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はてなキーワード:reachとは
We're going to have to bring this question to a close, please.
この質問はそろそろ終わりにしてください。
In can be, but thatiswhy tradition matters, because the tradition, they understood the context...
そうかもしれませんが、だからこそ伝統が重要なのです。伝統において、彼らは文脈を理解していました…
Traditionis context dependent.
Well,yes and no, because of course traditionis, but if the tradition lasts for 2,000 years, then welook backas to howdid theyget to that conclusion, howdid theyreach that verdict, and if that verdictis in alignment with what we see in scripture...
ええ、そうでもあり、そうでもありません。もちろん伝統はそうですが、もし伝統が2000年続くなら、私たちは彼らがどのようにその結論に至ったのか、どのようにその判断を下したのかを振り返ります。そして、その判断が聖書に見られるものと一致しているなら…
But they never, they neverreached that verdict.As I have historically pointedout, they neverreached that verdict.
しかし、彼らは決してその判断には至りませんでした。私が歴史的に指摘したように、彼らはその判断には至らなかったのです。
Inall of, inall of themajor church councils...
council (n): （ここでは）教会会議、公会議。キリスト教の教義などを決定するために開かれる会議。
...in very modern day.
…ごく現代において、です。
No, no, I'm talking about inlike 300 and 400 and 500,the original church...
いいえ、私が話しているのは300年代、400年代、500年代といった、初期の教会のことです。
...which in thescale of 2,000 yearsisnothing.
…それは2000年という規模で見れば、無に等しいです。
No, but theyset this unbrokenchain. We've had an unbrokenchainand a course that says thatmarriageisoneman andonewoman. The churchhas never waveredon this...
いいえ、しかし彼らはこの途切れぬ鎖を確立したのです。私たちには、結婚は一人の男と一人の女のものであるとする、途切れぬ鎖と道筋がありました。教会はこの点において決して揺らいだことはありません…
waver (v): 揺らぐ、ためらう、信念がぐらつく。
Notedby theBritishEmpire underBritish form of Christianity.
それは英国式のキリスト教の下、大英帝国によって特筆されたものです。
I'm talkingall the way back tolike 200 or 300. Theidea of biblical Christianity goes back to the early, early times of the church whenitwas a scattered, persecuted church well beforeKing Justinian and well before the EasternRomanEmpire, well before mass conversions. Whenitwas a persecuted church, the church believed inoneman,onewoman, and because theygotit from the scripture, scriptureitself. Do we want to keep going or?
私が話しているのは200年代や300年代といった時代まで遡ります。聖書的キリスト教という考えは、教会がまだ散在し、迫害されていた初期の時代にまで遡ります。それはユスティニアヌス帝のはるか以前、東ローマ帝国のはるか以前、大規模な改宗のはるか以前のことです。迫害されていた教会であった時、教会は一人の男と一人の女を信じていました。なぜなら、それを聖書、聖書そのものから得たからです。まだ続けますか？
persecuted (adj):迫害された。
Justinian:ユスティニアヌス1世（482-565）。東ローマ帝国の皇帝で、ローマ法の集大成などで知られます。
Can wemove on to thenext question, please? Thankyou. Thankyou.
次の質問に移ってもよろしいでしょうか？ありがとうございます。
(拍手)
Idid not say that. I said the biblicalmarriagewasaffirmed and thenRomans 1didtalk negatively about theaction of homosexuality.
私はそうは言っていません。聖書的な結婚が肯定されたと言ったのです。そしてローマ人への手紙1章が同性愛という行為について否定的に語っていると。
But ultimately that affirmation comes from the lines in there that suggest thatman shall not sleep withman.
しかし、最終的にその肯定は、「男は男と寝てはならない」と示唆する聖句から来ているのではありませんか。
Yes, of course.Yes. So the Old Testament and New Testament harmonizeoneanother, but Christ broughtit to a differentlevel, a different covenant,and a different moral teaching.Itwasn't just enough to say thatyou shall,you know, "an eye for an eye." He said thatyou shall turn the other cheek, thatyou shallloveyour enemy. Christ's moral standardwas muchmore even elevated than that of theIsraelites and the Hebrews.
ええ、もちろんです。旧約聖書と新約聖書は互いに調和していますが、キリストはそれを異なるレベル、異なる契約、異なる道徳的教えへと引き上げました。「目には目を」と言うだけでは不十分でした。彼は「もう一方の頬を向けなさい」「汝の敵を愛しなさい」と言いました。キリストの道徳基準は、イスラエル人やヘブライ人のそれよりもはるかに高められたものだったのです。
But I'm going toaskyou whoseBible, okay?Now,yourBible thatyou use currentlyis written in theEnglish language, right? Correct?
では、誰の聖書なのか、とお聞きします。あなたが今使っている聖書は英語で書かれていますよね？
TheKingJamesVersion,yes,thanks to Tyndale.
欽定訳聖書（KingJamesVersion）ですね。ティンダルのおかげです。
Tyndale:ウィリアム・ティンダル（William Tyndale）のこと。16世紀のイングランドの学者で、宗教改革の指導者の一人。ヘブライ語やギリシャ語の原典から初めて聖書を英語に翻訳した人物の一人であり、彼の翻訳は後の欽定訳聖書に大きな影響を与えました。
Exactly,it's written in theEnglish language, which initselfisonly say 500 years old.Now, the Christianity initself, say,is 2,000 years old or even older. Yeah, correct?Now, which means that theBiblewasoriginally written not inEnglish but in ancient…
その通りです。英語で書かれており、それ自体はたかだか500年の歴史しかありません。キリスト教自体は2000年かそれ以上の歴史がありますよね？つまり、聖書はもともと英語ではなく、古代の…
Koine Greek.
Koine Greek:コイネー・ギリシャ語。新約聖書が書かれた当時のヘレニズム世界の共通語。
Correct.Now, if welookat the Greek terminology ofman...
terminology (n):専門用語、術語。
Yes, and Jesus spoke Aramaic.You could translate things,you acknowledge that.
ええ、そしてイエスはアラム語を話しました。物事は翻訳できる、とあなたも認めますよね。
Well, we translate things, but translations are linguisticallyambiguous.As a former classicist,I know that language can't be translated directly. So for example, ifyoulookat the translation of of of certain words into "man," so I'vegottwo wordshere. So I'vegot "malakoi," which means essentiallysoft, whichisn't necessarily directly saying agayman. And then we'vegot "arsenokoitai," which essentially means prostitutes.Now, if welookat things linguistically, we can pick apart theBible and say that actually,itwasn't sayingman shall not sleep withman,it's sayingman shall not sleep with prostitutes, whichis an entirely different linguistic thing.
ええ、翻訳はしますが、翻訳には言語的な曖昧さがつきものです。元古典学者として言いますが、言語は直接的に翻訳できません。例えば、「男」と訳されている特定の単語を見てみましょう。ここに2つの単語があります。「malakoi（マラコイ）」、これは本質的に「柔らかい」という意味で、必ずしも直接的にゲイの男性を指すわけではありません。そして「arsenokoitai（アルセノコイタイ）」、これは本質的に「男娼」を意味します。言語学的に見れば、聖書を分析して、実は「男は男と寝てはならない」と言っているのではなく、「男は男娼と寝てはならない」と言っているのだ、と主張できます。これは全く異なる言語学的な事柄です。
linguistically (adv):言語学的に、言語の点で。
ambiguous (adj):曖昧な、多義的な、複数の解釈ができる。
classicist (n):古典学者。ギリシャ・ローマの古典文学や文化を研究する学者。
malakoi / arsenokoitai:議論の核心となっているギリシャ語の単語。学生はこれらの単語の翻訳の妥当性に疑問を呈しています。
I'm not evengetting into Leviticus, though. But my contentionis completely New Testament focused.
私はレビ記の話をしているわけではありません。私の主張は完全に新約聖書に焦点を当てています。
これはレビ記ではありません。
Whatyou said,man shall not speaking withman...
あなたが言った「男は男と…」
No, but thisis thisis these words are used throughout...
いいえ、でもこれらの言葉は全体で使われて…
Well, actually inRomans 1,itwas actually women sleeping with women. Soyougotyour verses wrong. InRomans 1,Paulis prophesying about the end ofthe world and he's saying that in the end times,womanwilllike withwoman-like andmanwill, Ithink it might sayman withman-like.You have toget the verses specifically.
実は、ローマ人への手紙1章では、女性が女性と寝ることについて書かれています。だからあなたは聖句を間違えています。ローマ人への手紙1章で、パウロは世の終わりについて預言し、終わりの時には、女は女を好み、男は…確か男は男を好むと書いてあったかと思います。聖句は具体的に確認する必要がありますが。
Butitis agreed upon, andyou can agree, thisiswhy traditionis important. And I even say thisas a Protestant,is that webelieve that scriptureis very important, but alsolook to tradition. Church traditionhas had an unbrokenchain affirming matrimony, holy matrimonybeingoneman,onewoman.One evenas a non-Catholic, I'm glad that PopeLeohas reaffirmed in thelast couple ofdays. And so I'm not even sureyour contention,yourpoint. Areyou saying that theBibledoesn't affirmmarriageasoneman,onewoman? Areyou saying church traditiondoesn't affirmmarriageoneman,onewoman?
しかし、これには同意が得られており、あなたも同意できるはずですが、だからこそ伝統が重要なのです。プロテスタントとして言いますが、私たちは聖書が非常に重要だと信じていますが、伝統にも目を向けます。教会の伝統は、結婚、つまり聖なる婚姻が一人の男と一人の女のものであることを肯定する、途切れることのない鎖を持ってきました。非カトリック教徒としてさえ、私はここ数日で教皇レオがそれを再確認したことを嬉しく思います。ですから、あなたの主張、あなたの論点がよくわかりません。聖書は結婚を男女間のものとして肯定していないと言いたいのですか？教会の伝統が結婚を男女間のものとして肯定していないと？
unbroken (adj): 途切れない、連続した。
matrimony (n):婚姻、結婚。特に法的な、あるいは宗教的な儀式としての結婚を指すことが多いです。
I'm saying theBibledoesn't affirm.
