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はてなキーワード:e durとは
Paracetamol use during pregnancy — a call for precautionaryaction
Nature Reviews Endocrinology volume17, pages757–766 (2021)
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41574-021-00553-7
近年の実験的研究や疫学研究は、妊娠中のAPAP曝露が胎児発達に影響を及ぼし、神経発達障害や生殖・泌尿生殖系疾患のリスクを高める可能性があることを示唆しています。ここでは、このエビデンスを要約し、集中的な研究努力と、医療従事者および妊婦の認識向上を通じた予防的行動を呼びかけます。
・適応が不確かである場合や長期使用を検討する場合は、使用前に医師または薬剤師に相談すること
・曝露を最小限に抑えるため、最小有効量を可能な限り最短期間で使用すること
また、これらの推奨を実行に移すための具体的な行動も提案しています。
このコンセンサス声明は、私たちの懸念を反映したものであり、現在世界中の91名の科学者、臨床医、公衆衛生専門家に支持されています。
トランプがいってるからって根拠がないと決めつけていいわけじゃないわな。
これを背景に喚いてるだけだろ。
健司は妹の真希に尋ねながら、Targetのショッピングカートを押していた。アメリカ西海岸の明るい日差しが窓から差し込み、広々とした店内を照らしていた。
「うーん、お土産にチョコレートとか買いたいかな。あと、日本じゃ手に入らないスナックとか」
真希は興味津々で商品棚を眺めていた。東京での日常から離れ、兄の暮らすアメリカを訪れるのは初めてだった。
「あっちのコーナーにお菓子が置いてあるよ。行ってみよう」
健司がカートを向け直したその時だった。
振り返ると、白人の男性が妻と10歳くらいの息子を連れて近づいてきた。
「Oh, Mike! Good to seeyouhere.」
「Thisis mysister,Maki.She's visiting fromTokyo.」
「Nice to meet you! I'm Mike, I workwith yourbrother. Thisis my wifeSarah and our son Tommy.」
「Nice to meetyou too...」
「So, areyou enjoyingyourtime in America?Is thisyour first visit during school break?」
真希は一瞬混乱した表情を見せたが、何と答えるべきか迷っていた。健司が状況を察して助け舟を出そうとした時、トミーが口を挟んだ。
「Mom,shelookslike theanime characters Iwatch! But smaller!」
サラは息子の発言に顔を赤らめ、「Tommy!」と小声で叱った。
「So, um... what grade areyou in? Middle school?」
真希は困惑した表情で健司を見た。健司は軽く咳払いをして説明した。
「Actually,Makiis 26.She works for a marketing company inTokyo.」
「Oh mygod, I'm sosorry! I didn't mean to...You justlook soyoung!」
サラは慌てて謝った。マイクも頭を掻きながら申し訳なさそうな表情を浮かべた。
「Yeah, totally my bad.Japanese genes must be amazing for preservingyouth!」
「Butshe'slike, super tiny!Like akid!」
「Tommy!」今度はマイクとサラが同時に息子を制した。二人の顔は真っ青になり、その場の空気は凍りついた。
真希は何と言っていいか分からず、ただ微笑むしかなかった。健司は状況を和らげようと笑いながら言った。
「It's okay, really.Shegets that a lot, even inJapan. Actually,it's considered a compliment tolookyoung in our culture.」
サラは安堵の表情を浮かべながらも、まだ恥ずかしそうだった。
「Still, I should have asked properly. Wouldyoulike tojoin us for coffee sometime duringyourstay? I'dlove to hear aboutTokyo.」
「Yes, I wouldlike that. Thankyou.」
その後、二組は別れ際の挨拶を交わした。マイク一家が去った後、真希はため息をついた。
「私、そんなに子供に見える？」
「気にするなって。向こうの方が恥ずかしがってたじゃないか。若く見られるのは悪いことじゃないよ」
「トミー君の『子供みたい！』で、ご夫婦が真っ青になったのが面白かった」真希はくすくす笑った。
「あれは『うちの子が人種差別的な発言をしてしまった』と思って焦ったんだよ。アメリカ人はそういうの敏感だからね」
健司と真希はお菓子コーナーに向かいながら、この予想外の出来事について話し合った。真希にとって、これもまたアメリカ旅行の思い出の一つとなるのだろう。
増 "Well… doyou havesomethingyou want to tell toJapanese people?"
B "well, I would saysomething notonly to theJapanese, but to many other people. how should I put this?
"Most people began tohateRussiansby default. But thiswarwasstartedby our government, notby us. Of course, wedon't want thiswar, nobodywantsit. And Iassureyou, our people have repeatedly gone to rallies against the government. Butalways peoplewho participate in such events are sent to prison. Even peopleon theInternetwhoexpress apoint ofview that the governmentdoes notlike are jailed for misinformation.
AndI will not deny that someRussians have succumbed to the propaganda of our governmentand areexpressing support for this "military operation". But many people in other countries are actually the same. They hypocritically pretend that they are concerned aboutthe fate ofUkraine, although infact they haveonly recently learned that this country even exists.In reality, ifyouask them "What do they think about theDNR and LNR?", theywill have absolutely noidea what areyou talking about.
