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ec 2000) Mordvin 0.54%,Mari 0.40%,Belarusian 0.38%,Kumyk 0.37, Lezgin 0.35%, Ingush 0.32%,Uzbek 0.21%, Komi 0.17%, Roma (Gypsy) 0.15%, Tajik 0.15%, others 2.88% (2010)  ), Muslim 10.6%, traditional beliefs 1.4%, Buddhist 0.5%, other religionist 0.1%, not religious and atheist 8.2%, unspecified 33% (2015) note: estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers. , APA, APEC, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS (suspended), BRICS, BSEC, BTWC, CD (suspended),UNFCC-KP,UNHCR, UNIDO, c.862                      Grand Principality of Rus' (later referred to as                              Kievan Rus' [Kiyevskaya Rus'] by historians),                              ruled by the Ryurikovich (Rurikid) dynasty                              The dynasty follows agnatic seniority, and is                              established first at Novgorod, then from 882 at                              Kiev (see underUkraine). 10th cent.                 "Russia" is first mentioned inGreekwriting as                             Rosía.The term was used by the Eastern Roman                              (Byzantine) Emperor Konstantínos VII in his works                              "On Rituals" and "On the Administration of the                              Empire" as the Greek name for Russia. 1157                      Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal' ("Suzdalia")                             (within the Grand Principality of Rus'). Dec 1237/Feb 1241          The Mongols invade most of the regional                              principalities of Rus'. 1243                       The Mongols granted the title (non-hereditary until                              1389) of Grand Prince to the prince of Vladimir                              ("senior of all Princes of Rus’"), the seat of the                              Grand Prince is moved from Kiev to Vladimir (1246-                              1249 title not granted, this arrangement is                              interrupted 1249-1252). 1243 - 11 Nov 1480         Rus' under Mongol (from 1259, Golden Horde)                              suzerainty (except Smolensk until 1274 and                              Polotsk, Pskov and Vyatka), from 1434 the                              suzerainty limited to payment of tribute. 13 Nov 1263                Principality of Moscow established as an appanage                              of Vladimir. 1299                       Metropolitan Maksim (d. 1305) moves the seat of                              the Orthodox Metropolitanate of Rus' from Kiev                              to Vladimir. 1325                       Metropolitan Pyotr (d. 1326)moves the seat of the                              Orthodox Metropolitanate of Rus' from Vladimir                              to Moscow. 1341/1382                  The Golden Horde creates additional grand                              princes (1341 Suzdal', 1342 Ryazan', 1382 Tver'). 1364                       Kostroma annexed to Vladimir, at that point under                              prince of Moscow (Moscow began annexing the other                              Russian principalities). 19 May 1389                Grand Principality of Moscow and Vladimir (referred                             to by Western Europeans either as "Moscovia" or                             "Muscovy"; in extended style of the Grand Prince                              and in the contemporary references to the polity                              it was always "Vladimir and Moscow"), Vladimir                              annexed to Moscow, seat of Grand Prince moved to                              Moscow. 1392                       Suzdal' and Nizhniy Novgorod annexed to Moscow. 1397                       Vologda annexed to Moscow from Velikiy Novgorod. May 1463                   Yaroslavl' annexed to Moscow. 1474                       Rostov Velikiy ceded to Moscow. 15 Jan 1478                Velikiy Novgorod annexed to Moscow. 11 Nov 1480                End of the Golden Horde suzerainty in Rus' (since                              1434 the suzerainty was limited to payment of                              tribute). 12 Sep 1485                Tver' annexed by Moscow. Aug 1489                   Khlynov (later Vyatka, modern Kirov) annexed to                              Moscow. 24 Jan 1510                Pskov annexed by Moscow.  1 Aug 1514                Smolensk annexed to Moscow from Lithuania. af.Jul 1521                Ryazan' annexed to Moscow (Moscow completes                              annexation of other Russian principalities). 16 Jan 1547                Russian Tsardom (Rossiyskoye Tsarstvo). 13 Oct 1552                Kazan' Khanate annexed by Russia.  2 Jun 1556                Astrakhan' Khanate annexed. 26 Oct 1582                Sibir' (Siber) Khanate occupied (conquest finally                              completed 20 Aug 1598). 17 Aug 1610 - 27 Oct 1612  Russia in personal union withPoland (not generally                              recognized)(N.S. dates 27 Aug 1610 - 6 Nov 1612). 21 Sep 1610 - 27 Oct 1612  Polish-Lithuanian occupation of Moscow (N.S.                              dates 1 Oct 1610 - 6 Nov 1612). 29 Jan 1649                Council Code of 1649 (Sobornoye Ulozheniye), code                              of laws of the Russian state, enacted by Assembly                              of the Land (Zemskiy Sobor)(in effect to 1832)                              (N.S. date 8 Feb  1649). 27 Mar 1654                Ukraine under Russian sovereignty by Treaty of                              Pereyaslav (N.S. date 6 Apr 1654). Jun 1670 - 16 Jun 1671     Cossack revolt of Stepan "Stenka" Timofeyevich Razin  2 Nov 1721                Russian Empire (All-Russian Empire or Russian                              State also in use)(O.S. 22 Oct 1721) 28 Sep 1773 - 19 Sep 1774  Pugachev's uprising from the Volga River to Urals.  6 Jan 1809 -  9 Nov 1917 Finland in (nominally) personal union with Russia                              (formally from 13 Oct 1809). 14 Sep 1812 - 23 Oct 1812  French forces under Napoléon occupy Moscow (parts                              of Russia occupied Jun 1812 - Dec 1812 and                              divided into Government-General of Moscow,                              Government-General of Smolensk [seebelow]).  9 Jun 1815 -  5 Nov 1916 Poland in (nominally) personal union with Russia. 14 Nov 1860                China cedes all the land north of the Amur and east                              of the Ussuri River (Amur and Primorskiy areas)                              to Russia (ratified 26 Dec 1860).  3 Mar 1861                Serfdom abolished in Russia (by the Emancipation                              Manifesto [O.S. date 19 Feb 1861]).  7 May 1875                Sakhalin and the Northern Kuril Islands annexed. 22 Jan 1905 - 16 Jun 1907  Russian Revolution of 1905 throughout the empire;                              (several 'republics' emerge seebelow).  5 Sep 1905 - 25 Aug 1945 South Sakhalin and Kuril Islands annexed by Japan.  8-15 Mar 1917             Russian "February" Revolution (O.S. 23 Feb - 2 Mar) 15 Mar 1917                Russia (abdication of Nikolay II; imperial style                              avoided), no official polity style adopted. 14 Sep 1917                Russian republic declared (polity style not                              formally fixed)(O.S. date 1 Sep 1917).  6-7 Nov 1917              Bolshevik "October" Revolution (O.S. 25-26 Oct).  8 Nov 1917 - 25 Oct 1922  Russian civil war (O.S. start date 26 Oct 1917).  8 Nov 1917                Russian Soviet Republic (polity style not                              formally fixed)(O.S. date 26 Oct 1917). 31 Jan 1918                Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic                              (O.S. date 18 Jan 1918). 14 Feb 1918                New Style (Gregorian) calendar is introduced. 30 Dec 1922                Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet                              Union) including Russia, Ukraine, Byelorussia,                              and Transcaucasia. 13 May 1925                Accession of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.  5 Dec 1929                Accession of Tadzhikistan (formally 18 Mar 1931).  5 Dec 1936                Accession of Kazakhstan and Kirgiziya. 31 Mar 1940 - 16 Jul 1956  Accession of Karelo-Finnish S.S.R.  2 Aug 1940                Accession of Moldavia.  3 Aug 1940                Accession of Lithuania.  5 Aug 1940                Accession of Latvia.  6 Aug 1940                Accession of Estonia. Jun 1941 – May 1945        German occupation of western parts of Soviet Union. 11 Oct 1944                Incorporation ofTannu Tuva.  6 Sep 1991                Recognition of Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian                              independence.  1 Nov 1991 -  6 Feb 2000  Attempted secession byChechnya (not recognized). 26 Dec 1991                Final dissolution of the U.S.S.R.; Russian S.F.S.R.                              becomes Russian Federation. 26 Jan 2000                Member of theUnion State of Russia and Belarus.  21 Mar 2014                Russia annexesCrimea from Ukraine. 30 Sep 2022                Russia annexesDonetsk,Lugansk,Kherson, and                             Zaporozhye (not recognized by Ukraine). -1) and Russia-191) ) -1944) ) hanates1631) 1) -1859 -18 ) ) ) ) ) )  Note: Names are listed in Russian (with notes) using a modified BGN/PCGNromanization system. Numbering of princes and tsars was not known until 1721 and they were named only by first name and patronymic. Dates before 22 Oct (2 Nov) 1721 are recorded in Old Style (Julian) calendar. The New Style (Gregorian) calendarwas introduced in Russia effective (1) 14 Feb 1918.

Rus' (of Vladimir)

c.862                      Grand Principality of Rus' (later referred to as Kievan Rus'
                             [Kiyevskaya Rus'] by historians), ruled by the Ryurikovich
                             (Rurikid) dynasty. The dynasty follows agnatic seniority, and
                             established first at Novgorod, then from 882 at Kiev (see under
                            Ukraine).
1097                       Council of Lyubech amends the succession rule and divides Kievan
                             Rus' into several regional autonomous principalities that had
                             equal rights to obtain suzerain throne of grand prince in Kiev.
1157                       Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal' (formerly Rostov-Suzdal'),
                             within the Grand Principality of Rus', with its capital
                             at Vladimir (also known as Vladimir-na-Klyaz'me, to distinguish
                             from other cities with the same name).
12 Mar 1169                Kiev sacked by the forces of Andrey Yuryevich "Bogolyubskiy" of
                             of Vladimir-Suzdal'.Princes of Vladimir-Suzdal' begin to claim
                             "seniority" among other princes, but not the title and seat of
                             Grand Prince, which remained in Kiev (in 1186 on an occasion the
                             Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal' forced the Grand Prince of Kiev to
                             recognize him as the "brother").
Dec 1237/Feb 1241          The Mongols invade most of the regional principalities of Rus'
                             (Vladimir itself being sacked and destroyed on 3 Feb 1238).
1243                       Under Mongol (from 1259, Golden Horde) suzerainty.
1243                       The Mongols granted the title (non-hereditary until 1389) of Grand
                             Prince ("senior of all Princes of Rus’") to the Prince of
                             Vladimir, the seat of the Grand Prince is moved from Kiev to
                             Vladimir (title not granted 1246-1249, this arrangement is
                             interrupted 1249-1252).
13 Nov 1263                Principality of Moscow established as an appanage of Vladimir.
1299                       Metropolitan Maksim (d. 1305) moves the seat of the Orthodox
                             Metropolitanate of Rus' from Kiev to Vladimir.
19 May 1389               Vladimir is annexed byMoscow, seat of Grand Prince moved to Moscow.

Princes of Vladimir-Suzdal' (from 1216, Vladimir)(titleKnyaz')
(until the 14th century titles in Rus' usually lacked formal territorial reference)
1157 - 1174                Andrey Yuryevich "Bogolyubskiy"    (b. c.1111 - d. 1174)
                             ("the Pious")
1174 - 1175                Yaropolk Rostislavich              (d. af.1196)
1175 - 1176                Mikhail Yuryevich                  (b. c.1145 - d. 1176)
1176 - 1212                Vsevolod Yuryevich "Bol'shoye      (b. 1154 - d. 1212)
                             Gnezdo" ("the Big Nest")
1212 - 1216                Yuriy Vsevolodovich (1st time)     (b. 1188 - d. 1238)
1216 - 1218                Konstantin Vsevolodovich           (b. 1186 - d. 1218)
1218 - 1238                Yuriy Vsevolodovich (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1238 - 30 Sep 1246         Yaroslav Vsevolodovich             (b. 1191 - d. 1246)
                             (also grand prince of Kiev 1236-1238, 1243-1246)
1246 - 1248                Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich           (b. 1196 - d. 1252)
1248                       Mikhail Yaroslavich "Khorobrit"    (b. 1229 - d. 1248)
                             ("the Brave")
1248 - 1252                Andrey Yaroslavich                 (b. c.1222 - d. 1264)
Grand Princes of Vladimir (titleVelikiy knyaz')
(from 1305, styledGrand Princes of all Rus' [Veliky knyaz' vseya Rusi])
1252 - 14 Nov 1263         Aleksandr Yaroslavich "Nevskiy"    (b. 1221 - d. 1263)
                            (also prince of Novgorod 1236-1259,
                             grand prince of Kiev 1249-1252)
1264 - 16 Sep 1272         Yaroslav Yaroslavich               (b. 1230 - d. 1272)
                             (also prince of Tver' 1247-1272)
1272 - Jan 1276            VasiliyYaroslavich               (b. c.1236 - d. 1276)
                             (also prince of Kostroma 1247-1276)
1276 - 1281                DmitriyAleksandrovich (1st time)  (b. 1250 - d. 1294)
                             (also prince of Pereyaslav-Zalesskiy 1263-1294)
Dec1281 - 1283            AndreyAleksandrovich "Gorodetskiy"(b. c.1255 - d. 1304)
                             (1st time)(also prince of Kostroma 1276-1304)
Dec 1283 - 1294            DmitriyAleksandrovich (2nd time)  (s.a.)
1294 - 27 Jul 1304         AndreyAleksandrovich"Gorodetskiy"(s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1304 – 22 Nov 1318         MikhailYaroslavich                (b. 1271/72 - d. 1318)
                             (also prince of Tver' 1282-1318)   
1319 - 1322                Yuriy Danilovich                   (b. 1281 - d. 1325)
                             (also prince of Moscow 1303-1325)
1322 - 15 Sep 1326         Dmitriy Mikhaylovich "Groznye Ochi"(b. 1298 - d. 1326)
                             ("the Fearsome Eyes")   
                             (also prince of Tver' 1318-1326)
15 Sep 1326 - 1327         Aleksandr Mikhaylovich             (b. 1301 - d. 1339)
                             (also prince of Tver' 1326-1339)
1328 - 1331                Aleksandr Vasilyevich              (b. 130. - d. 1331)
                             (also prince of Suzdal' 1309-1331)
1331 - 31 Mar 1340         IvanI Danilovich "Kalita"        (b. c.1283 - d. 1340)
                             ("the Moneybag")(also prince of Moscow 1325-1340)
 1 Oct 1340 - 26 Apr 1353  Semyon Ivanovich "Gordyy"          (b. 1317 - d. 1353)
                             ("the Proud")(also prince of Moscow 1340-1353)
25 Mar 1354 - 13 Nov 1359  Ivan II Ivanovich "Krasnyy"        (b. 1326 - d. 1359)
                             ("the Fair")(also prince of Moscow 1353-1359)
22 Jun 1360 - Dec 1362     Dmitriy Konstantinovich "Odnook"   (b. 1322 - d. 1383)
                             ("the One-Eyed")(also prince of Suzdal' 1355-1365;
                             grand prince of Suzdal'-Nizhniy Novgorod 1365-1383)
Jan 1363 - 19 May 1389     Dmitriy Ivanovich "Donskoy"        (b. 1350 - d. 1389)
                             (also prince of Moscow 1359-1389)

