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はてなキーワード:Doctrineとは
➤「救いようが最もうない、極東の自称他称の〝ジャーナリスト〟や〝学者〟、〝知米派〟は読まなくても構い。読んでもその肥大化した自己承認欲求、度し難い自己愛性人格では読むことはできないし、理解もできない。ただ見下した目線で見やるだけで、そこに自分が利用できる素材がなければ鼻で嗤うだけだ。この文章は、我がU.S.を領りたい、領ろうと下向きの反省的眼光で欲する諸君に読んで貰いたい。
I Traveled to 46States inAmerica ThisSummer.Here’sWhyTrump Won.
By Frank S. Zhou
By Ezekiel A. Wells
Ezekiel A. Wells ’27is aDouble Concentrator in Environment Science & Engineering and Economics in EliotHouse. He spentlastsummertraveling to 46Americanstates conductinginterviews forhisYouTube series, “CrossroadsAmerica.”
A week after Democrats’ election loss, accusations have flown in every direction within their Party. Some faultPresidentJoe Biden for an egoistic refusal todropout of therace earlier. Someblame the Harris campaign for failing to servekey demographics and communicate a clearvision for the country. And someblameAmericans, claiming that racism and sexism drove voters towardTrump.
These factors certainly exist, but we’remissing a largerpiece of the picture.
Over thesummer, I traveled to 46states in the U.S., creating aYouTube series highlighting slices oflife across the country. In conversations from my nearly three-monthroad trip, I spoke with Republicanswho were certain that inflationis entirely Biden’s fault and Democratswho, despite their frustrations with corporate profits and desires foruniversal healthcare, hoped for amore moderate candidate. From supporters ofall candidates, I heard a shockingamount of misinformation.
After combing through hundreds of hours ofinterview footage fromswingstateTrump voters, Iam certain that,as muchas other factors influenced theoutcome of the election, our crumbling media landscape — whichhas caused arift in our democracy —ismost toblame.
In the postwar period,newswas dominatedby threemain channels, and because ofthe FairnessDoctrine, eachstation reported the same stories and covered multiple sides of eachissue.Viewers picked which channels they watchedmainly basedon their preferences fornewsanchors’ personalities. Of course, thismodel hadits problems, but,at the end of the day,it meant thatAmericans worked with a sharedset of facts.
A sharedset of factsis notthe world welive intoday.
Throughout myinterviews, conspiracy theories were rampant, andonat leastfive separate occasions across separatestates, Iwas told that Bill Gates tampers with ourfood, adding plastic to our fruits and vegetables tomakehis medical investmentsmore profitable.
In conversations with voters, neither side seemed able tonamemany specific policyissues they cared about; everyone just seemed to repeat the words of theirfavorite pundits,podcast hosts, andinternet personalities.
Although this behavioris harmful, Idon’tblame everydayAmericans.Blame fallson the media thathas ostracized, disillusioned, and misinformed them.
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I firstsaw this trend withlow-wage workers in West Virginia,who — despitefalling inflationrates — have seen stagnated salaries and clear increases infood costs. ChannelslikeFoxNews bred anger and resentment formany of them.
TakeJuly of thissummer, for example, when for the firsttime inhis presidency, prices actually fell under the Biden administration. Traditional media establishments rushed tocelebrate thisvictory, withone article fromCNN declaring, “The White House can finallycrossout ‘inflation’onits list ofpresidential liabilities.” However,outside these bubbles, I observedmanyAmericans held a differentview.
In lateJuly, Iwas welcomedat a massive familyreunion in Tylertown, Mississippi, whereoneTrump voter — a middle-aged, Black, familyman, pastor, andsoulfood enthusiast —made this clear.
“When Igo in the grocery stores, and Igotta spend mylast toget groceries,you mean totell me I’m notgonnalook and seewho’sgonna vote to help me? I voted forTrump and I’d vote forhimagain, because he put money in ourpocket,” he told me.
In their coverage,mainstreamnews organizations obsessover the Federal Reserve’snextrate cuts while failing toconnect with people concernedwith theirnext meals.With titleslike “Vance:YoungAmericans ‘Are Becoming Paupers’ Due To Inflation, High Housing Costs,” siteslike The DailyWire had their fingerson the pulse ofAmerican sentiment, welcoming new readership from thosewhofelt neglectedby traditional media.