It's good ifyou sincerely worry about Uraina. But the majority worry about Ukrina andhateRussiansonly andonly becauseit's a trend that their governmenthasset. In otherwords, thisis the same propaganda.
Well, to summarize, I just wanna say "let's just be friendly to each other." Even if our governments are not friendly to each other, thisdoesn't mean that we should be the same." "
C*
https://anond.hatelabo.jp/20220429233816
•what doyou think about zelenskii
•doyou know other politicians excepthim
•how futureisyou predict, how futureisyou want (i mean politically and concretely)
•What doyou think about ukranians language law
•didyou see people whichchanged after starting thiswar
•what doyou think thatRussian army kidnap ukranians
•what doyou think about thatRussian language uses «в» forany country but «он» foryours?
•and anythingyou want to say toJapanese
Aの露訳
①の回答
О своем будущем скажу только одно, что после войны усыноввлю и удочерю детей которые потеряли своих родителей
Aの英訳
About my future, I'll say that after thewar I'll adopt childrenwholost their parents in this bloodshed.
Bの露訳と②の回答
1. Что ты думаешь на счёт Зеленского?
Моё мнение, что Зеленский является лучшим президентом, который не бросил Украину и народ во время войны, как сделал это Янукович. Зеленский, его команда и наш народ делают всё возможное и невозможное для сохранения нашей страны.
2. Знаешь ли ты других политиков кроме Зеленского?
Знаю многих.
3. Какое будущее ты видишь для своей страны?
Хотелось бы чтобы территории Украины вернулись в полном составе, так как это было признано международным правом.
4. Что ты думаешь о законе про украинский язык?
Я поддерживаю этот закон, хотя в нашей стране люди общаются на разных языках, в том числе и на русском, но я ни разу не слышал информации о преследовании или конфликтах на этой почве.
5. Видишь ли ты как люди сменились после начала войны?
Наш народ очень сплотился, каждый старается помочь друг другу, война наложила отпечаток на всех, это бесконечные переживания и боль.
6. Что ты думаешь по поводу того, что российская армия похищает украинцев?
Это является ужасным преступлениям.
7. Что ты думаешь о том, что русские для любой страны говорят "в", но в случае с Украиной говорят "на"?
Я считаю что это очень не красиво по отношению к украинскому государству и людям которые там живут.
8. Что ты хочешь сказать японцам?
Хочу поблагодарить за поддержку нашей страны, пожелать мира, добра и процветания.
9. Что ты хочешь меня спросить?
Почему тебя так детально интересует ситуация в моей стране?
Надеюсь всё правильно понял
•what doyou think about zelenskii?
I belive Zelenskyis the bestpresidentwhodid not abandonUkraine and the people during thewar,as Yanukovychdid. Zelensky,histeam and our people are doingeverything possible and impossible.
•doyou know other politicians excepthim?
•how futureisyou predict, how futureisyou want (i mean politically and concretely)?
I wouldlike the territories ofUkraine to return in full force, because thisis whatwas recognizedbyinternational law.
•What doyou think about ukranians language law?
I support this law. Despitethe fact that in our country people communicate in different languages, includingRussian, I have never heard information about persecution or conflictson this basis.
skipped
•didyou see people whichchanged after starting thiswar?
Our people are very united, everyoneis trying to help each other, thewar leftitsmarkon everyone in the form ofendless experiences andpain.
•what doyou think thatRussian army kidnap ukranians?
•what doyou think about thatRussian language uses "в" forany country but "на" foryours?
I think thisis very discourteous in relation to the Ukrainianstate and the peoplewholive there.
•and anythingyou want to say toJapanese?
I want to thankyou for the support of our country.I wishyoupeace, kindness and prosperity.
D*
増 "Ah, turkestan banRussian language?"
D "Not really "ban" but "limitation". This soundsmore suitable in thiscase.itis thenatural phenomenon for the mononationalstates. And multinational, actually. Using theone languageasofficial. To strengthen thestatehood. Same thing withUkraine.Moreseparation from the "bigbrother". Thatis thepoint, I guess.
By the way, they strengthened muchmore after these 8 years. Ithink itis too late to start an invasionnow than these 8 years ago back then inanycase. Thatdoes not mean that I supportit, of course.You knew mypoint. We talked aboutit earlier. 🙂 I think thatitis just "balls to the wall" (like thetitle from theone ofAccept's albums). Recklessly in aword.Itis naive tobelieve that they have stagnatedall thistime and have not developed or strengthened.
A*
1)Another Ukranianpresident that just had "the luck" toget thewar. Looks funny and trustworthy. Though he sometimes lacksthe experience.
2)Yes I do.
3) I predictOK future forUkraine, bad future forRussia.Russialostany trust and contacts thatitmade forover 30 years. Dark decades ahead. I want good future, with nowars and with everyone helping each other.
