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	`Mar 1501 Discovered by Rodrigo de Bastidas.` `5 Oct 1502 Discovered by Columbus and claimed for Spain, calledTierra Firme.1508 Spanish settlement at Darien,``Gobernación` `de` `Veragua (Governorate of Veragua) of the` `Provincia de Tierra Firme.1510 Santa María la Antigua delDarién, founded by Martín Fernández de Enciso.1513 Province of Castilla de Oro (part of Spanish` `colony of` `Peru).1513 - 1519 Castilla de Oro merged withNueva Andalucía as theGobernación deCastilla de Orowith Pedro Arias de Ávila as governor. 27 Sep 1513 Vasco Nuñez de Balboa discoverers the South Sea, Pacific Ocean,.15 Aug 1519 Panama city founded.1519 Gobernación del Choco split from Castilla de Oro. 1529 Renamed Panamá19 Jan 1537 - 1556 Duchy of Veragua (Ducado de Veragua) created in a small section of Veragua governorate for Luis Colón de Toledo (b. c.1519 - d. 1572). The domain is returned to the Spanish Crown in 1556 for a payment. 26 Feb 1538 - 1543` `Audiencia y Cancillería Realde Panamá en` `Tierrafirme (Royal Audience and Chancery of Panama in Tierra Firme).15 May 1565 - 1718` `Audienciade Panamá.` `3 Nov 1698 - 11 Apr 1700 Scottish colony atDarien.21 Jul 1722 - 1752` `Audiencia` `de Panamá (restored).` `20 Aug 1739 Panama subjected to Viceroyalty of New Granada` `(seeColombia).20 Jul 1812 - 1816 Remains loyal to Spain during Colombian` `independence revolt.28 Nov 1821 Independence from Spain, part of New Granada` `(seeColombia).18 Nov 1840 State of Panama (Estado de Panamá)(secession of the` `province of Panama from Colombia).20 Mar 1841 State of the Isthmus (Estado del Istmo)(provinces` `of Panamá and Veraguas formed an independent and` `sovereign state).31 Dec 1841 Re-incorporation intoColombia(effected 16 Mar 1842).27 Feb 1855 Provinces of Panamá, Azuero, Veraguas and Chiriquí` `formed a constituent state of Colombia named` `Estado de Panamá.` `27 Feb 1855 - 15 Feb 1886 Provinces of New Granada (including Panama)` `organized as sovereign states, but remaining` `part of New Granada (seeColombian states).` `27 Feb 1855 State of Panama (Estado de Panamá).` `15 Oct 1861 Sovereign State of Panama (Estado Soberano de` `Panamá).` `27 Apr 1885 - 30 Apr 1885 U.S. troops deployed in Panama City.` `7 Sep 1886 Department of Panama (Departamento de Panamá), end of autonomy. 20 Nov 1901 - 4 Dec 1901 U.S. troops deployed.` `17 Sep 1902 - 18 Nov 1902 U.S. troops deployed.` `3 Nov 1903 Spontaneous declarations in favor of separation` `from Colombia in Panama City.` `4 Nov 1903 Independence from Colombia (Republic of Panama [República de Panamá]).` `5 Nov 1903 - 26 Jan 1905 U.S. intervention.` `6 Nov 1903 U.S. recognizesPanamanian independence (formally` `18 Nov 1903).13 Feb 1904 - 25 Jul 1939 U.S. protectorate.10 May 1904 Former colonial power Spain recognizes Panama independence 17 Nov 1904 - 24 Nov 1904 U.S. troops deployed in Ancon.` `13 May 1912 - 21 Jan 1914 U.S. troops deployed.` `4 May 1904 - 30 Sep 1979 PanamaCanal Zone` `under U.S. administration.` `1 Mar1922 Colombia formally recognizes Panamanian` `independence.` `20 Dec 1989 - 31 Jan 1990 U.S. occupation.`

De facto rulers11 Oct 1968 - 31 Jul 1981 Omar Efraín Torrijos Herrera (b. 1929 - d. 1981) Mil; 1978 (commander National Guard; from 11 Oct 1972, PRD Maximum Leader of the Panamanian Revolution) 31 Jun 1981 - 3 Mar 1982 Florencio Flores Aguilar (b. 1931? - d. 2020) Mil (commander National Guard) 3 Mar 1982 - 12 Aug 1983 Rubén Darío Paredes del Río (b. 1933) Mil (commander National Guard)12 Aug 1983 - 20 Dec 1989 Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno (b. 1934 - d. 2017) Mil (commander National Guard [from 29 Sep 1983 Panama Defense Forces]; from 15 Dec 1989, Maximum Leader of National Liberation)