This problemwas not just confined to the economy. While Biden’s mentalstatewas deteriorating,liberal mediaoutlets seemed to under-cover these stories, shelteringhim from scrutiny ofhis declining capabilities, until theinfamouspresidential debate.
Formerly trusted networksslowlymade themselves indigestible to the polarizedAmerican public, and in 2024, for the third year in a row, a Gallup pollfound thatmoreAmericans indicated having “no trust” in the media than thosewho trustit a “great deal/fairamount”.
So wheredoes the averageAmerican turn when thenation’s media cannot be trusted? Formany people,itwasYouTubetalk shows,Newsmax, andpodcasters suchasJoe Rogan.
While Democrats seek toblame various internal factors for this election’s loss, I cannot help but think ofJoe Rogan’sTrump endorsement, themany blind lies I heard from ordinary citizens across the country, and declining trust inAmerican journalism.
AsHarvard students and members of highereducation institutions, we have a part to play in the problem.AtHarvard’s Institute ofPolitics, thosewho denied the 2020 election results have been precluded from speakingat theJFKJr. Forum. While thegoalis understandable,it shields students from understanding theAmericanviewpoints they represent.
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Thereis adifferencebetween platforming intentional andmanipulative misinformation and listening to and learning about where people are and what theybelieve.
As a pipeline tomainstream media,Harvard, andits future journalists, have to consider the audience they lose when theystay inside of their bubble and ignore theissues of everydayAmericans.
The disappearance of factual importance in our worldis alarming and dangerous, but if we,asaspiring journalists, politicians, andengaged citizens, want to betaken seriously in communicatingTrump’s threat to democracy, inflationary tariff policies, and soon, we oweAmerican voters that seriousness, too.
Ezekiel A. Wells ’27is aDouble Concentrator in Environment Science & Engineering and Economics in EliotHouse. He spentlastsummertraveling to 46Americanstates conductinginterviews forhisYouTube series, “CrossroadsAmerica."
The Sacrament—and the Sacrifice
Of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles
Ipray foryourfaith andprayers that my utteranceswill be received and understood “by theSpirit oftruth” and that myexpressionswill be given “by theSpirit oftruth” so that we mightall be “edified and rejoicetogether.” (See D&C 50:21–22.)
As I standheretoday—a wellman—words of gratitudeand acknowledgment ofdivine intervention are so very inadequate inexpressingthe feelings in mysoul.
Six months agoat theApril general conference, Iwas excused from speakingas Iwas convalescing from a serious operation.My lifehas been spared, and Inow have the pleasant opportunity of acknowledging the blessings,comfort, and readyaid of my Brethren in the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve, and other wonderfulassociates andfriends towhom I owe so much andwho surrounded mydear wife,Ruby, and my familywith theirtime,attention, andprayers. For the inspireddoctors and thoughtful nurses Iexpress my deepest gratitude, and for the thoughtful letters and messages offaith andhope received frommanyplaces inthe world,manyexpressing, “You have been in ourprayers” or “We have beenasking ourHeavenly Father to spareyourlife.”Yourprayers andmine, thankfully, have beenanswered.
One unusual card caused me to ponder upon themajesty ofitall.Itis anoriginalpaintingbyArta Romney Ballif of theheavensat night withits myriadgoldenstars.Her caption,taken fromPsalms, reads:
“He healeth the broken inheart, and bindeth up their wounds.
“He telleth thenumber ofthe stars; he calleth themallby theirnames.
“…His understandingisinfinite.” (Ps. 147:1, 3–5.)
As I lay in the hospitalbed,I meditatedonall that had happened to me and studied the contemplativepaintingbyPresident Marion G. Romney’ssister and the lines fromPsalms: “He telleth thenumber ofthe stars; he calleth themallby theirnames.” Iwas then—andcontinue to be—awedby the goodness andmajesty of theCreator,who knows notonly thenames ofthe stars but knowsyourname and myname—each of usasHis sons and daughters.
“When I consider thyheavens, the work of thy fingers, themoon andthe stars, which thouhast ordained;
“Whatisman, that thouart mindful ofhim? …
“For thouhastmadehim alittle lower than theangels, andhast crownedhim withglory and honour.” (Ps. 8:3–5.)
