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	`1189 Druk Sewa Jangchubling monastery founded.c.1626 Bhutan founded, named'Brug-yul (vernacular:` `Druk-yul` `or 'Land of the Thunder Dragon').1626 - 8 Jan 1910 Tributary of Tibet (which itself is under` `suzerainty of China).`1730 - 1735 Partly divided in two with secession of Paro to Kabji Dhondup. 25 Apr 1774 Bhutan agrees to return to its pre-1730 boundaries by treaty with the British East India Company. 1838 - 1845 Divided into separate governments at Punakha and Thimphu. 15 Mar 1864 Bhutan refuses British India protectorate. 11 Nov 1865 - 14 Aug 1947 Protectorate of British India (early spellings Bootan and Bhootan).`11 Nov 1865 - 8 Aug 1949 Dewathang area ceded to India. 17 Dec 1907 Kingdom of Bhutan(Druk Gyal Khap).` `8 Jan 1910 - 14 Aug 1947 Protectorate of U.K. (under British India).` `3 Jun 1911 Personal 15 gun salute is made hereditary (raised to 19 guns in Jun 1955, and to 21 guns in 1963). 2 Aug 1935 Government of India Act recognizes Bhutan's` `autonomyfrom British India.15 Aug 1947 - 21 Sep 1971 Protectorate of India (formally from 8 Aug 1949). 2 Mar 2007 Indian-Bhutan Friendship Treaty eliminates the clause of the 1949 treaty that Bhutan would be 'guided by' India in conducting foreign policy.`

Spiritual Rulers and Heads of State (title Zhabs-drung Rin-po-che; vernacular:ShabdrunThuktrul; referred to by foreigners as Dharma Raja)1616 - 1651 Ngawang Namgyal (b. 1594 - d. 1651) 1651 - 1689 Vacant 1689 - 1712 Kunga Gyaltshen (b. 1689 - d. 1713)1713 - 1730 Phyogla Namgyal (b. 1708 - d. 1736)1730 - 1735 Jigme Norbu (b. 1717 - d. 1735)1735 - 1738 Gongsa Mipham Wangpo (b. 1709 - d. 1738)1746 - 1761 Jigme Dragpa I (b. 1724 - d. 1761)1762 - 1788 Choeki Gyaltshen (b. 1762 - d. 1788)1791 - 1830 Jigme Dragpa II (b. 1791 - d. 1830)1831 - 1861 Jigme Norbu (b. 1831 - d. 1861)1862 - 1904 Jigme Chogyal (b. 1862 - d. 1904)1905 - 11 Nov 1931 Thugtrul Jigme Dorji (b. 1905 - d. 1931)