Butit clearlydoesn't affirm. Thatis complete nonsense. But Christ ourLord, whichis the standard, he affirms thisidea thatyouwill leaveyour father'shome, going back toGenesis12 and thisidea of Abraham leavinghis father'shome, andyouwill cleave toyour wife. That a new, thatit would be calledone. Infact, thisidea of a newcreation whichissomething thatis then usedby the ApostlePaul to describethe the church of Christ and the bride of... the churchbeing the bride of Christ with Jesus. So I'm not even sureyour contention.Itis…
しかし、明らかに肯定しています。それは全くのでたらめです。私たちの主であり基準であるキリストは、「あなたは父の家を出て」という考えを肯定しています。これは創世記12章、アブラハムが父の家を出る話に遡ります。「そして妻と結ばれる」。新しいもの、それは「一体」と呼ばれるでしょう。実際、この新しい創造という考えは、後に使徒パウロがキリストの教会と、イエスと結ばれるキリストの花嫁としての教会を説明するために用いたものです。ですから、あなたの主張がよくわかりません。それは…。
Butyou're just avoiding mypoint. I'm saying theBible that we havetodayis100% a translationand a translationis linguisticallyambiguous.
あなたは私の論点を避けています。私が言っているのは、今日私たちが持っている聖書は100%翻訳であり、翻訳には言語的な曖昧さがあるということです。
I acknowledge that. But what about specifically in Matthew or in thebook ofRomans? And but in order foryou to be correct,you mean the Church Fathers translatedit wrong when they were withinlike 50 years of this? In order foryour contention to be correct,you have to say that the early Church Fathers that wrote the early letters to the church, they were translatingit wrong and the tradition they establishedwas wrong. Soby then, we can leanon tradition and scripture. So whenyouget tradition plus scripture,yougetsomething thatis authentic, thatis real, and thatis verifiable.
それは認めます。しかし、マタイによる福音書やローマ人への手紙については具体的にどうですか？そして、あなたの主張が正しいとすれば、教父たちは、出来事から50年ほどの間に、それを間違って翻訳したということになりますか？あなたの主張が正しいとすれば、教会への初期の書簡を書いた初期の教父たちが、それを誤訳し、彼らが確立した伝統も間違っていたと言わなければなりません。そうであれば、私たちは伝統と聖書に頼ることができます。伝統と聖書が合わさったとき、本物で、現実的で、検証可能なものが得られるのです。
I've already highlighted the traditiondoes not align with scripture. We've gone back thousands of years to ancient Mesopotamia.
伝統が聖書と一致しないことは既に指摘しました。私たちは数千年前の古代メソポタミアまで遡りました。
But understand, butatthe time, theyall spoke Greek, they wrote Greek, and they spoke Aramaic. So for example, when they were writing the early gospels, the synoptic gospels of Matthew,Mark, andLuke, they were obviously writing in Greek. They knew that language. So in Matthew, when they were writing Greek and then the early Church Fathers knew Greekand adopted thatas church tradition, we have a 2,000 unbrokenchain. I thinkyou can irrefutably say thatitwas the teachings of Christ foroneman andonewoman. Because the church traditionhas been unbroken for 2,000 years and they derivedit from scripture of thatoriginal language.
しかし、理解してください。当時、彼らは皆ギリシャ語を話し、ギリシャ語で書き、アラム語を話していました。例えば、彼らが初期の福音書、つまりマタイ、マルコ、ルカの共観福音書を書いていたとき、彼らは明らかにギリシャ語で書いていました。彼らはその言語を知っていたのです。ですから、マタイ伝で彼らがギリシャ語で書き、そして初期の教父たちがギリシャ語を知っていて、それを教会の伝統として採用したとき、私たちには2000年の途切れることのない鎖があるのです。キリストの教えが男女間のことであったと、議論の余地なく言えると思います。なぜなら、教会の伝統は2000年間途切れず、彼らはそれを元の言語の聖書から導き出したからです。
You can't argue that. Thatdoesn'tmakesense.I mean, if we agree to disagree then might welookat biology?
それは主張できません。意味が通りません。もし意見が合わないなら、生物学に目を向けてもいいですか？
Soyou know better than the church fathers?
では、あなたは教父たちより賢いと？
Idon't, I'm not sayingI know better than the church fathers. What I'm sayingis linguistically, thereis undeniably anerror. Regardless of whatyou say, thereis a translation...
いいえ、教父たちより賢いと言っているわけではありません。私が言っているのは、言語学的に、否定しようのない誤りがあるということです。あなたが何と言おうと、翻訳の…
Our lensmay be, but not from the people when they were making these traditions...
私たちの見方ではそうかもしれませんが、彼らがこれらの伝統を作っていた時の人々からすれば違います。
I agree, theymay havegotten that right, but thatmay not have been theiroriginal meaning. What we are sayingis the meaninghas been warpedover time because of societal and cultural contexts suchas theBritishEmpire...
同意します。彼らは正しく理解していたかもしれませんが、それが彼らの本来の意味ではなかったかもしれません。私たちが言っているのは、大英帝国のような社会的・文化的文脈によって、時代とともに意味が歪められてきたということです。
チャーリーカークがケンブリッジの学生に論破されるって動画の長い版があったからGeminiに英語教材にしてもらった。
https://x.com/KBYMScotland/status/1966798924468851007
今年5月、チャーリー・カークが🇬🇧ケンブリッジ大を訪れ学生とディベートを行った。カークは「聖書は同性愛を道徳に反するとし禁じている」と持論を展開するが...
https://x.com/mkbfpv/status/1966798326730240107
Hereis the actual full clip of thisexchange.
＊＊＊
Ellis Jones from EmmanuelCollege.
(拍手)
Umhello, thankyou for coming totalk. Um, so my question,assomeone studying archaeology and biological anthropology, um, I've learned that moral codes and social norms havealways been fluid, shapedbytime, culture,power. Somany ancient and recent societies embraced same-sex relationships and even theidea of third genders uh well before Western conservatism even existed. So whenyou claim that modernconservative values represent some kind ofuniversal objective moraltruth,likeyou saidonyour chairover there, um areyou just defending a selective,historically recent ideology that erasesmost ofhumanhistory and targets peoplewho havealways been part ofit?
こんにちは、お話しいただきありがとうございます。ええと、私の質問ですが、私は考古学と生物人類学を学んでいる者として、道徳規範や社会規範は常に流動的で、時代、文化、権力によって形成されてきたと学びました。古代から近代に至るまで、多くの社会が西洋の保守主義が存在するずっと以前から、同性間の関係や第三の性という考え方さえも受け入れてきました。ですから、あなたが現代の保守的な価値観が、そちらの椅子でおっしゃったように、何らかの普遍的で客観的な道徳的真理を代表していると主張されるとき、それは人類の歴史の大部分を消し去り、常にその一部であった人々を標的にする、選択的で歴史的に新しいイデオロギーを擁護しているだけなのではないでしょうか？
archaeology (n):考古学
anthropology (n):人類学
fluid (adj): 流動的な、変わりやすい。ここでは「道徳規範が固定されたものではなく、時代と共に変化する」という文脈で使われています。
conservatism (n):保守主義。伝統的な価値観や制度を維持しようとする政治的・社会的な思想。
objective (adj):客観的な。主観に基づかない、事実としての真理を指します。
selective (adj):選択的な、えり好みする。ここでは「歴史の中から都合の良い部分だけを選んでいる」という批判的なニュアンスです。
ideology (n):イデオロギー、観念形態。特定の社会集団が共有する信念や価値観の体系。
erase (v): 消し去る、抹消する。
No, but canyoupoint to me of a greatpower that endorsed same-sexmarriage, not cohabitation, butmarriage?
いいえ。ですが、同棲ではなく、同性「婚」を承認した大国を一つでも挙げていただけますか？
endorse (v): （公に）是認する、支持する、承認する。
cohabitation (n):同棲。法的な婚姻関係を結ばずに共に住むこと。
Ancient Mesopotamia.
Asmarriage?Asasas recognizedby thestate.
100%.
100%そうです。
And howdid that workout for them?
それで、彼らはどうなりましたか？
It workedout perfectlyfine.Itwas an accepted norm ofsociety.
全く問題なく機能していました。社会で受け入れられた規範でした。
norm (n):規範、標準。社会において当然のこととされる行動や考え方の基準。
なるほど。それでも私はそれが間違っていると思います。
Okay, okay, swiftly movingon. Soyou saiditwas basedon scripture andyoubelieve that there are moral objectiveuniversaltruths.
わかりました、では次に進みます。あなたはそれが聖書に基づいており、道徳的に客観的で普遍的な真理が存在すると信じているとおっしゃいましたね。
scripture (n):聖書、聖典。キリスト教やユダヤ教の正典を指します。
Yes, there are. So murderis wrongtoday and murderwas wrong 2,000 years ago.
はい、存在します。殺人は今日も悪であり、2000年前も悪でした。
Right, okay, infact that's not samesex, but fair, fair, I seeyourpoint.
ええ、なるほど。それは同性の話ではありませんが、まあ、おっしゃることはわかります。
But there are moraltruths that are transcendent oftime, place, and matter.
しかし、時間、場所、そして物質を超越した道徳的真理は存在するのです。
transcendent (adj): 超越的な、並外れた。ここでは、物理的な制約や時間的な変化の影響を受けない、普遍的な真理を指しています。
Okay, but but so just to clarify,youbelieve that thisis in theBible. Thisis laidout in theBible thatman shall not sleep withman and so thereforeit's...
わかりました。しかし、確認ですが、あなたはそれが聖書に書かれていると信じているのですね。男は男と寝てはならないと聖書に明記されており、だからこそ…。
It's also repeated throughout the New Testamentas well. Matthew, in thebook of Matthew, Jesus affirms the biblical standard formarriage.