To be rememberedis a wonderful thing.
Theevening of my health crisis, I knewsomething very serious had happened to me.Events happened so swiftly—thepain striking with suchintensity, mydearRuby phoning the doctor and our family, and Ion myknees leaningover the bathtub for support and somecomfort andhoped relief from thepain. Iwas pleading to myHeavenly Father to sparemy life a while longer to give me alittlemoretime to doHis work, ifitwasHiswill.
Whilestillpraying, I began to lose consciousness. Thesiren of the paramedic truckwas thelast that I remembered before unconsciousnessovertook me, which wouldlast for thenext severaldays.
The terriblepain and commotion of people ceased. Iwasnow in acalm,peaceful setting;allwas serene and quiet. Iwas conscious oftwo persons in thedistanceon a hillside,one standingon a higherlevel than the other. Detailed features were not discernible. The personon the higherlevelwas pointing tosomething I could not see.
I heard no voices butwas conscious ofbeing in a holy presenceand atmosphere. During the hours anddays that followed, therewas impressedagainand again upon my mind theeternalmission and exalted position of the Son ofMan. I witness toyou that Heis Jesus the Christ, the Son ofGod,Savior toall, Redeemer ofallmankind, Bestower ofinfinitelove, mercy, and forgiveness, theLight andLife ofthe world. I knew thistruth before—I hadnever doubtednor wondered. Butnow I knew, because of the impressions of theSpirit upon myheart andsoul, these divinetruths in amost unusual way.
Iwas shown a panoramicview ofHisearthly ministry:His baptism,His teaching,His healing the sick andlame, the mocktrial,His crucifixion,His resurrectionand ascension. There followed scenes ofHisearthly ministry to my mind inimpressive detail, confirming scriptural eyewitness accounts. Iwasbeing taught, and theeyes of my understanding were openedby the HolySpirit ofGod soas to beholdmany things.
The first scenewas of theSavior andHis Apostles in the upper chamberon theeve ofHis betrayal. Following the Passover supper, He instructed and prepared the sacrament of theLord’s Supper forHisdearestfriendsas a remembrance ofHis coming sacrifice.Itwas soimpressively portrayed to me—theoverwhelminglove of theSavior for each. I witnessedHis thoughtfulconcern for significant details—thewashing of the dusty feet of each Apostle,His breaking and blessing of the loaf of dark bread and blessing of thewine, thenHis dreadful disclosure thatone would betrayHim.
He explainedJudas’s departure and told the others of theevents soon totake place.
Then followed theSavior’s solemn discourse when He said to theEleven: “These things I have spoken untoyou, that in me ye might havepeace. Inthe world ye shall have tribulation: but be of good cheer; I haveovercomethe world.” (John 16:33.)
OurSaviorprayed toHis Fatherand acknowledgedthe Fatherasthe source ofHisauthority andpower—even tothe extending ofeternallife toallwho are worthy.
Heprayed, “And thisislifeeternal, that they might know thee theonlytrueGod, and Jesus Christ,whom thouhast sent.”
Jesus then reverently added:
“I have glorified theeon theearth: I have finished the work which thou gavest me to do.
“Andnow, O Father, glorify thou mewith thine own selfwith theglory which I hadwith thee beforethe worldwas.” (John17:3–5.)
He pled notonly for the disciples calledout fromthe worldwho had beentrue to their testimony ofHim, “but for them also which shallbelieveon me through theirword.” (John17:20.)
When they had sung a hymn, Jesus and theEleven wentout to the Mount of Olives. There, in thegarden, in somemannerbeyond our comprehension, theSavior took uponHimself the burden of thesins ofmankind from Adam to the end ofthe world.His agony in thegarden,Luke tells us,was so intense “his sweatwasas … greatdrops ofbloodfalling … to the ground.” (Luke 22:44.) He suffered an agonyand a burdenthe like of which nohuman person would be able to bear. In that hour of anguish ourSaviorovercameallthe power of Satan.
The glorifiedLord revealed toJoseph Smith this admonition toallmankind:
“Therefore Icommandyou to repent …
“For … I,God, … suffered … forall, that they might not suffer if they would repent; …
“Which suffering caused myself,evenGod,the greatest ofall, to tremble because ofpain, and to bleedatevery pore, …
“Wherefore, Icommandyouagain to repent, lest I humbleyou with my almightypower; and thatyou confessyoursins, lestyou suffer these punishments.” (D&C 19:15–16, 18,20.)