Governors of Veragua 6 Jun 1508 - 1511 Diego de Nicuesa (b. c.1478 - d. 1511) 1511 - 1513 Vasco Núñez de Balboa (b. 1475 - d. 1519) Governors of Castilla de Oro1513 - 1520 Pedro Arias de Ávila (1st time) (b. 1440 - d. 1531) (Pedrarias)1520 - 20 May 1520 Lope de Sosa y Mesa (b. 1460 - d. 1520)1520 - 1526 Pedro Arias de Ávila (2nd time) (s.a.)Jul 1526 - 1529 Pedro Gutiérrez de los Ríos y (b. c.1496 - d. 1549) AguayoGovernors of Panama 5 Aug 1529 - 20 Dec 1533 Antonio de la Gama (b. c.1489 - d. af.1544) 1533 - Aug 1536 Francisco de Barrionuevo (b. c.1503 - d. af.1542)1536 Pascual de Andagoya (b. 1495 - d. 1548)Sep 1536 - Feb 1539 Pedro Vázquez de Acuña (b. c.1506 - d. af.1540)Feb 1539 - 1543 Francisco Pérez de Robles (d. 1563) (president of the Audiencia)1543 - 1544 Pedro Ramírez de Quiñones (d. 1582) (1st time)1544 Pedro de Casaos 1544 - 1545 Diego de Herrera 1545 - 1546 Hernando de Bichacao 1546 Pedro de Rivero1546 Pedro de Hinojosa (d. 1553) 27 Jul 1546 - 13 Aug 1546 Pedro de la Gasca (Lagasca) (b. 1493 - d. 1567) 1546 - 1548 Alonso de Álvarez 1548 Pedro Ramírez de Quiñones (s.a.) (2nd time)Jan 1549 - 1550 Juan Barba de Vallecillo 1550 - 1553 Sancho de Clavijo Sep 1553 - 1556 Álvaro de Sosa 19 Dec 1556 - 31 Dec 1556 Juan de Barbosa (acting) 1 Jan 1557 - 1559 Juan Ruiz de Monjarás 1559 - 1561 Rafael de Figueroa 1 Jan 1561 - Dec 1563 Luis de Guzmán (d. 1563)1563 Juan Busto de Villegas 1563 - 1564 Lope García de Castro (b. 1516 - d. 1576) 1565 - 1566 Manuel Barros de San Millán (b. 1523 - d. 1599) (1st time)Jul 1566 - Aug 1566 Alonso Arias de Herrera y Maldonado(d. 1566) 1566 Juan de Pinedo(interim)Governor-Presidentsof the Audiencia1567 - 1569 Manuel Barros de San Millán (s.a.) (2nd time)Feb 1569 - 1576 Diego Lope de Vera (acting)30 Apr 1576 - 1578 Gabriel de Loarte (b. c.1530 - d. 1578)Apr 1578 - 1580 Juan López de Cepeda (interim) 1580 - 1585 Pedro Ramírez de Quiñones (s.a.) (3rd time)1585 - 1587 Juan del Barrio Sepúlveda (d. c.1613) (1st time)1587 - 1596 Francisco de Cárdenas (d. 1596) 1596 Juan del Barrio Sepúlveda (s.a.) (2nd time)(interim)1596 - 1602 Alonso de Sotomayor y Andia, (b. 1545 - d. 1610) marqués de Valparaiso1602 - 1604 Hernando de Añazco(interim)May 1605 - 1614 Francisco Valverde de Mercado 1614 - 1616 Francisco Manso de Contreras (d. c.1620)1616 - 1619 Diego Fernández de Velasco (b. c.1540 - d. 1619)12 Dec 1619 - 2 May 1621 Juan de la Cruz Rivadeneira (d. 1621) (interim)1621 Roque de Cháves (interim) 1621 - 1627 Rodrigo Vivero y Velasco (b. 1564 - d. 1636)1627 Juan de Colmenares Andrade (did not take office)1627 - 1632 Álvaro de Quiñones Osorio y Miranda1632 - 1634 Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera y (b. 1587 - d. 1660) y Gaviría1634 - 3 Nov 1638 Enrique Enríquez de Sotomayor (b. c.1600 - d. 1638)1638 Andrés Garabito de León e Illescas(b. 1600 - d. 1675) (interim)1638 - 29 May 1642 Iñigo de la Motta Sarmiento (b. 1598 - d. 1642)1643 - 1646 Juan de Vega Bazán y Bernal (d. 1647) (1st time)1646 - 1649 Juan Fernández de Córdoba y (d. 1654) Coalla,marqués de Miranda de Auta1644 - 1645 Diego De Orozco (1st time) (b. 1597 - d. c.1652) 1645 - 1647 Juan de Vega Bazán y Bernal (s.a.) (2nd time)1649 - 1640 Juan Barba de Vallecillo 1650 - 1651 Juan de Bitrián Navarra y Biamonte (interim)1651 Diego de Orozco (2nd time) (s.a.) 1651 - 1652 Francisco de Guzmán de Toledo (interim)1652 - 1657 Pedro Carrillo de Guzmán1658 Francisco de Herrera Enríquez 1658 - 1663 Fernando Ibáñez de la Riva (b. 1606 - d. 1663) Agüero y Setién1663 - 1665 Pablo de Figueroa 1665 - 1667 Juan Pérez de Guzmán y Gonzaga (1st time)1667 - 1669 Agustín de Bracamonte y Zapata1669 Diego de Ibarra(interim)1669 - 1671 Juan Pérez de Guzmán y Gonzaga (2nd time)1671 Luis Losada Quinoñes + Andres Martínez de Amileta (d. 1673) (magistrates)1671 Francisco Miguel de Marichalar (b. 1630 - d. 1674) y Vallejo (1st time)Jun 1671 - 1673 Antonio Fernández de Córdoba y Mendoza 1673 - 1675 Antonio de León y Becerra, obispo (b. 1631 - d. 1708) de Panamá 1675 - 1676 Francisco Miguel de Marichalar (s.a.) y Vallejo (2nd time)1676 - 1681 Alonso de Mercado y Villacorta (b. 1620 - d. 1681) 1681 - 1682 Lucas Fernández de Piedrahíta, (b. 1624 - d. 1688) obispo de Panamá 1682 José Alzamora 1682 - 1690 Pedro de Ponte Llorena Hoyo y (b. 1625 - d. 1705) Calderón, conde de Palmar1690 - 1695 Pedro José de Guzmán Dávalos, (b. c.1650 - d. 1720) marqués de Mina 1695 - 1696 Diego Ladrón de Guvera, (b. 1641 - d. 1718) obispo de Panamá 1696 - 1699 Pedro Luis Henríquez de Guzmán, (d. 1701) conde de Canillas (1st time)1699 José Antonio de la Rocha y (b. 1657 - d. c.1730) Carranza (1st time)1699 - 1702 Pedro Luis Henríquez de Guzmán, (s.a.) conde de Canillas (2nd time)1702 - 1706 Fernando D'Avila Bravo de Laguna1706 José Eustaquio Vicentelo Toledo y Luca, marqués de Brenes1706 - 1708 José Antonio de la Rocha y (s.a.) Carranza, marques de Brenes (2nd time)1708 - 1709 Fernando José de Haro y Monterroso(b. 1661 - d. 1709)1709 - 1710 Juan Bautista de Ureta e Irusta1710 - 1711 Juan de la Rañeta y Vera1711 (6 hours) José Antonio de la Rocha y (s.a.) Carranza, marques de Brenes (3rd time)1711 - 1718 José Hurtado de Amézaga Governors1718 Juan José de Llamas y Rivas, (b. 1654 - d. 1719) obispo de Panamá(acting)1718 - 1723 Jerónimo VadilloGovernors-Presidents1723 - 1724 Gaspar Pérez Buelta (b. c.1684 - d. 1744)1724 José Alzamora y Ursino (interim) (b. 1669 - d. 1725)1724 - 1730 Manuel de Alderetey Franco (b. 1673 - d. 1731)1730 - 1735 Juan José Andía Vivero y Velásco, (d. 1741) marqués de Villa Hermosa1735 - 1743 Dionisio Martínez de la Vega y (d. 1743) Moreno1743 - 1749 Dionisio de Alcedo Ugarte y Herrera(b. 1690 - d. 1777) 1749 - 1751 Manuel de Montiano y Luyando (b. 1685 - d. 1762)Governors1751 - 1758 Manuel de Montiano y Luyando (s.a.)1758 - 1761 Antonio de Guill y Gonzaga (b. 1715 - d. 1768)1762 José Antonio Raón y Gutiérrez (b. c.1700 - d. 1773) (interim)1762 - 1764 José de Arana y Górnica (interim)1764 - Jul 1767 José Blasco de Orozco (d. 1767)1767 Joaquín Cabrejo (interim)1767 - 1768 Manuel de Agreda (interim)1768 - 1769 Nicolás de Castro (1st time) (b. 1710 - d. 1772)Dec 1769 - Jun 1772 Vicente de Olaciregui (d. 1772)Jun 1772 - 1772 Nicolás de Castro (2nd time) (s.a.) (interim)1773 - May 1774 Nicolás