Grand Princes of All-Rus'(titleVelikiyknyaz'vseya Rusi)
19 May 1389 - 27 Feb 1425  Vasiliy Dmitriyevich I             (b. 1371 - d. 1425)
27 Feb 1425 - 25 Apr 1433  Vasiliy Vasilyevich II "Tyomnyy"   (b. 1415 - d. 1462)
                             ("the Blind") (1st time)
27 Feb 1425 - 1432        Velikaya KnyaginyaSofiya          (b. 1371 - d. 1453)
                            Vitovtovna (f) -Regent
                            (= Zofia Witoldówna)
25 Apr 1433 - 28 Sep? 1433 Yuriy Dmitriyevich (1st time)      (b. 1374 - d. 1434)
28 Sep? 1433 - 31 Mar 1434 Vasiliy Vasilyevich II "Tyomnyy"   (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
31 Mar 1434 -  5 Jun 1434  Yuriy Dmitriyevich (2nd time)      (s.a.)
 5 Jun 1434 - Jul 1434     Vasiliy Yuryevich "Kosoy"          (b. c.1403 - d. 1448)
                             ("the Squint")
Jul 1434 -  7 Jul 1445     Vasiliy Vasilyevich II "Tyomnyy"   (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)(prisoner of Kazan khan 7 Jul - 1 Oct 1445)
 7 Jul 1445 - 26 Oct 1445  Dmitriy Yuryevich "Shemyaka"       (b. c.1405 - d. 1453)
                             (1st time)
26 Oct 1445 - 12 Feb 1446  Vasiliy Vasilyevich II "Tyomnyy"   (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
12 Feb 1446 - 17 Feb 1447  Dmitriy Yuryevich "Shemyaka"       (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
17 Feb 1447 - 27 Mar 1462  Vasiliy Vasilyevich II "Tyomnyy"   (s.a.)
                             (5th time)
28 Mar 1462 - 27 Oct 1505  Ivan Vasilyevich III "Velikiy"     (b. 1440 - d. 1505)
                             ("the Great")
Jun 1471 -  7 Mar 1490     Ivan Ivanovich "Molodoy"          (b. 1458 - d. 1490)
                             ("the Young") (co-ruler)
 4 Feb 1498 - 14 Apr 1502  Dmitriy Ivanovich "Vnuk"          (b. 1483 - d. 1509)
                             ("the Grandson") (co-ruler)
14 Apr 1502 -  3 Dec 1533  Vasiliy Ivanovich III              (b. 1479 - d. 1533)
                             (co-ruler to 27 Oct 1505)
 3 Dec 1533 - 16 Jan 1547  IvanVasilyevich IV "Groznyy"      (b. 1530 - d. 1584)
                             ("the Terrible")
 3 Dec 1533 -  4 Apr 1538  Velikaya Knyaginya Yelena          (b. c.1508 - d. 1538)
                            Vasilyevna Glinskaya (f)-Regent
Senior Boyars of the Boyar Duma
(chiefs of administration during minority of grand prince and in absence of a formal regent)
Apr 1538 - Nov 1538        Knyaz' Vasiliy Vasilyevich Shuyskiy(b. c.1478 - d. 1538)
                             "Nemoy" ("the Mute")
Nov 1538 - Jul 1540        Knyaz' Ivan Vasilyevich Shuyskiy   (d. 1542)
                             (1st time)
Jul 1540 - 25 Dec 1541     Knyaz' Ivan Fyodorovich Bel'skiy   (d. 1542)
Jan 1542 - 14 May 1542     Knyaz' Ivan Vasilyevich Shuyskiy   (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
May 1542 - 30 Dec 1543     Knyaz' Andrey Mikhaylovich Shuyskiy(d. 1543)
                             "Chestokol"
Dec 1543 - Mar 1546        Knyaz' Dmitriy Fyodorovich Bel'skiy(b. 1499 -  d. 1551)
Tsars¹
16 Jan 1547 - 29 Sep 1575  IvanVasilyevich IV "Groznyy"      (s.a.)
                             (Ivan "the Terrible")
                             (co-ruler with style of Prince of Moscow,
                              Pskov and Rostov 29 Sep 1575 - Sep 1576)
                            (1st time)
29 Sep 1575 - Sep 1576     Semyon Bekbulatovich (Sayin Bulat) (b. 153. - d. 1616)
                             (style the Grand Prince of All Russia)
Sep 1576 - 18 Mar 1584    IvanVasilyevich IV "Groznyy"      (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) 
18 Mar 1584 -  7 Jan 1598  Fyodor Ivanovich I                 (b. 1557 - d. 1598)
18 Mar 1584 -  7 Jan 1598 CloseDuma(a council of guardians)
                           (members chosen by Boris Godunov from 1586 on are omitted)
                           -Knyaz'Ivan Fyodorovich          (b. c.1529 - d. 1593)
                               Mstislavskiy (to Jul 1585)
                           -Knyaz'Ivan Petrovich Shuyskiy   (b. 15.. - d. 1588)
                               (to Oct 1586)   
                           - Knyaz' Bogdan Yakovlevich       (b. 15.. - d. 1611)
                               Bel'skiy (to Apr 1584)  
                           -Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-     (b. c.1522 - d. 1586)
                               Yur'yev (to Aug 1584)
                           -Boris Fyodorovich Godunov        (b. 1552 - d. 1605)
                              (from May 1584)(by 1587 referred to as
                              the chief [Nachal'nyy] of Close Duma)
 7 Jan 1598 - 17 Feb 1598  Tsaritsa i Velikaya Knyaginya      (b. c.1557 - d. 1603)
                             Irina Fyodorovna Godunova (f)-Regent
                             (from 15 Jan 1598, monastic name 'Aleksandra')   
17 Feb 1598 - 13 Apr 1605  BorisFyodorovich                  (s.a.)
                            (=Boris Fyodorovich Godunov)
13 Apr 1605 -  1 Jun 1605  Fyodor Borisovich II               (b. 1589 - d. 1605)
13 Apr 1605 -  1 Jun 1605  Tsaritsa i Velikaya Knyaginya      (b. 156. - d. 1605)
                             Mariya Grigoryevna Skuratova-
                             Bel'skaya (f) -Regent
Senior Boyar of the Boyar Duma
(chief of administration during interregnum and in absence a formal regent)
 1 Jun 1605 - 20 Jun 1605  Knyaz' Fyodor Ivanovich (1st time) (b. c.1550 - d. 1622)
                             Mstislavskiy (in office 1585-1622)
Tsar
20 Jun 1605 - 17 May 1606  Dmitriy Ivanovich "Lzhedmitriy I"  (b. 1581 - d. 1606)
                            (=Yuriy Bogdanovich Otrepyev?)
                             ("First False Dmitriy")(usurper)
Senior Boyar of the Boyar Duma
17 May 1606 - 19 May 1606  Knyaz' Fyodor Ivanovich (2nd time) (s.a.)
                             Mstislavskiy
Tsars¹
19 May 1606 - 17 Jul 1610  Vasiliy Ivanovich IV               (b. 1552 - d. 1612)
                            (= Knyaz' Vasiliy Ivanovich Shuyskiy)
11 Jun 1607 - 21 Dec 1610  Dmitriy Ivanovich"Lzhedmitriy II" (b. 15.. - d. 1610)
                             (= Matvey Verevkin?)
                             ("Second False Dmitriy", claimed to be "First False Dmitriy")
                             (in rebellion; to Jun 1608 in Orel, Jun 1608 - Jan 1610 in
                              Tushino [a suburb of Moscow], from Jan 1610 in Kaluga)
Senior Boyar of the Seven Boyars[a regency council]
17 Jul 1610 - 24 Oct 1612 Knyaz' Fyodor Ivanovich            (s.a.)
                             Mstislavskiy
                           (from 17 Aug 1610, for Vladislav Zhigimontovich)
Tsar¹
17 Aug 1610 -27 Oct 1612  Vladislav Zhigimontovich          (b. 1595 - d. 1648)
                             (= Władysław IV of Poland)
                             (remained in Poland)
Polish-Lithuanian Commanders in Moscow
21 Sep 1610 - 20 Oct 1610  Stanisław Żółkiewski               (b. 1547 - d. 1620) 
20 Oct 1610 - 27 Oct 1612  Aleksander Gosiewski               (b. 1575? - d. 1639)
27 Jun 1612 - 27 Oct 1612  Mikołaj Struś                      (b. 1580 - d. 1627)
                            (acting for absent Gosiewski)
                           (in the Kremlin only from 3 Sep 1612)
Commissioners of the ("First") Council of All the Land (no specific style)
(in opposition to Polish rule; in the Simonov Monastery [a suburb of Moscow])
30 Jun 1611 - 27 Oct 1612  Knyaz' Dmitriy Timofeyevich        (b. 157. - d. 1625)
                               Trubetskoy
                           + Prokopiy Petrovich Lyapunov      (b. 155. - d. 1611)
                              (to 22 Jul 1611)
                           + Ataman Ivan Martynovich Zarutskiy(b. 156. - d. 1614)
                              (to 28 Jul 1612)
Commissioners of the ("Second") Council of All the Land(no specific style)
(in opposition to Polish rule; in Yaroslavl')
 7 Apr 1612 - 27 Oct 1612  Knyaz' Dmitriy Mikhaylovich        (b. 1578 - d. 1641)
                             Pozharskiy
                           + Kuz'ma Minich Zakharyev          (b. 157. - d. 1616)
                             "Sukhorukiy"
Commissioners of the ("United") Council of All the Land (no specific style)[regents]
27 Oct 1612 - 25 Feb 1613 Knyaz' Dmitriy Timofeyevich        (s.a.)
                             Trubetskoy
                           + Knyaz' Dmitriy Mikhaylovich      (s.a.)
                               Pozharskiy
Senior Boyar of the Boyar Duma
25 Feb 1613 - 27 Mar 1613  Knyaz' Fyodor Ivanovich (3rd time) (s.a.)
                             Mstislavskiy
Tsars¹
27 Mar 1613 - 13 Jul 1645  Mikhail Fyodorovich                (b. 1596 - d. 1645)
                             (elected 21 Feb 1613 in absence)
27 Mar 1613 - 14 Jun 1619 Kseniya(Xenia)Ivanovna           (b. 157. - d. 1631)
                             Shestova (f)-Regent
                             (used her monastic name 'Marfa')
14 Jun 1619 -  1 Oct 1633  FilaretNikitich, Patriarkh        (b. 1554 - d. 1633)
                             Moskovskiy i vseya Rusi
                            (co-ruler, with style of Great Sovereign)
13 Jul 1645 - 30 Jan 1676  Aleksey Mikhaylovich               (b. 1629 - d. 1676)
13 Jul 1645 - 18 Aug 1645 Tsaritsa i Velikaya Knyaginya      (b. c.1608 - d. 1645)
                             Yevdokiya Lukyanovna
                             Streshneva (f)-Regent
30 Jan 1676 - 27 Apr 1682  Fyodor Alekseyevich III            (b. 1661 - d. 1682)
27 Apr 1682 - 22 Oct 1721  PyotrAlekseyevich I"Velikiy"     (b. 1672 - d. 1725)
              /2 Nov 1721    (co-ruler 26 May 1682 - 29 Jan 1696)
27 Apr 1682 - 29 May 1682 Tsaritsa i Velikaya Knyaginya      (b. 1651 - d. 1694)
                            Natal'yaKirillovna
                             Naryshkina (f) -Regent
26 May 1682 - 29 Jan 1696  IvanAlekseyevich V                (b. 1666 - d. 1696)
29 May 1682 -  7 Sep 1689 Tsarevna i Velikaya KnyazhnaSof'ya(b. 1657 - d. 1704)
                            AlekseyevnaRomanova (f) -Regent
10 Mar 1697 - 24 Aug 1698 Knyaz' Fyodor Yuryevich            (b. 1640 - d. 1717)
                             Romodanovskiy -Regent
Emperors¹ (also Grand Princes ofFinland1809-1917and Kings ofPoland 1815-1917)
 2 Nov 1721 -  8 Feb 1725  Pyotr I "Velikiy"                  (s.a.)
                             (Peter I "the Great")
 8 Feb 1725 - 17 May 1727  Yekaterina I(Catherine I)-Empress (b. 1684 - d. 1727)
                            (=Marta Helena Skowrońska)
18 May 1727 - 30 Jan 1730  Pyotr II (Peter II)                (b. 1715 - d. 1730)
30 Jan 1730 - 15 Feb 1730 Supreme Privy Council
                           - Graf Gavriil Ivanovich Golovkin  (b. 1660 - d. 1734)
                           - Knyaz' Dmitriy Mikhaylovich      (b. 1665 - d. 1737)
                               Golitsyn 
                           - Baron Andrey IvanovichOstermann(b. 1686 - d. 1747)
                             (= Heinrich Johann Friedrich Baron Ostermann)
                           - Knyaz' Vasiliy Lukich Dolgorukiy (b. 1672 - d. 1739)
                           - Knyaz' Aleksey Grigoryevich      (b. 167. - d. 1734)
                              Dolgorukiy (Dolgorukov)
                           - Knyaz' Mikhail Mikhaylovich      (b. 1675 - d. 1730)  Mil 
                               Golitsyn 
                           - Knyaz'VasiliyVladimirovich     (b. 1667 - d. 1746)  Mil
                               Dolgorukiy
15 Feb 1730 - 28 Oct 1740  Anna -Empress                      (b. 1693 - d. 1740)
28 Oct 1740 -  6 Dec 1741  Ivan III                           (b. 1740 - d. 1764)
                            (name Ivan VI used by historians)
28 Oct 1740 - 20 Nov 1740  Ernst Johann von Biron, Herzog zu  (b. 1690 - d. 1772)
                             Kurlandund Semgallen -Regent
20 Nov 1740 -  6 Dec 1741  Anna Leopol'dovna (f) -Regent     (b. 1718 - d. 1746)
                            (= Elisabeth Katharina Christine von Mecklenburg-Schwerin)
 6 Dec 1741 -  5 Jan 1762  YelizavetaI (Elizabeth I)-Empress (b. 1709 - d. 1762)
 5 Jan 1762 -  9 Jul 1762  Pyotr III (Peter III)              (b. 1728 - d. 1762)
                            (= Karl Peter Ulrich Herzog von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp)
 9 Jul 1762 - 17 Nov 1796  Yekaterina II "Velikaya" -Empress  (b. 1729 - d. 1796)
                            (= Sophie Auguste Friederike von Anhalt-Zerbst)
                             (Catherine II "the Great")
28 Sep 1773 - 19 Sep 1774  Yemel'yan Ivanovich Pugachev       (b. c.1742 - d. 1775)
                            (Pugachyov)(in rebellion claiming to be Pyotr III) 
17 Nov 1796-23/24 Mar 1801 Pavel I (Paul I)                   (b. 1754 - d. 1801)
24 Mar 1801 -  1 Dec 1825  Aleksandr I "Blagoslovennyy"       (b. 1777 - d. 1825)
                             (Alexander I "the Blessed")
 1 Dec 1825 - 24 Dec 1825  Konstantin I (Constantine I)       (b. 1779 - d. 1831)
                             (proclaimed, but did not accept)
24 Dec 1825 -  2 Mar 1855  Nikolay I (Nicholas I)             (b. 1796 - d. 1855)
                            (enthronement retroactive to 1 Dec 1825)
 2 Mar 1855 - 13 Mar 1881  Aleksandr II "Osvoboditel'"        (b. 1818 - d. 1881)
                             (Alexander II "the Liberator")
13 Mar 1881 -  1 Nov 1894  Aleksandr III "Mirotvorets"        (b. 1845 - d. 1894)
                             (Alexander III "the Peacemaker")
 1 Nov 1894 - 15 Mar 1917  Nikolay II (Nicholas II)³          (b. 1868 - d. 1918)
Acting Heads of state
15 Mar 1917 -  8 Nov 1917 the heads of government