During thosedays of unconsciousness Iwas given,by thegift andpower of the HolyGhost, amore perfect knowledge ofHismission. Iwas also given amore complete understanding of whatit means to exercise, inHisname, theauthority to unlock the mysteries of the kingdom ofheaven for the salvation ofallwho arefaithful. Mysoulwas taughtover andoveragain theevents of the betrayal, the mocktrial, the scourging of the flesh ofevenone of theGodhead. I witnessedHis struggling up the hill inHis weakened condition carrying thecross andHisbeing stretched uponitasit layon the ground, that the crude spikes could be driven with a mallet intoHis hands and wrists and feet to secureHisbodyasit hungon thecross for public display.
Crucifixion—the horrible andpainfuldeath which He suffered—was chosen from thebeginning.By that excruciatingdeath, He descended belowall things,asis recorded, that throughHis resurrection He wouldascend aboveall things. (See D&C 88:6.)
Jesus Christ died in the literalsense in which wewillall die.Hisbody lay in the tomb. The immortalspirit of Jesus, chosenas theSavior ofmankind, went to those myriads ofspiritswho had departed mortallife with varying degrees of righteousness toGod’slaws. He taught them the “glorious tidings of redemption from the bondage ofdeath, and of possible salvation, … [whichwas] part of [our]Savior’s foreappointed and unique service to thehuman family.” (James E. Talmage, Jesus the Christ,Salt Lake City: DeseretBook Co., 1977, p. 671.)
I cannotbegin to convey toyou thedeep impact that these scenes have confirmed upon mysoul. Isense theireternal meaning andrealize that “nothing in the entire plan of salvation compares inany way in importancewith thatmost transcendent ofallevents, theatoning sacrifice of ourLord.Itisthe most importantsingle thing thathasever occurred in the entirehistory of created things;itis therock foundation upon which the gospeland all other thingsrest,”ashas been declared. (Bruce R. McConkie, MormonDoctrine,Salt Lake City:Bookcraft, 1966, p. 60.)
Father Lehi taughthis son Jacob and ustoday:
“Wherefore, redemption cometh in and through the Holy Messiah; for heis full ofgrace andtruth.
“Behold, he offerethhimself a sacrifice forsin, toanswer theends of the law, untoall thosewho have a brokenheartand a contritespirit; and unto none else can theends of the law beanswered.
“Wherefore, how great the importance tomake these things known unto the inhabitants of theearth, that theymay know that thereis no flesh that can dwell in the presence ofGod, saveit be through the merits, and mercy, andgrace of the Holy Messiah,who layeth downhislife according to the flesh, andtakethitagainbythe power of theSpirit, that hemay bring to pass the resurrection of the dead,being the first that shouldrise.
“Wherefore, heis the firstfruits untoGod, inasmuchas he shallmake intercession forall the children of men; and they thatbelieve inhim shall be saved.” (2Ne. 2:6–9.)
Ourmost valuable worship experience in the sacrament meetingis the sacred ordinance of the sacrament, forit provides the opportunity tofocus our minds andhearts upon theSavior andHis sacrifice.
The ApostlePaul warned the earlySaintsagainst eating this bread and drinking thiscup of theLord unworthily. (See 1 Cor.11:27–30.)
OurSaviorHimself instructed theNephites, “Whoso eateth and drinketh my flesh andblood unworthily [brings] damnation tohissoul.” (3Ne. 18:29.)
Worthy partakers of the sacrament are inharmonywith theLord and put themselves under covenant withHim toalways rememberHis sacrifice for thesins ofthe world, totake upon them thename of Christ and toalways rememberHim, and to keepHiscommandments. TheSavior covenants that wewho do so shall haveHisspirit to be with us and that, iffaithful to the end, wemay inheriteternallife.
OurLord revealed toJoseph Smith that “thereis nogift greater than thegift of salvation,” which plan includes the ordinance of the sacramentas a continuous reminder of theSavior’satoning sacrifice. He gave instructions that “itis expedient that the church meettogether often to partake of bread andwine in the remembrance of theLord Jesus.” (D&C 6:13; D&C20:75.)