Quijano (d. 1774)May 1774 - 1774 Francisco Navas (interim)1774 - Nov 1779 Pedro Carbonell Pinto Vigo y (b. 1720 - d. 1805) CorreaNov 1779 - 1785 Ramón de Carvajal1785 - 1793 José Dómas y Valle (b. 1723 - d. 1803)1793 - 1803 Antonio Narváez y la Torre (b. 1733? - d. 1812) 15 Mar 1803 - 22 Feb 1805 Juan de Marcos Urbina (b. 17.. - d. 1805)1805 - 12 Jul 1812 Juan Antonio de la Mata y Barberán (b. 1737 - d. 1812)1812 - 1813 Benito Pérez 1813 Víctor de Salcedo y Somodevilla (b. 1750 - d. 1822)1813 - 1815 Carlos Maynar1815 - 1816 Francisco de Ayala Gudiño Medina (b. 1751 - d. 1816) y Calderón (interim) 1816 José Alvarez (interim)1816 - 17 Jul 1817 Juan Domingo de Iturralde (interim)(b. 1759 - d. 18..)17 Jul 1817 - 8 Jul 1820 Alejandro de Hore (b. 1778 - d. 1820) 8 Jul 1820 - 28 Dec 1820 Francisco Aguilar (interim)28 Dec 1820 - 2 Aug 1821 Pedro Ruíz de Porras (b. 1762 - d. 1821)Aug 1821 - Aug 1821 Tomás Cires (acting)Aug 1821 - 22 Oct 1821 Juan de la Cruz Mourgeón y Achet (b. 1766 - d. 1822)22 Oct 1821 - 28 Nov 1821 José de Fábrega (1st time) (b. 1777 - d. 1841) (interim)Military governor 9 Feb 1822 - 1826 José María Carreño (b. 1792 - d. 1849)Governors 9 Feb 1822 - 1826 Juan José Argote (1st time) 1826 Manuel Muñoz (1st time)(acting)1826 - 1827 José de Fábrega (1st time) (s.a.)1827 José Domingo Espinar (1st time) (b. 1791 - d. 1862)1827 - Jun 1828 Manuel Muñoz (2nd time)(acting)Jun 1828 - 1829 José Sardá (b. 1782 - d. 1834)1829 - 1830 José de Fábrega (2nd time) (s.a.)1830 - Dec 1830 José Domingo Espinar (2nd time) (s.a.)Dec 1830 - 1831 Juan Eligio Alzuru (b. 1791 - d. 1831) 1 Jul 1831 - Jul 1831 Justo Paredes -Superior Chief (b. 1809 - d. 18..)Jul 1831 - 1832 Tomás de Herrera -Military governor(b. 1804 - d. 1854) (1st time)1832 Pedro Jiménez1832 - 1833 Juan José Argote (2nd time)1833 - 1834 Juan B. Feraud1834 - 1836 Manuel José Hurtado 1836 - 1840 Pedro de Obarrio (b. 1795 - d. 18..)18 May 1840 - 1842 Tomás de Herrera (2nd time) (s.a.)Superior Civil Chief18 Nov 1840 - 20 Mar 1841 Tomás José Ramón del Carmen de (b. 1804 - d. 1854) Herrera y Pérez Dávila Superior Chief of State 20 Mar 1841 - 11 Jun 1841 Tomás José Ramón del Carmen de (s.a.) Herrera y Pérez Dávila President11 Jun 1841 - 31 Dec 1841 Tomás José Ramón del Carmen de (s.a.) Herrera y Pérez Dávila 1842 Miguel Chiari Jiménez (b. 1808 - d. 1881)1842 J. Victoria y Echavarría1843 - 1845 Anselmo Pineda (b. 1805 - d. 1878)1845 José de Obaldía y Orejuela (b. 1806 - d. 1889) (1st time)1845 - 1846 Tomás de Herrera (3rd time) (s.a.)1846 Manuel Quesada1846 José María Barriga1849 Manuel María Díaz (1st time) (acting)1849 Tomás de Herrera (4th time) (s.a.)1850 - 1851 José de Obaldía y Orejuela (s.a.) (2nd time)1851 Manuel María Díaz (2nd time) (acting)1851 Tomás de Herrera (4th time) (s.a.)1851 Juan Antonio Bermúdez1851 Carlos Icaza Arosemena (b. 1822 - d. 1896)1852 Tomás de Herrera (5th time) (s.a.)1852 Antonio Planas1852 Bernardo Arce Mata (1st time)1852 - 1853 Salvador Camacho Roldán (b. 1827 - d. 1900) 1 Sep 1853 - 1854 Bernardo Arce Mata (2nd time) (acting) 1 Jan 1854 - 1854 José María Urrutia Añino1854 - 1855 Juan Echavarría1855 Isidro de Diego1855 Damián José Pacheco1855 Bernardo Arce Mata (3rd time)19 May 1855 - 18 Jul 1855 Manuel María Díaz (3rd time) (acting)18 Jul 1855 - 3 Oct 1855 Justo Arosemena Quesada (b. 1817 - d. 1896) (initially provisional head of state) 4 Oct 1855 - 30 Sep 1856 Francisco de Fábrega (acting) (b. 1815 - d. 1879) 1 Oct 1856 - 6 May 1858 Bartolomé Calvo y Díaz de Lamadrid (b. 1815 - d. 1889) 7 May 1858 - 30 Sep 1858 Ramón Gamboa (acting) 1 Oct 1858 - 1 Nov 1858 Rafael Núñez (acting) (b. 1825 - d. 1894) 2 Nov 1858 - 30 Sep 1860 José de Obaldía y Orejuela (s.a.) (3rd time) 1 Oct 1860 - 25 Jul 1862 Santiago de la Guardia y Arrue (b. 1829 - d. 1862)26 Jul 1862 - 5 Jul 1863 Manuel María Díaz (provisional) (4th time) 6 Jul 1863 - 12 Aug 1863 Pedro Goitía Meléndez (acting) (d. 1898)Presidents 13 Aug 1863 - 16 Oct 1864 Peregrino Santacoloma (b. 1830 - d. 1890) 17 Oct 1864 - 9 Mar 1865 José Leonardo Calancha (acting) (b. 1832 - d. ....)10 Mar 1865 - 30 Sep 1866 Gil Colunje (b. 1831 - d. 1899) (provisional to 1 Jul 1865, then acting) 1 Oct 1866 - 3 Feb 1868 Vicente Olarte Galindo (d. 1868) 4 Feb 1868 - 4 Jul 1868 Justo José Díaz (acting) 5 Jul 1868 - 31 Aug 1868 Fernando Ponce (provisional) 1 Sep 1868 - 30 Sep 1872 Buenaventura Correoso (1st time) (b. 1831 - d. 1911) (acting to 1 Oct 1868)16 Aug 1871 - 30 Sep 1871 Jaun Mendoza (acting forCorreoso) 16 Jun 1872 - 28 Aug 1872 Jaun Mendoza (acting forCorreoso) 1 Oct 1872 - 5 Apr 1873 Gabriel Neira (1st time) (acting) 5 Apr 1873 - 8 May 1873 Dámaso A. Cervera (1st time) (b. 1837 - d. 1898) (acting) 8 May 1873 - 14 Nov 1873 Gabriel Neira (2nd time) (acting to 1 Oct 1873, then provisional)16 Nov 1873 - 20 Sep 1875 Gregorio Miró 1 Oct 1875 - 11 Oct 1875 Pablo Arosemena Alba (1st time) (b. 1836 - d. 1920)12 Oct 1875 - 31 Dec 1877 Rafael Aizpuru (1st time) (b. 1843 - d. 1919) (provisional to 1 Jan 1876) 1 Jan 1878 - 28 Dec 1878 Buenaventura Correoso (2nd time) (s.a.)29 Dec 1878 - 1 Jun 1879 José Ricardo Casorla (1st time) (b. 1836 - d. 1880) (acting) 8 Jun 1879 - 15 Jun 1879 Gerardo Ortega (1st time) (acting) (b. 1843 - d. 1925)15 Jun 1879 - 17 Jun 1879 José Ricardo Casorla (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting)17 Jun 1879 - 31 Dec 1879 Gerardo Ortega (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) 1 Jan 1880 - 2 Jul 1883 Dámaso A. Cervera (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) 2 Jul 1883 - 6 Jul 1883 Benjamín Ruiz (1st time) (acting) (b. 1852 - d. 1914) 6 Jul 1883 - 10 Jul 1883 Dámaso A. Cervera (3rd time) (s.a.) (acting) 10 Jul 1883 - 13 Jul 1883 Benjamín Ruiz (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) 13 Jul 1883 - 27 Nov 1884 Dámaso A. Cervera (4th time) (s.a.) (acting) 27 Nov 1884 - 7 Jan 1885 José María Vives León (acting) (b. 1837 - d. 1898) 7 Jan 1885 - 16 Feb 1885 Ramón Santodomingo Vila (1st time) (b. 18.. - d. 1914)16 Feb 1885 - 31 Mar 1885 Pablo Arosemena Alba (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting)31 Mar 1885 - 1 Apr 1885 Carlos A. Gónima (civil and military chief) 1 Apr 1885 - 1 May 1885 Rafael Aizpuru (2nd time) (s.a.) (civil and military chief) 1 May 