Chancellor (first state officer, in charge of foreign affairs)
16 Jul 1709 -31 Jan 1734  Graf Gavriil Ivanovich Golovkin    (s.a.)
Procurator-Generalof the Governing Senate (chief state officer in charge of justice)
29 Jan 1722 - 17 Apr 1736  Pavel Ivanovich Yaguzhinskiy       (b. 1683 - d. 1736)  Mil
                            (from 30 Jan 1731, Graf Pavel Ivanovich Yaguzhinskiy)
                             (removed 14 Aug 1726-13 Oct 1730 and position made vacant)
First Cabinet Ministers
21 Nov 1731 - 31 Jan 1734  Graf Gavriil Ivanovich Golovkin    (s.a.)
31 Jan 1734 - 19 Nov 1740  Graf Andrey Ivanovich Osterman     (s.a.)
                             (1st time)(also vice-chancellor 1725-1741)
19 Nov 1740 - 14 Mar 1741  Graf Khristofor Antonovich Minikh  (b. 1683 - d. 1767)  Mil
                             (= Burkhard Christoph Graf von Münnich)
14 Mar 1741 - 23 Dec 1741  Graf Andrey Ivanovich Osterman     (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
Chancellors(chief state officers, in charge of foreign affairs)
21 Nov 1740 - 26 Nov 1742  Knyaz' Aleksey Mikhaylovich        (b. 1680 - d. 1742)
                             Cherkasskiy
26 Nov 1742 - 26 Feb 1758  Graf Aleksey Petrovich Bestuzhev-  (b. 1693 - d. 1766)
                             Ryumin
                             (vice-chancellor to 26 Jul 1744, in office from 1741)
26 Feb 1758 -  2 Apr 1765 GrafMikhail Illarionovich         (b. 1714 - d. 1767)
                             Vorontsov
                             (vice-chancellor to 4 Dec 1758, in office from 1744)
 2 Apr 1765 -  2 May 1773  Knyaz' Aleksandr Mikhaylovich      (b. 1723 - d. 1807)
                             Golitsyn (vice-chancellor, in office 1762-1775)
 2 May 1773 - 11 Apr 1783 GrafNikita Ivanovich Panin        (b. 1718 - d. 1783)  Mil
                             (acting)
13 Apr 1775 -  2 May 1797 GrafIvan Andreyevich Osterman     (b. 1725 - d. 1811)
                             (vice-chancellor to 20 Nov 1796, in office from 1775)
 2 May 1797 - 17 Apr 1799 Knyaz'Aleksandr Andreyevich       (b. 1747 - d. 1799)
                             Bezborodko
17 Apr 1799 -  6 Oct 1799  Graf Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey     (b. 1768 - d. 1834)
                             (vice-chancellor, in office from 1798)
 6 Oct 1799 - 4 Mar 1801  Graf Nikita Petrovich Panin        (b. 1770 - d. 1837)
                             (vice-chancellor)
 4 Mar 1801 - 27 Sep 1801  Knyaz' Aleksandr Borisovich        (b. 1752 - d. 1818)
                             Kurakin (vice-chancellor, in office to 1802)
27 Sep 1801 - 20 Sep 1802  Graf Aleksandr Romanovich          (b. 1741 - d. 1805)
                             Vorontsov (acting)
Procurator-Generalsof the Governing Senate(chief state officers in charge of justice)
 9 May 1740 - 26 Aug 1760  Knyaz' Nikita Yuryevich Trubetskoy (b. 1700 - d. 1767)  Mil   
26 Aug 1760 -  5 Jan 1762  Knyaz' Yakov Petrovich Shakhovskoy (b. 1705 - d. 1777)   
 5 Jan 1762 - 14 Feb 1764  Aleksandr Ivanovich Glebov         (b. 1722 - d. 1790)  Mil   
14 Feb 1764 - 28 Sep 1792 Knyaz'Aleksandr Alekseyevich      (b. 1727 - d. 1793)
                            Vyazemskiy
29 Sep 1792 - 15 Dec 1796  Aleksandr Nikolayevch Samoylov     (b. 1744 - d. 1814)  Mil   
                             (from 12 Jan 1793,Graf Aleksandr Nikolayevch Samoylov)
15 Dec 1796 - 19 Aug 1798 Knyaz' Aleksey Borisovich Kurakin  (b. 1759 - d. 1829)   
19 Aug 1798 - 18 Jul 1799  Pyotr Vasilyevich Lopukhin         (b. 1753 - d. 1827)  Mil  
                             (from 30 Jan 1799,Knyaz'Pyotr Vasilyevich Lopukhin)
18 Jul 1799 - 20 Feb 1800  Aleksandr Andreyevich Bekleshov    (b. 1745 - d. 1808)  Mil
                             (1st time)   
20 Feb 1800 - 28 Mar 1801  Pyotr Khrisanfovich Obol'yaninov   (b. 1752 - d. 1841)  Mil   
28 Mar 1801 - 20 Sep 1802 Aleksandr Andreyevich Bekleshov    (s.a.)               Mil
                             (2nd time)
Chairman of the Permanent Council
13 Apr 1801 - 20 Sep 1802  Graf Nikolay Ivanovich Saltykov    (b. 1736 - d. 1816)  Mil
Leading ministers in the Committee of Ministers (informal)
(formally the chairmanship alternated among ministers after each 4 meetings)
20 Sep 1802 - 28 Jan 1804  Graf Aleksandr Romanovich          (s.a.)
                             Vorontsov
                             (minister of foreign affairs, chancellor 1802-1805)
28 Jan 1804 -  6 Dec 1807  Graf Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey     (s.a.)
                             (minister of internal affairs 1802-1807, vice-chancellor 1802-1834) 
 6 Dec 1807 - 12 Jun 1810  Graf Nikolay Petrovich Rumyantsev  (b. 1751 - d. 1826)
                             (minister of foreign affairs 1807-1814, chancellor 1809-1826)
Chairmen of the State Council and Chairmen of the Committee of Ministers
12 Jun 1810 -  1 Apr 1812 GrafNikolay Petrovich Rumyantsev  (s.a.)
 1 Apr 1812 - 28 May 1816 GrafNikolay Ivanovich Saltykov    (s.a.)               Mil
                             (from 11 Sep 1814, Knyaz' Nikolay Ivanovich Saltykov)
                             (acting to 10 Apr 1812) 
28 May 1816 - 18 Apr 1827  Knyaz' Pyotr Vasilyevich Lopukhin  (s.a.)               Mil
                            (acting to 6 Jun 1816)
18 Apr 1827 - 11 May 1827  .... (acting)
11 May 1827 - 15 Jun 1834 GrafViktor Pavlovich Kochubey     (s.a.)
                            (from 18 Dec 1831,Knyaz'Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey)
15 Jun 1834 - 20 Jul 1834  .... (acting)
20 Jul 1834 - 20 Apr 1838 GrafNikolay Nikolayevich          (b. 1761 - d. 1838)
                             Novosil'tsev
21 Apr 1838 - 13 Mar 1847  Graf Illarion Vasilyevich          (b. 1777 - d. 1847)  Mil 
                             Vasil'chikov
                             (from 13 Jan 1839, Knyaz' Illarion Vasilyevich Vasil'chikov)
13 Mar 1847 - 5 Oct 1848 GrafVasiliy Vasilyevich Levashov  (b. 1783 - d. 1848)  Mil
                            (acting to12 Jan 1848)
 5 Oct 1848 - 13 Nov 1848  .... (acting)
13 Nov 1848 - 17 Apr 1856 Knyaz'Aleksandr Ivanovich         (b. 1785 - d. 1857) Mil
                             Chernyshyov (Chernyshov)
17 Apr 1856 - 20 Jan 1861  Graf Aleksey Fyodorovich Orlov     (b. 1786 - d. 1861) Mil
                             (from 7 Sep 1856, Knyaz' Aleksey Fyodorovich Orlov)
20 Jan 1861 -  2 Mar 1864 GrafDmitriy Nikolayevich Bludov   (b. 1785 - d. 1864)
 2 Mar 1864 - 13 Jan 1865 Knyaz'Pavel Pavlovich Gagarin     (b. 1789 - d. 1872)
                             (acting to 7 Mar 1864)
Chairmen of the Committee of Ministers
13 Jan 1865 -  4 Mar 1872 Knyaz'Pavel Pavlovich Gagarin     (s.a.)
 4 Mar 1872 - 10 Mar 1872  .... (acting)
10 Mar 1872 -  1 Jan 1880  Pavel Nikolayevich Ignatyev        (b. 1797 - d. 1880)  Mil
                             (from 24 Dec 1877,Graf Pavel Nikolayevich Ignatyev) 
 1 Jan 1880 -  6 Jan 1880  .... (acting)
 6 Jan 1880 - 16 Oct 1881  Pyotr Aleksandrovich Valuyev       (b. 1815 - d. 1890)
                             (from 2 Mar 1880, GrafPyotrAleksandrovich Valuyev) 
16 Oct 1881 - 11 Jan 1887  Mikhail KhristoforovichReytern    (b. 1820 - d. 1890)
                             (= Michael von Reutern)
13 Jan 1885 - May 1885     Graf Konstantin Ivanovich fon der  (b. 1830 - d. 1912)
                             Palen (= Magnus Constantin Graf von der Pahlen)
                            (acting for Reytern)
11 Jan 1887 - 13 Jan 1887 .... (acting)
13 Jan 1887 - 15 Jun 1895 Nikolay Khristianovich fon Bunge   (b. 1823 - d. 1895) Non-party
                            (=Nikolai Karl Paul von Bunge)
15 Jun 1895 - 27 Oct 1895  .... (acting)
27 Oct 1895 - 11 Jun 1903  Ivan Nikolayevich Durnovo          (b. 1834 - d. 1903)  Non-party
11 Jun 1903 - 29 Aug 1903  .... (acting)
29 Aug 1903 -  6 Nov 1905  Sergey Yulyevich Vitte (Witte)     (b. 1849 - d. 1915)  Non-party
                             (from 1 Oct 1905,GrafSergey Yulyevich Vitte [Witte])
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (Prime ministers)
 6 Nov 1905 -  5 May 1906 GrafSergey Yulyevich Witte        (s.a.)               Non-party
 5 May 1906 - 21 Jul 1906  Ivan Logginovich Goremykin         (b. 1839 - d. 1917)  GPr
                             (1st time) 
21 Jul 1906 - 18 Sep 1911  Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin         (b. 1862 - d. 1911)  Non-party
15 Sep 1911 - 12 Feb 1914  Vladimir Nikolayevich Kokovtsov    (b. 1853 - d. 1943)  GPr
                             (actingto 22 Sep 1911[for Stolypin to 18 Sep 1911])
12 Feb 1914 -  2 Feb 1916  Ivan Logginovich Goremykin         (s.a.)               GPr
                             (2nd time)
 2 Feb 1916 - 23 Nov 1916  Boris Vladimirovich Shtyurmer      (b. 1848 - d. 1917) GPr/RS
                             (Stürmer)
23 Nov 1916 -  9 Jan 1917  Aleksandr Fyodorovich Trepov       (b. 1862 - d. 1928)  GPr/RS
 9 Jan 1917 - 12 Mar 1917  Knyaz' Nikolay Dmitriyevich        (b. 1850 - d. 1925)  GPr
                             Golitsyn
Chairman of theProvisionalCommitteeof the State Duma
12 Mar 1917 - 15 Mar 1917 Mikhail Vladimirovich Rodzyanko    (b. 1859 - d. 1924)  Okt
Minister-presidents (prime ministers) of the Provisional Government
15 Mar 1917 - 20 Jul 1917  Knyaz' Georgiy Yevgenyevich L'vov  (b. 1861 - d. 1925)  KDP
20 Jul 1917 -  8 Nov 1917  Aleksandr Fyodorovich Kerenskiy    (b. 1881 - d. 1970)  PSR
                             (continues in opposition in Gatchina to 14 Nov 1917)
 7 Nov 1917 -  8 Nov 1917  Nikolay Mikhaylovich Kishkin       (b. 1864 - d. 1930)  KDP
                             (acting forKerenskiy)
18 Nov 1917 -  2 Dec 1917  Sergey Nikolayevich Prokopovich    (b. 1871 - d. 1955)  Non-party
                             (acting [notionally forKerenskiy], in opposition; in Petrograd)

Alternative "White" (anti-Bolshevik) Central Governments 1918-1920

Chairman of the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly ("Komuch")(in Samara)
 8 Jun 1918 - 23 Sep 1918  Vladimir Kazimirovich Vol'skiy     (b. 1877 - d. 1937)  PSR
Chairmen of the All-Russian Provisional Government("Ufa Directory")
24 Sep 1918 - 18 Nov 1918  Nikolay Dmitriyevich Avksentyev    (b. 1878 - d. 1943)  PSR
                             (inUfa to 8 Oct 1918, then in Omsk)
 7 Nov 1918 - 12 Nov 1918  Vasiliy Georgiyevich Boldyrev      (b. 1875 - d. 1933)  Mil
                             (acting for Avksentyev;in Omsk)
Supreme Rulers (Verkhovnyy Pravitel')
18 Nov 1918                Pyotr Vasilyevich Vologodskiy      (b. 1863 - d. 1928)  PSR
                             (acting)(chairman of councilof ministers; in Omsk)
18 Nov 1918 - 15 Jan 1920  Aleksandr Vasilyevich Kolchak      (b. 1874 - d. 1920)  Mil
                             (in Omsk to 12 Nov 1919, in Novo-Nikolayevsk from 20 Nov
                             1919 to 4 Dec 1919, then by Dec 25 1919 in Nizhneudinsk)
15 Jan 1920 - 11 Apr 1920 Supreme "White" central authority lapsed
Ruler (Pravitel')  and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces in the South of Russia
11 Apr 1920 - 19 Aug 1920  Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Vrangel'  (b. 1878 - d. 1928)  Mil
                            (Wrangel)(in Sevastopol')
Ruler (Pravitel') and Commander-in-Chief ofthe Russian Army
19 Aug 1920 - 16 Nov 1920  Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Vrangel'  (s.a.)               Mil
                            (in Sevastopol')
Chairman of the Russian Council
 5 Apr 1921 - Oct 1922     Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Vrangel'  (s.a.)               Mil
                            (inIstanbulexile; from Sep 1922 in
                             Sremski Karlovci, Yugoslavia)

Chairman of the Council of Managers (in Samara)
16 Aug 1918 - 23 Sep 1918  Yevgeniy Frantsevich Rogovskiy     (b. 1888 - d. 1950)  PSR 
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (in Irkutsk)
 4 Nov 1918 - 22 Nov 1919  Pyotr Vasilyevich Vologodskiy      (s.a.)          PSR;Dec 1918 KDP
22 Nov 1919 - 15 Jan 1920  Viktor Nikolayevich Pepelyayev     (b. 1885 - d. 1920)  KDP
                             (left seat of government Irkutsk 26 Dec 1919,
                             to join Kolchak in Nizhneudinsk)
28 Dec 1919 -  5 Jan 1920  Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Cherven-  (b. 1872 - d. 1920)  KDP
                             Vodali
                             (acting for Pepelyayev; in Irkutsk)
Chairman of the Council of Managers with the Commander-in-chief
11 Apr 1920 - 19 Aug 1920  Aleksandr Vasilyevich Krivoshein   (b. 1857 - d. 1921)  Non-party
                             (acting to 2 Jun 1920)(in Sevastopol')
11 Apr 1920 -  2 Jun 1920  Pavel Nikolayevich Shatilov        (b. 1881 - d. 1962)  Mil
                             (acting for absent Krivoshein)
Chairman of the Council of Managers of Government in the South of Russia
19 Aug 1920 - 11 Nov 1920  Aleksandr Vasilyevich Krivoshein   (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (in Sevastopol')

French Occupation in Russia

14 Sep 1812 - 23 Oct 1812  French forces under Napoléon occupy Moscow (parts of the
                             Russian Empire occupied Jun 1812 - Dec 1812 and divided into
                             Government-General of Moscow (Gouvernement général de Moscou),
                             Government-General of Smolensk (Gouvernement général de Smolensk),
                             Grand Principality of Lithuania (Lithuanie)(seeLithuania),
                             and Duchy of Courland (Courlande)(seeLatvia).

Commanders-in-chief of theGrande Armée
Jun 1812 - Dec 1812        Napoléon I, Emperor of the French  (b. 1769 - d. 1821)  Mil
 5 Dec 1812 - Dec 1812     Joachim Napoléon Murat, King of    (b. 1767 - d. 1815)  Mil
                             Naples (acting for absent Napoléon)
Intendants-General of theGrande Armée(for civil affairs)
Jun 1812 - Dec 1812        Guillaume-Mathieu, comte Dumas     (b. 1753 - d. 1837)  Mil
Nov 1812 - Dec 1812        Pierre Antoine Noël Bruno, comte   (b. 1767 - d. 1829)  Mil
                             Daru (acting for absent Dumas)

Governor-general of Moscow Province
14 Sep 1812 - 23 Oct 1812  Adolphe Édouard Casimir Joseph     (b. 1768 - d. 1835)  Mil
                             Mortier,duc de Trévise
Intendant of Moscow Province (for civil affairs; subordinated to Intendant-General)
14 Sep 1812 - 23 Oct 1812  Jean-Baptiste Barthélemy de Lesseps(b. 1766 - d. 1834)  Non-party

Governors-General of Smolensk and Provinces from Dnieper to Moscow
16 Aug 1812 - 27 Aug 1812  Henri François Delaborde (interim) (b. 1764 - d. 1833)  Mil
27 Aug 1812 - Oct 1812     Louis, comte Baraguey d'Hilliers   (b. 1764 - d. 1813)  Mil
Oct 1812 - 17 Nov 1812     Henri François, comte Charpentier  (b. 1769 - d. 1831)  Mil
Intendant of Smolensk Province(for civil affairs; subordinated to Intendant-General)
16 Aug 1812 - 17 Nov 1812  Armand Levasseur de Villeblanche   (b. 1785 - d. 1812)  Non-party

 ¹The style of the ruler was:
(a) 16 Jan 1547 - 19 Jan 1589:Tsar' i Velikiy Knyaz' vseya Rossi ("Tsar and Grand Prince of All-Russia");
(b) 19 Jan 1589 - 27 Mar 1654:Tsar' i Velikiy Knyaz' vseya Samoderzhets' Rossi ("Tsar and Grand Prince of All-Russia Autocrat");
(c) 27 Mar 1654 - 3 Sep 1655:Tsar' i Velikiy Knyaz', vseya Velikiya i Malyya Rossi Samoderzhets' ("Tsar and Grand Prince, ofAll Great and Little Russia Autocrat");
(d) 3 Sep 1655 - 22 Nov 1721:Bozhiyeyu Milostiyu Velikiy/Velikaya Gosudar'/Gosudarynya Tsar'/Tsaritsa vseya Velikiya i Malyya i Belyya Rossii Samodyerzhets ("By the Grace of God, Great Sovereign King/Queen of All Great and Little and White Russia Autocrat");
(e) long style after 22 Nov 1721:Bozhiyeyu milostiyu, N.N., Imperator/Imperatritsa i Samodyerzhets/Samodyerzhitsa Vserossiyskiy/Vserossiyskaya, Moskovskiy, Kiyevskiy, Vladimirskiy, Novgorodskiy;Tsar'Tsar'/Tsaritsa Kazanskiy, Tsar'/Tsaritsa Astrakhanskiy, Tsar'/Tsaritsa Sibirskiy, Gosudar'/Gosudarynya Pskovskiy i Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya Smolenskiy; Knyaz'/Knyaginya Estlyandskiy, Liflyandskiy, Koryel'skiy, Tverskiy, Yugorskiy, Permskiy, Vyatskiy, Bolgarskiy i inykh;Gosudar'/Gosudarynya i Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya Novagoroda nizovskiya zemli, Chernigorskiy, Ryazanskiy, Rostovskiy, Yaroslavskiy, Byelozerskiy, Udorskiy, Obdorskiy, Kondiyskiy i vseya severnyya strany Povelitel';i Gosudar'/Gosudarynya Iverskiya zemli i Kartalinskikh i Gruzinskikh Tsarey/Tsarina; i Kabardinskiya zemli, Cherkasskikh i Gorskikh Knyazey/Knyaginya i inykh Naslednyy Gosudar'/Gosudarynya i Obladatel' ("by the grace of God, N.N., All-Russian Emperor/Empress and Autocrat of Moscow, of Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod; King/Queen of Kazan, King/Queen of Astrakhan, King/Queen of Siberia; Lord/Lady of Pskov; Grand Prince/Princess of Smolensk; Prince/Princess of Estonia, Livonia, Courland, Tver, Yougoria, Perm, Vyatka, [Volga] Bulgaria, and of other lands; Lord/Lady and Grand Prince/Princess of Novgorod of Low Country, Chernigov, Ryazan, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Byelozersk,Oudoria [Udorskiy],Obdoria [Obdorskiy],Kondia [Kondiyskiy], and Commander of all the Northern lands; Sovereign Lord/Lady of Imeretia, Kartli, Kabardian lands; Lord/Lady of the Cherkasskiy and Mountain Princes, andLord of many other countries");
(f) 6 May 1906 - 15 Mar 1917:Bozhiyeyu pospeshestvuyushcheyu milostiyu, N.N., Imperator i Samodyerzhets Vserossiyskiy, Moskovskiy, Kiyevskiy, Vladimirskiy, Novgorodskiy; Tsar'  Kazanskiy, Tsar' Astrakhanskiy, Tsar' Pol'skiy, Tsar' Sibirskiy, Tsar' Khersonisa Tavricheskogo,Tsar' Gruzinskiy; Gosudar' Pskovskiy i Velikiy Knyaz' Smolenskiy, Litovskiy, Volynskiy, Podol'skiy i Finlyandskiy; Knyaz' Estlyandskiy, Liflyandskiy, Kurlyandskiy i Semigal'skiy, Samogitskiy, Byelostokskiy, Koryel'skiy, Tverskiy, Yugorskiy, Permskiy, Vyatskiy, Bolgarskiy i inykh; Gosudar' i Velikiy Knyaz' Novagoroda Nizovskiya zemli, Chernigorskiy, Ryazanskiy, Polotskiy, Rostovskiy, Yaroslavskiy, Byelozerskiy, Udorskiy, Obdorskiy, Kondiyskiy, Vitebskiy, Mstislavskiy i vseya severnyya strany Povelitel'; i Gosudar' Iverskiya, Kartalinskiya i Kabardinskiya zemli i oblasti Armenskiya; Cherkasskikh i Gorskikh Knyazey i inykh Naslednyy Gosudar' i Obladatel'; Gosudar' Turkestanskiy; Naslednik Norvezhskiy, Gertsog Shlesvig-Golstinskiy, Stormarnskiy, Ditmarsenskiy i Oldenburgskiy i prochaya, i prochaya, i prochaya ("by the grace of God, N.N., All-Russian Emperor and Autocrat of Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod; King of Kazan, King of Astrakhan, King of the Polish, King of Siberia, King of Taurian Chersonese, and King of Georgia; Lord of Pskov; Grand Prince of Smolensk, Lithuania, Volhynia, Podolia, and Finland; Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland and Semigallia, Samogitia, Byelostok [Bialystok], Karelia, Tver, Yougoria, Perm, Vyatka, [Volga] Bulgaria, and of other lands; Lord and Grand Prince of Novgorod of the Low Country, Chernigov, Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Byelozersk,Oudoria [Udorskiy],Obdoria [Obdorskiy],Kondia [Kondiyskiy], Vitebsk, Mstislav, and Commander of all the Northern lands; Sovereign of Imeretia, Kartli, Kabardian lands and the province of Armenia; Lord of theCherkasskiy and Mountain Princes; Sovereign of Turkestan; Heir of Norway; Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn, Ditmarschen and Oldenburg, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera");
- The shortened style was:Bozhiyeyu pospeshestvuyushcheyu milostiyu, N.N.,Imperator i Samodyerzhets Vserossiyskiy, Tsar' Pol'skiy, Velikiy Knyaz' Finlyandskiy, i prochaya, i prochaya, i prochaya("by the grace of God, N.N., All-Russian Emperor/Empress 
and Autocrat, King of the Polish, Grand Prince of Finland, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera").