Immortality comes to usallas a freegiftby thegrace ofGodalone, without works of righteousness.Eternallife, however,is the reward for obedience to thelaws and ordinances ofHis gospel.
I testify toall ofyou that ourHeavenly Fatherdoesanswer our righteous pleadings. The added knowledge whichhas come to mehasmade a greatimpact uponmy life. Thegift of the HolyGhostis a priceless possession and opens the door to ourongoing knowledge ofGod andeternaljoy. Of this I bear witness, in the holyname of Jesus Christ, amen.
"随意雇用、at-will雇用（英語at-will employment, employmentatwill）とはアメリカ合衆国労働法（英語版）の用語であり、期間の定めのない雇用契約は雇用者・被用者のどちらからでも・いつでも・いかなる理由でも・理由がなくても自由に解約できるという原則のことである[1]。この原則を employment-at-willdoctrine（日本語訳随意的雇用原則）と呼ぶ[2]。
※フェイクや数字のボカしを多少入れてるので注意。自分たちが今私みたいな中小企業経営者だったらどうするか想像しながら読んでほしい
私は年商数億・利益数千万・社員20~30人の中小企業を経営してる。業態は身バレのために言わないが原価のかかるものを販売してる。
昨今のインフレの話もあり賃上げを検討してるのだがどうしても踏み出せない。
利益というものは季節変動や原価率の変動によく振り回される。最近では月単位で赤字に落ちる月もあった。
そんな中、日本では驚くほど人を辞めさせるのが大変だ。退職金を積んだとしても常に訴訟リスクがつきまとう。
そのため社員の人件費は一度積んだら下げられない、辞めさせられない。
私の会社では人手が必要な際は派遣や業務委託を駆使するようにしてる。
販売戦略計画のようなレベルの高い業務にもプロのフリーランス人材を業務委託として活用してる。
これらのフリーランス人材は半年以上ずっと業務を請け負ってくれてて社員とも仲が良く、社員と同等に扱われる。
さらにこれらのフリーランスは単価で月100万払ってる人もいるのだ。社員の月給に比べて明らかに高い。
なぜ私がこれらの業務委託・派遣人材を高単価で活用してるかというと答えは単純で、いざとなったら切れるからだ。
我々の経営においては彼らは「変動費」なのである。広告宣伝費のように市況に応じて調整弁として使えるのだ。
アメリカなどで給料が上がってる背景は絶対にこの点がある。アメリカでは即日レベルで簡単に人を辞めさせられる。アメリカの大手金融や大手ITが数千万円の給料を出せてる理由は変動費に近い扱いができるからだ。
もし日本が社員を辞めさせやすい法体制ならば私の会社でも社員にフリーランスと同じ月給100万の水準をもっと出したいし出せると思う。
「いつクビになるかわからないのは怖い」という意見はありえる。だが辞めさせるということは新たに人を雇うスピードも早くなる。回転率が上がる。
他社も同じ経営判断になっていくと、クビになった社員がまた仕事を見つけることはそこまで難しいことはないはずだ。
つどつど仲介料を取る人材市場もかなり巨大化しそういう経済効果もあるだろう。
なぜこの方向に社会が進まないのか？
私がこれを匿名増田で書いてる理由でもあるのだが、今の日本で経営者の立場で「人を辞めさせやすくしたい」と言うと必ず炎上しうるからだ。そのため経団連の人間たちも、パソナのように国にべったり癒着した人材企業ですらこれを実際に発言することは憚られる。
これは日本の多くの経営者がきっと頭の中ではわかってるが声に出せない日本救済のシナリオだ。
誰か権力を持った人間が勇気を出してこの方向に向くように扇動すればきっと日本は救える。
アメリカが人を辞めさせやすいという事を証明する法律はどこだと聞かれたので下記を読んで欲しい。