4) Ukrainian language law? Well,it's their country. Let them speak what they want to speak. Besides,most Ukrainians speakRussian, and they even havemostlyRussian cities,like Khar'kiv. Isaw no oppression ofRussian.
5)DNR and LNR are basically bufferstates forRussialike NorthKoreawith the same amount offreedom.It'shellonearth.
6) Had no information about that, but I had info about killing civilians and looting their homes.It's horrible. Those soldiers aremonsters and they do not representRussia. Idon't count themselvesas my fellowRussians. They'remonsters. Barbarians. Putin's orcs. NotRussians.
7) I say let us use whatever we want. I use "на Украину" simply because I spokeitlike thatover20 years andit's the correctone.
8) Ilove Japan andits people.I wish we could achievepeace and could worktogether. Pleasedon't think bad ofRussian people, wedon't support thiswar. We're the same victims,like Ukrainians. Victims of Putin andhis policestate.
言いたいことは分かるが、少し比較が雑。今アメリカで起こっていることと同じ筋が通るためには少なくとも、
１福澤諭吉が中国人や韓国人を迫害、差別する一部の現代日本人の象徴になっている
２この像が創設者としての福澤諭吉を讃えるための文脈で建てられたのではなく、迫害や差別を目的とする日本人の後ろ盾をもとに近年になって建てられた
（BLM運動の中でなぎ倒されているアメリカ中に存在する銅像（Confederate Statuesといった、奴隷解放運動に反対し活躍した南部諸州の軍人や奴隷商人等）はJimCrowLaws（黒人の公共施設利用の禁止制限した南部諸州の法律）やキング牧師らが活躍した公民権運動の勃興と共に1900年代！に建てられている。銅像になった人物を単純に讃えようと言う文脈や歴史的重要性といったものを加味して建てられているとは決して言えない（そもそも奴隷制を維持すべく北部と戦争して負けた南部の権力者を讃えようと言うのもそもそもおかしな話だが）。ソース↓
"The most recent comprehensive study of Confederate statues and monuments across the country... showshuge spikes in construction twice during the20th century: in the early 1900s, and thenagain in the 1950s and 60s. Both were times ofextreme civil rights tension. In the early 1900s, states were enacting JimCrowlaws to disenfranchise black Americans. In the middle part of thecentury, the civil rights movement pushed backagainst that segregation."
一応もう少し説明すると、膝の裏に日光（というか強い光）を浴びせると体内時計がリセットされる、という論文が結構前に出たらしい。論文の主張はともかく、朝に膝の裏に30分ほど（時間としては十分すぎるほど長いと思われる）当てるようにしてみたその日から、僕は夜に眠れるようになった。冗談のような話だ。
その論文は Science のExtraocular circadian phototransduction in human (1998)でしょうか？
これに対して、同じ雑誌のAbsence of circadian phase resetting in response to bright light behind the knees (2002) では、目隠しをすれば膝の裏に日光を当てても有意な違いはなかったとあります。
In contrast to ocularlight exposure, which significantly delayed melatonin phaseand acutely suppressed melatonin secretion compared with controls, therewas no significantdifference for melatonin phase changesbetween subjects exposed tolight behind theknee compared with controls and no acute melatonin suppression during the intervention (Fig. 1).
膝の裏に日光を当てる有効性を示す論文はありますが、日光の当たる場所にいけば十分かもしれません。
だとすると膝の裏とか関係なく、目から光が入るかどうかな気がするけど
膝の裏に目隠しをするという検証もしたんだろうか
2002年の論文では、目を隠してひざの裏も隠す (darkDK)、目を隠してひざの裏に日光 (behind theknees BK)、目を隠さずひざの裏を隠す (bareeyes BE) の3条件で実験しています。
0lux ocular and behind theknee (DK), 0lux ocular and up to 13,000lux behind theknee (BK), and 9,500lux ocular and 0lux behind theknee (BE).
そしてDK と BK に有意な違いがなく、BE とDK は有意に違うと実験結果を説明しています。
Melatonin data for conditionsDK and BK were superimposable during the interventiontime (solidbar) for the intervention night and the previous night. BE significantly delayed melatonin phaseand acutely suppressed melatonin secretion compared withDK controls (P = 0.003272) and (P = 0.000020), respectively. In contrast, therewas no significantdifference for melatonin phase changesbetween BK andDK and no acute melatonin suppression during the intervention in either of these conditions (P = 0.943071) and (P = 1.000000), respectively. Significantdifferences for phase shifts and melatonin suppression were also observedbetween BE and BK (P = 0.011359) and (P = 0.000016), respectively.
