What is a Scientific CMOS Camera?

Scientific CMOS, or sCMOS, is a state-of-the-art scientific imaging sensor technology for life sciences and physical sciences from quantum optics and solar astronomy to developmental biology. sCMOS offers performance features that make it perfect for quantitative scientific measurement and it produces exceptional scientific images. Its development has brought many innovations in the production and operation of the sensor, from its physics and electronics, to the software developments for processing and analysing images.

sCMOS Sensor Applications

zl41-sona-scmos

Life Science

Developmental Biology
Plasma Membrane
Intercellular Trafficking
Organoids
Gene Editing
Neurophysiology

Physical Science

Neo and Space Debris
Adaptive Optics
Fluid Dynamics
Dynamic X-Ray Imaging
Neutron Radiography and Tomography
Cold Atoms and Bose
Einstein Condensation
Quantum Optics
Solar Astronomy

Features of sCMOS

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sCMOS technology overcomes the trade-offs that are associated with conventional CMOS cameras. Unlike previous generations of CMOS and CCD-based sensors, sCMOS offers:

Rapid frame rates
Extremely low noise
Large field of view
Wide dynamic range
High resolution

The sensor offers a large field of view and high resolution, without compromising read noise, dynamic range or frame rate.

Low Noise Readout and High Dynamic Range

sCMOS read noise is exceptionally low, even when compared to the highest performance ‘slow-scan’ CCDs. The low noise readout is complemented by up to 53,000:1 dynamic range. For a comparison of the main features see the table.

Parameter	ZL41 5.5 sCMOS	Sona-6 sCMOS	Interline CCD	EMCCD
Sensor Format	5.5 megapixel	4.2 megapixel	1.4 to 4 megapixel	0.25 to 1 megapixel
Pixel Size	6.5 μm	6.5 μm	6.45 to 7.4 μm	8 to 16 μm*
Read Noise	1.2e^- @ 30 frames/sec 1.45e^- @ 100 frames/sec	<1.0e^- @ 43 frames/sec 1.9e^- @ 135 frames/sec	4 - 10 e^-	< 1 e^- (with EM gain)
Full Frame Rate (max.)	100 frames/sec @ full resolution	135 frames/sec @ full resolution	3 to 16 frames/sec	~ 30 frames/sec
Quantum Efficiency (max.)	<64% (front illuminated)	<95% (back-illuminated)	<60%	<95% (back-illuminated)
Dynamic Range	33,000:1	26,250:1	~ 3,000:1 (@ 11 frames/sec)	8,500:1 (@ 30 frames/sec with low EM gain)
Multiplicative Noise	None	None	None	1.41x with EM gain (effectively halves the QE)

* Most EMCCD sensors feature large 13-16 µm pixel sizes that prioritise photon collection efficiency over resolution.

sCMOS has dual amplifiers and dual analogue-to-digital converter readout which leads to high dynamic range. A low gain channel and a high gain channel are read simultaneously, and the information combined. This produces an exceptional dynamic range. As you can clearly see in the image, Interline CCD cannot compete (see table and image). The unique dual amplifier architecture of sCMOS allows for high dynamic range alongside lowest noise.

Comparison between Neo sCMOS and Interline CCD

Andor’s ZL41 5.5 sCMOS offers ‘rolling’ and ‘global shutter’ modes. Global shutter mode is where all pixels are exposed at the same time. It avoids the image distortion caused when physical shutters sequentially expose the sensor. Read more in our article aboutrolling and global shutter.

Complex Image Processing

Pixel columns are calibrated for differences in signal. And individual pixels are corrected for non-uniformity in signals. There is a blemish correction for faulty pixels and a spurious noise filter particularly relevant for low light conditions. It is also possible to use a Region of Interest, to increase the frame rate on interesting rows.

Download our product Specification Sheets for ZL41, iStar, Sona, Marana and Balor to find out more details and to see example images and applications.