"随意雇用、at-will雇用（英語at-will employment, employmentatwill）とはアメリカ合衆国労働法（英語版）の用語であり、期間の定めのない雇用契約は雇用者・被用者のどちらからでも・いつでも・いかなる理由でも・理由がなくても自由に解約できるという原則のことである[1]。この原則を employment-at-willdoctrine（日本語訳随意的雇用原則）と呼ぶ[2]。
随意雇用のもとでは、解雇および辞職は即時に行うことができ、手当金や予告は必要とされない[2]。"
賞与についてのコメントがたくさん来てるが、賞与はもちろん出してる。だがそこまで賞与額は高くなく業績が良かった年に多めに出してる程度。
社員の家賃などの生活水準は賞与込みでは考えない。ボーナスはあくまでボーナスでありベース給与ではない。これはサラリーマンなら当たり前だと思う。
賞与の存在に甘んじてベース給与をおさえるパターンはあるがその状況は一サラリーマンにとってかなり不利だろ。
ブコメ増えてて驚いている。
・もう一度言うが賞与は多少出してるが、サラリーマンなら毎年賞与がある前提で生活水準を決めることはないだろ。
・毎年昇給も少ないがしている。できれば社員にはインフレ率を一定超える昇給してあげたい。だが売上は毎年変わるしITベンチャーのように急成長してる会社ではないから固定費増は避けようとしてしまう。
・私は別に優秀な経営者ではないから至らない点はたくさんある。私は中小企業、いや零細企業か、を細々と経営してるただの人だ。ブラック企業にならずに社員や自分が幸せで飯が食えるために努力してるだけだ。ただ世の中には私みたいな層がそれなりにいるとわかって欲しい。
・アメリカを引き合いに出したが欧州の労働法はそこまで詳しくない。ドイツなんかだと労組が異常に強いから労組経由での賃上げ圧力が強いという程度の知識しかない。ドイツでも労組の手が及ばない中小企業での賃上げ傾向がどうなってるのかは知らない。ブコメに欧州の話が多かったのでこれを機に勉強してみようと思う。ありがとう。
Permalink |記事への反応(46) | 17:43
https://www.kottolaw.com/column/180830.html
著作権法は、アイデアとその具体的な表現とを区別して、具体的な表現だけを保護の対象とする。そのため、一般に、アイデアが共通しているだけなら著作権侵害ではない、ということが言われる。「アイデア・表現二分論」と呼ばれる考え方で、世界的にそのように考えられている。
そこで松澤弁護士は、アイデアと表現を区別するための手法として「抽象化テスト」というものを紹介している。
抽象化テストとは、具体的な作品から個々の出来事をどんどん取り除いていくと、より一般化されたパターンが導き出され、最終的には作品のテーマについての一般的な記述か、ときにタイトルのみに行き着くところ、この抽象化の過程の一点にアイデアと表現の境目が存在するという考え方だ。
リンク先ではドラえもんの物語例を挙げて抽象化テストを行っているが、私ではよく分かりにくい。
個々の出来事を取り除いていくとアイデアが残る、取り除いたものが表現である、という事なのだろうか。
■「シーン・ア・フェール法理（scenes a fairedoctrine）」（「ありふれた場面の法理」「ありふれた情景の理論」）
シーン・ア・フェール法理とは、特定のテーマを扱う上で、実際上不可欠（indispensable）になっているか、少なくとも標準的（standard）になっている出来事、登場人物、設定などには、著作権の保護を与えない（unprotectible）という考え方だ。
大ざっぱに言えばありきたりな状況の描写だけしか見られない場合は盗作とは言いがたいという事らしい。
その状況は物語で不可欠であると認められる必要はなく、標準的描写であっても同様に保護されにくい。
理由は、ありふれている表現の組み合わせも創作的な表現であるという事のようだ。
ところで、松澤弁護士によればいわくつきの廃墟といえば日本では旧日本軍の施設、施設で行われていた事といえば人体実験・・・というのは割と定番のような気がするとの事だ。
私は創作物に詳しくないがそのようなイメージが多かったのだろうか。それは知らなかった。
私の場合は曰わく付きの廃墟というと、人が事故死したとか、殺人事件があったという、オカルトというか心霊的な曰く付きを連想する。
皆さんはどうだろうか。
要は「PHP+MySQL+JavaScriptで頼んだWebシステムを作ってくれる」人に来てほしい。会社は地方単価で8掛けされる田舎にあるので地元の求人見てるけど、月に15〜30万くらいの求人が多いし20万も払えば来てもらえるの？
Permalink |記事への反応(14) | 12:06
