Training Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models suffers from sparse parallel data, in the infrequent translation scenarios towards low-resource source languages. The existing solutions primarily concentrate on the utilization of Parent-Child (PC) transfer learning. It transfers well-trained NMT models on high-resource languages (namely Parent NMT) to low-resource languages, so as to produce Child NMT models by fine-tuning. It has been carefully demonstrated that a variety of PC variants yield significant improvements for low-resource NMT. In this paper, we intend to enhance PC-based NMT by a bidirectionally-adaptive learning strategy. Specifically, we divide inner constituents (6 transformers) of Parent encoder into two “teams”, i.e., T1 and T2. During representation learning, T1 learns to encode low-resource languages conditioned on bilingual shareable latent space. Generative adversarial network and masked language modeling are used for space-shareable encoding. On the other hand, T2 is straightforwardly transferred to low-resource languages, and fine-tuned together with T1 for low-resource translation. Briefly, T1 and T2 take actions separately for different goals. The former aims to adapt to characteristics of low-resource languages during encoding, while the latter adapts to translation experiences learned from high-resource languages. We experiment on benchmark corpora SETIMES, conducting low-resource NMT for Albanian (Sq), Macedonian (Mk), Croatian (Hr) and Romanian (Ro). Experimental results show that our method yields substantial improvements, which allows the NMT performance to reach BLEU4-scores of 62.24%, 56.93%, 50.53% and 54.65% for Sq, Mk, Hr and Ro, respectively.
@inproceedings{xing-etal-2022-taking, title = "Taking Actions Separately: A Bidirectionally-Adaptive Transfer Learning Method for Low-Resource Neural Machine Translation", author = "Xing, Xiaolin and Hong, Yu and Xu, Minhan and Yao, Jianmin and Zhou, Guodong", editor = "Calzolari, Nicoletta and Huang, Chu-Ren and Kim, Hansaem and Pustejovsky, James and Wanner, Leo and Choi, Key-Sun and Ryu, Pum-Mo and Chen, Hsin-Hsi and Donatelli, Lucia and Ji, Heng and Kurohashi, Sadao and Paggio, Patrizia and Xue, Nianwen and Kim, Seokhwan and Hahm, Younggyun and He, Zhong and Lee, Tony Kyungil and Santus, Enrico and Bond, Francis and Na, Seung-Hoon", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Computational Linguistics", month = oct, year = "2022", address = "Gyeongju, Republic of Korea", publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics", url = "https://aclanthology.org/2022.coling-1.395/", pages = "4481--4491", abstract = "Training Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models suffers from sparse parallel data, in the infrequent translation scenarios towards low-resource source languages. The existing solutions primarily concentrate on the utilization of Parent-Child (PC) transfer learning. It transfers well-trained NMT models on high-resource languages (namely Parent NMT) to low-resource languages, so as to produce Child NMT models by fine-tuning. It has been carefully demonstrated that a variety of PC variants yield significant improvements for low-resource NMT. In this paper, we intend to enhance PC-based NMT by a bidirectionally-adaptive learning strategy. Specifically, we divide inner constituents (6 transformers) of Parent encoder into two {\textquotedblleft}teams{\textquotedblright}, i.e., T1 and T2. During representation learning, T1 learns to encode low-resource languages conditioned on bilingual shareable latent space. Generative adversarial network and masked language modeling are used for space-shareable encoding. On the other hand, T2 is straightforwardly transferred to low-resource languages, and fine-tuned together with T1 for low-resource translation. Briefly, T1 and T2 take actions separately for different goals. The former aims to adapt to characteristics of low-resource languages during encoding, while the latter adapts to translation experiences learned from high-resource languages. We experiment on benchmark corpora SETIMES, conducting low-resource NMT for Albanian (Sq), Macedonian (Mk), Croatian (Hr) and Romanian (Ro). Experimental results show that our method yields substantial improvements, which allows the NMT performance to reach BLEU4-scores of 62.24{\%}, 56.93{\%}, 50.53{\%} and 54.65{\%} for Sq, Mk, Hr and Ro, respectively."}
%0 Conference Proceedings%T Taking Actions Separately: A Bidirectionally-Adaptive Transfer Learning Method for Low-Resource Neural Machine Translation%A Xing, Xiaolin%A Hong, Yu%A Xu, Minhan%A Yao, Jianmin%A Zhou, Guodong%Y Calzolari, Nicoletta%Y Huang, Chu-Ren%Y Kim, Hansaem%Y Pustejovsky, James%Y Wanner, Leo%Y Choi, Key-Sun%Y Ryu, Pum-Mo%Y Chen, Hsin-Hsi%Y Donatelli, Lucia%Y Ji, Heng%Y Kurohashi, Sadao%Y Paggio, Patrizia%Y Xue, Nianwen%Y Kim, Seokhwan%Y Hahm, Younggyun%Y He, Zhong%Y Lee, Tony Kyungil%Y Santus, Enrico%Y Bond, Francis%Y Na, Seung-Hoon%S Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Computational Linguistics%D 2022%8 October%I International Committee on Computational Linguistics%C Gyeongju, Republic of Korea%F xing-etal-2022-taking%X Training Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models suffers from sparse parallel data, in the infrequent translation scenarios towards low-resource source languages. The existing solutions primarily concentrate on the utilization of Parent-Child (PC) transfer learning. It transfers well-trained NMT models on high-resource languages (namely Parent NMT) to low-resource languages, so as to produce Child NMT models by fine-tuning. It has been carefully demonstrated that a variety of PC variants yield significant improvements for low-resource NMT. In this paper, we intend to enhance PC-based NMT by a bidirectionally-adaptive learning strategy. Specifically, we divide inner constituents (6 transformers) of Parent encoder into two “teams”, i.e., T1 and T2. During representation learning, T1 learns to encode low-resource languages conditioned on bilingual shareable latent space. Generative adversarial network and masked language modeling are used for space-shareable encoding. On the other hand, T2 is straightforwardly transferred to low-resource languages, and fine-tuned together with T1 for low-resource translation. Briefly, T1 and T2 take actions separately for different goals. The former aims to adapt to characteristics of low-resource languages during encoding, while the latter adapts to translation experiences learned from high-resource languages. We experiment on benchmark corpora SETIMES, conducting low-resource NMT for Albanian (Sq), Macedonian (Mk), Croatian (Hr) and Romanian (Ro). Experimental results show that our method yields substantial improvements, which allows the NMT performance to reach BLEU4-scores of 62.24%, 56.93%, 50.53% and 54.65% for Sq, Mk, Hr and Ro, respectively.%U https://aclanthology.org/2022.coling-1.395/%P 4481-4491
[Taking Actions Separately: A Bidirectionally-Adaptive Transfer Learning Method for Low-Resource Neural Machine Translation](https://aclanthology.org/2022.coling-1.395/) (Xing et al., COLING 2022)