unmin7 膝の裏に日を当てられる状態ってあまり身体を締め付けない服でなおかつ寝転がってないと無理だろ、当然ある程度リラックスするわな。そこにお天道様がポカポカしてきたら流石にちったあ眠くなるだろ。
sds-page 膝の上に猫がいればよく眠れる気がする！
引用した部分にあるように、朝に日光を当てると体内時計が調整される（睡眠に向かわせるメラトニンが急激に減少する）かが対象です。日光を当てれば目が覚めて体内時計が調整されるのが主旨なので、膝の裏を温めると眠くなるのとは逆です。
私はコミットログの書き方に悩む英語の苦手な人間である。実際、似たような人は世の中に結構いるようで、頻出単語を集計したりまとめたものは既にあって役に立つのだけれど、これらはあくまで単語の話であり、具体的な文を構成する過程でやっぱり困る部分がかなりあった。
要するに、どういう時にどういう文が使われているのか、ということを示した例文集が欲しいのである。ググると他にも「例文集があればいいのに」みたいな声はあるくせして、しかし誰も作ろうとしない。何なんだお前ら。それじゃ私が楽できないじゃないか。
ここで挙げているコミットログは全て実際のコミットログからの転載である。当然ながら各コミットログの著作権はそれぞれの書き手にある。いずれも各英文でググれば出てくるし、フェアユースの範囲なら許してくれるだろうと考え名前とプロジェクト名は割愛したが、ここにお詫びと感謝を述べておきたい。
抽出条件だが、参考にできそうなコミットログを多く含んでいそうなリポジトリをGitHubのSTARの多い方からざっと目で見て適当に選び、それぞれ最新コミットから5000件抽出した（あわせて前処理として、コミットログ冒頭のタグ情報は消去した）。
atomのみ5400件抽出していたため、計25400件のコミットログがベースである。このうち、以下の条件に合致するものは参考例にすべきでないとして一律排除した。
こうして残った8540件を眺めながら、適当に切り出したのがこの用例集である。個人的に「うーんこの」と思った表現も、散見される場合は載せた。
ということで、以下用例を羅列していく。
以上の用例をふまえ、今回の参考ログ8540件から先頭の単語を出現回数で並べると次のようになった。
| Add | 1149 |
| Fix | 1014 |
| Update | 584 |
| Remove | 566 |
| Use | 382 |
| Don't | 260 |
| Make | 228 |
| Move | 178 |
| Change | 103 |
| Rename | 85 |
| Improve | 76 |
| Avoid | 68 |
| Allow | 65 |
| Implement | 60 |
| Handle | 58 |
コミットログの基本形はもちろん動詞 +名詞である。名詞は固有名詞、複数形、不可算名詞が多いが、単数形の場合の冠詞は a が使われるか、あるいは省略される。the はまず使われない。
何かを追加した、という表現では非常に広くAdd が使われる。メソッドからテスト、ドキュメントに至るまで大概これでまかなえる。
一方、何かを修正した、という表現では広くFix が使われる。「何か」はtypo やcrash といった単語からメソッド名まで幅広い名詞を取るが、動名詞はあまり取らないのと、that節は取らないのでその点は注意が必要である。
Fix は「何かが正しく動くようにした」ことを示し、正しい動作内容が何かを説明しない。そこで正しい動作内容に言及したい場合はMake sure が使われる（こちらはthat節が取れる）。ただしFix よりもニュアンス的に重い表現と思われ、Fix を使わずMake sure ばかり使うのはちょっとキモいのではないかと思う（Ensure はさらに重い表現っぽい）。
また、Fix はtypo 以外でのドキュメント修正に対して使われることは稀である。対して Update はドキュメント、コメント、テストに使われ、本体のコードの修正に対しては使われない。本体コードの修正にあわせてテストも更新したなら Update が使われる。ただ、テスト機構それ自体のバグを修正したならFixである。
無駄な何かを単純に除去したなら Remove を使う。これまでのもの(A)から別のもの(B)に切り替えたのであれば Use B instead of A かChange A to B が使われる。新たに何かを利用するようにしたのであれば Use を、利用を取りやめた場合はDon't use を使うことが多い。
何かをしないようにしたならDon't を、内部実装の効率化ならMake A +比較級/形容詞 かImprove が使われる。
中身の変更を伴わない単なる名前の変更なら Rename A to B、コードや機能の論理上の場所を移動させたならMove A to Bである。
この辺はリファクタリングと呼ばれる行為と思うが、Refactor というぼんやりした動詞はあまり使われず、このように変更内容の種類に応じて動詞が使い分けられている。
コミットログにはWhyを書くべきだ、というのを何かで見かけたので because とか since を使ったログがどの程度あるかを調べたが、8540件のうち22件だった。基本的に短く、シンプルに、一目で意味が取れるログが好まれる傾向がある。例えばget rid of とか2件しか使われておらず、圧倒的に removeである。
一方で、シンプルな単語だけど開始単語としては使われないものもある。例えば次のような単語である。Expand(9)、Extend(8)、Print(5)、Optimize(5)、Publish(4)、Append(4)、Modify(3)、Manage(2)、Revise(2)、Dump(2)、Insert(2)、Migrate(2)、Enhance(1)、Edit(1) 。いずれもカッコ内は8540件に対する冒頭での登場回数である。結局、より一般的で平易な単語で表せたり、Refactor同様に抽象度が高すぎると使われないのだろう。
8000件もログを見たおかげで、迷いなくコミットメッセージが思いつくようになったのが個人的には今回書いてて最大の収穫だった。たぶんカンニングペーパーを作る行為それ自体が効率のいい学習になるという話と同じだと思う。
このまとめも100以上用例を転載してあるので、それを読むだけでも多少は効果があるんじゃないかと思う。同じようにコミットログ書きたくねぇなぁ英語わっかんねぇなぁと思っている人にとって、何か役に立つところがあれば幸いである。
原文
Mexican drug cartel activity in U.S. said to be exaggerated in widely cited federal report
WhenSen. John McCain spoke during an Armed Services Committee hearinglast yearon security issues in the Western Hemisphere, he relayed a starkwarning about the spread of Mexican drug cartels in theUnited States.
