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What is Type 2 Inflammation?

Everyone has something called a type 2 immune response.¹ A type 2 immune response typically happens when your body senses certain kinds of infections or allergens and sends out specific type 2 immune cells to fight a battle against the intruders by creating inflammation.^1,2 

In some people, the immune cells cause inflammation even when there’s no infection.¹ By doing so, they end up damaging the body itself. This is an overactive immune response calledtype 2 inflammation.¹

Conditions such as atopic dermatitis and asthma, among others are caused in part by type 2 inflammation.¹

Type 2 inflammation can be a chronic condition.¹ This means it always exists in the body, even when you don’t feel or show symptoms.¹

Scientists discovered type 2 inflammation in the 1980s and they’re learning more and more about it every day.^2,3,4 It is now understood that type 2 inflammation plays a role in several diseases.² There is current and ongoing research to find out if this inflammatory process may contribute to even more diseases.²

Diseases Driven in Part by Type 2 Inflammation

Diseases driven in part by type 2 inflammation may be diagnosed in childhood, but can develop at any age, impacting people for years, or even their entire lives.^5,6,7 Type 2 inflammation may contribute to a wide range of different diseases.¹

• From coughing and wheezing to difficulty breathing, asthma symptoms may impact daily life, especially if it’s not controlled.⁸ Have you ever heard the terms “allergic” or “eosinophilic” to describe asthma? Type 2 inflammation can be present in many people who have eosinophilic or allergic asthma.¹

• People with AD (the most common type of eczema), often have intense itching, dry, scaly skin and red or dark rashes.⁹ Many people are diagnosed with this chronic disease as children and experience unpredictable symptoms into and throughout adulthood.⁹

• Nasal polyps are non-cancerous growths in your sinuses that lead to frequent runny noses, trouble breathing, facial pain, and congestion.¹⁰
• Many people experience loss of smell which can cause people to miss out on experiences like enjoying the smell of a meal and can cause concern if they’re unable to sense smoke in the event of a fire.¹¹

• EoE causes inflammation and damage to the esophagus (the tube connecting the mouth to the stomach) making it hard to swallow food.¹² This can lead to poor appetite, vomiting, pain, the feeling of food getting stuck in the throat, and sometimes choking emergencies, requiring a hospital stay.^13,14
• Experiences like diet elimination makes dinners out often hard when you have EoE. Sometimes, people with severe EoE may need a gastric feeding tube.¹²

• PN is a skin disorder that is marked by intense itch, uncontrollable rubbing and scratching of the skin resulting in hard, itchy and painful bumps (nodules).¹⁵ It often occurs on the arms, legs, back and stomach area.¹⁵
• PN greatly affects a person’s quality of life including sleepless nights, and feelings of anxiety and depression.¹⁵

• Sensitivities to allergens in different foods can cause anaphylaxis, a severe allergic reaction.¹⁶ Symptoms of anaphylaxis can include rashes, hives, trouble breathing, wheezing, dizziness, vomiting, diarrhea, and swelling of the lips, tongue, and throat.¹⁶ The most common foods that cause allergic reactions are eggs, milk, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, shellfish, soy, and wheat.¹³

About Type 2 Inflammation and Allergic Conditions

If you have an allergic condition or another condition caused in part by type 2 inflammation, understanding the underlying cause is important when speaking with your doctor to create the right treatment plan for you. There are a variety of treatment options available to help improve control of your disease – some examples include creams and ointments, inhalers (or puffers), immunotherapies, certain oral medications and biologics.^10,17

Before talking to your doctor about what treatment options may be best for you, here are some additional things to know about allergic conditions or other conditions caused in part by type 2 inflammation.