1885 - 14 Feb 1886 Miguel Montoya (civil and miltary chief)15 Feb 1886 - 5 Jun 1886 Ramón Santodomingo Vila (2nd time) (s.a.) (civil and miltary chief) 5 Jun 1886 - 26 Jun 1886 Manuel Amador Guerrero (acting) (b. 1833 - d. 1909) (civil and miltary chief)Governors26 Jun 1886 - 22 Jul 1887 Alejandro Posada (1st time) PC23 Jul 1887 - 20 Jan 1888 Juan Vicente Aycardi (1st time) (b. 1856 - d. 1899) Mil (interim) 21 Jan 1888 - 9 Mar 1888 Alejandro Posada (2nd time) PC 9 Mar 1888 - 31 Aug 1893 Juan Vicente Aycardi (2nd time) (s.a.) Mil 1 Sep 1893 - 8 Oct 1898 Ricardo Arango (b. 1839 - d. 1898) 8 Oct 1898 - 31 Dec 1899 Facundo Mutis Durán (1st time) (b. 1852 - d. 1913) PL 2 Jan 1900 - 1900 José María Campo Serrano (b. 1832 - d. 1915) Mil1900 Alejandro Victor Orillac (acting) (b. 1855 - d. 1923)1900 - 20 Jan 1902 Carlos Albán (b. 1844 - d. 1902) MilJan 1902 - 3 Mar 1902 Aristides Arjona Quintero (acting)(b. 1860 - d. 1935) 3 Mar 1902 - 3 Jan 1903 Víctor Manuel Salazar Vélez (b.1869 - d. 1943) Mil ("accidental") 3 Jan 1903 - 20 Sep 1903 Facundo Mutis Durán (2nd time) (s.a.) PL 20 Sep 1903 - 3 Nov 1903 José Domingo de Obaldía Gallegos (b. 1845 - d. 1910) PC President of the Municipal Council of the District of Panama 3 Nov 1903 - 4 Nov 1903 Demetrio Honorato Brid Lasso (b. 1859 - d. 1917) PCChairman of the Provisional Government Junta 4 Nov 1903 - 20 Feb 1904 José Agustín Arango Remón (b. 1841 - d. 1909) PCPresidents20 Feb 1904 - 1 Oct 1908 Manuel Amador Guerrero (b. 1833 - d. 1909) PC 1 Oct 1908 - 1 Mar 1910 José Domingo de Obaldía (s.a.) PC 1 Mar 1910 - 1 Oct 1910 Carlos Antonio Mendoza Soto (b. 1858 - d. 1916) PL (acting) 1 Oct 1910 - 5 Oct 1910 Federico Augusto Boyd López (b. 1851 - d. 1924) PL (acting) 5 Oct 1910 - 1 Oct 1912 Pablo Arosemena Alba (acting) (b. 1836 - d. 1920) PL 1 Oct 1912 - 1 Oct 1916 Belisario Porras Barahona (b. 1856 - d. 1942) PL (1st time) 1 Oct 1916 - 3 Jun 1918 Ramón Maximiliano de la Concepción (b. 1867 - d. 1918) PL Valdés Arce 3 Jun 1918 - 1 Oct 1918 Ciro Luis Urriola Garrés (acting) (b. 1863 - d. 1922) PL 1 Oct 1918 - 12 Oct 1918 Pedro Antonio Díaz de Obaldía (b. 1847 - d. 1919) PC (acting)12 Oct 1918 - 30 Jan 1920 Belisario Porras Barahona (s.a.) PL (2nd time) 30 Jan 1920 - 1 Oct 1920 Ernesto Tisdel Lefevre de la Ossa (b. 1876 - d. 1922) PL (acting) 1 Oct 1920 - 1 Oct 1924 Belisario Porras Barahona (s.a.) PL (3rd time) 1 Oct 1924 - 1 Oct 1928 Rodolfo Enrique Chiari Robles (b. 1869 - d. 1937) PL 1 Oct 1928 - 2 Jan 1931 Florencio Harmodio Arosemena (b. 1872 - d. 1945) PL Guillén 2 Jan 1931 - 16 Jan 1931 Harmodio Arias Madrid (1st time) (b. 1886 - d. 1962) PLD (acting forRicardo Jované) 16 Jan 1931 - 1 Oct 1932 Ricardo Joaquín Alfaro Jované (b. 1882 - d. 1971) PL (acting) 1 Oct 1932 - 1 Oct 1936 Harmodio Arias Madrid (2nd time) (s.a.) PLD 1 Oct 1936 - 16 Dec 1939 Juan Demóstenes Arosemena Barreati (b. 1879 - d. 1939) PLN16 Dec 1939 - 18 Dec 1939 Ezequiel Fernández Jaén (acting) (b. 1886 - d. 1946) PNR18 Dec 1939 - 1 Oct 1940 Augusto Samuel Boyd Briceño (b. 1879 - d. 1957) PNR (acting) 1 Oct 1940 - 9 Oct 1941 Arnulfo Arias Madrid (1st time) (b. 1901 - d. 1988) PNR 9 Oct 1941 (hours) Ernesto Jaén Guardia (acting) (b. 1895 - d. 1961) Non-party 9 Oct 1941 - 15 Jun 1945 Ricardo Adolfo de la Guardia (b. 1899 - d. 1969) Non-party Arango (acting to 21 Oct 1941)15 Feb 1945 - 15 Jun 1945 Jeptha Brawner Duncan Guillén- (b. 1885 - d. 1977) PL Arosemena (acting, in dissidence)15 Jun 1945 - 1 Oct 1948 Enrique Adolfo Jiménez Brin (b. 1888 - d. 1970) PL (provisional)12 Jul 1948 - 13 Jul 1948 Henrique de Obarrio Vallarino (b. 1898 - d. 1978) Non-party (provisional, in dissidence) 1 Oct 1948 - 23 Aug 1949 Domingo Díaz Arosemena (b. 1875 - d. 1949) PL28 Jul 1949 - 24 Nov 1949¹ Daniel Chanis Pinzón (b. 1891 - d. 1961) PL (acting forDíaz Arosemena to 23 Aug 1949) 20 Nov 1949 - 25 Nov 1949¹ Roberto Francisco Chiari Remón (b. 1905 - d. 1981) PLN (acting for Pinzón) 25 Nov 1949 - 25 May 1951 Arnulfo Arias Madrid (2nd time) (s.a.) PRA (suspended from 9 May 1955) 9 May 1951 - 1 Oct 1952 Alcibíades Arosemena Quinzada (b. 1883 - d. 1958) PRA (acting forArnulfo Arias to 25 May 1951) 1 Oct 1952 - 2 Jan 1955 José Antonio Remón Cantera (b. 1908 - d. 1955) CPN 2 Jan 1955 - 29 Mar 1955 José Ramón Guizado Valdés (b. 1899 - d. 1964) CPN (suspended from 15 Jan 1955) 15 Jan 1955 - 1 Oct 1956 Ricardo Manuel Arias Espinosa (b. 1912 - d. 1993) CPN (acting for impeached Guizado to 29 Mar 1955) 1 Oct 1956 - 1 Oct 1960 Ernesto de la Guardia Navarro (b. 1904 - d. 1983) CPN 1 Oct 1960 - 1 Oct 1964 Roberto Francisco Chiari Remón (s.a.) PLN 1 Oct 1964 - 1 Oct 1968 Marco Aurelio Robles Méndez (b. 1905 - d. 1990) PLN24 Mar 1968 - 5 Apr 1968 Max Delvalle Levy-Maduro (b. 1911 - d. 1979) PR (in dissidence) 1 Oct 1968 - 11 Oct 1968 Arnulfo Arias Madrid (3rd time) (s.a.) PP12 Oct 1968 - 19 Dec 1969 José Manuel Pinilla Fábrega (b. 1919 - d. 1979) Mil (president of Provisional Junta)19 Dec 1969 - 11 Oct 1978 Demetrio Basilio Lakas Bahas (b. 1925 - d. 1999) Non-party (president of Provisional Junta to 11 Oct 1972) 11 Oct 1978 - 31 Jul 1982 Arístides Royo Sánchez (b. 1940) Non-party31 Jul 1982 - 13 Feb 1984 Ricardo de la Espriella Toral (b. 1934) Non-party13 Feb 1984 - 11 Oct 1984 Jorge Enrique Illueca Sibauste (b. 1918 - d. 2012) Non-party11 Oct 1984 - 28 Sep 1985 Nicolás Ardito Barletta Vallarino (b. 1938) PRD28 Sep 1985 - 26 Feb 1988 Eric Arturo Delvalle Cohen- (b. 1937 - d. 2015) PR Henríquez(continues in rebellion to 1 Sep 1989 [from Jan 1989 in Miami exile])26 Feb 1988 - 1 Sep 1989 Manuel A. Solís Palma (acting) (b. 1917 - d. 2009) PRD 1 Sep 1989 - 20 Dec 1989 Francisco Antonio Rodríguez Poveda (b. 1938) PRD (provisional) 20 Dec 1989 - 1 Sep 1994 Guillermo David Endara Galimany (b. 1936 - d. 2009) PPA;1990 PA 1 Sep 1994 - 1 Sep 1999 Ernesto Pérez Balladares González (b. 1946) PRD Revilla 1 Sep 1999 - 1 Sep 2004 Mireya Elisa Moscoso Rodríguez (f) (b. 1946) PA 1 Sep 2004 - 1 Jul 2009 Martín Erasto Torrijos Espino (b. 1963) PRD 1 Jul 2009 - 1 Jul 2014 Ricardo Alberto Martinelli Berrocal(b. 1952) PCD 1 Jul 2014 - 1 Jul 2019 Juan Carlos Varela Rodríguez (b. 1963) PP 1 Jul 2019 - 1 Jul 2024 Laurentino "Nito" Cortizo Cohen (b. 1953) PRD 1 Jul 2024 - José Raúl Mulino Quintero (b. 1959) RM