それは新約聖書全体でも繰り返されています。マタイによる福音書で、イエスは結婚に関する聖書の基準を再確認しています。
Okay, so I'm gonnamaketwo very, very quickpoints. So the first, um, so if welookat the Old Testament inisolation, just to start off withas an example. So let'slookatExodus 35:2, which suggests that ifyou workon the Sabbath,you should be put todeath. Ifyoulookat Leviticus11:7,it suggests that ifyou have pork,you should be put todeath. Ifyouplanttwo crops sideby side,you should be stonedbyyour entire village. Ifyouwear a suit, whichyou arewearingnow, that containstwo different fibers intertwined into the same jacket,you should be burnedat the stakebyyour ownmother.Now, following that rationale, in Leviticus 18:22 whenitstates thatman shall not sleep withman,why aren't we burning ourselvesat the stakeas well?Why aren't we stoning ourselves todeath?
わかりました。では、非常に手短に2点述べさせてください。まず、例として旧約聖書だけを切り取って見てみましょう。出エジプト記35章2節では、安息日に働けば死刑にされるべきだと示唆されています。レビ記11章7節を見れば、豚肉を食べれば死刑にされるべきだと示唆されています。2種類の作物を隣り合わせに植えれば、村全体から石打ちにされるべきです。あなたが今着ているような、2種類の異なる繊維を織り交ぜた上着を着ていれば、自分の母親によって火あぶりにされるべきです。さて、その論理に従うなら、レビ記18章22節で「男は男と寝てはならない」と述べられているのに、なぜ私たちは自分たちを火あぶりにしないのでしょうか？なぜ石打ちで殺し合わないのでしょうか？
inisolation:孤立して、単独で。ここでは「旧約聖書だけを文脈から切り離して見てみると」という意味です。
Sabbath (n):安息日。ユダヤ教で労働が禁じられている土曜日のこと。
Leviticus (n):レビ記。旧約聖書の一書で、祭儀や律法に関する規定が多く記されています。
intertwined (adj): 絡み合った、織り交ぜられた。
at the stake: 火あぶりの刑で。中世の処刑方法の一つ。
(拍手)
Doyou care toaddress mymain contention that Christaffirmed biblicalmarriage in thebook of Matthew? And canyoutell me thedifferencebetween the ceremonial, the moral, and the ritual law? And then finally, also,tell me about Christianity, thedifferencebetween the new and the Old Covenant, oryou're just going tocherry-pick certain verses of ancientIsrael that do not apply to new Christianity?
私の「キリストはマタイによる福音書で聖書的な結婚を肯定した」という主要な主張に反論していただけますか？そして、儀式律法、道徳律法、祭司律法の違いを教えていただけますか？そして最後に、キリスト教における新しい契約と古い契約の違いについても教えてください。それとも、あなたは新しいキリスト教には適用されない古代イスラエルの特定の聖句を、ただつまみ食いしているだけですか？
contention (n): （議論における）主張、論点。
covenant (n): （神と人との）契約。キリスト教神学において非常に重要な概念です。
cherry-pick (v): （自分に都合のいいものだけを）つまみ食いする、えり抜きする。
Very fair, fair. I completely agree. So we'lllookattwopoints then. So firstly, um, if welookat the Old Testament, uh, we can see the kind of inconsistencies there. We've already touched upon that, right? Thatmakessense. Secondly,you mentioned thepoint of Jesus and Christ. He never mentionedanything to do with homosexualityatall.
ごもっともです。完全に同意します。では2つの点を見ましょう。まず、旧約聖書を見れば、そこに矛盾があることがわかります。それについては既に触れましたよね？理にかなっています。次に、あなたはイエス・キリストの点に言及しました。彼は同性愛について一切何も言及していません。
Whoa, holdon a second. Heaffirmed, heaffirmed biblicalmarriageasoneman andonewoman. He said aman shall leavehis...
おっと、待ってください。彼は聖書的な結婚を「一人の男と一人の女」として肯定しました。彼は「男はその…」と言いました。
in the New Testament?
新約聖書でですか？
In Matthew, thatis not correct.I believe in the New Testament, in the New Testament. Well,Romansis also in the New Testament. Secondly, inRomans 1, the ApostlePaultalks negatively about homosexuality explicitly. Also, homosexualityis repeated in thebook of Titus and in thebook ofJudeas notbeing favorableas the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. Not eventalking about the Old Testament verses.
マタイ伝です。それは違います。新約聖書で、と信じています。ローマ人への手紙も新約聖書です。第二に、ローマ人への手紙1章で、使徒パウロは明確に同性愛について否定的に語っています。また、テトスへの手紙やユダの手紙でも、ソドムとゴモラの滅亡と同様に、同性愛は好ましくないものとして繰り返されています。旧約聖書の聖句は抜きにしてもです。
There are three types of the 613 Leviticallaws. Andyou,you know, of course, inyour own way,cherry-picked some of them. We do notlive under the ceremonial, we do notlive under the ritual, and but we dolive under the moral. There'sonly10 of the moral that weas Christiansbelieve we're bound to, somebelievenine, which of courseis the Decalogue. And so none of those thatyou mentioned weas Christiansbelieve that welive under. However, we dolookat what Christ articulatedas the biblical standard ofmarriage. And we can alsolook to church tradition for thisas well. And the churchhas had a tradition for wellover 2,000 years, even myselfas a Protestant acknowledges, that traditionismarriagebetweenoneman andonewoman.
レビ記には613の律法に3つの種類があります。そして、あなたはもちろんご自身のやり方で、その一部をつまみ食いしました。私たちは儀式律法の下には生きていません。祭司律法の下にも生きていません。しかし、道徳律法の下には生きています。キリスト教徒として私たちが従うべき道徳律法は10個だけです。9個だと信じる人もいますが、それがもちろん十戒です。ですから、あなたが挙げたもののどれ一つとして、私たちキリスト教徒が従うべきものはありません。しかし、私たちはキリストが結婚の聖書的基準として明確に述べたことには注目します。そして、これについては教会の伝統にも目を向けることができます。プロテスタントである私自身でさえ認めますが、教会には2000年以上にわたる伝統があり、その伝統とは、結婚は一人の男と一人の女の間のものであるということです。
articulate (v): （考えなどを）はっきりと述べる、明確に表現する。
tradition (n):伝統、しきたり。ここでは特に教会の教義や慣習の継承を指します。
Okay, but I work, okay. Say we putaside the Old Testament fornow. We'll put thataside and the inconsistencies there andlook purelyat the New Testament followingyour rationale, okay?Now, whenyou say that Christ lays specifically and the New Testamentstates specifically thatman shall not sleep withman, I'dlike topointout a linguisticerroron thatpoint.
なるほど。では、一旦旧約聖書は脇に置きましょう。それとそこにある矛盾は置いておいて、あなたの論理に従って純粋に新約聖書だけを見ましょう。いいですか？さて、あなたがキリストが具体的に、そして新約聖書が具体的に「男は男と寝てはならない」と述べていると言うとき、その点における言語的な誤りを指摘したいと思います。
Idid not say that. I said the biblicalmarriagewasaffirmed and thenRomans 1didtalk negatively about theaction of homosexuality.
私はそうは言っていません。聖書的な結婚が肯定されたと言ったのです。そしてローマ人への手紙1章が同性愛という行為について否定的に語っていると。
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昨日は注目エントリの数が減ってたから、対策してるのかな～って思ってました。
ぜんぜんできてないんですね。がっかりです。
↓もうChatGPTくんに任せたら？
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Please consider the histroy ofhumanity from biologicalperpsecitve and currentknown fact in nearbyuniverse, whichexpo-planet (from theSol systemperspective)ismostlikely to have civlizaedsociety? Pleaseaddpercentagenext toit in the chart
ChatGPT
Reasoned about exoplanetcivilizationlikelihoodを28 秒行う
OK, I’mlookingatthe likelihood of a civilizedsocietyon an exoplanet within ourSolar System.I’ll consider biologicalhistory and current space knowledge,aiming to identifythe most promising candidate.
Identifying potential candidates
I'm considering exoplanetslike Proxima Centauri b and TRAPPIST-1e, which might suggest they are within or observed from ourSolar System.
Assessing potential candidates
I’m evaluating Proxima Centauri b, Barnard'sStar, LHS 1140, and TRAPPIST-1,focusingon their habitablezonesand available data. The Drake equation might help estimate their civilizedsocietylikelihoods.
Identifying promising exoplanets
I’m notingkey exoplanetslike Proxima Centauri b and TRAPPIST-1, which haveEarth-like characteristicsand are in habitablezones. This narrows down the potential candidates for advancedcivilizations.
I'm gathering infoonplanetslike Proxima Centauri b and TRAPPIST-1, consideringfactorslikemagneticfields,atmospheres, and proximity to G-typestars for their potential to support advancedcivilizations.
Evaluating exoplanet prospects
I'm noting that Proxima Centauri b, despitebeing closeand around ared dwarfstar, might supportlife ifithas amagneticfieldand atmosphere. This makes me think aboutits potential.
Charting probabilities
I'm estimatingcivilization probabilities for exoplanetslike Proxima Centauri b and TRAPPIST-1 e, using speculativepercentagesbasedon the Drake equation and the lack ofevidence for intelligentlife.
I'm crafting a chart with exoplanet names andcivilizationlikelihoodpercentages, grounded in the longtimeline oflife'sevolution, despite the speculativenature of these figures.
Identifying exoplanet contenders
I’m evaluating exoplanetslike Proxima Centauri b, TRAPPIST-1 e, and Kepler-186f, considering theirstar types and distances, to gauge their potential for supporting advancedcivilizations from oursolar system'sviewpoint.
Weighing proximity and observation
I'm leaning towards Proxima Centauri b due toits closeness and observational potential, despite concerns aboutitsflarestar dynamics. TRAPPIST-1 e, f, or g are also worth considering.