“The cartels,” the Arizona Republican said, “now maintain a presence inover 1,000 cities.”
McCain basedhis remarkson a reportby a now-defunct division of the Justice Department, theNational Drug Intelligence Center (NDIC), which had concluded in 2011 that Mexican criminal organizations, includingsevenmajor drug cartels, were operating inmore than 1,000 U.S. cities.
米国でのメキシコの麻薬カルテルの活動は広く引用連邦レポートに誇張していると言わ
ときに上院議員 ジョン·マケインは、西半球のセキュリティ問題に昨年聴力軍事委員会の間に話し、彼は米国ではメキシコの麻薬カルテルの普及に関する厳しい警告を中継。
"カルテルは、"アリゾナ州の共和党は "今1,000以上の都市でのプレゼンスを維持する"と述べた。
マケインは司法省の今はなき分割による報告書に彼の発言をもとに国立医薬品インテリジェンスセンター（NDIC）、七大麻薬カルテルを含むメキシコの犯罪組織は、1,000以上の米国で動作したことを2011年に締結していた都市。
米国のメキシコの麻薬カルテルの活動は広く引用される中央政府レポートは誇張と言われて
ジョンマケイン上院議員話したとき、軍事委員会セキュリティ上の問題、西半球で昨年のヒアリングの間に、彼はアメリカ合衆国でメキシコの麻薬カルテルの普及に関する厳しい警告を中継しました。
「カルテル」アリゾナ州共和党は、今「維持する」1000都市でのプレゼンス。
マケイン基づいて、司法省を含む 7つの主要な麻薬カルテル、メキシコの犯罪組織以上 1,000 のアメリカの都市で運営していた 2011 年に締結した国立薬物インテリジェンスセンター （NDIC）の今は亡き部門報告に関する発言。
広く引用された連邦報告書の中で誇張されると言われていた米国のメキシコの麻薬カルテル活動
ジョン・マケイン上院議員が昨年、西半球でセキュリティ問題について軍事委員会のヒアリング中に話した時、彼はアメリカでメキシコの麻薬カルテルの普及に関する硬直した警告を中継しました。
「カルテル」とアリゾナ共和党員は言いました。「今、1,000以上の都市で存在を維持してください」
マケインの彼の発言は7つの主な麻薬カルテルを含むメキシコの犯罪組織が1,000を超える米国の都市で作動していると2011年に結論を下した司法省(全国ドラッグ知能センター(NDIC))の今消滅した部門による報告書に基づきました。
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Digital camerabattery is thekey for thekey, second in importanceonly lens I’m afraid, and in order to photograph inyourheart, apowerfulbattery to providepoweras a follow-up is essential. But even the bestbatterytime, if not properly carryout maintenance and maintenance,will nottake long to lose the strongpower, sobattery maintenance is very important.
Battery Maintenance
For a (section)digital camerabattery for the duration of use, not justits quality,poweron, infact, the use of operations with theuser alsohas great relevance. Most photographers are used after every use of the cameraon the camera bag inside, oron the cupboard, tookout thebattery is not kept separately, this approach sounds fine, but not conducive tobattery protection.
Ifmore than 15days do not usually use the camera,it is best to remove thebattery from the camera inside the store alone, save the environment,it is best todry andcool place, and do not store thebatterytogether with metal objects.
According to our survey,you can buy in the market mostdigital cameras uselithium batteries,it is relatively easy to store. Theonly caveat is that if not used for long, preferablyat intervals of 2 months to activate abattery, which is the charge and dischargetime, this can effectivelyextendbatterylife.
As for theNi-MHbattery 5,the most annoying is the memory effect, this effectwill reduce the overallbattery capacity and the use oftime,and astimegoeson, less and less stored charge, thebatterywill consume themoreyou have to faster. Therefore, we shouldtry to runout ofpower rechargeable, each charge must be sufficient topowerthe most full.
Ifyougoout, the temporary use of alkaline batteries, we must remember thattimeout, or when unused for long periods, thebattery is easy to Tangshui corrosion circuit, thedigital camerabattery could not escape thedestiny scrapped.
Forusers of alkaline batteries, already mentioned above, remember thepoint is finished using thedigital camera, remove thebattery must remember to avoid the phenomenon ofcellsap anddamage themachine.