Family History

When multiple people in a family have the same – or different – allergic conditions, it could be a sign of type 2 inflammation.¹Type 2 inflammation could be one reason why someone has AD, their mother has asthma, and their aunt has nasal polyps.¹                                                                                      

Environmental and Physical Triggers

Factors like allergens (such as pollen, mold, and dust mites), exercise, stress, weather, and pollutants (such as ozone and smoke) can trigger symptoms or cause them to get worse.^19,20

Multiple Diseases

Many people with one allergic disease may have another disease because of the same underlying type 2 inflammation.¹ Often, the more severe disease is diagnosed first.¹⁸ It’s important to manage and treat your allergic conditions to reduce the impact of inflammation.

Tests

Family history, clinical presentation, and environmental triggers are the best ways to spot allergic conditions, but for certain diseases, there are also diagnostic tests.¹⁹ If you have asthma, ask your doctor about breath or blood tests to help identify what kind of inflammation you have.

Things aren’t always as they seem. Sometimes, there is a hidden connection between different allergic diseases or those driven in part by type 2 inflammation. Managing multiple diseases can be challenging. Understanding the connection can change how you think. When you know how they are connected, you can work with your doctor to help find a treatment plan that could work for you.

You can help uncover a type 2 inflammation connection. Play the game and answer the questions. 

With each answer, we get closer to better understanding and educating about type 2 inflammation.

Shared Challenges

People with different diseases driven in part by type 2 inflammation experience similar challenges. These experiences can impact even simple daily activities.

If you experience any of the following challenges, it could be time for a change in how you manage conditions caused in part by type 2 inflammation. Start by understanding an underlying cause of your disease and having a detailed conversation with your health care provider. With the right diagnosis and treatment plan, you can manage your conditions.

Because symptoms come and go unpredictably (and may disrupt sleep), conditions driven in part by type 2 inflammation may often cause you to miss work or school days or cause issues with productivity.^10,29

Many people who have conditions driven in part by type 2 inflammation have a hard time getting diagnosed or finding the right specialist.^10,13,19,29 This can make the road to effective treatment longer and more difficult to manage.^10,13,19,29

The challenges aren’t always physical.^10,17,29 Many people with conditions driven in part by type 2 inflammation experience anxiety, stress, depression, and an overall lack of confidence.^10,17,29

Feelings of embarrassment and misunderstanding can make people with conditions driven in part by type 2 inflammation feel alone and isolated.^10,17,29

When conditions driven in part by type 2 inflammation are not well-controlled, daily activities may be more difficult, including sports, chores, hobbies, school, work, and social activities.^10,17,29

Sometimes symptom flares aren’t just flares – they may be life-threatening.^10,16 A hospital visit is a real concern and can happen unpredictably.¹⁰

Conditions driven in part by type 2 inflammation sometimes affect your sleep.^10,36 Uncontrolled symptoms can make it hard for you to fall asleep or stay asleep.^10,36

Certain treatments prescribed for conditions driven in part by type 2 inflammation can help relieve symptoms, like steroids and immunosuppressants.^10,37 But some options can sometimes have negative long-term effects.^10,37

From symptom flare-ups to life-threatening attacks, conditions driven in part by type 2 inflammation can be very unpredictable.^10,16,29

The health information contained herein is provided for general educational purposes only. Your healthcare professional is the best source of information regarding your health. Please consult your healthcare professional if you have any questions about your health or treatment.

AAFA medical review: June 2023byJohn James, MD 

This content is supported by Sanofi and Regeneron.

US.IMM.23.09.0006 | September 2023

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³ Mosmann, T. R., Cherwinski, H., Bond, M. W., Giedlin, M. A., & Coffman, R. L. (1986). Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins.The Journal of Immunology,136(7), 2348–2357.https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.136.7.2348

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⁷ Menard-Katcher, P., Marks, K. L., Liacouras, C. A., Spergel, J. M., Yang, Y.-X., & Falk, G. W. (2012). The natural history of eosinophilic oesophagitis in the transition from childhood to adulthood.Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics,37(1), 114–121.https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.12119

⁸ Krishnan, J. A., Cloutier, M. M., & Schatz, M. (2021). National Asthma Education and prevention program 2020 guideline update: Where do we go from here?American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine,203(2), 164–167.https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202011-4236ed

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