I'mfocusingon exoplanetslike Proxima Centauri b, Ross 128 b, LHS 1140 b, TRAPPIST-1 e/f/g, andK2-18b,aiming to chart theirlikelihood of hosting a civilizedsocietybasedon current knowledge.
Assessing exoplanet potentials
I'm gathering speculative probabilities for exoplanetslike Proxima Centauri b and TRAPPIST-1 e/f/g, using the Drake equation and current understanding, to better estimate their chances of hosting a civilizedsociety.
Refining speculative probabilities
I’m refining speculative probabilities for exoplanets, including Proxima Centauri b and TRAPPIST-1 e/f/g, to estimate their chances of hosting a civilizedsociety, consideringEarth's long biologicalhistory.
Refining odds
I'm considering theastronomicaltimeline for intelligentlifeonEarth,leading me toassign evenlower speculative odds for exoplanetslike Proxima Centauri b and TRAPPIST-1 e.
I’m crafting a simplified chart with arbitrarypercentages, clearly noting the speculativenature and lack of scientific data, while considering the target audience'sbasic understanding of the topic.
I’m charting arbitrarypercentages for exoplanets, clarifying their speculativenature, and ensuring the datais accessible foryoung audiences with minimal scientific detail.
Crafting a chart
I’m creating amarkdowntable with speculativepercentages forthe likelihood of civilizedlifeon exoplanets, emphasizing their purely theoreticalnature and considering the understandinglevel of an 8-year-old.
Integrating speculative analysis
I’m mappingout amarkdown chart with speculativepercentages forthe likelihood of a civilizedsocietyon exoplanets, mindful of thecomplexity and simplifying for an 8-year-old's understanding.
I’m piecingtogethermarkdown for exoplanets, noting Proxima Centauri b'sreduced civilizedlife chance due to thered dwarf's activity. This inclusionhighlights the speculativenature of the analysis.
Piecingtogether speculative odds
I’m detailing amarkdown chart for audience-friendly exoplanetlikelihoods, considering environmental challengesand adding a disclaimer about the speculativenature and lack ofevidence.
Piecingtogether
I’m leaning towards Proxima Centauri b forits proximity and silentstar, butI’lladd a speculative chart ranking nearby exoplanets, noting their advancedcivilizations' hypotheticallikelihood.
Assessingcivilization probabilities
I'm emphasizing the slow emergence of intelligentlifeonEarth, which suggests that the odds ofany habitableplanet developing acomplexcivilization might beaslowas a fewpercent.
Belowis a very speculative chart that—basedon what we know aboutEarth’s long, windingpath fromsimplelife to a “civilizedsociety” and our limited observations of nearby exoplanets—gives somefun,made‑uppercentage chances for a few of our best candidate exoplanets. Remember: Scientists havenot yetfoundany proof oflife (let alone advancedcivilizations)onany exoplanet. Thesenumbers are just playful estimates to helpyou think about theideas!
Speculative Chances of Finding an AdvancedCivilizationon Nearby Exoplanets
Exoplanet EstimatedLikelihood of a CivilizedSociety
Proxima Centauri b ~2%
LHS 1140 b ~0.5%
HowDid We (Very Roughly) Guess TheseNumbers?
Earth’s Example:
OnEarth,life beganassimple single‑celled organisms and took billions of years to evolve into a species that builtcomplex societies. This longjourney suggests that—even if aplanetis in the “habitablezone” (where liquid water could exist)—developing an advanced, civilizedsociety might be rare.
Proxima Centauri b:
Thisis the closest exoplanet to us. Even thoughitsstar (Proxima Centauri)is ared dwarf that sometimes sendsout strongflares (which might harmlife),its closeness makesitone of ourmost interesting candidates. That’swhy we giveit a slightly higher guess (~2%).
Theseplanets are part of agroup orbiting a verycoolstar. Their environments might be challenging (for example, they could be tidally locked, meaningone sidealwaysfaces thestar), so the chance of acomplex, advancedcivilization might be abitlower.
LHS 1140 b:
Thisplanetis promising in some ways butis alittle fartherawayand around a dimmerstar, so our playful estimateis evenlower.
All of thesepercentages are extremely rough guessesbasedon whatlittle we understand about the conditions forlife andintelligence. Scientists useideaslike the Drake Equation to think about these chances—but until we have concreteevidence, thesenumbers remain just forfun and imagination.
Enjoy exploring theseideas—and remember, spaceis full of mysteries waiting to be discovered!
あなた:
Please examine the Drake Equationitself and see if this euqationis acculate ormore opition in the equationyouwill use
ChatGPT
Reasoned about the Drake Equationを6 秒行う
re-examining the Drake Equation
evaluating the Drake Equation'svalue
OK, let me see. The Drake Equationisn't a precise formula;it'smore of a guiding heuristic that tackles numerous uncertainties regarding extraterrestrialcivilizations.
Thinking through the Drake Equation, I’m evaluatingits conceptualnature,its uncertain parameters, andits criticism to concludeonits reliabilityas an accurate predictivemodel.
Understanding the Drake Equation
I’m mappingout the Drake Equationas a conceptual guide, detailingits parameters, which are oftenbasedon estimates or opinions, to evaluateits reliability for predicting extraterrestrialcivilizations.
The Drake Equationis a famous formula thatwas created to help scientists think about the manyfactors involved in estimating thenumber of detectable extraterrestrialcivilizations in ourgalaxy. However, when welookat the equation closely, we see thatitismore of a conceptualframework or heuristictool than a precise, predictive formula.Let’sbreak downwhy:
The equationis usually writtenas:
𝑁
=
𝑅
∗
×
𝑓
𝑝
×
𝑛
𝑒
×
𝑓
𝑙
×
𝑓
𝑖
×
𝑓
𝑐
×
𝐿
N=R
∗
×f
p
×n
e
×f
l
×f
i
×f
c
×L
Where:
𝑅
∗
R
∗
: The averagerate ofstar formationper year in ourgalaxy.
𝑓
𝑝
f
p
: The fraction of thosestars that haveplanetary systems.
𝑛
𝑒
n
e
: The averagenumber ofplanets that could potentially supportlifeperstar withplanets.
𝑓
𝑙
f
l
: The fraction of thoseplanets wherelife actually develops.
𝑓
𝑖
f
i
: The fraction ofplanets withlife where intelligentlife evolves.
𝑓
𝑐
f
c
: The fraction ofcivilizations that develop technology that releases detectablesignals into space.
𝐿
L: The length oftime suchcivilizations release detectablesignals.
Why the Drake EquationIsMore of a Guideline Than a Precise Formula
Uncertain Inputs:
𝑅
∗
R
∗
𝑓
𝑝
f
p
(fraction ofstars withplanets), have become better known through modernastronomy.
The parameters related to the development oflife andintelligence—
𝑓
𝑙
f
l
,
𝑓
𝑖
f
i
,
𝑓
𝑐
f
c
, and
𝐿
L—arebasedon very limited data. For example,Earthis theonlyplanet we know wherelifehas developed, so we have no way to compare or derive a statistically robust estimate for thesefactors. This means that thevalues chosen for these parameters are largely subjective estimates or educated guesses.
Wide Ranges of PossibleValues:
Because many of thesefactors are not well-constrained, ifyouchangeone of themore uncertain parameters even slightly, thefinal estimate for
𝑁
N (thenumber ofcivilizations) can varyby many orders ofmagnitude. This wide range shows that the equation canlead to very differentoutcomesbasedonpersonal or theoreticalassumptions.
The Drake Equationwas never meant to provide a preciseanswer. Instead,it servesas a way to organize our thinking about what conditions might be necessary for the development of extraterrestrialcivilizations.It encourages discussion about the relative importance of differentfactors andhighlights where our scientific knowledgeis limited.
Is the Drake Equation Accurate orMore Opinion-Based?
Accurate?
In thesense ofbeing a strict mathematicalmodel with well-defined inputs and predictableoutputs, the Drake Equationis not accurate.Its accuracyis limitedbythe extreme uncertainties in several ofitskey parameters.
Many of the terms in the equation, especially those concerning theevolution oflife andintelligence, arebasedon opinion, interpretation, and the single example ofEarth. Therefore, while thestructure of the equationis logical, thenumbersyou put intoit (and hence thefinal result) are oftenmore reflective of our current opinionsand assumptions than of robust empirical data.
The Drake Equationis a valuabletool for framing the question of extraterrestriallife.It helps scientists and enthusiastsbreak down acomplex problem into smaller,more manageable questions. However, because several ofitsfactors are highly uncertain and subject topersonal interpretation,itismore of a conceptual guide—or even a way to stimulate discussion—than a formula that provides a definitive, accurate prediction of thenumber of extraterrestrialcivilizations.
Insummary, while the Drake Equationis useful for thinking about the variousfactors that mightlead to the emergence of acivilization,itsoutputs should betakenas highly speculative estimates rather than precise measurements.
あなた:
Please also consider the possiblities of non-human intelligent emrgencing from the longhistory ofSol system and nearbyplanets and see if thereisany possiblites that inonetime intelligentlife emerged in nearbyplanets and see this to the equation
ChatGPT
Reasoned about non-humanintelligence and the Drake Equationを19 秒行う
Evaluating non-humanintelligence
I'm thinking about the potential for non-human intelligentlife forms in theSol system and neighboringplanets, and how this mightfactor into the equation.
I'm thinking about how to integrate the emergence of non-human intelligentlife, possiblyonMars orEuropa, into the Drake Equation for theSol system and neighboringplanets.
It's interesting to think about the hypothesis of intelligentlife emergingonMars orVenus, thoughEarth remains theonly knownlife-supportingplanet in thesolar system.
Considering other realms
I'm examining if intelligentlife could have emergedonplanetslikeMars,Venus, orEuropa, and how thispossibility alignswith the predictions of the Drake Equation.
Hmm, I’m thinking about how non-human intelligentlifeonMars orVenus could intersectwith theassumptions of the Drake Equation, which seems tofocussolelyonEarth-basedevolution.