The colloquial use of the term "tsar" (or less often "czar") for the emperor is strictly incorrect. Since 2 Nov 1721 the correct style wasBozhiyeyu milostiyu, N.N., Imperator/Imperatritsa i Samodyerzhets/Samodyerzhitsa Vserossiyskiy/Vserossiyskaya ("By the Grace of God, N.N.,Emperor/Empress and Autocrat ofall Russia"); the termtsar was used in the full style for subsidiary (and partially imaginary) polities; in particular, it was used to mean "king" with regard to Poland.

³on15 Mar 1917 Emperor Nikolay II (s.a.) abdicated for himself, and Tsarevich Aleksey Nikolayevich (b. 1904 - d. 1918), in favor of his brother Grand Duke Mikhail Aleksandrovich Romanov (b. 1878 - d. 1918), who was proclaimedEmperor Mikhail II. In his manifesto on 17 Mar 1917he deferred to the will of the people and acknowledged the Provisional Government, but neither abdicated nor refused to accept the throne.On 13 Jun 1918, Mikhail was murdered in Perm.

 During the period 1722-1802 there were essentially two chief state civil officers, the Chancellor having rank of the first civil officer and dealing with foreign affairs, and the Procurator-General ranking below and dealing with justice and having general oversight of other interior affairs. Several times during this period a collective body resembling cabinet of ministers was created (the Supreme Privy Council 1726-1730, Cabinet of Ministers 1731-1741, Conference of Ministers 1756-1762, Council at the Highest Court 1761-1801, Permanent Council 1801-1802), but only twice (1731-1741, 1801-1802) there was a position of the chief minister. Neither the chief minister, nor the chief state civil officers were heads of government, the Emperor headed the government.

Noble and Ecclesiastical Titles:Baron = Baron;Graf =Count;Knyaz'/Knyaginya = Prince/Princess;Patriarkh = Patriarch;Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya/Knyazhna =Grand Prince/Princess;Tsarevna = Daughter of a Tsar;Tsaritsa = Wife of a Tsar. 

Party abbreviations:GPr= Gruppa Pravykh (Group of Right-wing, parliamentary group, 1906-1917);KDP =Konstitutsionno-Demokraticheskaya Partiya (Constitutional Democratic Party, "Kadets", Russian liberal, 12 Oct 1905-1920, banned by Bolsheviks from 12 Dec 1917);Okt= Soyuz 17 Oktyabrya (Union of October 17, "Octobrists", conservative, moderate constitutionalist, Nov 1905-1918);PSR =Partiya Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov (Party of Socialists-Revolutionaries, "SRs", democratic socialist, agrarian socialist, split Aug 1917 into Left [became PLSR] and Right wings, 1902-1922);RKP =Rossiyskaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Communist Party[Bolsheviks], Marxist-Leninist communist,state party, formerRSDRP-B, 8 Mar 1918 - 31 Dec 1925, renamedVsesoyuznaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)[All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]);RS = Russkoye Sobraniye (Russian Assembly, monarchist, Russian nationalist, 1906-1917);RSDRP-B =Rossiyskaya Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party [Bolsheviks], Russian revolutionary socialist, Marxist communist, from 8 Nov 1917 state party,split from RSDRP est.1898,1 Jan 1912-8 Mar 1918, renamed RKP);RSDRP-M =Rossiyskaya Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya(Men'shevikov)(Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party[Mensheviks], split from RSDRP-B, democratic socialist, Orthodox Marxist, 1 Jan 1912-1922); Mil = Military

Chita "republic" Chairman of the Soviet of Soldiers' and Cossacks' Deputies  5 Dec 1905 -  4 Feb 1906  Anton Antonovich Kostyushko-       (b. 1876 - d. 1906)  RSDRP                              Valyuzhanich Krasnoyarsk "republic" Chairman of the United Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies 22 Dec 1905 -  9 Jan 1906  Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Melnikov  (b. 1880 - d.af.1917)RSDRP Novorossiysk "republic" Chairman of the Soviet of Workers' Deputies 25 Dec 1905 -  8 Jan 1906  Bernshteyn "Nikolayev"                                  RSDRP Sochi "republic" Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee 10 Jan 1906 - 18 Jan 1906  Nikifor Prokofyevich Poyarkov      (b. 1870 - d. 1922)  RSDRP Party abbreviation:RSDRP = Rossiyskaya Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya (Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party, 1898 - 1912, in Jan 1912 [formally Aug 1917] split into RSDRP-B and RSDRP-M)

30 Dec 1922                Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) including 
                             Russian S.F.S.R, Ukraine, Byelorussia, and Transcaucasia
                             (T.S.F.S.R.)
13 May 1925                Accession of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
 5 Dec 1929                Accession of Tadzhikistan (formally 18 Mar 1931).
 5 Dec 1936                Accession of Kazakhstan and Kirgiziya; T.S.F.S.R. dissolved - 
                             Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaidzhan become full union republics.
31 Mar 1940 - 16 Jul 1956  Accession of Karelo-Finnish S.S.R.
 2 Aug 1940                Accession of Moldavia
 3 Aug 1940                Accession of Lithuania.
 5 Aug 1940                Accession of Latvia.
 6 Aug 1940                Accession of Estonia.
 6 Sep 1991                Recognition of Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian independence.
25 Dec 1991                President of U.S.S.R. announces resignation followed by takeover
                             procedures ceding state power to authorities of Russian
                             Federation.
26 Dec 1991                Final dissolution of the U.S.S.R.; R.S.F.S.R. independent
                             asRussia.

General Secretary of the Central Committee of theRussian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
(from 31 Dec 1925, All-Union Communist Party [Bolsheviks])
 3 Apr 1922 - 13 Oct 1952  Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin        (b. 1878 - d. 1953)
                            (= Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili
                             [Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili])
                            (from 21 Dec 1929, personal style Vozhd [Leader])
General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
13 Oct 1952 -  5 Mar 1953 Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin        (s.s.)
 5 Mar 1953 - 14 Mar 1953 Secretaries
                           - Georgiy Maksimilianovich Malenkov(b. 1902 - d. 1988)
                               (to 14 Mar 1953)(senior member)
                           -Mikhail Andreyevich Suslov       (b. 1902 - d. 1982)
                           - Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev    (b. 1894 - d. 1971)
                             (Khrushchyov)
                           - Semyon Denisovich Ignatyev       (b. 1904 - d. 1983)
                           - Pyotr Nikolayevich Pospelov      (b. 1898 - d. 1979)
                           - Nikolay Nikolayevich Shatalin    (b. 1904 - d. 1984)
                         (acting)
First Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
14 Mar 1953 - 14 Oct 1964  Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev      (s.a.)
                            (Khrushchyov)(secretariat chairperson to 7 Sep 1953)
14 Oct 1964 -  8 Apr 1966  Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev             (b. 1906 - d. 1982)
General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
 8 Apr 1966 - 10 Nov 1982  Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev             (s.a.)
12 Nov 1982 -  9 Feb 1984  Yuriy Vladimirovich Andropov       (b. 1914 - d. 1984)
 9 Feb 1984 - 10 Mar 1985  Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko    (b. 1911 - d. 1985)
11 Mar 1985 - 24 Aug 1991  Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev      (b. 1931 - d. 2022)
                             (Gorbachyov)
24 Aug 1991 - 29 Aug 1991  Vladimir Antonovich Ivashko        (b. 1932 - d. 1994)
                             (Volodymyr Antonovych Ivashko)
                             (acting)
                          ("leading role" of party abolished 13 Mar 1990)

Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee (serving jointly)¹
30 Dec 1922 - 12 Jan 1938  Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin          (b. 1875 - d. 1946)RKP;1925 VKP
                             (Russian RSFSR)
30 Dec 1922 - 12 Jan 1938  Grigoriy Ivanovich Petrovskiy      (b. 1878 - d. 1958)  VKP
                             (Hryhoriy Ivanovych Petrovsʹkyy)
                             (Ukrainian SSR) 
30 Dec 1922 - 16 Jun 1937  Aleksandr Grigoryevich Chervyakov  (b. 1892 - d. 1937)  VKP
                             (Alyaksandr Ryhoravich Charvyakow)
                             (Byelorussian SSR) 
30 Dec 1922 - 19 Mar 1925  Nariman Kerbalay Nadzhaf-ogly      (b. 1870 - d. 1925)  VKP
                             Narimanov (Transcaucasian SFSR)
                             (Nariman Karbalayi Nacaf oğlu Narimanov)
21 May 1925 - Jun 1937     Gazanfar Makhmud-ogly Musabekov    (b. 1888 - d. 1938)  VKP
                             (Qazanfar Mahmud oğlu Musabayov)
                             (Transcaucasian SFSR) 
21 May 1925 - 21 Jul 1937  Nedirbay Aytakov (Turkmen SSR)     (b. 1894 - d. 1938)  VKP
                            (Nadirbay Aytaç)
21 May 1925 - 17 Jun 1937  Fayzulla Gubaydullayevich          (b. 1896 - d. 1938)  VKP
                             Khodzhayev (Uzbek SSR)
                            (Fayzullo Ubaydulloyevich Xojayev)
18 Mar 1931 -  4 Jan 1934  Nusratullo Makhsum (Lutfulayev)    (b. 1881 - d. 1937)  VKP
                             (Nusratullo Maxsum)(Tadzhik SSR)
 4 Jan 1934 - Sep 1937     Abdullo Rakhimbayevich Rakhimbayev (b. 1896 - d. 1938)  VKP
                             (Abdullo Raximboyevich Raximboyev)
                             (Tadzhik SSR)
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
12 Jan 1938 - 17 Jan 1938  Andrey Andreyevich Andreyev        (b. 1895 - d. 1971)  VKP
                           + Nikolay Mikhaylovich Shvernik    (b. 1888 - d. 1970)  VKP
                           (acting)
17 Jan 1938 - 19 Mar 1946  Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin          (s.a.)               VKP
19 Mar 1946 - 15 Mar 1953  Nikolay Mikhaylovich Shvernik      (s.a.)             VKP;1952 KPSS
15 Mar 1953 -  7 May 1960  Kliment Yefremovich Voroshilov     (b. 1881 - d. 1969)  KPSS
                             (Klyment Okhrimovych Voroshylov)
 7 May 1960 - 15 Jul 1964  Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (1st time)  (s.a.)               KPSS
15 Jul 1964 -  9 Dec 1965  Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan          (b. 1895 - d. 1978)  KPSS
                             (Anastas Hovhannesi Mikoyan)
 9 Dec 1965 - 16 Jun 1977  Nikolay Viktorovich Podgornyy      (b. 1903 - d. 1983)  KPSS
                             (Mykola Viktorovych Pidhornyy)
16 Jun 1977 - 10 Nov 1982  Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (2nd time)  (s.a.)               KPSS
10 Nov 1982 - 16 Jun 1983  Vasiliy Vasilyevich Kuznetsov      (b. 1901 - d. 1990)  KPSS
                             (1st time) (acting)
16 Jun 1983 -  9 Feb 1984  Yuriy Vladimirovich Andropov       (s.a.)               KPSS
 9 Feb 1984 - 11 Apr 1984  Vasiliy Vasilyevich Kuznetsov      (s.a.)               KPSS
                             (2nd time) (acting)
11 Apr 1984 - 10 Mar 1985  Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko    (s.a.)               KPSS
10 Mar 1985 -  2 Jul 1985  Vasiliy Vasilyevich Kuznetsov      (s.a.)               KPSS
                             (3rd time) (acting)
 2 Jul 1985 -  1 Oct 1988  Andrey Andreyevich Gromyko         (b. 1909 - d. 1989)  KPSS
                             (Andrey Andreyevich Hramyka)
 1 Oct 1988 - 25 May 1989  Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev      (s.a.)               KPSS
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
25 May 1989 - 15 Mar 1990  Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev      (s.a.)               KPSS
President
15 Mar 1990 - 25 Dec 1991  Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev      (s.a.)               KPSS;
                             (suspended byYanayev 19-21 Aug 1991)      24 Aug 1991: Non-party
19 Aug 1991 - 21 Aug 1991² Gennadiy Ivanovich Yanayev         (b. 1937 - d. 2010)  KPSS
                             (acting; in dissidence)

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars("Sovnarkom")
 6 Jul 1923 - 21 Jan 1924  VladimirIlyich Ul'yanov(Lenin)   (b. 1870 - d. 1924)  RKP
 6 Jul 1923 -  2 Feb 1924 Lev Borisovich Kamenev             (b. 1883 - d. 1936)  RKP
                             (Rozenfel'd)
                           +Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov          (b. 1881 - d. 1938)  RKP
                           +AleksandrDmitriyevich Tsyurupa (b. 1870 - d. 1928)  RKP
                          + Khristiyan Georgiyevich Rakovskiy(b. 1873 - d. 1941) KPU-B
                            (Khrystyyan Heorhiyovych Rakovs'kyy)
                             (to 15 Jul 1923)
                           + Vlas Yakovlevich Chubar'         (b. 1891 - d. 1939) KPU-B
                             (Vlas Yakovych Chubar)
                             (from 15 Jul 1923)
                           +Ivan(Mamia) Dmitriyevich        (b. 1881 - d. 1937)  KPS-B
                              Orakhelashvili
                             (Mamia Dimitris dze Orakhelashvili)
                           (acting [for Lenin to 21 Jan 1924])
 2 Feb 1924 - 19 Dec 1930  Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov            (s.a.)              RKP;1925 VKP
19 Dec 1930 -  6 May 1941  Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich Molotov    (b. 1890 - d. 1986)  VKP
                             (Skryabin)
 6 May 1941 - 15 Mar 1946 Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin        (s.a.)               VKP
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
15 Mar 1946 -  5 Mar 1953 Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin        (s.a.)             VKP;1952 KPSS
 6 Mar 1953 -  8 Feb 1955  Georgiy Maksimilianovich Malenkov  (s.a.)              KPSS
 8 Feb 1955 - 27 Mar 1958  Nikolay Aleksandrovich Bulganin    (b. 1895 - d. 1975)  KPSS
27 Mar 1958 - 15 Oct 1964  Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev      (s.a.)               KPSS
                             (Khrushchyov)
15 Oct 1964 - 23 Oct 1980  Aleksey Nikolayevich Kosygin       (b. 1904 - d. 1980)  KPSS
23 Oct 1980 - 27 Sep 1985  Nikolay Aleksandrovich Tikhonov    (b. 1905 - d. 1997)  KPSS
27 Sep 1985 - 14 Jan 1991  Nikolay Ivanovich Ryzhkov          (b. 1929 - d. 2024)  KPSS
Prime ministers
14 Jan 1991 - 22 Aug 1991  Valentin Sergeyevich Pavlov        (b. 1937 - d. 2003)  KPSS
19 Aug 1991 - 28 Aug 1991  Vitaliy Khusseynovich Doguzhiyev   (b. 1935 - d. 2016)  KPSS
                             (acting [to 22 Aug 1991 for Pavlov])
Chairman of the Committee on Operational Management of the National Economy (from 20 Sep
1991, also Chairman of the Inter-republican Economic Committee; from 14 Nov 1991, Chairman
of the Interstate Economic Committee - Prime Minister of the Economic Community)
28 Aug 1991 - 25 Dec 1991  Ivan Stepanovich Silayev           (b. 1930 - d. 2023)  Non-party

 ¹chairmen of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union was a collective body comprised by several chairmen, in principle one of each constituent soviet republic, although Kalinin (from Russian S.F.S.R.) was often viewed as the single chairman.

 ²The State Council for the State of Emergency took the power on 19 August 1991, the failed coup and was disbanded two days after. The paramount Soviet leaders comprised it: Vice President Gennadiy Ivanovich Yanayev (s.a.); Prime minister Valentin Sergeyevich Pavlov (s.a.); KGB chairman Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kryuchkov (b. 1924 - d. 2007); Defense minister Dmitriy Timofeyevich Yazov(b. 1924 - d. 2020); Interior minister Boris Karlovich Pugo (b. 1937 - d. 1991); First deputy chairman of the Defense Council Oleg Dmitriyevich Baklanov (b. 1932 - d. 2021); chairman of the Peasants' Union Vasiliy Alexandrovich Starodubtsev (b. 1931 - d. 2011); and chairman of the Association of State Enterprises Aleksandr Ivanovich Tizyakov (b. 1926 - d. 2019).

Territorial Disputes(1945-1991): Bilateral negotiations are under way to resolve disputed sections of the boundary with China; U.S. Government has not recognized the incorporation of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania into the Soviet Union; Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands and the Habomai island group occupied by Soviet Union since 1945, claimed by Japan; maritime dispute with Norway over portion of Barents Sea; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation; Kurdish question among Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and the U.S.S.R.