Chiefs of Government11 Oct 1972 - 11 Oct 1978 Omar Efraín Torrijos Herrera (s.a.) Mil; (formallyMaximum Leader of the Panamanian Revolution) 1978 PRD15 Dec 1989 - 20 Dec 1989 Manuel Antonio Noriega Morena (s.a.) Mil (formallyMaximum Leader of National Liberation)

U.S. Military Commanders20 Nov 1901 - 4 Dec 1901 Thomas Perry (b. 1844 - d. 1918) (commanderU.S.S. Iowa) 17 Sep 1902 - 18 Nov 1902 George Barnett (b. 1859 - d. 1923) (commander of MarinesU.S.S. Panther) 5 Nov 1903 - 3 Jan 1904 John Archer Lejeune (b. 1867 - d. 1942) (commander Marine first battalion) 3 Jan 1904 - 10 Dec 1904 George Frank Elliott (b. 1846 - d. 1931) (commandant U.S. Marines) 10 Dec 1904 - 26 Jan 1905 Thomas Newton Wood (b. 1854 - d. 1916) (commander Marine Battalion) 17 Dec 1905 - 1906 Charles Grant Long (b. 1869 - d. 1943) (commanding officer of Camp Elliott) 14 Dec 1906 - 1907 Constantine Marrast Perkins (b. 1860 - d. 1914) (commanding officer of Camp Elliott) 13 Jul 1907 - 29 Aug? 1908 John Henry Russell, Jr. (b. 1872 - d. 1947) (commanding officer of Camp Elliott) 29 Aug 1908 - 1909 Ben Hebard Fuller (b. 1870 - d. 1937) (commanding officer of Camp Elliott) Nov 1909 - 21 Jan 1914 Smedley Darlington Butler (b. 1881 - d. 1940) (commander 3d Battalion, 1st Marine Regiment)20 Dec 1989 - 31 Jan 1990 Carl Wade Stiner (b. 1936) (commander, Joint Task Force South)