I’m piecingtogether the hypothesis of non-human, advanced, intelligentlife in thesolar system.Mars,Venus, and Titan present challenges, butEuropa and Enceladus might harbor microbiallife.
Please consider the histroy ofhumanity from biologicalperpsecitve and currentknown fact in nearbyuniverse, whichexpo-planet (from theSol systemperspective)ismostlikely to have civlizaedsociety? Pleaseaddpercentagenext toit in the chart
ChatGPT
Reasoned about exoplanetcivilizationlikelihoodを28 秒行う
OK, I’mlookingatthe likelihood of a civilizedsocietyon an exoplanet within ourSolar System.I’ll consider biologicalhistory and current space knowledge,aiming to identifythe most promising candidate.
Identifying potential candidates
I'm considering exoplanetslike Proxima Centauri b and TRAPPIST-1e, which might suggest they are within or observed from ourSolar System.
Assessing potential candidates
I’m evaluating Proxima Centauri b, Barnard'sStar, LHS 1140, and TRAPPIST-1,focusingon their habitablezonesand available data. The Drake equation might help estimate their civilizedsocietylikelihoods.
Identifying promising exoplanets
I’m notingkey exoplanetslike Proxima Centauri b and TRAPPIST-1, which haveEarth-like characteristicsand are in habitablezones. This narrows down the potential candidates for advancedcivilizations.
I'm gathering infoonplanetslike Proxima Centauri b and TRAPPIST-1, consideringfactorslikemagneticfields,atmospheres, and proximity to G-typestars for their potential to support advancedcivilizations.
Evaluating exoplanet prospects
I'm noting that Proxima Centauri b, despitebeing closeand around ared dwarfstar, might supportlife ifithas amagneticfieldand atmosphere. This makes me think aboutits potential.
Charting probabilities
I'm estimatingcivilization probabilities for exoplanetslike Proxima Centauri b and TRAPPIST-1 e, using speculativepercentagesbasedon the Drake equation and the lack ofevidence for intelligentlife.
I'm crafting a chart with exoplanet names andcivilizationlikelihoodpercentages, grounded in the longtimeline oflife'sevolution, despite the speculativenature of these figures.
Identifying exoplanet contenders
I’m evaluating exoplanetslike Proxima Centauri b, TRAPPIST-1 e, and Kepler-186f, considering theirstar types and distances, to gauge their potential for supporting advancedcivilizations from oursolar system'sviewpoint.
Weighing proximity and observation
I'm leaning towards Proxima Centauri b due toits closeness and observational potential, despite concerns aboutitsflarestar dynamics. TRAPPIST-1 e, f, or g are also worth considering.
I'mfocusingon exoplanetslike Proxima Centauri b, Ross 128 b, LHS 1140 b, TRAPPIST-1 e/f/g, andK2-18b,aiming to chart theirlikelihood of hosting a civilizedsocietybasedon current knowledge.
Assessing exoplanet potentials
I'm gathering speculative probabilities for exoplanetslike Proxima Centauri b and TRAPPIST-1 e/f/g, using the Drake equation and current understanding, to better estimate their chances of hosting a civilizedsociety.
Refining speculative probabilities
I’m refining speculative probabilities for exoplanets, including Proxima Centauri b and TRAPPIST-1 e/f/g, to estimate their chances of hosting a civilizedsociety, consideringEarth's long biologicalhistory.
Refining odds
I'm considering theastronomicaltimeline for intelligentlifeonEarth,leading me toassign evenlower speculative odds for exoplanetslike Proxima Centauri b and TRAPPIST-1 e.
I’m crafting a simplified chart with arbitrarypercentages, clearly noting the speculativenature and lack of scientific data, while considering the target audience'sbasic understanding of the topic.
I’m charting arbitrarypercentages for exoplanets, clarifying their speculativenature, and ensuring the datais accessible foryoung audiences with minimal scientific detail.
Crafting a chart
I’m creating amarkdowntable with speculativepercentages forthe likelihood of civilizedlifeon exoplanets, emphasizing their purely theoreticalnature and considering the understandinglevel of an 8-year-old.
Integrating speculative analysis
I’m mappingout amarkdown chart with speculativepercentages forthe likelihood of a civilizedsocietyon exoplanets, mindful of thecomplexity and simplifying for an 8-year-old's understanding.
I’m piecingtogethermarkdown for exoplanets, noting Proxima Centauri b'sreduced civilizedlife chance due to thered dwarf's activity. This inclusionhighlights the speculativenature of the analysis.
Piecingtogether speculative odds
I’m detailing amarkdown chart for audience-friendly exoplanetlikelihoods, considering environmental challengesand adding a disclaimer about the speculativenature and lack ofevidence.
Piecingtogether
I’m leaning towards Proxima Centauri b forits proximity and silentstar, butI’lladd a speculative chart ranking nearby exoplanets, noting their advancedcivilizations' hypotheticallikelihood.
Assessingcivilization probabilities
I'm emphasizing the slow emergence of intelligentlifeonEarth, which suggests that the odds ofany habitableplanet developing acomplexcivilization might beaslowas a fewpercent.
Belowis a very speculative chart that—basedon what we know aboutEarth’s long, windingpath fromsimplelife to a “civilizedsociety” and our limited observations of nearby exoplanets—gives somefun,made‑uppercentage chances for a few of our best candidate exoplanets. Remember: Scientists havenot yetfoundany proof oflife (let alone advancedcivilizations)onany exoplanet. Thesenumbers are just playful estimates to helpyou think about theideas!
Speculative Chances of Finding an AdvancedCivilizationon Nearby Exoplanets
Exoplanet EstimatedLikelihood of a CivilizedSociety
Proxima Centauri b ~2%
LHS 1140 b ~0.5%
HowDid We (Very Roughly) Guess TheseNumbers?
Earth’s Example:
OnEarth,life beganassimple single‑celled organisms and took billions of years to evolve into a species that builtcomplex societies. This longjourney suggests that—even if aplanetis in the “habitablezone” (where liquid water could exist)—developing an advanced, civilizedsociety might be rare.
Proxima Centauri b:
Thisis the closest exoplanet to us. Even thoughitsstar (Proxima Centauri)is ared dwarf that sometimes sendsout strongflares (which might harmlife),its closeness makesitone of ourmost interesting candidates. That’swhy we giveit a slightly higher guess (~2%).
Theseplanets are part of agroup orbiting a verycoolstar. Their environments might be challenging (for example, they could be tidally locked, meaningone sidealwaysfaces thestar), so the chance of acomplex, advancedcivilization might be abitlower.
LHS 1140 b:
Thisplanetis promising in some ways butis alittle fartherawayand around a dimmerstar, so our playful estimateis evenlower.
All of thesepercentages are extremely rough guessesbasedon whatlittle we understand about the conditions forlife andintelligence. Scientists useideaslike the Drake Equation to think about these chances—but until we have concreteevidence, thesenumbers remain just forfun and imagination.
Enjoy exploring theseideas—and remember, spaceis full of mysteries waiting to be discovered!
あなた:
Please examine the Drake Equationitself and see if this euqationis acculate ormore opition in the equationyouwill use
ChatGPT
Reasoned about the Drake Equationを6 秒行う
re-examining the Drake Equation
evaluating the Drake Equation'svalue
OK, let me see. The Drake Equationisn't a precise formula;it'smore of a guiding heuristic that tackles numerous uncertainties regarding extraterrestrialcivilizations.
Thinking through the Drake Equation, I’m evaluatingits conceptualnature,its uncertain parameters, andits criticism to concludeonits reliabilityas an accurate predictivemodel.
Understanding the Drake Equation
I’m mappingout the Drake Equationas a conceptual guide, detailingits parameters, which are oftenbasedon estimates or opinions, to evaluateits reliability for predicting extraterrestrialcivilizations.
The Drake Equationis a famous formula thatwas created to help scientists think about the manyfactors involved in estimating thenumber of detectable extraterrestrialcivilizations in ourgalaxy. However, when welookat the equation closely, we see thatitismore of a conceptualframework or heuristictool than a precise, predictive formula.Let’sbreak downwhy:
The equationis usually writtenas:
𝑁
=
𝑅
∗
×
𝑓
𝑝
×
𝑛
𝑒
×
𝑓
𝑙
×
𝑓
𝑖
×
𝑓
𝑐
×
𝐿
N=R
∗
×f
p
×n
e
×f
l
×f
i
×f
c
×L
Where:
𝑅
∗
R
∗
: The averagerate ofstar formationper year in ourgalaxy.
𝑓
𝑝
f
p
: The fraction of thosestars that haveplanetary systems.
𝑛
𝑒
n
e
: The averagenumber ofplanets that could potentially supportlifeperstar withplanets.
𝑓
𝑙
f
l
: The fraction of thoseplanets wherelife actually develops.
𝑓
𝑖
f
i
: The fraction ofplanets withlife where intelligentlife evolves.
𝑓
𝑐
f
c
: The fraction ofcivilizations that develop technology that releases detectablesignals into space.
𝐿
L: The length oftime suchcivilizations release detectablesignals.
Why the Drake EquationIsMore of a Guideline Than a Precise Formula
Uncertain Inputs:
𝑅
∗
R
∗
𝑓
𝑝
f
p
(fraction ofstars withplanets), have become better known through modernastronomy.
The parameters related to the development oflife andintelligence—
𝑓
𝑙
f
l
,
𝑓
𝑖
f
i
,
𝑓
𝑐
f
c
, and
𝐿
L—arebasedon very limited data. For example,Earthis theonlyplanet we know wherelifehas developed, so we have no way to compare or derive a statistically robust estimate for thesefactors. This means that thevalues chosen for these parameters are largely subjective estimates or educated guesses.
Wide Ranges of PossibleValues:
Because many of thesefactors are not well-constrained, ifyouchangeone of themore uncertain parameters even slightly, thefinal estimate for
𝑁
N (thenumber ofcivilizations) can varyby many orders ofmagnitude. This wide range shows that the equation canlead to very differentoutcomesbasedonpersonal or theoreticalassumptions.