As for the use of rechargeable nickel-metal hydride batteries andlithiumusers.Battery charge is very particular about, bought back the batteries are generally verylow or nopower consumption, the first charge must be adequate.Lithiumbattery chargingtime is generally longer than 8 hours, while theNi-MHbattery chargingtime is generallymore than 16 hours. To achieve best results, that is, thebatteryhas reachedits maximum capacity, generallymore than 3times repeated charge-discharge can.Battery with threetimes, the best opportunity to find a completely exhaustedbattery to chargeagain,try not to charge thebattery when there are remnants of repeated charge, orwill shortenbatterylife. After thebattery charge is generallymoreheat,it is best to becool and then into the camerabattery.
Butnote thatlithium batteries because there is no memory effect, so do not discharge,otherwiseitwilldamage thedigital camerabatterystructure, loss ofbatterylife.
In addition, in order to avoid the loss of electricity, the use of nickel-metal hydridebatteryuser, charging is completed, remove thebattery, do not let thebattery contact with the conductor while the positive andnegative poles, for example, do not useyour fingers touch bothends of thebattery. The use oflithiumusers shouldtry to keep the camera inside thebattery positive andnegativebattery contactsclean, if necessary, wipe with adry cloth and then gently wipe thebattery.
Alsonote that, even if theuser is to uselithium batteries,digital camera in a longtime when not in use, should be completely discharged, remove thebattery, stored in adry,cool environment. The other thing tonote is that both the nickel-hydrogen batteries orlithium batteries using theuser,it is best not to have a chargedbatteryon the purse, pocket, bag or container with metal objects, in order to prevent short-circuit .
Digital camerabatterypower Dafa:
1, to avoid frequent use offlash: Ifyou are not professional photographers, then, except in the invisible fingers of the night, thelight intensity of an ordinary day for the averagedigital camera,it is enough.
2,try to avoid unnecessaryzoom operation:zoom the camera lens stretcheditout a reduction, ispowerdigital camerabattery.You canmove the pace of hyperactivity, with “artificialzoom” approach instead of “camerazoom” to savepower.
3, Do not let thescreenhas beenlit: If thecase of smallpower, can turn off theLCDscreen, usethe viewfinder to adjust the picture composition, is for adigital camera,LCD should be consideredthe mostpower-hungry components, generaldigital camera,LCDscreen after closingtime can be used whenthe original length of about 3times.
4, less shooting and video: minimize the use of multi-shot feature and video capture video,as the completion of these functions is to use the built-in bufferbody to temporarily save thescreen shot, thepower consumption a lot.
5, should not frequentlyopen, shut down: Manyusers know that the display stayslit ispower, so in order to save electricity use to frequentopening and shutdown. Infact, frequentlyopen, shut down the electricity wasted consumption thanbright display evenmore, especially for larger diameter lenses, but also requires a substantial expansion of the camera, theswitch ispower. Mostdigital cameras haveautomatic shutdown option, thissetting should not beset too short,otherwise easilylead to frequentopening and shut down. Of course, frequent artificialopening, shut down and should be avoided.
6, opticalimage stabilization not normallyopen: Opticalimage stabilization isby driving the lens orimage sensor pack components, offsetby the subject matterimages and the relativemotion between the sensor achieved. Either way the opticalimage stabilization, would result in no smallpower consumption, in particular some models can be anti-shake mode isset to “alwayson” so thatpower losswill be causedby themorepowerful. To this end, we have agood scene in thelight should turn off the opticalimage stabilization feature,you must use, should also be less “alwayson” mode.
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When thediesel generators weregone, the reactor operators switched to emergencybatterypower. The batteries were designedas one of the backups to the backups, to providepower forcooling thecore for 8 hours. And they did.
Within the 8 hours,anotherpower source had to be found andconnected to thepowerplant. Thepower gridwas down due to the earthquake. Thediesel generators were destroyed by thetsunami. So mobilediesel generators were trucked in.
This is where things started togo seriously wrong.The externalpower generators could not beconnected to thepowerplant (the plugs did notfit). So after the batteries ranout, the residualheat could not be carriedaway anymore.
At thispoint theplant operatorsbegin to follow emergency procedures that are in place for a “loss ofcooling event”. It isagain a step along the “Depth of Defense” lines. Thepower to thecooling systems should never have failed completely, but it did, so they “retreat” to thenext line of defense.All of this, however shocking it seems to us, is part of the day-to-day trainingyougo throughas an operator, right through to managing acore meltdown.
Itwasat this stage that people started to talk aboutcore meltdown. Becauseat the end of the day, ifcooling cannot be restored, thecore will eventually melt (after hours ordays), and the last line of defense, thecore catcher and third containment, would come into play.
But thegoalat this stagewas to manage thecore while itwasheating up, and ensure that the first containment (the Zircaloytubes that contains the nuclearfuel),as wellas the second containment (our pressure cooker) remain intact and operational foras longas possible, to give the engineerstime tofix thecooling systems.