Party abbreviations:KPSS=Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza (Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Marxist-Leninistcommunist, USSR state partyto 13 Mar 1990,former VKP,13 Oct 1952 - 29 Aug 1991);
- Former parties:KPU-B=Komunistychna Partiya (Bil'shovykiv) Ukrayiny/Kommunisticheskaya Partiya(Bol'shevikov)Ukrainy(Communist Party[Bolsheviks] of Ukraine, communist,separated1 Mar 1919from RKP,12 Jul 1918-13 Oct 1952, renamed Komunistychna Partiya Ukrayiny/ Kommunisticheskaya PartiyaUkrainy[Communist Party of Ukraine]);RKP =Rossiyskaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Communist Party [Bolsheviks],Marxist-Leninistcommunist, state party,former RSDRP-B, 8 Mar 1918-31 Dec 1925, renamed VKP);KPS-B =Komunisturi Partiis (Bolshevikebis) Sak'art'velos/KommunisticheskayaPartiya(Bol'shevikov) Gruzii (Communist Party [Bolsheviks] of Georgia, communist,May 1920-13 Oct 1952, renamed Communist Party of Georgia);VKP =Vsesoyuznaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(All-Union Communist Party [Bolsheviks],Marxist-Leninistcommunist, USSR state party, former RKP,31 Dec 1925-13 Oct 1952, renamed KPSS)

 8 Nov 1917               Russian Soviet Republic(polity style not formally adopted).
 8 Nov 1917 - 25 Oct 1922  Russian civil war.
31 Jan 1918                Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
30 Dec 1922                Part of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union).
 5 Dec 1936                Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Jul 1941 – Jul 1944        German occupation of the western parts of the Russian S.F.S.R.
12 Jun 1990                Declaration of state sovereignty adopted.
12 Dec 1991                Russian S.F.S.R. Supreme Council passes a resoltuion
                             denouncing the Union Treaty of 1922.
26 Dec 1991                U.S.S.R. dissolved, Russian S.F.S.R. independent asRussia.

Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Workers'
Party (Bolsheviks)(from 8 Mar 1918, Russian Communist Party [Bolsheviks])
 9 Nov 1917 - 25 Mar 1919 Vladimir Ilyich Ul'yanov (Lenin)   (b. 1870 - d. 1924)
                           + YakovMikhaylovichSverdlov     (b. 1885 - d. 1919)
                             (to 16 Mar 1919)
                           +LevDavidovichTrotskiy          (b. 1879 - d. 1940)
                              (Bronshteyn)
                           +Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin      (b. 1878 - d. 1953)
                              (= Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili
                              [Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili])
                           + GrigoriyYakovlevichSokolnikov  (b. 1888 - d. 1939)
                              (=HirshYankelevichBrilliant)
                              (8 Mar - 29 Jul1918, 11-18 Mar 1919)
                           + Yelena Dmitriyevna Stasova (f)   (b. 1873 - d. 1966)
                              (from 8 Mar1918)
Political Bureau ofthe CentralCommittee ofthe Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
25 Mar 1919 -  3 Apr 1922  Vladimir Ilyich Ul'yanov (Lenin)   (s.a.)
                           +LevDavidovichTrotskiy          (s.a.)
                           +Lev Borisovich Kamenev           (b. 1883 - d. 1936)
                               (Rozenfel'd)
                           + Nikolay Nikolayevich Krestinskiy (b. 1883 - d. 1938)
                               (to 16 Mar 1921)
                           +Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin      (s.a.)
                           + Nikolay Ivanovich Bukharin       (b. 1888 - d. 1938)
                           + Grigoriy Yevseyevich Zinovyev    (b. 1883 - d. 1936)
                            (= Hersh Aronovich Radomysl'skiy)
                           +Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin        (b. 1875 - d. 1946)
                           + Yelena Dmitriyevna Stasova (f)   (s.a.)
                              (Jul - 26 Sep 1919)
                           + Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich Molotov  (b. 1890 - d. 1966)
                              (Skryabin)(from 16 Mar 1921)
 3 Apr 1922 - 19 Jun 1990 part of the Communist Party of the
                          Soviet Union (and predecessors)
Chairman of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist
Party (Bolsheviks) for Affairs of the Russian S.F.S.R.
19 Jul 1936 - Apr? 1937    Nikolay Ivanovich Yezhov           (b. 1895 - d. 1940)
Apr? 1937                 Post abolished
Chairmen of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the
Soviet Union for the Russian S.F.S.R.
27 Feb 1956 - 16 Nov 1964  Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev      (b. 1894 - d. 1971)
                             (Khrushchyov)
16 Nov 1964 -  8 Apr 1966  Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev             (b. 1906 - d. 1982)
 8 Apr 1966               Post abolished
Chairman of the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party
of the Soviet Union
 9 Dec 1989 - 19 Jun 1990  Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev      (b. 1931 - d. 2022)
                             (Gorbachyov)
First Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian S.F.S.R.
22 Jun 1990 -  6 Aug 1991  Ivan Kuz'mich Polozkov             (b. 1935)            KPR
 6 Aug 1991 - 25 Aug 1991  Valentin Aleksandrovich Kuptsov    (b. 1937)            KPR
                         (activities of the party suspended 23 Aug 1991)

Chairman of the Military-Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd
Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies
 7 Nov 1917 -  8 Nov 1917  Pavel Yevgenyevich Lazimir         (b. 1891 - d. 1920)  PLSR
 7 Nov 1917 -  8 Nov 1917 Nikolay Ilyich Podvoyskiy          (b. 1880 - d. 1948)  RSDRP-B
                             (acting for Lazimir)
Chairman of the Congress of Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies
 8 Nov 1917 -  9 Nov 1917  Lev Borisovich Kamenev             (s.a.)               RSDRP-B
                             (Rozenfel'd)
Chairmen of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee
 9 Nov 1917 - 21 Nov 1917  Lev Borisovich Kamenev             (s.a.)               RSDRP-B/RKP
21 Nov 1917 - 16 Mar 1919  Yakov Mikhaylovich Sverdlov        (s.a.)               RKP
16 Mar 1919 - 30 Mar 1919  Mikhail Fyodorovich Vladimirskiy   (b. 1874 - d. 1951)  RKP
                             (acting)
30 Mar 1919 - 15 Jul 1938  Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin          (s.a.)              RKP;1925 VKP
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
15 Jul 1938 - 19 Jul 1938  Andrey Aleksandrovich Zhdanov      (b. 1896 - d. 1948)  VKP
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
19 Jul 1938 -  4 Mar 1944  Aleksey Yegorovich Badayev         (b. 1883 - d. 1951)  VKP
 9 Apr 1943 -  4 Mar 1944  Ivan Alekseyevich Vlasov           (b. 1903 - d. 1969)  VKP
                             (acting for Badayev)
 4 Mar 1944 - 25 Jun 1946  Nikolay Mikhaylovich Shvernik      (b. 1888 - d. 1970)  VKP
25 Jun 1946 -  7 Jul 1950  Ivan Alekseyevich Vlasov           (s.a.)               VKP
 7 Jul 1950 - 16 Apr 1959  Mikhail Petrovich Tarasov          (b. 1899 - d. 1970)VKP;1952 KPSS
16 Apr 1959 - 26 Nov 1959  Nikolay Grigoryevich Ignatov       (b. 1901 - d. 1966)  KPSS
                             (1st time) 
26 Nov 1959 - 20 Dec 1962  Nikolay Nikolayevich Organov       (b. 1901 - d. 1982)  KPSS
20 Dec 1962 - 14 Nov 1966  Nikolay Grigoryevich Ignatov       (s.a.)               KPSS
                             (2nd time)
14 Nov 1966 - 23 Dec 1966  Timofey Arkadyevich Akhazov        (b. 1907 - d. 1979)  KPSS
                           +Pyotr Petrovich Sysoyev          (b. 1912 - d. 1986)  KPSS
                           (acting)
23 Dec 1966 - 26 Mar 1985  Mikhail Alekseyevich Yasnov        (b. 1906 - d. 1991)  KPSS
26 Mar 1985 -  3 Oct 1988  Vladimir Pavlovich Orlov           (b. 1921 - d. 1999)  KPSS
 3 Oct 1988 - 29 May 1990  Vitaliy Ivanovich Vorotnikov       (b. 1926 - d. 2012)  KPSS
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
29 May 1990 - 10 Jul 1991  Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin         (b. 1931 - d. 2007)  KPSS:12 Jul
                                                                                1990 Non-party

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars("Sovnarkom")
 9 Nov 1917 - 21 Jan 1924  Vladimir Ilyich Ul'yanov (Lenin)   (s.a.)              RSDRP-B/RKP
23 May 1922 -  2 Oct 1922  Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov            (b. 1881 - d. 1938)  RKP
                           + Aleksandr Dmitriyevich Tsyurupa  (b. 1870 - d. 1928)  RKP
                           + Lev Borisovich Kamenev           (s.a.)               RKP
                              (from 14 Sep 1922)
                           (acting for Lenin)
13 Dec 1922 -  2 Feb 1924 Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov            (s.a.)               RKP
                           + AleksandrDmitriyevich Tsyurupa (s.a.)               RKP
                           + Lev Borisovich Kamenev           (s.a.)               RKP
                           (acting [for Lenin to21 Jan 1924])
 2 Feb 1924 - 18 May 1929  Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov            (s.a.)              RKP;1925 VKP
18 May 1929 -  3 Nov 1930  Sergey Ivanovich Syrtsov           (b. 1893 - d. 1937)  VKP
 3 Nov 1930 - 22 Jul 1937  Daniil Yegorovich Sulimov          (b. 1890 - d. 1937)  VKP
22 Jul 1937 - 17 Sep 1938  Nikolay Aleksandrovich Bulganin    (b. 1895 - d. 1975)  VKP
17 Sep 1938 -  2 Jun 1940  Vasiliy Vasilyevich Vakhrushev     (b. 1902 - d. 1947)  VKP
                             (acting to 29 Jul 1939)
 2 Jun 1940 - 23 Jun 1943  Ivan Sergeyevich Khokhlov          (b. 1895 - d. 1973)  VKP
 5 May 1942 -  2 May 1943  Konstantin Dmitriyevich Pamfilov   (b. 1901 - d. 1943)  VKP
                             (acting for Khokhlov) 
 2 May 1943 - 23 Jun 1943  Aleksey Nikolayevich Sukhov        (b. 1903 - d. 1974)  VKP
                             (acting for Khokhlov) 
23 Jun 1943 - 23 Mar 1946  Aleksey Nikolayevich Kosygin       (b. 1904 - d. 1980)  VKP
Chairmenof the Council of Ministers(prime ministers)
23 Mar 1946                Aleksey Nikolayevich Kosygin       (s.a.)               VKP
23 Mar 1946 -  9 Mar 1949  Mikhail Nikolayevich Rodionov      (b. 1907 - d. 1950)  VKP
 9 Mar 1949 - 20 Oct 1952  Boris Nikolayevich Chernousov      (b. 1908 - d. 1978)  VKP
20 Oct 1952 - 24 Jan 1956  Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Puzanov     (b. 1906 - d. 1998)  KPSS
24 Jan 1956 - 19 Dec 1957  Mikhail Alekseyevich Yasnov        (s.a.)               KPSS
19 Dec 1957 - 31 Mar 1958  Frol Romanovich Kozlov             (b. 1908 - d. 1965)  KPSS
31 Mar 1958 - 23 Nov 1962  Dmitriy Stepanovich Polyanskiy     (b. 1917 - d. 2001)  KPSS
23 Nov 1962 - 23 Jul 1971  Gennadiy Ivanovich Voronov         (b. 1910 - d. 1994)  KPSS
23 Jul 1971 - 28 Jul 1971  Aleksey Mikhaylovich Shkol'nikov   (b. 1914 - d. 2003)  KPSS
                           + Nikolay Fyodorovich Vasilyev     (b. 1916 - d. 2011)  KPSS
                           (acting)
28 Jul 1971 - 24 Jun 1983  Mikhail Sergeyevich Solomentsev    (b. 1913 - d. 2008)  KPSS
24 Jun 1983 -  3 Oct 1988  Vitaliy Ivanovich Vorotnikov       (s.a.)               KPSS
 3 Oct 1988 - 15 Jun 1990  Aleksandr Vladimirovich Vlasov     (b. 1932 - d. 2002)  KPSS
15 Jun 1990 - 26 Sep 1991  Ivan Stepanovich Silayev           (b. 1930 - d. 2023)  Non-party
26 Sep 1991 -  6 Nov 1991  Oleg Ivanovich Lobov (acting)      (b. 1937 - d. 2018)  Non-party

Party abbreviation:KPSS=Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza (Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Marxist-Leninistcommunist, USSR state partyto 13 Mar 1990,former VKP,13 Oct 1952 - 29 Aug 1991);KPR = Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Rossiyskoy SFSR (Communist Party of the Russian S.F.S.R., created within KPSS, 19 Jun 1990 - 6 Nov 1991; from 14 Feb 1993Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii);
- Former parties: PLSR= Partiya Levykh Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov (Party of Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, democratic socialist, Aug 1917–1923, split from PSR, allied with RSDRP-B/RKP);RKP =Rossiyskaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Communist Party [Bolsheviks],Marxist-Leninistcommunist, state party,former RSDRP-B, 8 Mar 1918-31 Dec 1925, renamed VKP);RSDRP-B =Rossiyskaya Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party [Bolsheviks], Marxistcommunist,from 8 Nov 1917state party, 1 Jan 1912-8 Mar 1918, renamed RKP);VKP =Vsesoyuznaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(All-Union Communist Party [Bolsheviks],Marxist-Leninistcommunist, USSR state party,former RKP, 31 Dec 1925-13 Oct 1952, renamed KPSS)

Note: Although the U.S.S.R. was "Soviet Socialist" from its founding, all the republics began as "Socialist Soviet" and did not change to the other order until various dates in 1937. In addition, in the national languages of several republics the word "Council/Conciliar" in the respective language was only quite late changed to an adaptation of the Russian "Soviet" - and never in others, e.g., Ukraine.

For the individual Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union see individuallistings:

Presidents
10 Jul 1991 - 31 Dec 1999  Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin         (b. 1931 - d. 2007)  Non-party
21 Sep 1993 -  4 Oct 1993  Aleksandr Vladimirovich Rutskoy    (b. 1947)           Non-party
                             (acting; indissidence)
 5 Nov 1996 -  6 Nov 1996  Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin    (b. 1938 - d. 2010)  NDR
                             (acting for Yeltsin) 
31 Dec 1999 -  7 May 2008  Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin       (b. 1952)            Non-party;
                             (1st time)(acting to 7 May 2000)                      2008: YR
 7 May 2008 -  7 May 2012  Dmitriy Anatolyevich Medvedev      (b. 1965)            YR
 7 May 2012 -             Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin       (s.a.)               YR
                             (2nd time) 

Prime ministers(chairman of the government 6 Nov 1991 - 14 Dec 1992 and
from 23 Dec 1993,chairman of the council of ministers 14 Dec 1992 - 23 Dec 1993)
26 Sep 1991 -  6 Nov 1991  Oleg Ivanovich Lobov (acting)      (b. 1937 - d. 2018)  Non-party
                             (deputy chairman of council of ministers)
 6 Nov 1991 - 14 Apr 1992  Gennadiy Eduardovich Burbulis      (b. 1945 - d. 2022)  Non-party
                             (first deputy chairman of the government)
                             (acting) 
14 Apr 1992 - 14 Dec 1992  Yegor Timurovich Gaydar (Gaidar)   (b. 1956 - d. 2009) Non-party
                            (first deputy chairman of the government to
                             15 Jun 1992, then actingchairman of government)
                             (acting)
14 Dec 1992 - 23 Mar 1998  Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin    (s.a.)               NDR
                             (1st time)
23 Mar 1998                Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin         (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (acting)
23 Mar 1998 - 23 Aug 1998  Sergey Vladilenovich Kiriyenko     (b. 1962)            Non-party
                             (acting to 24 Apr 1998) 
23 Aug 1998 - 11 Sep 1998  Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin    (s.a.)               NDR
                             (2nd time) (acting)
11 Sep 1998 - 12 May 1999  Yevgeniy Maksimovich Primakov      (b. 1929 - d. 2015)  Non-party
12 May 1999 -  9 Aug 1999  Sergey Vadimovich Stepashin        (b. 1952)            Non-party
                             (acting to 19 May 1999)
 9 Aug 1999 -  7 May 2000  Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin       (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (1st time)(acting to 16 Aug 1999)
 7 May 2000 - 24 Feb 2004  Mikhail Mikhaylovich Kasyanov      (b. 1957)            Non-party
                             (acting to 17 May 2000)
24 Feb 2004 -  5 Mar 2004  Viktor Borisovich Khristenko       (b. 1957)            Non-party
                             (acting)
 5 Mar 2004 - 14 Sep 2007  Mikhail Yefimovich Fradkov         (b. 1950)            Non-party
                             (acting 7-12 May 2004 and from 12 Sep 2007)
14 Sep 2007 -  8 May 2008  Viktor Alekseyevich Zubkov         (b. 1941)            Non-party
                             (1st time)(acting from 7 May 2008)
 8 May 2008 -  7 May 2012  Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin       (s.a.)               YR
                             (2nd time)
 7 May 2012 -  8 May 2012  Viktor Alekseyevich Zubkov         (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (2nd time) (acting)
 8 May 2012 -16 Jan 2020 Dmitriy Anatolyevich Medvedev      (s.a.)               YR
                             (acting 7-8 May 2018)
16 Jan 2020 -              MikhailVladimirovichMishustin    (b. 1966)            Non-party
                             (acting 7-10 May 2024)
30 Apr 2020 - 19 May 2020  Andrey Removich Belousov           (b. 1959)            Non-party
                             (acting forMishustin)

Territorial Disputes: Russia and China have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with the 2004 Agreement, ending their centuries-long border disputes; Denmark (Greenland) and Norway have made submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS), and Russia is collecting additional data to augment its 2001 CLCS submission; Russia and Estonia signed a technical border agreement in May 2005, but Russia recalled its signature in June 2005 after the Estonian parliament added to its domestic ratification act a historical preamble referencing the Soviet occupation and Estonia's pre-war borders under the 1920 Treaty of Tartu; Russia contends that the preamble allows Estonia to make territorial claims on Russia in the future, while Estonian officials deny that the preamble has any legal impact on the treaty text; negotiations were reopened in 2012, and a treaty was signed in 2014 without the disputed preamble, but neither country has ratified it as of 2020; various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia (Kareliya) and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union following World War II but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands; Russia's military support and subsequent recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia independence in 2008 continue to sour relations with Georgia; in 2011, Russia began to put up fences and barbed wire to fortify South Ossetia, physically dividing villages in the process; Russia continues to move the South Ossetia border fences further into Georgian territory; the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the "Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kurils," occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Russia boundary delimitation was ratified on Nov 2005; field demarcation commenced in 2007 and was expected to be completed by 2013; Russia and Lithuania committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; border demarcation was completed in 2018; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as an EU member state with an EU external border, where strict Schengen border rules apply; Russia and Norway signed a comprehensive maritime boundary agreement in 2010, opening the disputed territory for oil and natural gas exploration; a visa-free travel agreement for persons living near the border went into effect in May 2012; Russia remains involved in the conflict in eastern Ukraine while also occupying Ukraine's territory of Crimea; preparations for the demarcation delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine have commenced; the dispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov is suspended due to the occupation of Crimea by Russia; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990 Bering Sea Maritime Boundary Agreement with the U.S.; the southwesterly "Western Limit" places about 70% of the Bering Sea under U.S. maritime jurisdiction; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratified Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on a one-fifth slice of the sea.