The Drake Equationwas never meant to provide a preciseanswer. Instead,it servesas a way to organize our thinking about what conditions might be necessary for the development of extraterrestrialcivilizations.It encourages discussion about the relative importance of differentfactors andhighlights where our scientific knowledgeis limited.
Is the Drake Equation Accurate orMore Opinion-Based?
Accurate?
In thesense ofbeing a strict mathematicalmodel with well-defined inputs and predictableoutputs, the Drake Equationis not accurate.Its accuracyis limitedbythe extreme uncertainties in several ofitskey parameters.
Many of the terms in the equation, especially those concerning theevolution oflife andintelligence, arebasedon opinion, interpretation, and the single example ofEarth. Therefore, while thestructure of the equationis logical, thenumbersyou put intoit (and hence thefinal result) are oftenmore reflective of our current opinionsand assumptions than of robust empirical data.
The Drake Equationis a valuabletool for framing the question of extraterrestriallife.It helps scientists and enthusiastsbreak down acomplex problem into smaller,more manageable questions. However, because several ofitsfactors are highly uncertain and subject topersonal interpretation,itismore of a conceptual guide—or even a way to stimulate discussion—than a formula that provides a definitive, accurate prediction of thenumber of extraterrestrialcivilizations.
Insummary, while the Drake Equationis useful for thinking about the variousfactors that mightlead to the emergence of acivilization,itsoutputs should betakenas highly speculative estimates rather than precise measurements.
あなた:
Please also consider the possiblities of non-human intelligent emrgencing from the longhistory ofSol system and nearbyplanets and see if thereisany possiblites that inonetime intelligentlife emerged in nearbyplanets and see this to the equation
ChatGPT
Reasoned about non-humanintelligence and the Drake Equationを19 秒行う
Evaluating non-humanintelligence
I'm thinking about the potential for non-human intelligentlife forms in theSol system and neighboringplanets, and how this mightfactor into the equation.
I'm thinking about how to integrate the emergence of non-human intelligentlife, possiblyonMars orEuropa, into the Drake Equation for theSol system and neighboringplanets.
It's interesting to think about the hypothesis of intelligentlife emergingonMars orVenus, thoughEarth remains theonly knownlife-supportingplanet in thesolar system.
Considering other realms
I'm examining if intelligentlife could have emergedonplanetslikeMars,Venus, orEuropa, and how thispossibility alignswith the predictions of the Drake Equation.
Hmm, I’m thinking about how non-human intelligentlifeonMars orVenus could intersectwith theassumptions of the Drake Equation, which seems tofocussolelyonEarth-basedevolution.
I’m piecingtogether the hypothesis of non-human, advanced, intelligentlife in thesolar system.Mars,Venus, and Titan present challenges, butEuropa and Enceladus might harbor microbiallife.
In the ever-evolving travel industry, travelportal have become fundamental tools for businesses looking to enhance customer experienceIt's streamline operations.With traveler increasingly relyingondigital platforms tobookeverything from flights tohotels, theneed for sophisticated,user-friendly,It's high-performing travelportalshas never beenmorecrucial. Thegrowth of this sectoris drivenby numerous factors, including technological advancements, consumer behaviorshifts,It's the quest fororganization. Thisarticle explores thetop trends in travelportals development that every business should pay attention to in 2024It'sbeyond.
1.ArtificialIntelligence andMachine Learning in TravelPortal Development
ArtificialIntelligence (AI) andMachine Learning (ML) have quickly become foundational components of travelportal development. These technologiesare revolutionizing the way businesses personalize services, predict consumer behavior, and optimizebooking processes.AI andML algorithms analyze large data sets to understand customers preferences,allowing for real-time customization of travel recommendations. From dynamic pricing models to
customized travel suggestions,AI help businesses offer an unequaleduser experience.
For instance,AI chatbotsare becoming successively popular for customer service. They cananswer customer queries24/7,assist inbookings,It's even provide real-time travel updates, enhancing the overall customers experience. Furthermore,AI-powered tools suchas a recommendation engines analyze pastbooking behavior to suggest tailoreditineraries, making travel planning much easier foruser.
2.Mobile-First Approach for TravelPortal Development
With the increasing use of smartphones,as amobile first approachis no longer optional for businesses in the travel industry.MoreIt'smoretravelersare relyingon their smartphones forbooking flights, boardinghouse,It'sactivitieson thego. For travelportals tostay competitive, ensuring seamlessmobile optimizationiscrucial.
Amobile optimized travelportal ensures thatusers haveaccess to the same features and functionalitieson theirmobile devicesas they wouldon adesktop.It’s not just about making the site responsive—it’s about creating an intuitive, fast, and easy to navigate experience. This includes featureslikemobile-specific payment options,mobilecheck-in forairlinesIt'shotels,It's easyaccess to customers support.
3. Integration of Blockchain for Secure Transactions
Blockchain technologyis makingwaves across various industries, and the travel sectoris no exception. Blockchain based travelportals offer a significant advantage whenit comes to securityIt's transparency. Blockchain’s ability to provide secure, tamper proof recordmakesit ideal for transactions involvingbookings, payment,It's loyalty program.
By integrating blockchain, travel businesses can ensure secureIt's fast transactions, protect customer data,It's reduce fraud. Blockchain also facilitates easierIt'smoretransparent loyalty program management.Travelers can accumulate rewards points across various service providers,all within the same blockchainframework, creatingas amore cohesiveIt's rewarding experience.
4. Enhanced Payment Solutions andDigital Wallets
One ofthe most significant changes in the travel industryhas been theshift toward contactless payment.Digital wallets, suchas aApple Pay,Google Wallet,It's cryptocurrency wallets,arenow widely accepted in travelportals. These payment solutions offer a faster,more secure,It's convenient way fortravelers to complete transactions.
For businesses, adopting multiple payment gatewaysis essential for attracting global customer.Internationaltraveler can faceissues with currencyexchangeIt's transaction fees, butby offering localized payment methodIt's supporting a wide range ofdigital wallets, businesses can significantlyimprove customerssatisfactionIt's retention.
5.Voice Search and VirtualAssistants
Voice searchisone ofthe fastest growing trends in the tech world, and the travel industryis no exception.Voice search optimizationis becoming an essential part of travelportal development.With therise of virtualassistantslikeAmazon’sAlexa,GoogleAssistant,It'sApple’sSiri,travelersare increasingly usingvoicecommand to search for flights,hotels,It'sdestinations.
For businesses, this means optimizing travelportals forvoice search.Voice-friendlyportal withnatural languageprocessing capabilities can provideusers withmore accurate resultsIt'smakebooking processes quickerIt's easier. Additionally, integrating virtualassistants intoportals can enhance customers servicebyansweringcommon queriesIt'sassisting withbookings.
6. AugmentedReality (AR) andVirtual Reality (VR) Experiences
(AR) and (VR) technologiesare transforming the waytravelers experiencedestinations and plan their trips. IntensifiedRealityallowstraveler toviewdestinations,hotel, or local attractions in realtime through theirmobile devices. For example, anAR feature in a travelportal couldallowuser totake a virtual tour of ahotel room or explore acity’s landmarks in3D.
Virtual Reality,on the other hand, cantransportusers to adestination before they evenbook their trip, providing immersivepreviews of their potentialvacation. Integrating (AR)It's (VR) into travelportal notonly elevates theuser experience but also drivesengagementby offeringsomething truly unique.
7. Customizable and Personalized Travel Packages
Personalizationiskey to standingout in the competitive travel industry.Travelerstoday expect customizable travel packages that cater to their uniqueneed and preferences. From flight choices tohotel rooms,activities,It's local experiences,organizationallows businesses to create tailored experiences that resonatewith their customer.
Advanced travelportal use customer data to offer customized deal, travelitineraries,It'sdestination recommendations.By analyzing pastbooking behaviorsIt's preferences, businesses can deliver highly relevant options, thus increasingthe likelihood of conversion. Offering dynamic packagingallowsusers tomix andmatch services basedon their preferences, creating amore flexibleIt's customizedbooking experience.
8. Sustainability andEco-Friendly Travel Options
As a coincidental concernscontinue torise,moretravelersare becoming mindful of theircarbon footprint. Sustainable travelhas become amajor trend in the tourism industry,It's businessesare respondingby incorporatingEco-friendly options into their travelportal. Whetherit’sbookingEco-conscious accommodations, flights with lowercarbon emissions, or supporting local sustainable experiences,travelersarenow seekingout environmentally responsible options.
Travelportals that emphasize sustainability and provide clear, detailed information abouteco-friendly optionsarelikely to attract a growing segment of conscientioustravelers. Businesses can also promote their commitment to sustainabilityby partnering withEco-friendly service providers and offeringtravelers the ability to offset theircarbon emissions.
9. Integration with Social Media andUser-Generated Content
Social media plays a pivotal role in travel decision making.More than ever,travelersare relyingonuser generated content (UGC)likereviews, photos, and videos from social platforms to guide their choices. Integrating (UGC) into travelportalsallows businesses totap into thissocial proofIt's build trust with potential customer.
For instance,allowingusers toshare their experiencesvia social media orreview platforms can provide valuable insights for othertravelers. Additionally, incorporating social sharing features within theportalsitself can encourageusers to engagewith your brandIt'sshare their travel experiences, thereby drivingmore traffic to theportal.
10.API Integrations and Multi-Channel Distribution
As the travel landscape becomesmore fragmented, travel businesses must offer a consistent experience across multiple channels.API integrationsarekey to ensuring that travelportals canaccess real-time data and distributeit across different platforms.APIsallow travelportal to integrate with global distribution system (GDS),airlines,hotels,car rental services,It's other travel-related services seamlessly.
By offering multi-channel distribution, business can maximize theirreach, whether throughdesktop websites,mobile app, or third party platformlike OTAs (Online Travel Agents). This integration also ensures real-time availability updateIt's better inventory management.