Becausecooling thecore is such abig deal, the reactorhas anumber ofcooling systems, each in multiple versions (the reactor watercleanup system, the decayheat removal, the reactorcore isolatingcooling, the standby liquidcooling system, and the emergencycorecooling system). Whichone failed when or did not fail is not clearat thispoint intime.
So imagine our pressure cookeron the stove,heatonlow, buton. The operators use whatevercooling system capacity they have toget rid ofas muchheatas possible, but the pressure starts building up. The priority now is to maintain integrity of the first containment (keep temperature of thefuel rods below 2200°C),as wellas the second containment, the pressure cooker. In order to maintain integrity of the pressure cooker (the second containment), the pressurehas to be released fromtime totime. Because the ability to do that in an emergency is so important, the reactorhas11 pressure release valves. The operators now started ventingsteam fromtime totime to control the pressure. The temperatureat this stagewas about 550°C.
This is when the reports about “radiation leakage” starting coming in. Ibelieve I explained abovewhy venting thesteam is theoretically the sameas releasing radiation into the environment, butwhy itwas and is not dangerous. The radioactive nitrogenas wellas the noblegases do not pose a threat tohuman health.
At some stage during this venting,the explosion occurred.The explosion took placeoutside of the third containment (our “last line of defense”), and the reactor building. Remember that the reactor buildinghas no function in keeping the radioactivity contained. It is not entirely clear yet whathas happened, but this isthe likely scenario: The operators decided to vent thesteam from the pressure vessel not directly into the environment, but into the space between the third containment and the reactor building (to give the radioactivity in thesteammoretime to subside). The problem is thatat the high temperatures that thecore hadreachedat this stage, water molecules can “disassociate” into oxygen and hydrogen – an explosive mixture. And it did explode,outside the third containment, damaging the reactor building around. Itwas that sort ofexplosion, but inside the pressure vessel (because itwas badly designed and not managed properly by the operators) thatlead tothe explosion of Chernobyl. Thiswas never a riskatFukushima. The problem of hydrogen-oxygen formation isone of thebiggies whenyou design apowerplant (ifyou are not Soviet, that is), so the reactor is build and operated in a way it cannot happen inside the containment. It happenedoutside, whichwas not intended but a possible scenario and OK, because it did not pose a risk for the containment.
So the pressurewas under control,assteamwas vented. Now, ifyou keep boilingyour pot, the problem is that the waterlevel will keepfalling andfalling. Thecore is covered by several meters of water in order toallow for sometime to pass (hours,days) before itgets exposed.Once the rods start to be exposedat thetop,the exposed parts willreach the critical temperature of 2200 °C after about 45 minutes. This is when the first containment, the Zircaloytube, would fail.
And this started to happen. Thecooling could not be restored before therewas some (very limited, but still)damage to the casing of some of thefuel. The nuclear material itselfwas still intact, but the surrounding Zircaloy shell had started melting. What happened now is that some of the byproducts of the uranium decay – radioactive Cesium and Iodine – started to mix with thesteam. Thebig problem, uranium,was still under control, because the uranium oxide rods weregood until 3000 °C. It is confirmed that a very smallamount of Cesium and Iodinewas measured in thesteam thatwas released into theatmosphere.
It seems thiswas the “gosignal” for amajorplan B. The smallamounts of Cesium that were measured told the operators that the first containmentonone of the rods somewherewas about to give. The Plan A had been to restoreone of the regularcooling systems to thecore.Why that failed is unclear.One plausible explanation is that thetsunami also tookaway / pollutedall theclean water needed for the regularcooling systems.
The water used in thecooling system is veryclean, demineralized (like distilled) water.The reason to use pure water is the above mentioned activation by the neutrons from the Uranium: Pure waterdoes notget activated much, sostays practically radioactive-free. Dirt orsalt in the water willabsorb the neutrons quicker, becomingmore radioactive. Thishas no effect whatsoeveron thecore – itdoes not care what it iscooled by. But it makeslifemore difficult for the operators and mechanics when they have to deal with activated (i.e. slightly radioactive) water.
But Plan A had failed –cooling systems down or additionalclean water unavailable – soPlan B came into effect. This is what it looks like happened:
In order to prevent acore meltdown, the operators started to use sea water tocool thecore. Iam not quite sure if they flooded our pressure cooker with it (the second containment), or if they flooded the third containment, immersing the pressure cooker. But that is not relevant for us.
Thepoint is that the nuclearfuelhas now beencooled down. Because thechain reactionhas been stopped a longtime ago, there isonly verylittle residualheatbeing produced now. The largeamount ofcooling water thathas been used is sufficient totake up thatheat. Because it is a lot of water, thecoredoes not produce sufficientheat anymore to produce any significant pressure. Also, boricacidhas been added to the seawater. Boricacid is “liquid control rod”. Whatever decay is stillgoingon, the Boron will capture the neutrons and further speed up thecooling down of thecore.