Party abbreviations:YR = Yedinaya Rossiya (United Russia, Russian nationalist, conservative, V. Putin personalist, government party,Eurosceptic, est.1 Dec 2001);
-Former parties:NDR = Vserossiyskoye Obshchestvenno-Politicheskoye Dvizheniye "Nash Dom - Rossiya" (All-Russian Political Movement"Our Home - Russia", centrist, government party, 12 May 1995-12 May 2006)

German Occupation in the Soviet Union

22 Jun 1941                German invasion of the Soviet Union begins, by Army Group North,
                             Army Group Centre and Army Group South (on 5 Jul 1941, the rear
                             area commanders assume "political and administrative" authority
                             in the rear of army groups).
25 Jul 1941                Militarily administered area ("Operation Area East") begins to
                             diminish as civil administrators (Reichskommissare) of Ostland
                             (see underLatvia) and (from 1 Sep 1941) of Ukraine (see under
                             Ukraine) assume authority in parts of the former military area.
Nov 1942                   Maximum extent of German advance (Novgorod, Demyansk,Rzhev,
                            Smolensk,Orel, Voronezh, Stalingrad, Novorossik, Maikop,
                             Elista, and Nal'chik are all occupied and with Leningrad under
                             siege).
Oct 1943/Mar 1944          Rear areas of the army groups cease to exist in course of the
                             Soviet counter attack.
Jan/Jul 1944               Germans lose last military administered areas (Army Group South:
                             Kirovograd8 Jan 1944; Army Group A [31 Mar 1944 renamed South
                             Ukraine]: Sevastopol' 9 May 1944; Army Group Middle: Mogilev
                             28 Jun 1944; Army Group North: Pskov23 Jul 1944).
14 Nov 1944 – 12 May 1945  Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia founded in
                             Prague by Andrey Andreyevich Vlasov (b. 1901 - d. 1946) commander
                             of the anti-Communist Russian Liberation Army. Its first seat
                             is in Berlin, later in Karlsbad (Karlovy Vary).

Commanders-in-chief of Army Group North (Heeresgruppe Nord)
(first in the Baltic States, then in north-eastern part of Russian S.F.S.R.)
22 Jun 1941 – 16 Jan 1942  Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb            (b. 1876 - d. 1956)
17 Jan 1942 – 29 Jan 1944  Georg von Küchler                  (b. 1881 - d. 1968)
31 Jan 1944 – 30 Mar 1944  Walter Model                       (b. 1891 - d. 1945)
31 Mar 1944 –  3 Jul 1944  Georg Lindemann                    (b. 1884 - d. 1963)
 4 Jul 1944 – 23 Jul 1944  Johannes Friessner                 (b. 1892 - d. 1971)
Commanders of (to 15 Mar 1942, Rear) Army Area North (Heeresgebiet Nord)
 5 Jul 1941 – 31 Mar 1943  Franz von Roques                   (b. 1877 - d. 1967)
 1 Apr 1943 – 26 Mar 1944  Kuno-Hans von Both                 (b. 1884 - d. 1955)
26 Mar 1944               Postabolished

Commanders-in-chief of Army Group Centre (Heeresgruppe Mitte)
(first in Belarus, then in western part of Russian S.F.S.R. and eastern part of Belarus)
22 Jun 1941 – 18 Dec 1941  Fedor von Bock                     (b. 1880 - d. 1945)
19 Dec 1941 – 12 Oct 1943  Günther von Kluge                  (b. 1882 - d. 1944)
12 Oct 1943 – 27 Jun 1944  Ernst Busch                        (b. 1885 - d. 1945) 
Commanders of (to 15 Mar 1942, Rear) Army Area Centre (Heeresgebiet Mitte)
 5 Jul 1941 –  6 Jul 1943  Max von Schenckendorff             (b. 1875 - d. 1943)
22 Jul 1943 – 30 Sep 1943  Ludwig Kübler                      (b. 1889 - d. 1947)
 1 Oct 1943 – 21 Oct 1943  Edwin Graf von Rothkirch und Trach (b. 1888 – d. 1980)
21 Oct 1943               Post abolished


Commanders-in-chief of Army Group South (Heeresgruppe Sud)
(9 Jul 1942 - 12 Feb 1943,renamedArmy GroupB [Heeresgruppe B])
(first in Ukraine, then in north-eastern part of Ukraine and Upper Don River area
of Russian S.F.S.R., finally in northern part of Ukraine)
22 Jun 1941 –  1 Dec 1941  Gerd von Rundstedt                 (b. 1875 - d. 1953)
 1 Dec 1941 – 15 Jan 1942  Walter von Reichenau               (b. 1884 - d. 1942)
18 Jan 1942 – 15 Jul 1942  Fedor von Bock                     (s.a.)
15 Jul 1942 –  9 Feb 1943  Maximilian Freiherr von Weichs     (b. 1881 - d. 1954)
12 Feb 1943 – 31 Mar 1944  Erich von Manstein                 (b. 1887 - d. 1973)
Commanders of (to 15 Mar 1942, Rear) Army Area South (Heeresgebiet Sud)
(9 Jul 1942 – 14 Feb 1943, renamed B [Heeresgebiet B])
 5 Jul 1941 – 27 Oct 1941  Karl von Roques (1st time)         (b. 1880 - d. 1949)
27 Oct 1941 – 10 Jan 1942  Erich Friderici (1st time)         (b. 1885 - d. 1964)
10 Jan 1942 –  9 Jul 1942  Karl von Roques (2nd time)         (s.a.)
 9 Jul 1942 – 14 Feb 1943  Erich Friderici (2nd time)         (s.a.)
14 Feb 1943 –  1 Oct 1943  Joachim Witthöft                   (b. 1887 - d. 1966)
 1 Oct 1943               Post abolished

Commanders-in-chief of Army Group A (Heeresgruppe A)(split from Army Group South)
(first in south-eastern part of Ukraine and Crimea, then in North Caucasus
area of Russian S.F.S.R. and Crimea, finally in southern part of Ukraine and Crimea)
10 Jul 1942 – 10 Sep 1942  Wilhelm List                       (b. 1880 - d. 1971)
10 Sep 1942 – 22 Nov 1942  Adolf Hitler (nominally)           (b. 1889 - d. 1945)
10 Sep 1942 – 22 Nov 1942  Hans von Greiffenberg              (b. 1893 - d. 1951)
                            (chief of general staff of the army group)
                            (de facto acting for Hitler) 
22 Nov 1942 – 30 Mar 1944  Ewald von Kleist                   (b. 1881 - d. 1954)
Commanders of Army Area A (Heeresgebiet A)
13 Jul 1942 – 20 Jul 1942  Friedrich-Wilhelm von Rothkirch    (b. 1884 - d. 1953)
                             und Panthen                    
20 Jul 1942 – 31 Dec 1942  Karl von Roques                    (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1943 – 17 Sep 1943  Otto Hartmann                      (b. 1884 - d. 1952)
17 Sep 1943 –  8 Dec 1943  Helge Auleb                        (b. 1887 - d. 1964)
 8 Dec 1943               Post abolished

Commander-in-chief of Army Group Don(Heeresgruppe Don)(split from Army Group A)
(in Lower Don River area of Russian S.F.S.R. and south-eastern part of Ukraine)
21 Nov 1942 – 12 Feb 1943  Erich von Manstein                 (s.a.)
Commanders of Army Area Don (Heeresgebiet Don)
21 Nov 1942 – 31 Dec 1942  Friedrich Mieth (1st time)         (b. 1888 - d. 1944)
31 Dec 1942 – 12 Jan 1943  Karl Spang                         (b. 1886 - d. 1979)
13 Jan 1943 – 12 Feb 1943  Friedrich Mieth (2nd time)         (s.a.)

Jun 1884 - Mar 1917        Office of the Russian Governor-general of Priamuryekray
                             (as of 1917, coveredoblasti of Amur, Kamchatka, Primorye,
                             and Sakhalin, with headquarters at Khabarovsk).
 6 Apr 1920               Far Eastern Republic (Dal'nevostochnaya Respublika) declares
                            independence (claiming Amur, Transbaikal,Kamchatka, Primorskiy,
                             and Sakhalin oblasti; but initially ruling only part of
                             Transbaikaloblast).
22 Apr 1920 - 25 May 1925  Northern Sakhalin occupied by Japan(see underRussia civil war).
14 May 1920                Recognized by Russian S.F.S.R.
15 Jul 1920                Recognized informally by Japan (also by ChinaFeb 1921).
 5 Aug 1920                Amuroblast joins the Far Eastern Republic.
22 Oct 1920                Remainder of Transbaikaloblast annexed.
12 Dec 1920                Maritime (including Khabarovsk) and Kamchatka (including Chukotka)
                            join the Far Eastern Republic.
17 Feb 1921                Union treaty with the Russian S.F.S.R.
22 Mar 1921                Kamchatka (including Chukotka) ceded the Russian S.F.S.R.
                             (as agreed on 15 Dec 1920).
26 May 1921 - 25 Oct 1922 Primorye (Maritime)oblast in secession under "White" Russian
                             administration (see underRussia civil war).
15 Nov 1922                Incorporated into the Russian S.F.S.R. (seeFar Easternoblast
                             underRussian S.F.S.R. divisions).

Governors-general of Priamurye kray
26 Jul 1884 - 18 Feb 1893  Baron Andrey Nikolayevich Korf        (b. 1831 - d. 1893)
21 Mar 1893 -  9 Apr 1898  Sergey Mikhaylovich Dukhovskoy        (b. 1838 - d. 1901)
 9 Apr 1898 - 12 Sep 1902  Nikolay Ivanovich Grodekov            (b. 1843 - d. 1913)
14 Nov 1902 - 12 Aug 1903  Dean Ivanovich Subbotich              (b. 1852 - d. 1920)
12 Aug 1903 - 15 Dec 1904  Yevgeniy Ivanovich Alekseyev          (b. 1843 - d. 1917)
                           (also 12 Aug 1903 – 21 Jun 1905 viceroy [Namestnik] of the Far East)
1903 - 1904                Nikolay Petrovich Linevich            (b. 1839 - d. 1908)
                             (acting for mostly absent Alekseyev)
15 Dec 1904 -  1 Dec 1905  Rostislav Aleksandrovich              (b. 1841 - d. 1906)
                             Khreshchatitskiy
 1 Dec 1905 - 19 Dec 1910  Pavel Fyodorovich Unterberger         (b. 1842 - d. 1921)
12 Feb 1911 - 18 Mar 1917  Nikolay L'vovich Gondatti             (b. 1860 - d. 1946)
Commissar of the Provisional Government in the Far East
25 Mar 1917 - 24 Dec 1917  Aleksandr Nikolayevich Rusanov        (b. 1881 - d. 1936)  PSR

Presiding member of the Presidium of the People's Revolutionary Authority
of the Far Eastern Republic
 6 Apr 1920 - 10 Nov 1920  Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Krasnoshchekov (b. 1880 - d. 1937)  RKP
                            (chairman ofinterim managing boardfrom 30 Oct 1920)
Chairmen of the Government of the Far Eastern Republic
10 Nov 1920 -15 Sep 1921  Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Krasnoshchekov (s.a.)               RKP
15 Sep 1921 - 14 Nov 1922  Nikolay Mikhaylovich Matveyev         (b. 1876 - d. 1951)  RKP

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers(Prime Ministers)
11 Jul 1920 - 30 Oct 1920  Boris Zakharovich Shumyatskiy         (b. 1886 - d. 1938)  RKP
30 Oct 1920 - 26 Apr 1921  Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Krasnoshchekov (s.a.)               RKP
26 Apr 1921 -  2 Oct 1922  Pyotr Mikhaylovich Nikiforov          (b. 1882 - d. 1974)  RKP
 2 Oct 1922 - 14 Nov 1922  Pyotr Alekseyevich Kobozev            (b. 1878 - d. 1941)  RKP

Party abbreviations: PSR =Partiya Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov (Party of Socialists-Revolutionaries, "SRs", democratic socialist, agrarian socialist, split Aug 1917 into Left [became PLSR] and Right wings, 1902-1922);RKP =Rossiyskaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Communist Party[Bolsheviks],Russian Marxist communist,formerRSDRP-B, 8 Mar 1918 - 31 Dec 1925, renamed All-Union Communist Party [Bolsheviks])

c.1632                     The Torghut branch (called by others as the Kalmyks) of the
                             Mongolian Oirats settle along the lower Volga River (in modern
                             Russia and Kazakhstan), calling themselves the Oirat Horde.
16 Feb 1655                Russian suzerainty recognized, allowed to roam the east bank of
                             Volga up to Samara and west bank up to Tsaritsyn (modern
                             Volgograd).
1690                       Becomes a khanate (title not recognized by Russia until 1697).
1715                       Russian resident placed at the Kalmyk court (from 4 Dec 1717,
                             Kalmyk areas included in the Astrakhan governorate of Russia).
16 Jan 1771                Ubashi and a majority (3/4) of the Kalmyks begun return to 
                             Dzungaria.
31 Oct 1771                Khanate abolished (announced 18 Dec 1771), direct rule by the
                             governor of Astrakhan (the Kalmyk affairs remainsubject to
                             the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs to 23 Mar 1825). 
27 Oct 1800 –  8 Nov 1803  Khanate briefly restored (approximately in boundaries of the
                             modern Kalmyk Republic).

Khans
1672 –  1 Mar 1724        Ayushi (Ayuka)(1st time)           (b. c.1642 - d. 1724)
                             (principal rulerto 1690)
1714 –  2 Mar 1722         Chakdor Jab-Co-ruler             (d. 1722)
1724                      Zargo (8-member council)
                             (acting)
 2 Oct 1724 – 26 Nov 1735  Tseren Dondog (Donduk)             (d. 1737)
                             (regent to 1 Mar 1731)
26 Nov 1735 –  2 Apr 1741  Dondog Ombo (Donduk Ombu)          (d. 1741)
                             (regent to 15 Mar 1737)
1741                      Zargo (8-member council)
                            (acting)
16 Sep 1741 –  2 Feb 1761  Dondog (Donduk) Dashi              (b. c.1690 - d. 1761)
                            (regent to 2 Apr 1757)
 2 Feb 1761 - 16 Jan 1771  Ubashi-Regent                     (b. 1744 – d. 1774)
25 May 1771 – 31 Oct 1771  Knyaz' Aleksey Fyodorovich         (b. 1734 – d. 1781)
                            Dondukov (Kalmyk: Dodbi) -Head
                             (interim)
31 Oct 1771 – 26 Oct 1800 Khanate abolished
27 Oct 1800 –  5 Jun 1803  Chuchey (Chugey) Tundutov -Regent  (b. 17.. - d. 1803)
Chief Bailiff
 5 Jun 1803 –  8 Nov 1803  Nikolay Ivanovich Strakhov         (b. 1768 – d. 1811?)
                             (deputy chairman of theZargo; in office 1802-04)

1264 - c.1368              Vassal ofChina (under Yuan dynasty), named Kuyi.
1635                       First Japaneseexpedition toSakhalin, underMurakami Kamon,
                             subsequently it is described/claimed as part of Matsumae domain
                             (Hokkaidō), from 1815 namedKita Ezo (North Hokkaidō).
1679                      The Matsumaeestablish a settlement at Ōtomari(Korsakov).
 6 Sep 1689                Treaty of Nerchinsk does not mention Sakhalin, but it does
                             affirm that the Sino-Russian border is the Stanovoy Mountains
                             and that the area south of them (nominally including Sakhalin)
                             is under Chinese sovereignty.
1710                       China (Manchus) sends an expedition to Sahaliyan (Sakhalin). Then
                            c.1750 troops land on Sakhalin (Sahaliyan ula angga hada), the
                             island's population becomesdependent on China (Jilin province).
20 Oct 1806                Lieutenant Nikolay Alexandrovich Khvostov (b. 1776 - d. 1809)
                             claimsSakhalin for Russia.
1845                       Japan proclaims its sovereignty overSakhalin.
 3 Oct 1853               Sakhalinclaimed for Russia by Capt. Gennadiy Ivanovich Nevelskoy
                            (b. 1813 - d. 1876).Post named Muravyevskiy established near
                            theJapanese trading post as military base (under Nikolay
                             Busse),it is withdrawn on 11 Jun 1854 (burned down 3 Jul 1855).
 7 Feb 1855               Treaty of Shimoda signed between Russia and Japan declares that
                             both nationals could inhabit the island, Russians in the North
                             and Japanese in the South (ratified 7 Dec 1856,confirmedon
                             30 Mar 1867 by temporary regulations).
 2 Sep 1855 - Apr 1856     Urup Island is occupied by a joint Franco-British naval detachment,
                             and renamed "l'Isle de l'Alliance" as part of the operations
                             during the Crimean War. A local named Alcausti Artemi (Aleousti
                            Artemi) is named provisional governor.
28 Jul 1856                RussianLieutenant-Commander Nikolay Matveyevich Chikhachev
                             (b. 1830 - d. 1917) founds Due (Duė), the first permanent Russian
                             settlement.
14 Nov 1860                China cedes all the land north of the Amur and east of the Ussuri
                             River(nominally including Sakhalin) to Russia by Convention
                             of Peking (ratified 26 Dec 1860).
20 Sep 1869                Japanese rename Kita Ezo as Karafuto.
 4 Sep 1875                Sakhalin incorporated intoRussia, in exchange for Japan obtaining
                            all of the Kuril Islands (on 15 Sep 1875)by Treaty of Saint
                            Petersburg (signed 4 May 1875, ratified 22 Aug 1875).
1884                       Sakhalin special department (within Amurkray).
 7 Jul 1905                Japan invades Sakhalin (Korsakov occupied 8 Jul 1905 and
                             Alexandrovsk on 24 Jul 1905. Russianforces surrender in the
                             South on 16 Jul 1905 and in North on 31 Jul 1905).
 5 Sep 1905                Karafuto (Southern Sakhalin Island) annexed toJapan and
                            Northern Sakhalin is restored to Russia (on 13 Nov 1905) by
                             the Treaty of Portsmouth (ratified 25 Nov 1905).
 1 Apr 1907                Karafuto Agency replacesKarafutoDepartment of Civil Affairs
                             (by edict dated 14 Mar 1907; under Ministry of Colonial Affairs
                             from 10 Jun 1929). 
22 Apr 1920 - 25 May 1925  Northern Sakhalin occupied by Japan (see underRussia civil war).
 1 Nov 1942               Karafuto Agency is transferred from the Ministry of Colonial
                             Affairs to the Ministry of Home Affairs.
 1 Apr 1943                Karafuto(Karafuto-chō)incorporated into Japan proper as a
                             prefecture(by imperial edict of 26 Mar 1943).
11 Aug 1945                Soviet invasion of Southern Sakhalin (Esutoru occupied 16 Aug 1945,
                             Maoka 20 Aug 1945, Toyohara and Ōtomari on 25 Aug 1945, with 
                             Japanese resistance ending on 2 Sep 1945).
 2 Jan 1946               Karafutogovernment abolished (formally by Japan on 1 Jun1949).
 2 Feb 1946                Incorporation into Soviet UnionasYuzhnyy-Sakhalin (Southern
                             Sahkalin) oblast(see underRussian SFSR Admin.).
 8 Sep 1951                Japan formally renounces sovereignty over Southern Sakhalin
                             by the Treaty of San Francisco (ratified 28 Apr 1952).