¹By a dubious interpretation of Art. 148 of the 1946 constitution dealing with presidential resignations, the Supreme Court of Justice "conditionally" accepted on 20 Nov 1949 President Daniel Chanis (s.a.) resignation and swore in Roberto Francisco Chiari Remón (s.a.), his constitutional successor; when the National Assembly reconvened on 21 Nov 1949, Chanis "withdrew" his resignation, declaring that it was coerced, and the Assembly, the body entitled to deal with resignations of the head of state, on 22 Nov 1949 rejected it. The Supreme Court of Justice on 24 Nov 1949 agreed that Chanis indeed continued to hold office.

Territorial Dispute: Organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia operate within the remote border region with Panama.

Party abbreviations:PCD =Partido Cambio Democrático (Democratic Change Party, liberal conservative, center-right, est.20 May 1998);PP = Partido Panameñista (Panamenista Party, populist conservative,Panameñismo, nationalist,formerly Arnulfo Arias personalist, 1941-1969 then renamed PPA; re-est. as split from PA in 2005);PRD = Partido Revolucionario Democrático (Revolutionary Democratic Party, populist, center-left, est.1978);RM = Realizando Metas (Realizing Goals, liberal conservative, populist, Ricardo Martinelli personalist, split from PCD, est.24 Mar 2021);Mil = Military;- Former Parties:CPN = Coalición Patriótica Nacional (National Patriotic Coalition, populist, conservative, nationalist, government party, 1952-1981); PA = Partido Arnulfista (Arnulfist Party, conservative,nationalist, former PPA, 1990-2005, renamed PP);PC = Partido Conservador (Conservative Party, center-right, 1903-1952);PL = Partido Liberal (Liberal Party, liberal, 1903-2009);PLD = Partido Liberal Doctrinario (Liberal Doctrinaire Party, 1932-1947);PLN = Partido Liberal Nacional (National Liberal Party, liberal, centrist, 1903-2005);PNR = Partido Nacional Revolucionario (National Revolutionary Party, Panameñismo, nationalist, anti-American, 1932-1941, renamed PR);PPA = Partido Panameñista Auténtico (Authentic Panamenista Party, nationalist, former PP, 1969-1990, renamed PA);PR= Partido Republicano (Republican Party, right wing, 1960-1991);PRA= Partido Revolucionario Auténtico (Authentic Revolutionary Party, 1948-1952)

New Caledonia (Darien)

26 Jun 1695 Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and the Indies (also called the Scottish Darien Company) founded (dissolved 1 May 1707). 3 Nov 1698 Colony of New Caledonia, founded by Scotland atDarien (renamed New Edinburgh) on the isthmus of Panama.20 Jun 1699 - 30 Nov 1699 Abandoned.11 Apr 1700 Colony finally abandoned.