Theplant came close to acore meltdown. Here is theworst-case scenario thatwas avoided: If the seawater could not have been used for treatment, the operators would have continued to vent the watersteam to avoid pressure buildup. The third containment would then have been completely sealed toallow thecore meltdown to happen without releasing radioactive material. After the meltdown, there would have been a waiting period for the intermediate radioactive materials to decay inside the reactor,and all radioactive particles to settleon asurface inside the containment. Thecooling system would have been restored eventually, and the moltencorecooled to a manageable temperature. The containment would have beencleaned upon the inside. Then a messy job of removing the moltencore from the containment would have begun, packing the (now solidagain)fuelbit bybit into transportation containers to be shipped toprocessingplants. Dependingon thedamage, the block of theplant would then either be repaired or dismantled.
・Theplant is safe now and willstay safe.
・Japan is lookingat an INESLevel 4Accident: Nuclearaccident with local consequences. That is bad for the company that owns theplant, but not for anyone else.
・Some radiationwas released when the pressure vesselwas vented.All radioactive isotopes from the activatedsteam havegone (decayed). A very smallamount of Cesiumwas released,as wellas Iodine. Ifyou were sittingontop of theplants’ chimney when they were venting,you should probably give up smoking to return toyour formerlife expectancy. The Cesium and Iodine isotopes were carriedout to the sea and will never be seenagain.
・Therewas some limiteddamage to the first containment. That means that someamounts of radioactive Cesium and Iodine will also be released into thecooling water, but no Uranium or other nasty stuff (the Uranium oxidedoes not “dissolve” in the water). There are facilities for treating thecooling water inside the third containment. The radioactive Cesium and Iodine will be removed there and eventually storedas radioactivewaste in terminal storage.
・The seawater usedascooling water will be activated to some degree. Because the control rods are fully inserted, the Uraniumchain reaction is not happening. That means the “main” nuclear reaction is not happening, thus not contributing to the activation. The intermediate radioactive materials (Cesium and Iodine) are also almostgoneat this stage, because the Uranium decaywas stopped a longtime ago. This further reduces the activation. Thebottom line is that there will be somelowlevel of activation of the seawater, which will also be removed by the treatment facilities.
・The seawater will then be replacedover time with the “normal”cooling water
・The reactorcore will then be dismantled and transported to aprocessing facility, just like during a regularfuelchange.
・Fuel rods and the entireplant will be checked for potentialdamage. This willtake about 4-5 years.
・The safety systemsonallJapaneseplants will be upgraded to withstand a 9.0 earthquake andtsunami (or worse)
・Ibelievethe most significant problem will be a prolongedpower shortage. About half ofJapan’s nuclear reactors will probably have to be inspected, reducing the nation’spower generating capacity by 15%. This will probably be covered by runninggaspowerplants that are usuallyonly used forpeak loads to cover some of thebase loadas well. That will increaseyour electricity bill,as wellaslead to potentialpower shortages duringpeak demand, inJapan.
Ifyou want tostay informed, please forget the usual mediaoutlets and consult the following websites:
http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/RS_Battle_to_stabilise_earthquake_reactors_1203111.html
http://bravenewclimate.com/2011/03/12/japan-nuclear-earthquake/
http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2011/03/11/media-updates-on-nuclear-power-stations-in-japan/
Fred Jones was worn out
from caring forhis often
screaming and crying wife during the day but
he couldn't sleep at night forfear thatshe,
in a stupor from the drugs that didn't ease the pain, would set thehouse ablaze with a cigarette
フレッド・ジョーンズは疲れきっていた
泣き叫ぶ妻に日中ずっと付き合ってた
だけど夜になっても怖くてなかなか寝付けない
痛みを和らげてくれるわけでもないその化学物質で
http://jp.youtube.com/watch?v=-Lj_zP5ZT-s
↑かわゆすぎる
Un réseau de canaux galactophores estprésent à l'état rudimentaire chez les individus des deux sexes, de l'âge embryonnaire à l'âge adulte, mais seules les femmes, sous l'influence hormonale à partir de la puberté, le long des cycleset pendant la grossesseet l'allaitement, développent la partie glandulaire.
Les seins sont atrophiés chez l'individu mâle, sauf modification hormonale.
Les seins contiennent les glandes lactogènes (ou glandes mammaires) qui deviennent actives en période d'allaitementet produisent le lait maternel dontse nourrit le bébé humain pendant les premiers mois de sa vie. Durant la période de lactation, le lait est secrétéparces glandes mammaireset est déversépar des canaux séparésau niveau du mamelon.
L'essentiel du corps du sein est constitué de tissu adipeux. Les seins voient leur volume varier en fonction dedifférents paramètres tels que le cycle d'ovulation, la température ou l'excitation ainsi que durant la grossesse. La limite de l'aréole, sa pigmentationet son réseau glandulaire varient avec la grossesseet l'allaitement. Le mamelon est érectile.
Outre sa fonction biologique initiale de lactation, le sein féminin joueun rôle important dans la séduction, l'érotismeet la sexualité.Il s'agit d'un caractère sexuel secondaire.