Japanese Sakhalin Military Commanders(of 13th Army Division)
 7 Jul 1905 -  6 Jul 1906 Kensai Haraguchi                   (b. 1847 - d. 1919)  Mil
 6 Jul 1906 - 31 Mar 1907  Seizō Okazaki                      (b. 1851 - d. 1910)  Mil
Director of the Department of Civil Affairs
28 Jul 1905 - 31 Mar 1907  Kiichirō Kumagai                   (b. 1866 - d. 1949)
Directorsof the Karafuto Agency (governors)
 1 Apr 1907 - 24 Apr 1908 Sachihiko Kusunose                (b. 1858 - d. 1927) 
24 Apr 1908 - 12 Jun 1908  Takejirō Tokonami                  (b. 1867 - d. 1935)
12 Jun 1908 -  5 Jun 1914  Sadatarō Hiraoka                   (b. 1863 - d. 1942)
 5 Jun 1914 -  9 Oct 1916 Bunji Okada                        (b. 1874 - d. 1943)
13 Oct 1916 - 17 Apr 1919  AkiraSakaya(1st time)           (b. 1870 - d. 1946)
17 Apr 1919 - 11 Jun 1924  Kinjirō Nagai                      (b. 1874 - d. 1927)
11 Jun 1924 -  5 Aug 1926  AkiraSakaya (2nd time)           (s.a.)
 5 Aug 1926 - 27 Jul 1927 KatsuzōToyoda                     (b. 1882 - d. 1939)
27 Jul 1927 -  9 Jul 1929  Kōji Kita                          (b. 1878 - d. 1934)
 9 Jul 1929 - 17 Dec 1931  Shinobu Agata                      (b. 1881 - d. 1942)
17 Dec 1931 -  5 Jul 1932  Masao Kishimoto                   (b. 1881 - d. 1963)
 5 Jul 1932 -  7 May 1938  Takeshi Imamura                    (b. 1880 - d. 1960)
 7 May 1938 -  9 Apr 1940  Shun'ichi Munesue                  (b. 1893 - d. 1954)
 9 Apr 1940 -  1 Jul 1943  Masanori Ogawa                     (b. 1894 - d. 1977)
 1 Jul 1943 - 30 Dec 1945  Toshio Ōtsu                        (b. 1893 - d. 1958)
SovietMilitary Commanding Officer (of the 16th Army)
11 Aug 1945 - 27 Aug 1945  Leontiy Georgiyevich Cheremisov    (b. 1893 - d. 1967)  Mil
Heads of the Soviet Military Administration ofKarafuto
27 Aug 1945 - 30 Sep 1945  Mikhail Vasilyevich Alimov         (b. 1899 - d. 1978) Mil
                             (deputy commander of 56th Rifle Corps)
 1 Oct 1945 -  2 Feb 1946  Maksim Alekseyevich Purkayev       (b. 1894 - d. 1953)  Mil
                             (commanding officer, Far Eastern Military District)

Chief of the Civil Administration of Southern Sakhalin (Yuzhnyy-Sakhalin)
23 Sep 1945 -  2 Feb 1946  Dmitriy Nikolayevich Kryukov       (b. 1899 - d. 1985)  VKP

Party abbreviations:VKP =Vsesoyuznaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(All-Union Communist Party [Bolsheviks],Marxist-Leninistcommunist, USSR state party, former RKP,31 Dec 1925-13 Oct 1952, renamed KPSS);Mil = Military

Note: Names in are given using modern(post-1945)Tuvan and (from 1921) with Russian in parentheses usingthe BGN/PCGNromanization system.

1207                       Mongol rule.
end 16th-early 17th cent.  Most of the Tuvinian tribes under the dominion of Sholoy
                             Ubashi the firstAltyn-Khan ("Golden Khan").
1616                       Nomadic Tuvans in the Khemchik valley (western Tuva) swear an
                             oath of allegiance to Russia before Vasiliy of Tyumen envoy of
                             the Czar.
1688 - 1756                Under theDörben Oyirad (Dzungaria)(see underChina).
21 Oct1727                Chinese sovereignty recognized by Russia under Treaty of Kyakhta
                             which established the northern border of Mongolia (then
                             including Tuva)(ratified 28 Jun 1728).
Mar 1756                   Formally annexed toChina (as Tangnu Wulianghai).
1759                      Tangnu Wulianghai (Mongolian: Tangnuu Uriyangkhay)organized into
                             an administrative system similar to Mongolia with four,later
                             five,Banners (khoshuns)(Oyun, Tannu, Kemchik, Salchak, and
                             laterTozhu). Each Banner was governed by a chief. In 1762 a
                             paramount chief (Bügüde-darga[Amban Noyan]) is appointed to
                             administer the area. From 1786, the chiefs of the Oyun Banner
                             are made the paramount chiefs.
1839/56                    Russian settlement of the region begins.
 7 Oct 1864                Treaty of Tarbagatai (Tacheng) border protocol between China
                             and Russia that defines most of the western extent of their
                             border in central Asia, between Outer Mongolia and Kokand.
16/29 Dec 1911            Mongolia declaresindependence from China, nominally including
                            Tagna Uriankhay(Russia supported Outer Mongolian autonomy,
                             but rejectsOuter Mongolia's claim onTuva [then spelled Touva]).
Jan 1912                   A meeting of Tuvan banner chiefs declares the territory of several
                             banners "independent" and "under Russian protectorate", but
                             this does not lead to the emergence of a polity or a Tuvan
                            central authority.
15 Feb 1912                Ak-Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy requests Russian protection for his
                            banner,which isnever given an official reply, however Russian
                            troopsare sent in to protect Russian settlers.
30 Jul 1914                Russian protectorate declaredover the area of modern Tuva
                             as theUryankhay Territory (Uryankhayskiy kray)(Old Style date
                             17 Jul 1914)(by proclamation of 17 Apr [O.S.4 Apr] 1914).
1916                       Buyan Badarkhüü, chief of the Khemchik banner (the largest in
                             Tuva) calls on China to accept the submission of his banner.
13 Jun 1917                Congress of Russian colonists requests annexation by Russia.
Aug 1917                   Russian Provisional Government confirms Russian protectorate.
18 Jun 1918                A joint Congress of the Russian and Tuvan populations adopts an
                             agreement on the self-determination of Tuva, which includes an
                             article about the rights of Russian citizens.
 7 Jul 1918 -  2 Aug 1919  Occupation of Central and NorthernTuva by "White" Russian
                             (originally Siberian) military forces. 
Jan 1919 - Mar 1921        Chinese troops occupy Western Tuva (declaring Tuva [as Tangnu
                             Wulianghai (T'ang-nu wu-liang-hai)], along with Mongolia, to be
                             re-incorporated into China on 19 Feb 1920).
Mar 1919 - Jul 1920       Mongolian troops occupy Southern (from Sep 1919, also Central)
                             Tuva, named Tagna Uriankhay.
 2 Aug 1919 -  4 Sep 1919  Soviet Partisans of Siberia occupy Central and Northern Tuva.
Dec 1920                   Soviet Red Army takes Belotsarsk (Khem-Beldyr) and by Mar 1921 all
                             of Tuva.
Apr 1921 - May 1921        "White" Russian invasion from Mongolia led byIlya Grigoryevich
                             Kazantsev(d. 1921), subordinated to Baron Ungern-Sternberg
                             (and nominally on behalf ofMongolia).
14 Aug 1921                Independence declared (People's Republic of Tannu Tuva [Respublika
                            Tannu Tuva Ulus])(under Soviet Russia protectorate). 
16 Aug 1926                Independence recognized by Mongolia in the Mongolia-Tuva Treaty of
                             Friendship and Mutual Recognition.
24 Nov 1926               Renamed Tuvinian People's Republic (Respublika Tuva Arad Ulus).
1929                       Darxad (Darkhad) region ceded to Mongolia.
28 Jun 1930                By decree a Latin script orthography using the Uniform Turkic
                             alphabet was introduced, and Tuvan (Tyv) became an official
                             language (prior the language was not written and the Classic
                             Mongolian script and language was used for official purposes).
 8 Sep 1943                By decision Tuvan orthography switched to (Russian) Cyrillic.
17 Aug 1944                Tuva declared part of the Soviet Union.
11 Oct 1944                Annexed to theSoviet Union (effective 1 Nov 1944), as part
                            of theRussian S.F.S.R. as the Tuvan autonomousoblast
                             (see underRussian SFSR Admin.)

Chairman of the Organizing Bureauof the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party 
29 Oct 1921 - Mar 1922     Monggush Ayyzhy oglu Nimachap      (b. 1879 - d. 1932)
                            (Mongush Nimachap [Nimazhap])
Chairmenof theCentral Committeeof the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party 
Mar 1922 -  9 Jul 1923    Maady Dalay oglu Lopsang-Osur      (b. 1876 - d. 1934?)
                            (MaadyDalaydovichLopsan-Osur)
 9 Jul 1923 - 15 Mar 1924 Oyun Kenden oglu Kürsedi           (b. 1884 - d. 1924)
                             (Oyun Kenden ogluKyursedi [Kursedi])
General Secretaryof the Central Committee of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party 
Apr 1924 - Jan 1926        Shalyk? Shagdyr
                            (Shalyk? Shagdyr)
First Secretaries of the Central Committee ofthe Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party 
Jan 1926 - Feb 1927        Ak-Monggush Khaydyp oglu           (b. 1892 - d. 1932) 
                            Buyan-Badyrgy
                            (Ak-Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy)
Feb 1927 - Jan 1929        Oorzhak Donggak? oglu Sodunam      (b. 1901 - d. ....)   
                            (Sodunam Oorzhak Dongak [Donchaa] oglu)
Jan 1929 - Mar 1932       Irgit Chapsyn oglu Shagdyrzhap     (b. 1899 - d. 1959)
                            (Irgit Chapsynovich Shagdyrzhap)
General Secretaryof the Central Committee of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party
 6 Mar 1932 -  1 Nov 1944  Maady (from 1933, Salchak)         (b. 1901 - d. 1973)
                            SurasovichToka  
                            (from 1944,TokaKalbak-Khörek ogluSalchak)
                            (= SalchakKalbakhorekovich Toka,
                             1940-1942 TozhuSurasovichToka)

Paramount Chiefs(titleBügüde-darga [Amban Noyan])
1762 - 1769                Manadzhab
1769 - 1780                Humudzhap
1780 - 1786                Deleg-Dashi
1786 - 1792                Oyun Dazhy
1792 - 1795                OyunDazhy oglu Danzyn
1795 - 1817               Oyun DanzynogluSedenbal
1817 - 1827                Oyun Sedenbal oglu Badyzhap
1827 - 1865                Oyun SedenbalogluLamazhap
1865 - 1867                OyunSedenbalogluShyndazyn
1867 - 1899               Oyun Shyndazyn oglu Ölzey-Ochur
1899 - 1915               Oyun Ölzey-Ochur oglu Kombu-Dorzhu
1915 - 1916              Irgit Agbaan-Demchi (usurper)
1916 - 1921                Oyun Kombu-Dorzhu oglu Sodunam-    (b. 1897 - d. 1924)
                             Balchyr
Russian Civil Commissioners for the Affairs of Uryankhay
Jul 1914 - early 1915      Andrey Petrovich Tsererin          (b. 188. - d. 19..)  Non-party
early 1915 - 24 Mar 1917   Viktor Yuventinovich Grigoryev    (b. 1862 - d. 1918)  Non-party
Chairman of theKray Committee of Public Safety
24 Mar 1917 - Nov 1917     Aleksandr Petrovich Yermolayev     (b. 1886 - d. 1919)  PSR
                             (from 27 Apr 1917, also commissar of Russian
                             Provisional Government)
Commissar of the Russian Provisional Government 
Nov 1917 - 25 Mar 1918     Aleksey Aleksandrovich Turchaninov (b. 1876 - d. 1919)  Non-party?
                             (1st time)
Chairmen of the Executive ofKray Committee of the Soviet of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies 
25 Mar 1918 -  2 May 1918  Stepan Konstantinovich Bespalov    (b. 1895 - d. 1918) RSDRP-B
 7 May 1918 -  7 Jul 1918  Mikhail Minayevich Terentyev       (b. 1882 - d. 1952)  PLSR
Commissar (from early 1919, Administrator) of the Russian (originally Siberian)
Provisional Government
 7 Jul 1918 -  2 Aug 1919  Aleksey Aleksandrovich Turchaninov (s.a.)               Non-party?
                             (2nd time)
Commander of the (Soviet) Trans-Mana (Zamanskaya) Peasant Partisan Army(at Khem-Beldyr)
 2 Aug 1919 -  4 Sep 1919  Aleksandr Diomidovich Kravchenko   (b. 1880 - d. 1923)  Mil
Chinese Commissioner for Tangnu Wulianghai (T'ang-nu wu-liang-hai)(at Chadan)
Jan 1919 - Mar 1921        Yan Shichao (Yen Shih-ch'ao)       (b. 1881? - d. 19..) Mil
Mongolian Ministers at Tagna Uriankhay(from Sep 1919, at Khem-Beldyr)
Mar 1919 - Nov 1919        Khatanbaatar Sandagdorjiin         (b. 1878 - d. 1927)  Mil
                            Magsarjav 
Nov 1919 - Jul 1920        Dilov Khutagt Baashluu Ovogtoy     (b. 1883 - d. 1965)  Non-party
                            Zhamsranzhav (Jamsranjav)
Chairman ofKrayRevolutionary Committee
Jul 1920 - Aug 1920        Pavel Safronovich Medvedev         (b. 1901 - d. 1968)  Non-party
Russian Soviet Representative(at Khem-Beldyr)
11 Aug 1920 - 13 Aug 1921  Innokentiy Georgiyevich Safyanov   (b. 1873 - d. 1953)  RKP
Chairman of the All-Tuvan Constituent Khural
14 Aug 1921 - 15 Aug 1921  Ak-Monggush Khaydyp oglu           (s.a.)               Non-party
                            Buyan-Badyrgy
                             (Ak-Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy) 
Chairmen of the General Central Council
15 Aug 1921 - 28 Feb 1922 Ak-Monggush Khaydyp oglu           (s.a.)               Non-party;
                            Buyan-Badyrgy                                        Oct 1921 TNRP
                             (Ak-Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy)  
 1 Mar 1922 - 15 Aug 1922  Maady Dalay oglu Lopsang-Osur      (s.a.)               TNRP
                             (Maady Dalaydovich Lopsan-Osur)
15 Aug 1922 -  1 Oct 1923  Salchak Idam-Sürün                                      TNRP
                             (Salchak Idam-Syuryun)
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Little Khural
 1 Oct 1923 -  4 Feb 1929  Monggush Ayyzhy oglu Nimachap      (s.a.)               TNRP
                             (Mongush Nimachap [Nimazhap])
 5 Feb 1929 -  5 Oct 1933  Adyg-Tülüsh Lopsang oglu Chüldüm  (b. 1900 - d. 1933)  TNRP
                             (Adyg TyulyushLopsonovichChulydum)
1933 - Feb 1938           Adyg-Tülüsh Oolchukkay oglu       (b. 1893 - d. 1938)  TNRP
                             Khemchik-ool
                             (Adyg-Tyulyush [Tulush] Oolchukay oglu Khemchik-ool)
 2 Mar 1938 -  4 Apr 1940 Oyun Oyun oglu Polat              (b. 1906 - d. 1992)  TNRP 
                            (OyunOyunovichPolat)
 6 Apr 1940 -  1 Nov 1944  Khertek Amyrbit kyzy Anchymaa (f)  (b. 1912 - d. 2008)  TNRP
                             (Khertek Amyrbitovna Anchymaa-Toka) 

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (prime ministers)
 1 Oct 1923 - 18 Sep 1924  Ak-Monggush Khaydyp oglu           (s.a.)               TNRP
                             Buyan-Badyrgy
                             (Ak-Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy) 
18 Sep 1924 - 1925         Soyan Oruygu                       (b. 1876 - d. 19..)  TNRP
                            (Soyan Oruygu)
1925 - Jan 1929            Kuular Dazhy oglu Donduk           (b. 1888 - d. 1932)  TNRP
                            (KuularDazhyevichDonduk)
Jan 1929 - 1929           Adyg-Tülüsh Oolchukkay oglu       (s.a.)               TNRP
                             Khemchik-ool
                             (Adyg-Tyulyush [Tulush] Oolchukay oglu Khemchik-ool)
1929 - Feb 1938           Sat Sany-Shiri oglu Chürmit-Dazhy (b. 1894 - d. 1938)  TNRP
                            (Sat Sany-Shiri ogluChurmet-Dazhi)
Oct 1938 - May 1940        Ondar Khüreng-ool oglu Bayyr       (b. 1904 - d. 1986)  TNRP
                            (Aleksey ShirinmeyevichBair)
22 Jun 1941 -  1 Nov 1944 Saryg-Donggak Manygy oglu Chymba   (b. 1906 - d. 1985)  TNRP 
                             (Aleksandr ManygeyevichChimba) 

Party abbreviations: TNRP = Tuvinskaya Narodno-Revolyutsionnaya Partiya (Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party, socialist, reorganized Jul 1923, from Apr 1941 Marxist-Leninist,state party,29 Oct 1921-11 Oct 1944, merged intoVsesoyuznaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bolshevikov)[All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]);Mil = Military;
- Former parties: PLSR= Partiya Levykh Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov (Party of Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, democratic socialist, 1917–1923, split from PSR, allied with RSDRP-B/RKP);PSR = Partiya Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov (Party of Socialists - Revolutionaries, "SRs", democratic socialist, agrarian socialist, split Aug 1917 into Left [became PLSR] and Right wings, Jan 1902-1923);RKP=Rossiyskaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Communist Party[Bolsheviks],Russian Marxist communist,formerRSDRP-B, 8 Mar 1918 - 31 Dec 1925, renamed All-Union Communist Party [Bolsheviks]);RSDRP-B=Rossiyskaya Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party [Bolsheviks], Russian revolutionary socialist, Marxist communist, split from RSDRP est.1898, 1 Jan 1898-8 Mar 1918, renamed RKP)

Note: This record contains the Tatar khanates established as result of disintegration of the Golden Horde (Ulus of Jochi) and ruled by the Genghisid khans. These polities were known to contemporaries as "thrones" (Taht) or "countries" (Yurt) instead of "khanates". Not recorded here are the Great Horde (a remnant of the Golden Horde, know as such from c.1452 and destroyed by Crimea in 1502), the Nogay Horde (ruled by non-Genghisid rulers) and the short-lived Uzbek khanate (succeeded by the Kazakh khanate and Khorazm). The latter two polities were located mostly in modern-day Kazakhstan.