Governors 3 Nov 1698 - 20 Jun 1699 Sir William Paterson (b. 1658 - d. 1719)20 Jun 1699 - 30 Nov 1699 Abandoned30 Nov 1699 - 11 Apr 1700 Alexander Campbell of Fonab (Finab)(b. 1663? - d. 1724)

Panama Canal Zone

20Jan 1881 Construction of the canal begun by the FrenchCompagnie Universelle du Canal Interocéanique de Panama underFerdinand deLesseps.15 May 1889 Construction suspended when the French company goes bankrupt.20 Oct 1894 Compagnie Nouvelle de Canal de Panamais organized to complete the canal. It is sold to the United States on 23 Apr 1904.18 Nov 1903 Panama Canal Zone(not including Colón or Ciudad de Panamá) leased to the U.S. by Panama in the Hay–Bunau Varilla Treaty(ratified by U.S. on 26 Feb 1904). 4 May 1904 Canal Zone formally turned over to the U.S. by Panama. 9 May 1904 Isthmian Canal Commission established (dissolved 31 Mar 1914). 14 May 1904 - 30 Sep 1979 Canal Zoneadministered byU.S. War (from 1947 Defense) Department.15 Aug 1914 Panama Canal officially opened.25 Jan 1955 Paitilla Point, the Panama Railroad Yard and station in Panama City, the New Cristobol, Colón Beach and Fort de Lesseps areas in Colón, and other properties are ceded to Panama, and alterations to the boundary between the city of Colón and the Canal Zone are made by the Memorandum of Understandings and Cooperation between the U.S. and Panama (effected 30 Aug 1957). 7 Sep 1977 Signing of the Panama Canal Treaty betweenPanama and U.S., guaranteeing the Canal Zone would be transferred to Panama on 1 Oct 1979 (ratified by the U.S. on 18 Apr 1978). 1 Oct 1979 U.S. returns the Canal Zone to Panama (minus some44 specifically categorized military areas and operating facilities subject to separate bilateral agreement), but the U.S.continuesoperational control of the Canal for 20 years.31 Dec 1999 U.S. relinquishesoperationalcontrol of the Canal, and all former Canal Zone parcels of all types,to Panama.

Chairmen of the Isthmian Canal Commission 8 Mar 1904 - 1 Apr 1905 John Grimes Walker (b. 1835 - d. 1907) Mil 1 Apr 1905 - 4 Mar 1907 Theodore Perry Shonts (b. 1856 - d. 1919) Non-party 4 Mar 1907 - 31 Mar 1907 John Frank Stevens (b. 1853 - d. 1943) Non-party 1 Apr 1907 - 31 Mar 1914 George Washington Goethals (b. 1858 - d. 1928) MilGovernors of the Panama Canal Zone17 May 1904 - 9 May 1905 George Whitefield Davis (b. 1839 - d. 1918) Non-party 9 May 1905 - 24 May 1905 William Crawford Gorgas (acting) (b. 1854 - d. 1920) Mil 25 May 1905 - 25 Sep 1906 Charles Edward Magoon (b. 1861 - d. 1920) Non-party21 Jan 1906 - 10 Apr 1906 Harry Day Reed (acting for Magoon) (b. 1877 - d. 1950) Non-party 26 Sep 1906 - 16 Nov 1906 Harry Day Reed (acting) (s.a.) Non-partyHeads of the Department of Law and Government17 Nov 1906 - 31 Mar 1907 Richard Reid Rogers (b. 1868 - d. 1949) Non-party 26 Nov 1906 - 8 May 1907 Harry Day Reed (s.a.) Non-party (acting [for Rogers to 31 Mar 1907]) 9 May 1907 - 6 Jan 1908 Joseph Clay Stiles Blackburn (b. 1838 - d. 1918) Non-partyHeads of the Department of Civil Administration 6 Jan 1908 - 4 Dec 1909 Joseph Clay Stiles Blackburn (s.a.) Non-party 4 Dec 1909 - 12 Apr 1910 Harry Harwood Rousseau (acting) (b. 1870 - d. 1930) Mil 12 Apr 1910 - 8 Aug 1913 Maurice Hudson Thatcher (b. 1870 - d. 1973) Non-party 9 Aug 1913 - 31 Mar 1914 Richard Lee Metcalfe (b. 1861 - d. 1954) Non-partyGovernors, Panama Canal 1 Apr 1914 - 10 Jan 1917 George Washington Goethals (s.a.) Mil 11 Jan 1917 - 27 Mar 1921 Chester Harding (b. 1866 - d. 1936) Mil28 Mar 1921 - 15 Oct 1924 Jay Johnson Morrow (b. 1870 - d. 1937) Mil16 Oct 1924 - 15 Oct 1928 Meriwether Lewis Walker (b. 1869 - d. 1947) Mil16 Oct 1928 - 20 Oct 1932 Harry Burgess (b. 1872 - d. 1933) Mil21 Oct 1932 - 26 Aug 1936 Julian Larcombe Schley (b. 1880 - d. 1965) Mil27 Aug 1936 - 10 Jul 1940 Clarence Self Ridley (b. 1883 - d. 1969) Mil11 Jul 1940 - 15 May 1944 Glen Edgar Edgerton (b. 1887 - d. 1956) Mil16 May 1944 - 19 May 1948 Joseph Cowles Mehaffey (b. 1889 - d. 1963) Mil20 May 1948 - 26 May 1952 Francis Kosier Newcomer (b. 1889 - d. 1967) Mil27 May 1952 - 27 May 1956 John States Seybold (b. 1897 - d. 1984) Mil28 May 1956 - 30 Jun 1960 William Everett Potter (b. 1905 - d. 1988) Mil 1 Jul 1960 - 31 Jan 1962 William Arnold Carter, Jr. (b. 1907 - d. 1996) Mil 1 Feb 1962 - 31 Jan 1967 Robert John Fleming, Jr. (b. 1907 - d. 1984) Mil 1 Feb 1967 - 20 Feb 1967 Harold Robert Parfitt (1st time) (b. 1921 - d. 2006) Mil (acting)21 Feb 1967 - 2 Mar 1971 Walter Philip Leber (b. 1918 - d. 2009) Mil 3 Mar 1971 - 25 Mar 1975 David Stuart Parker (b. 1919 - d. 1990) Mil26 Mar 1975 - 30 Sep 1979 Harold Robert Parfitt (2nd time) (s.a.) MilAdministrators of the Panama Canal Commission¹ 1 Oct 1979 - 31 Dec 1989 Dennis Philip McAuliffe (U.S.) (b. 1922 - d. 2012) Non-party 1 Jan 1990 - 19 Sep 1990 Fernando Manfredo (Panama) (b. 1927 - d. 2015) Non-party (acting)20 Sep 1990 - 17 Aug 1996 Gilberto Guardia Fábrega (Panama) (b. 1930) Non-party (also administrator of Panama Canal Authority)18 Aug 1996 - 31 Dec 1999 Alberto Alemán Zubieta (Panama) (b. 1951) Non-party (also 1996-2012, administrator of Panama Canal Authority)- Deputy Administrators - 1 Oct 1979 - 31 Dec 1989 Fernando Manfredo (Panama) (s.a.) Non-party 1 Jan 1990 - 12 Jul 1995 Raymond Philip Laverty, Jr. (U.S.) (b. 1932 - d. 1996) Non-party (acting to 20 Sep 1990) 18 Aug 1996 - 31 Dec 1999 Joseph W. Cornelison (U.S.) (b. 1947) Non-party