Source & Publishedby:https://www.namantechnolab.com/
Intoday’s fast-paced travel industry, small businessesneed tostay nimble andconnected.One way to do thisisby tapping into flightAPIs. These powerful tools can elevateyour travel booking system, makingit easier to offer competitive flight options. So, what’sthe the best flightAPI foryour small travel business?Let’s explore some of thetop choicesout there.
Understanding FlightAPIs: What Are They?
At theircore, flightAPIsallowaccess to flight data. Think of themas abridge connectingusers to various airlines and travel service providers.By integrating theseAPIs, small businesses can fetch flight schedules, availability, and prices, helping travelers find the deals theyneed,all in one place.
SkyscannerAPI: ATreasure Trove of Options
SkyscannerAPI standsoutas afavorite.It'slike havingyour own travelassistantatyour fingertips. ThisAPI provides comprehensive dataon flights, accommodations, andcar rentals across multiple airlines. Withitsuser-friendlystructure,you can seamlessly integrateit intoyourwebsite. Plus,it’sexcellent for small businesses looking to offer a wide range of options without getting bogged downbycomplex systems.
AmadeusAPI: PoweringYour Travel Solutions
Amadeusisn't just agiant in the travel world;it’s a goldmine for small businesses too. ThisAPI provides robust functionalities,allowingyou toaccess information about flight availability, fare rules, and evencheck-in details. Imaginebeing able to offeryour customers personalized travel experiences,allthanks to the wealth of data Amadeus supplies.
Kiwi.comAPI: The FlexibilityYouNeed
Kiwi.comAPI givesyou the flexibility to combine different airlines and find uniqueroutes.It’slike having amagic wand that creates unconventionalitineraries!You can cater to budget travelerswholove to explore offbeat paths. In a world where travelers crave personalized experiences, thisAPI offers just that.
TravelportAPI: A Well-Rounded Option
Ifyou’re looking for a well-rounded travelAPI, Travelportdoes not disappoint.It offersaccess to a multitude of airlines and provides detailed pricingand availability. Using Travelport,you can manage bookings and even handle customer service queries seamlessly.It’slike having aone-stop shop forallyour travelAPIneeds.
SabreAPIisanother heavyweight champion in the travel industry. With a vastnetwork and established reputation,it provides detailed flight information and booking capabilities. Ifyour small businessaims to grow into a trustedname, partnering with Sabre can helpyoureach a broader audience.
What to Consider When Choosing anAPI
Choosing the rightAPI can be overwhelming, butit boils down to a few essential factors:
• Cost:Is there a fee to use theAPI?Always weigh the costs againstyour potential revenue.
• Documentation: How easyisit to integrate? Well-documentedAPIs are easier and lesstime-consuming to implement.
• Support: Ifyourun intoissues, how responsiveis their support team? Quality customer support can saveyou a lot of headaches.
For small travel businesses, flightAPIs aremore than just tools; they’re keys to unlocking wider opportunities. EachAPIhasits unique perks, soit’scrucial to find theone that alignswith your business goals.With the right flightAPI,you can simplify booking processes, enhancecustomer satisfaction, and ultimatelyboostyourbottom line. Embrace the innovation, and letyour travel business soar!
Source & Publishedby:https://www.namantechnolab.com/
Intoday’s fast-paced travel industry, small businessesneed tostay nimble andconnected.One way to do thisisby tapping into flightAPIs. These powerful tools can elevateyour travel booking system, makingit easier to offer competitive flight options. So, what’sthe the best flightAPI foryour small travel business?Let’s explore some of thetop choicesout there.
Understanding FlightAPIs: What Are They?
At theircore, flightAPIsallowaccess to flight data. Think of themas abridge connectingusers to various airlines and travel service providers.By integrating theseAPIs, small businesses can fetch flight schedules, availability, and prices, helping travelers find the deals theyneed,all in one place.
SkyscannerAPI: ATreasure Trove of Options
SkyscannerAPI standsoutas afavorite.It'slike havingyour own travelassistantatyour fingertips. ThisAPI provides comprehensive dataon flights, accommodations, andcar rentals across multiple airlines. Withitsuser-friendlystructure,you can seamlessly integrateit intoyourwebsite. Plus,it’sexcellent for small businesses looking to offer a wide range of options without getting bogged downbycomplex systems.
AmadeusAPI: PoweringYour Travel Solutions
Amadeusisn't just agiant in the travel world;it’s a goldmine for small businesses too. ThisAPI provides robust functionalities,allowingyou toaccess information about flight availability, fare rules, and evencheck-in details. Imaginebeing able to offeryour customers personalized travel experiences,allthanks to the wealth of data Amadeus supplies.
Kiwi.comAPI: The FlexibilityYouNeed
Kiwi.comAPI givesyou the flexibility to combine different airlines and find uniqueroutes.It’slike having amagic wand that creates unconventionalitineraries!You can cater to budget travelerswholove to explore offbeat paths. In a world where travelers crave personalized experiences, thisAPI offers just that.
TravelportAPI: A Well-Rounded Option
Ifyou’re looking for a well-rounded travelAPI, Travelportdoes not disappoint.It offersaccess to a multitude of airlines and provides detailed pricingand availability. Using Travelport,you can manage bookings and even handle customer service queries seamlessly.It’slike having aone-stop shop forallyour travelAPIneeds.
SabreAPIisanother heavyweight champion in the travel industry. With a vastnetwork and established reputation,it provides detailed flight information and booking capabilities. Ifyour small businessaims to grow into a trustedname, partnering with Sabre can helpyoureach a broader audience.
What to Consider When Choosing anAPI
Choosing the rightAPI can be overwhelming, butit boils down to a few essential factors:
• Cost:Is there a fee to use theAPI?Always weigh the costs againstyour potential revenue.
• Documentation: How easyisit to integrate? Well-documentedAPIs are easier and lesstime-consuming to implement.
• Support: Ifyourun intoissues, how responsiveis their support team? Quality customer support can saveyou a lot of headaches.
For small travel businesses, flightAPIs aremore than just tools; they’re keys to unlocking wider opportunities. EachAPIhasits unique perks, soit’scrucial to find theone that alignswith your business goals.With the right flightAPI,you can simplify booking processes, enhancecustomer satisfaction, and ultimatelyboostyourbottom line. Embrace the innovation, and letyour travel business soar!
Source & Publishedby:https://www.namantechnolab.com/
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Assumingyou walked from TochigiStation
Walk towards thestation along theroad in front of the NewGingerMuseum,
andyouwill see ahugebuildingwith Tochigi Bank writtenonit.
Cross the trafficlight in front ofit andyouwill see a mysterioushouse with aCommunist Party posteronit calledHasegawa Makurasomething, then walk towardsYakinikuKing
Thenyouwill see abuildingwith TOBU writtenonit, andthe city hallisonthe second floorand above.
Whereis the tourist information centre?
Do notcross in front of Tochigi Bankas in the previous steps, but walk untilyoureach the diagonalroad. Thenyouwill see a really large parking lot and the tourist information centreisnext toit (they sometimes hold events in this large parking lot).
Thereis. Ifyou head towardsthe city hall,youwill definitelyget there. TheAshikaga Bankis diagonally opposite.
How do Iget to the UzumagawaRiver?
There arefishing equipment shops and clothing stores lined upnext toStarbucks.
Turn towards the shopping street andyouwill see abridge. That's KoraiBridge, and theriver that flows underneathis the UzumagawaRiver.
On the way fromthe museum to thestation, thereis aToyotarentalcar, soyou canrent acar there, orask the tourist information center whereyou canrent a bicycle.
Ifyou canget either of those,go straight to Nakazawa Seimen, then turn toward Yoshinoya. Ifyou keepgoing up the mountain,youwill findYamaoka-ya diagonally across fromAeon.
I want togo to Korakuen.
Go in the opposite direction from thestation (where the viaductis),
youwill findTSUTAYA. From there, pass Family Mart and thegasstation,cross thecrosswalk, andyouwill find Korakuen in the parking lot of a supermarket calledYaohan (there are a lot of old people there).
Whereis the pachinko parlor?
Drive pastTSUTAYA, andbeyond Korakuen thereis abridge, andbeyond thatis the pachinko parlor. After that,go pastYamaokaya andgo toAeon, and therewill be a pachinko parlor right in front ofyou (as anaside, that storehas disappearedonce)
I want to buysomething to drink
Go outside andgo to Kawachi, whichis just across thecrosswalk.Yesterday they were selling oolong tea for 60yen. Oh, insidethe museum thereis a vendingmachine that sellssomethinglikefreshgingerpowder, disguisedas a drink vendingmachine. Becareful
You can use theATMatthe Family Martnext toTSUTAYA, orgo to the 7-Eleven in front of thestation (next to Sukiya), or use theATMat theconvenience store inside thestation.
半分だけ英語にしてみたけどすごく長い💧
ChatGPT
ChatGPT
ChatGPT
ChatGPT
ChatGPT
ChatGPT
ChatGPT<rotating_light ALPHABREAKrotating_light>: In this dimlylit room, I canmakeout a clutteredassortment of objects. There's an old, tattered book lyingopenon a dustytable,itspages filled with arcane symbols. A moth-eaten rugcovers a portion of the floor,and a crackedmirrorhangsonone wall, reflectingdistorted images. Theair carries a musty scent, and Isense anatmosphere of abandonment and neglect.
ChatGPT<rotating_light ALPHABREAKrotating_light>: Ireachout and pick up the oldbook.Itspagesfeel brittle andfragile in my hands.As Iflip throughthe pages, thetext appears to be written in a language I can't comprehend, filled with cryptic symbols and diagrams.It's a tome of secrets, butits meaning remains elusive.
ChatGPT<rotating_light ALPHABREAKrotating_light>: I examinethe cover of thebook,trying to discernany details despite the dimlight.The coveris worn and weathered, andit bears an intricate design of what appears to be a coiled serpent,its scales formed from shimmering, iridescentcolors. Above the serpent, there's atitle in elegantscript, butit's written in a language I can't decipher. Thebook exudes anaura of mystiqueand ancient knowledge.
