務省が訳文を出す際にわざわざ「説明書」とか抜かして、自分たちの考えを押し付けてから議会に提出してるのも我慢ならない。外務省が出してくる訳文が出るまでは政府は答弁しないし。原文に基づいて議論できる、緒方議員みたいなのがもっといれば話は変わってくるのかも知れんけど、外務省の嘘にまみれた判断が混ざりまくった文章がでてくるまで国会で議論できないってのもほんとになんとかしたほうがいい。
なにを勘違いしてるのか知らんけど、越境性を根拠にして留保する場合は５条じゃなくて、第３４条２項、対象犯罪を制限する場合は、第２条(b)だよ（ウクライナがこれ）。サヨク論法がどうこう言う前に自分の恥ずかしい論理構成を見直せよ。
一応詳しく書いといてやるけど、国内法の原則に則って、とわざわざおっしゃっていただいていて、我が国の刑法原則は、内心ではなく、準備行為等のなんらかの実行が伴って初めて処罰される、という原則があるのだから、第３４条２項を留保して、越境性を持たない犯罪には適用しない旨を記載すればそれでいいだろってのが、かつての民主党案。国連の解釈ノートにも条約のscopeが、第３４条２項によって変更されないことを示しているので、３４条２項の留保は条約の趣旨に反するとは到底言えないだろうという主張。それに対して、第２条の（ｂ）を留保すれば、すでに組織的殺人や強盗などは共謀段階で処罰可能であり、人身売買等のいくつかの法整備をすれば、実行行為の伴った処罰に関してはすでに広範な共謀共同正犯が実質的に認められているので、一般的な共謀罪はいらない、という主張は弁護士グループなどでよくされているところ。これに関しては、ウクライナが前例を示しているところであり、また法務省自らが体を張って、「（注）その他，マネーローンダリング罪，司法妨害罪等の犯罪化等が義務付けられており，今回，現行法では足りない罪の新設等の法整備も行います。」とcorruptionの記載をしていないところにも表れている通り、懲役５年以下規定がある公職選挙法、懲役１５年以下の特別公務員職権濫用致傷、５年以下のあっせん収賄罪等々が、何の留保もなく除外できるんだから、第２条（ｂ）を留保して除外できないものなんてあるの？って話じゃありませんかね。