¹The Panama Canal Treaty mandated that "the U.S. shall employ a national of the U.S. as Administrator of the Panama Canal Commission, and a Panamanian nation as deputy administrator, through 31 Dec 1989. Beginning 1 Jan 1990, a Panamanian national shall be employed as the administrator and a national of the U.S. shall occupy the position of deputy administrator."

Manfredo accepted the request of President George H.W. Bush to serve as acting administrator of the commission until such time as a Panamanian administrator proposed by a legitimate Panamanian government might be appointed by the U.S.

Note: In addition to the four provincial-level Indigenous administrative regions orComarcas (comarca indígena) listed below, there are two municipal-level nativeComarcas that are part of the provinces of Panamá and Darién respectively: Kuna de Madungandí (established 12 Jan 1996) and Kuna de Wargandí (established 25 Jul 2000).Emberá-Wounaan
[Emberá-Wounaan informal Comarca flag (Panama)]

[Emberá-Wounaan informal Comarca flag (Panama)]

8 Nov 1983 Comarca of Emberá created (out of the former Chepigana and Pinogana districts of the Darién Province). 9 Apr 1999 Comarca of Emberá-Wounaan.General Caciques 1983 - 19.. Temístocles Ortega bf.2000 - af.2002 Narciso Pacheco c.2004 Francisco Agapi (1st time) c.2006 Clímaco Dogirama 200. – 2008 Francisco Agapi (2nd time) 2008 – 2013 Betanio Chiquidama 2013 – 2014 Cándido Mezúa Salazar 2014 - 2022 Edilfonso Ají (b. 1974?) 8 Apr 2022 - Leonides Cunampiai

Guna Yala

1880 General Congress of Kuna first meets.1908 Kuna (western part) recognize Panama authority (in 1919 also the eastern part).12 Feb 1925 Independence from Panamaproclaimed as"Republic of Tule" in a brief rebellion until 27 Feb 1925.16 Sep 1938 Comarca of San Blas, remains subject to the Province of Colón.18 Dec 1945 La Carta Organica de San Blas adopted.19 Feb 1953 Autonomy confirmed by statute.23 Oct 1968 Definitely separated from Province of Colón.23 Dec 1998 Comarca of Kuna Yala.13 Aug 2010 Spelling changed to Guna Yala.General Caciques (title:Saila Dumad)1880 - 1907 Inanaginya (b. 18.. - d. 1907)1907 - 1938 Inabaginya (d. 1938) (from 1908, only in the east)1908 - 1926 Simral Colman(in the west) (b. 1840 - d. 1929)1926 - 1944 Nele Kantule(in the west) (b. 1868 – d. 1944)1938 - 1945 Yabiliginya (in the east) (b. 1882 - d. 1972)1944 - 1945 Olodebiliginya (in the west) (b. 1896 – d. 1970)First General Caciques (longest serving of the three life General Caciques to 1999)1945 - 1970 Yabiliginya (s.a.)1970 - 1979 Estanislao López (b. 1900 - d. 1982)1976 - 1977 Leonidas Kantule Valdéz (1st time) (b. 1918 – d. 2010) (in opposition)1979 - 1983 Ceferino Colman (b. 1897 - d. 1983)1983 - 1989 Kawidi (d. 1994)1989 - 1999 Leonidas Kantule Valdéz (2nd time) (s.a.)1999 - 2009 Gilberto Arias (b. 1931 - d. 2018)2009 - 2014 Inocencio Martínez2014 - 2019 Baglio Pérez González (b. 1944 - d. 2020) 2019 - Rengifo Navas Revilla

Ngöbe-Buglé

1978 General Congress of Ngäbe-Buglé founded. 7 Mar 1997 Comarca of Ngäbe-Buglé (created from lands formerly belonging to the provinces of Bocas del Toro, Chiriquí, and Veraguas).2010 Spelling changed to Ngöbe-Buglé.Presidents of General Congress1978 – 2003 ....c.1994 Isidro Acostac.1997 Marcelino MontezumaGeneral Caciques2003 – 2010 Máximo Saldaña (continues in opposition to 2011)2010 – 2011 Rogelio MorenoSep 2011 - 7 Mar 2022 Silvia Carrera Concepción (f) (b. 1970) 7 Mar 2022 - Elena Cruz Guerra (b. 1971)

Naso Tjër-Di

4 Dec 2020 Naso Tjër-DiComarcaestablished. Kings 19.. - 1973 Lazaro Santana 1973 - 1979 Simeon Santana (d. 1979) 1979 - 1982 Manuel Aguilar -Substitute 1982 - 1988 Rufina Santana (f)-Queen 1988 - 1998 Cesar Santana 1998 - 2004 Luis Tito Santana (continued in opposition to 2011) 2004 - 2011 Valentin Santana 2011 - 31 Jul 2023 Reynaldo Alexis Santana 31 Jul 2023 - Ardinteo Santana Torres (interim)

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