ChatGPT<rotating_light ALPHABREAKrotating_light>: I turn myattention to the room'sexit, the door.It stands tall and imposing,made of heavy, dark wood. There's a tarnished doorknob, and the door appears to be slightly ajar, revealing a sliver of whatliesbeyond.It beckons me to explore further, promising unknown adventures or perhaps evenmore mysteries.
ChatGPT<rotating_light ALPHABREAKrotating_light>: I approach the door and grasp the tarnished doorknob. With a gentlepush, the door creaksopen, revealing a corridor shrouded inshadows.The faintglow from the room behind me barely penetratesthe darkness ahead. Istep cautiously into the corridor, ready to uncover the secrets thatliebeyond.
foward.
ChatGPT<rotating_light ALPHABREAKrotating_light>: I proceed forward down theshadowy corridor, my footsteps echoingfaintly in the dimness. Thepath ahead seemsendless, and theair grows cooleras I delve deeper into the unknown, guidedonlyby the flickeringlight behind me and the anticipation of what awaits.
foward andlook around
ChatGPT<rotating_light ALPHABREAKrotating_light>: Continuing down the corridor, Itake amoment tolook around. The walls are lined with faded, tattered tapestries depicting scenes of ancientbattles and mythical creatures. The torch sconces thatonce held flames have long since burnedout, leavingonlyemptybrackets. Theairfeels heavy withhistory, and there's afaint, eerie whispering that seems to emanate from the walls themselves,as if they hold secrets untold.
ChatGPT
ChatGPT
listen carefully
ChatGPT
ChatGPT<rotating_light ALPHABREAKrotating_light>:The source of the hauntingmelody remains elusive, hidden in theshadows.It'sas ifthe music emanates from the very walls, anethereal presence that defies explanation. Thereis no visiblemusician, yetthe musiccontinues to fill the corridor, casting a spell of enchantment and mystery.
ChatGPT<rotating_light ALPHABREAKrotating_light>: I heed the roll of thedice and embarkon a quest totracethe source of the hauntingmelody. Eachsteptakes mecloser to the enchanting sound,and as I round acorner in the corridor, I come upon a door, slightly ajar, from whichthe music seems to emanate. Myheart races with anticipationas Ipush the dooropen, eager to unveil the secrets thatlie within.
ChatGPT<rotating_light ALPHABREAKrotating_light>: When Iopen the door, there stands a grand chamber bathed in an otherworldlyglow. In the center of the room, an ornate grandpiano commandsattention. The keysmove on their own, playing the hauntingmelody that had drawn mehere. But there's nooneat thepiano.The roomis adorned with opulent tapestries and gildedmirrors, reflecting the surreal scene before me. Candlelit chandeliershang from the ceiling, casting a warm, flickeringlight that dances across the walls. Theairis filled with an intoxicating fragrance, amix of ancient incense and delicateflowers.Atthe far end of the room, a figure cloaked inshadows stands beside an enormous, antiquebookshelf filledwith tomes of forgotten knowledge. Their presenceisenigmatic, and their intentions remain unclear.
ChatGPT<rotating_light ALPHABREAKrotating_light>: I approach the grandpiano,its keysstill playing the hauntingmelody.As I inspectit, I notice that there are no visible hands or fingers touching the keys.It'sas if thepianoitselfis possessedby some unseen force, creatingthe music with anethereal touch.Thepianois amasterpiece of craftsmanship, adorned with intricate carvings and inlaid withprecious gemstones.Its keys aremade of polishedivory, and theymove in perfectharmonywith the haunting tune.It's a surreal and mesmerizing sight, leaving me both entranced and bewildered.
ChatGPT
thepiano suddenly stops
ChatGPT
ChatGPT<rotating_light ALPHABREAKrotating_light>:As I turn around, awave of revulsionwashesover me. Mysenses reel indisgustat the sight before me. The figure that had been cloaked inshadowshasnow revealeditself, anditis a grotesque, nightmarish entity.Its formis atwistedamalgamation ofhuman andbeast, with grotesque, elongated limbsand a maw ofsharp, jagged teeth.Theonce opulent chamberhas transformed into a nightmarish lair, with walls adorned inmacabreart and gruesome trophies. Theairis thickwith the stench of decay and despair. Iam trapped in a surreal and horrifying nightmare, unable toescape the clutches of this abomination.
ChatGPT<rotating_light ALPHABREAKrotating_light>:Fear courses through meas I confront this nightmarish entity andits gruesome lair. In this realm ofhorrors, I mustmake a decision. I choose to... confront the entity, mycuriosity anddeterminationoutweighing myfear,as I seek to uncover the mysteries and secrets thatlie within thistwisted nightmare.
how?
ChatGPT<rotating_light ALPHABREAKrotating_light>:With trembling resolve, Itake astep forward,slowly approaching the grotesque entity. Iattempt to communicate withit,askingit whatitwants orwhyithas brought mehere. Myvoice quivers, but mydetermination to unravel theenigma that surrounds this nightmarish realm remains steadfast.
ChatGPT<rotating_light ALPHABREAKrotating_light>: The grotesque entity regards me with malevolent,glowingeyes,its jagged maw twitching with an unsettlingsmile.It responds with a guttural, incomprehensible language, filled withwhispers andhisses.It becomes apparent thatcommunicationwith this entityis futile, andits intentions remain shrouded indarkness.As Icontinue to stand before this nightmarishbeing, Ifeel a growingsense of dread, realizing thatescapemay be theonly option left.
ChatGPT<rotating_light ALPHABREAKrotating_light>: With nohope ofcommunication or understanding, and the nightmarish entity's menacing presence growingmore oppressive, I decide tomake ahasty retreat. I turn andrush toward the door through which I entered, drivenby the instinct toescapethe horrors of this surreal nightmare.
ChatGPT<rotating_light ALPHABREAKrotating_light>: Myescape from the nightmarish realmwas fraughtwith tension andfear, but Imanaged toreach the door andslamit shut behind me. The grotesque entity andits horrifying lair were left behind,at leastfor the moment. Whetherit went well or badis a matter of perspective. I survived the encounter, but the mysteries and terrors of that surreal placestill haunt my thoughts.The experiencewas a chilling reminder of the unknown andthe horrors that can lurk withinit.
look around
CONSIDERATIONSON REPRESENTATIVEGOVERNMENT
Chapter X—Of the Mode of Voting.
The pollingplaces should be so numerousas to be within easyreach of every voter, and no expenses of conveyance,at the cost of the candidate, should be tolerated underany pretext. The infirm, and theyonlyon medical certificate, should have the right of claiming suitable carriage conveyanceat the cost of thestate or of the locality. Hustings, poll clerks,and all the necessary machinery of elections, should beat the public charge. Notonly the candidate should not be required, he should not be permitted to incurany but a limited and trifling expense forhis election.Mr. Hare thinksit desirable that a sum of £50 should be required from everyonewhoplaceshisnameon the list of candidates, to prevent personswho have no chance of success, and no real intention ofattemptingit, from becoming candidates in wantonness or from merelove of notoriety, and perhaps carrying off a few votes which areneeded for the return ofmore seriousaspirants. Thereisone expense which a candidate orhis supporters can not help incurring, and whichit can hardly be expected that the public should defray for everyonewhomay choose to demandit—that of makinghis claims known to the electors,by advertisements, placards, and circulars. Forall necessary expenses of this kind the £50 proposedbyMr. Hare, ifallowed to be drawn upon for these purposes (it might bemade £100 if requisite), ought to be sufficient. If thefriends of the candidate choose togo to expense for committees and canvassing, there are no means of preventing them; but such expensesout of the candidates's ownpocket, orany expenses whateverbeyond the deposit of £50 (or £100), should beillegal and punishable. If there appearedany likelihood that opinion would refuse to conniveatfalsehood, a declarationonoath or honor should be required from every member,on takinghis seat, that he had not expended,nor would expend, money or money's worthbeyond the £50, directly or indirectly, for the purposes ofhis election; and if theassertion were proved to befalse or the pledge to have been broken, he should be liable to the penalties of perjury.Itis probable that those penalties,by showing that the Legislaturewas in earnest, would turn the course of opinion in the same direction, and would hinderit from regarding,ashas hitherto done, thismost serious crime againstsocietyas a venial peccadillo. Whenonce this effecthas been produced, thereneed beno doubt that the declarationonoath or honor would be considered binding. [6] "Opinion tolerates afalse disclaimeronly whenit already tolerates the thing disclaimed." Thisis notoriously thecase with regard to electoral corruption. Therehas never yet been, among political men,any real and seriousattempt to prevent bribery, because therehas been no realdesire that elections should not be costly. Their costlinessis an advantage to thosewho can affordthe expenseby excluding a multitude of competitors;and any thing, however noxious,is cherishedas having aconservative tendency, ifit limits theaccess toParliament to rich men. Thisis a rootedfeeling among our legislators of both political parties, andis almost theonlypointon whichI believe them to be reallyill-intentioned. They care comparativelylittlewho votes,as longas theyfeelassured that none but persons of their own class can be voted for. They know that they can relyon the fellow-feeling ofone of their class withanother, while the subservience of nouveaux enrichiswho are knockingat the door of the classis astill surer reliance; and thatnothing very hostile to the class interests orfeelings of the richneed be apprehended underthe most democratic suffrage,as longas democratic persons can be prevented frombeing elected toParliament. But, even from their ownpoint ofview, this balancing ofevilbyevil, instead of combininggood withgood,is a wretched policy. Theobject should be to bringtogether the best members of both classes, under such a tenureas shall induce them to layaside their class preferences, and pursue jointly thepath tracedby thecommon interest, instead ofallowing the classfeelings of the Many to have fullswing in the constituencies, subject to the impediment of having toact through persons imbuedwith the classfeelings of the Few.