Astrakhan

1459                       Rival khan of the Great Horde establishes himself in Astrakhan
                             (contemporary name:Haji Tarkhan).
c.1502                     Considered as a separate khanate of Astrakhan.
1523                       Briefly occupied by Crimea.
1554                       Under the Russian suzerainty.
 2 Jun 1556                Astrakhan (in Russian:Astrakhan') khanate annexed by Russia.

Khans
1459 - 1466                Sayid Makhmud                      (d. 1466)
1466 - 1495                Qasim I
1495 - 1515               `Abd al-Karim                      (d. c.1525)
1515 - 1521                Jani Bek                           (d. 1521)
1521 - 1523                Hussein (1st time)
1523                       Bahadur Geray                      (d. 1523)
1523 - 1527                Hussein (2nd time)
1527 - 1528                Shaykh Ahmad                       (d. 1528)
                             (khan of Great Horde 1495-1502)
1528 - 1531                Qasim II (1st time)                (d. 1532)
1531                       Islam Geray                        (d. 1537)
                             (khan of Crimea 1532)
1531 - 1532                Qasim II (2nd time)                (s.a.)
1532 - 1533                Aq Kubek (1st time)                (d. 1550)
1533 - 1537               `Abd ar-Rahman (1st time)
1537 - 1539                Darwish`Ali (1st time)            (d. af.1558)
1539 - 1545               `Abd ar-Rahman (2nd time)
1545 - 1546                Aq Kubek (2nd time)                (s.a.)
1546 - 1547                Yamghurchi (1st time)              (d. 1555)
1547 - 1549                Aq Kubek (3rd time)                (s.a.)
1549 - 1550                Yamghurchi (2nd time)              (s.a.)
1550 - 1552                Darwish`Ali (2nd time)            (s.a.)
1552 - 1554                Yamghurchi (3rd time)              (s.a.)
1554 - 1556                Darwish`Ali (3rd time)            (s.a.)

Crimea: see underUkraine

Kazan

1438                       Rival khan of the Golden Horde establishes himself in Kazan.
c.1445                     Considered as a separate khanate of Kazan.
1487 - 1521                Under the Russian (Moscow) suzerainty (interrupted 1496-1497
                             and 1505-1511).
1551                       Russian suzerainty restored.
13 Oct 1552                Kazan (in Russian:Kazan') khanate annexed by Russia.

Khans
1438 - 1445                Ulugh Muhammad                     (b. 1405 - d. 1445)
                             (khan of Golden Horde 1419-1432 [with interruptions])
1445 - 1466                Makhmud                            (b. 142. - d. 1466)
1466 - 1467                Khalil                             (d. 1467)
1467 - 1479                Ibrahim                            (d. 1479)
1479 - 1484                Ilham`Ali (1st time)              (b. c.1450 - d. c.1490)
1484 - 1485                Muhammad Amin (1st time)           (b. 1469 - d. 1518)
1485 - 1487                Ilham`Ali (2nd time)              (s.a.)
1487 - 1496                Muhammad Amin (2nd time)           (s.a.)
1496 - 1497                Mamuq                              (d. 1497)
                             (khan of Tumen 1495-1496)
1497 - 1502               `Abd al-Latif                      (b. c.1475 - d. 1517)
1502 - 1518                Muhammad Amin (3rd time)           (s.a.)
1519 - 1521                Shah`Ali (1st time)               (b. 1505 - d. 1566)
1521 - 1524                Sahib Geray                        (b. 1501 - d. 1551)
                             (khan of Crimea 1532-1551)
1524 - 1531                Safa Geray (1st time)              (b. 1510 - d. 1549)
1532 - 1535                Jan`Ali                           (b. 1516 - d. 1535)
1535 - 1546                Safa Geray (2nd time)              (s.a.)
1546                       Shah`Ali (2nd time)               (s.a.)
1546 - 1549                Safa Geray (3rd time)              (s.a.)
1549 - 1551                Otemish Geray                      (b. 1546 - d. 1566)
1551 - 1552                Shah`Ali (3rd time)               (s.a.)
1552                       Yadigar Muhammad                   (b. 1522 - d. 1565)
1553 - 1556               `Ali Akram                         (d. 1556)
                             (in opposition against Russians)

Sibir (Tumen)

1420                       Rival khan of the Golden Horde establishes himself in Tumen
                             (Chingi-Tura; modernTymen').
1428 - 1469                Part of the Uzbek khanate (also originally known as khanate of
                             Tumen after the first [to 1431] capital).
1496 - 1563                Ruled by non-Genghisid Taibughid rulers, in 1496 capital moved
                             to Sibir (Isker; modernTobol'sk), which gave its name to
                             the state.
1555 - 1563                Under the Russian suzerainty.
26 Oct 1582                Sibir (in Russian:Sibir') khanate occupied by Russia (conquest
                             finally completed 20 Aug 1598).
1585 - 1587                Russians briefly withdrew.
1600 - 1631                Several khans in opposition against the Russians along the
                             modern Russia-Kazakhstan border.

Khans
1420 - 1427                Haji Muhammad                      (d. 1427)
                             (khan of Golden Horde 1419)
1427 - 1428                Makhmud                            (d. c.1450)
1428 - 1469               part of the Uzbek khanate
1469 - 1495                Sayid Ibrahim (Ibak)               (d. 1495)
                             (khan of Great Horde 1481, 1487, 1491-1495)
1495 - 1496                Mamuq                              (d. 1497)
                             (khan of Kazan 1496-1497)
Rulers(title possibly Murza orBiy)
1496 - 1502                Muhammad                           (d. 1502)
1502 - 1516                Anghish
1516 - 1530                Qasim                              (d. 1530)
1530 - 1563                Yadigar                            (d. 1563)
Khans (from 1582, in opposition against Russia)
1563 - 1598                Kuchum                             (b. 151. - d. 1601)
1600 - 1607               `Ali                               (d. 1647)
1616 - 1624                Ish Muhammad (Ishim)               (d. 1624)
1628 - 1631                Ablay Geray                        (d. af.1635)

Note: Until 1829, the western part of the North Caucasus was claimed by the Ottoman Empire, there were the Circassian polities and related Kabarda which dominated over neighboring peoples. The eastern part of the North Caucasus was claimed Persia (in 12 Oct 1813 ceded by Persia to Russia by the Treaty of Gulistan), there were the Dagestani princely states, the most prominent state of them was Tarki, which included several sub-states (Bammatuly-Qazanysh, Boynaq, Erpeli, Otemysh, Qarabudaghkent which are not recorded here), and Dagestani and Chechen confederacies. The anti-Russian and anti-princely "Caucasus" Imamate (1829-1859) is recorded in addition to the princely states. By 1867 all of these polities were abolished and incorporated into Russia.

  In southern and western part of Dagestan there were around 13 to 19 confederacies of unions of semi-republican "free" societies, only Aqusha-Dargo and Akhty-Para, the largest two confederacies, are recorded here (some large Upper Avar confederacies, such as Dido [Tsunta], Unk-Ratl and Ank-Ratl, are poorly documented). The total number of unions was at least 70 (the Avar unions were at least 40, the Lezgian unions at least 11, the Dargin unions at least 9, the Tabasaran, Aghul and Rutul unions each 2 to 3) and many of the unions did not belong to any confederacy. The unions were led by often semi-hereditary judges (Qadis), military commanders (Beks) or elders.

Akhty-Para

c.1620                     A confederacy of Akhty and four other Upper Lezgian unions of
                             societies founded.
1723 - 1732                Vassal of the Ottoman Empire.
1759 - 1789                Subject to khanate of Quba (Kuba).
1811                       Under the Russian suzerainty.
1839                       Polity abolished.
1877                       Khanate of Akhty briefly proclaimed in rebellion.

Qadis of Akhty
c.1750 - c.1809            ....
c.1809 - 1839              Mirza`Ali Pirbudagi               (b. 1771 - d. 1859)
Khan of Akhty
1877                       Ghazi Ahmad Bek                    (d. 1878)

Aqusha-Dargo

bf.1395                    A confederacy of Aqusha and five other Upper Dargin unions
                             of societies founded.
1725 - 1735                Under the Russian suzerainty.
1812                       Under the Russian suzerainty.
1818 - 1819                In rebellion against Russia (again 1843-1847).
1854                       Polity abolished.

Qadis of Aqusha
16.. - 1709                Ayyub                              (d. 1709)
1709 - 1711/12            `Abd al-Halim                      (d. 1711/12)
bf.1725 - 173.             Abu Bakr                           (d. 173.)
bf.1735 - 1766/67          Haji Ayyub                         (d. 1766/67)
17.. - 1811                Abu Bakr Haji                      (d. 1811)
1811 - 1812/18             Zuhum (1st time)
1812/18 - 1819             Muhammad (1st time)
1819 - 1827                Zuhum (2nd time)
1827 - 1847                Muhammad (2nd time)
1847 - 18..                Shaban Zuhum
18.. - 1854                Nurbagand

Avar (Khunzakh)

c.730                      Avar state (formally Khunzakh, after name of capital) founded.
1803                       Under the Russian suzerainty.
1818 - 1819                In rebellion against Russia.
1834 - 1836                Occupied by "Caucasus" Imamate, state declared abolished.
1843 - 1859                Occupied by "Caucasus" Imamate, state declared abolished.
1864                       State abolished.

Khans(also with Avar style ofNutsal)
1699 - 1706                Dugri Khan II
1706 - 1708                Umma Khan III                      (d. 1708)
1708 - 1722                Muhammad Khan III                  (d. 1722)
1722 - 1735                Umma Khan IV "Bulach"              (d. 1735)
1735 - 1774                Muhammad Khan IV                   (b. 1730 - d. 1774)
1774 - 1801                Umma Khan V                        (b. 1761 - d. 1801)
1801 - 1802                Gebek Khan                         (d. 1802)
1802 - 1823                Sultan Ahmad Khan I                (d. 1823)
                             (nominally removed from authority by Russiansin 1819)
1819 - 1828                Surkhay Khan -Regent               (d. 1834)
1823 - 1834                Abu Sultan Khan                    (b. 1813 - d. 1834)
1828 - 1834                Bahu Bike (f) -Regent              (d. 1834)
1834 - 1836                Sultan Ahmad Khan II               (b. 1834 - d. 1843)
                             (nominal)
1834 - 1836                Aslan Khan -Regent                 (b. 1781 - d. 1836)
                             (khan of Kazi-Kumukh)
1836 - 1859               the khans of Mehtuli -Regents
1859 - 1864                Ibrahim Khan II                    (b. 183. - d. bf.1881)

"Caucasus" Imamate

Dec 1829 -  6 Sep 1859    "Caucasus" Imamate established (in highland Dagestan and Chechnya),
                            based at Gimry (1829-32), Gotsatl (1832-34), Akhulgo (1834-39),
                             Dargo (1839-45) and Vedeno (1845-59); although Imamate covered
                             highland Chechnya from 1830, the same Imam (originally elected
                             onlyby Dagestanis) was elected by the Chechens only on
                             19 Mar 1840.
1834 - 1859                Avar khanate occupied and declared abolished by the Imamate
                             (Russian rule restored 1836-1843).
 6 Sep 1859                Imamate areas incorporated into Russia (Vedeno occupied on
                             13 Apr1859).
29 Aug 1877 -  3 Nov 1877 Rebellion in the Avar country of Dagestan.

Imams in Dagestan and Chechnya(alsostyledAmir al-Mu´minin1845 - 1859)
Dec 1829 - 29 Oct 1832     Ghazi Muhammad ibn Muhammad       (b. 1795 - d. 1832)
                            al-Gimravi 
                            (= Gazi-Mukhammad Gimrinskiy)
Nov 1832 - 19 Sep 1834     Hamza Bek ibn`Ali Iskandar Bek    (b. 1789 - d. 1834)
                             al-Hutsali("Khamzat-bek")      
                            (= Gamzat-bekGotsatlinskiy)                       
 9 Oct 1834 -  6 Sep 1859  Shamil ibn Muhammad al-Gimravi     (b. 1797 - d. 1871)
                            (= Shamil' Gimrinskiy)
                             (only in Dagestanto 19 Mar 1840)
29 Aug 1877 –  3 Nov 1877  Muhammad Haji as-Suguri            (b. 1839 - d. 1877)
                             (= Mukhammad-Khadzhi Sogratlinskiy)
                             (only in Dagestan)

c.1640                     Turlo house, to c.1730 subject to the Avars, begins rule, based in
                             the village of Chechen (Chechen-Aul)(by the early18th century
                             theirauthority extended to much of lowland Nokhchpeople who
                             began to bereferred by others as the "Chechen").
1733                       Turlo declare loyalty to Russia (again 1747 and 1781), other
                             lowland princely rulers (Bragun, Germenchuk) do the same (five
                             highlandChechen confederacies remain unaffiliated with Russia).
1784                       Anti-Russian movement,led by Sheikh Mansur(b. 1760 – d. 1794)
                             1785-1791, eliminates princely rule (at the end ofthe 18th
                            century there are a total of eight or nine Chechen confederacies)
1819                       Groznaya(from Dec 1869 renamed Grozny) establishedby Russia.
1825                       People's Assembly (Mekhk Kkhetasho), in existence for centuries,
                            attempts to create a single political and military authority,
                             based at Shali.
1830 -  6 Sep 1859         Highland Chechnya under the "Caucasus" Imamate (in 1834 a Chechen
                             Imam was elected, who deferred to authority of Dagestani imam;
                             in 19 Mar 1840 the Dagestani imam was elected imam also by
                             Chechens).
 6 Sep 1859                Incorporated into Russia (Vedeno occupied 13 Apr 1859).
13 Apr 1877 – 27 Nov 1877  Rebellion underAlibek-Khadzhi Aldamov Zandakskiy.
 4 Feb 1919 -  7 Mar 1920  Grozny occupied by "White" Russian forces.
20 Jan 1921 -  7 Jul 1924  Within theMountain A.S.S.R. as Chechen Nationalokrug.
30 Nov 1922                Chechen Autonomousoblast (within the Russian S.F.S.R.)
                            (see underRussian S.F.S.R. admin.).

Turlo Rulers (from 1746, Senior Rulers) of Chechen(Chechen title:Eli, Turkic title:Bek)
1695 – 1708                Muhammad (Bammat)                  (d. 1708)
1708 – 1728                Amir Hamza                         (d. 1728)
1728 – 1732                Hasbolat                           (d. 1732)
1732 – 1746                Aidemir                            (d. 1746)
1746 – 1757               `Ali Bek                           (d. 1759)
1757 – 1770                Arslan Bek (1st time)              (d. 1784)
1770 – 1771                Ahmad Khan                         (d. 1771)
1771 – 1775               `Ali Sultan                        (d. 1775)
1775 – 1784                Arslan Bek (2nd time)              (s.a.)
Chief of the People(titleMekhk Da)(referred by the Russians to as Ataman)
1825 – 1830                Bibolat Taimi                      (b. 1779 – d. 1832)
                             (from c.1807 supreme commander, title:Bachcha)
Imams in Chechnya 
1830 - 1834               "Caucasus" Imams
1834 - Mar 1840            Tashav Haji al-Indiri              (b. 1770 - d. 1843)
                             (= Tashev-Khadzhi Endireyevskiy)
19 Mar 1840 -  6 Sep 1859 "Caucasus" Imam
13 Apr 1877 - 27 Nov 1877 `Ali Bek Haji az-Zandaki           (b. 1850 - d. 1878)
                             (= Alibek-Khadzhi Aldamov Zandakskiy)