Regents (title'Brug sDe-srid Phyag-mdzod; vernacular:Druk Desi; referred to by foreigners asDeb Raja)1656 - 1667 La Ngonpa Tenzin Drugdra (b. 1602 - d. 1667) 1667 - 1680 Chogyal Migyur Tenpa (b. 1613 - d. 1681) (= Damcho Lhundrup) 1680 - 1694 Gyalse Tenzin Rabgay (b. 1638 - d. 1696) 1694 - 1701 Gedun Chophel (b. 16.. - d. 1701)1701 - 1703 Ngawang Tshering (= Depa Drungyi)1703 - 1707 Samten Tenzin (= Ön Paljor)1707 - 1719 Druk Rabgay (d. c.1729)1720 - 1729 Geshey Ngawang Gyatsho (d. 1729)1729 - 1736 Gongsa Mipham Wangpo (s.a.)1736 - 1740 Akhu Paljor (= Zimpon Paljor)1740 - 1744 Ngawang Gyaltshen1744 - 1763 Chogyal Sherab Wangchuk (= Mewang Sithub)1763 - 1765 Druk Phuntsho (= Tenzin Drukda)1765 - 1768 Druk Tenzin I1768 - 1773 Donam Lhundub (= Zhidar) (d. 1773)1773 - 1776 Kunga Rinchen1776 - 1789 Jigme Singye (b. 1742 - d. 1789)1789 - 1792 Druk Tenzin II (= Sangay Tenzin)1792 Umdze Chapchab (d. 1792) 1792 - 1796 Tashi Namgyal (1st time) (d. 1805) (= Sonam Gyaltshen)1796 - 1803 Druk Namgyal1803 - 1805 Tashi Namgyal (2nd time) (s.a.) (= Sonam Gyaltshen) 1805 (months) Sangay Tenzin1805 - 1807 Umdze Paropa1807 - 1808 Pema Chodra (= Ön se Tshering)1808 - 1809 Tshulthrim Dragpa (b. 1790 - d. 1820)1809 - 1810 Jigme Dragpa II (s.a.)1810 - 1811 Sungtrul Ngawang Yeshe Gyaltshen (b. 1782 - d. 1830)1812 (months) Tshaphugpa Dorji (= Dorji Dragpa) (d. 1812)1812 - 1817 Sonam Drugyal (b. 1777 - d. 18..)1817 - 1822 Tenzin Drugdra (b. 1774 - d. 18..)1822 - 1831 Phurgyal Lam Choki Gyaltshen (b. 1774 - d. 18..) (1st time)1831 - 1833 Dorji Namgyal (b. 1774 - d. 188.) 1833 - 1835 Thrinley1835 - 1838 Phurgyal Lam Choki Gyaltshen (s.a.) (2nd time)1838 - 1848 Dorji Norbu (at Punakha) (b. 1800 - d. 18..)1848 - 1850 Tashi Dorji (at Thimphu) (b. 1828 - d. 1850) 1850 - 1851 Wangchuk Gyalpo (b. 1800 - d. 1851)1850 Jigme Norbu (at Thimphu) (b. 1831 - d. 1861)1850 - 1851 Chakpa Sangay (at Punakha) (d. 1851)28 Jan 1852 - 1855 Damcho Lhendup (= Dorji Lopen Barchung)1854 - 1855 Jamtrul Jamyang Tenzin (d. 1855) 1855 - 1861 Kuenga Palden (at Punakha) (d. 1861) (= Sonam Tobgay)1857 - 1857 Sherab Tharchen (at Thimphu) (d. 1857) (= Uma Dewa)1861 - 1863 Phuntsho Namgyal (= Nagzi Passang)1863 - 1864 Tshewang Sithub (1st time)1863 (months) Tsulthrim Yonten (d. 1863) (appointed by Je Yonten Gyaltshen, in opposition to Tshewang Sithub)1863 (months) Kargyud Wangchuk1864 (months) Tsondu Padkar 1864 - 1870 Tshewang Sithub (2nd time)1870 - 1873 Gongsa Jigme Namgyal "Deb Nagpo" (b. 1825 - d. 1881) ("Black Regent")(1st time)1873 - 1877 Kitsep Dorji Namgyal (1st time) (d. 1879)1877 Chogle Yeshe Ngodup (at Punakha) (b. 1851 - d. 1917) (in opposition, appointed by Dzongpön Ngodup)1877 - 1878 Gongsa Jigme Namgyal "Deb Nagpo" (s.a.) (2nd time) 1878 - 1879 Kitsep Dorji Namgyal (2nd time) (s.a.) Mar 1879 - Jun 1880 Chogyal Zangpo (b. 18.. - d. 1880)1880 - Jul 1881 Gongsa Jigme Namgyal "Deb Nagpo" (s.a.) (3rd time) 1881 - May 1883 Lama Tshewang (b. 1836 - d. 1883)16 May 1883 - 23 Aug 1885 Gawa Zangpo 1885 - 1903 Sangye Dorji (b. 1839 - d. 1903)1903 - 1906 Chogle Yeshe Ngodup (s.a.)
Kings (titleDruk Gyalpo,until 1963 alsoMaharaja)¹
17 Dec 1907 - 21 Aug 1926 Sir Ugyen Wangchuk (b. 1861 - d. 1926)21 Aug 1926 - 30 Mar 1952 Jigme Wangchuk (b. 1906 - d. 1952) (from 3 Jun 1930, SirJigme Wangchuk) 30 Mar 1952 - 21 Jul 1972 Jigme Dorji Wangchuk (b. 1929 - d. 1972)22 Apr 1972 - 21 Jul 1972 Queen Ashi Kesang Choden (b. 1930) Wangchuck (f)-Regent21 Jul 1972 - 14 Dec 2006 Jigme Singye Wangchuk (b. 1955)14 Dec 2006 - Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuk (b. 1980)

Chief ministers (titleTrongsa Pönlop) 1853 - 1866 GongsaJigme Namgyal (s.a.) 1866 - 1872 Dungkar Gyaltshen Chief ministers (title Gongzim)1872 - 1873 Kitshelpa Dorji Namgyal (s.a.)18.. - 1885 Tandin Ngodup 1886 - 1907 Ugyen Wangchuk (s.a.) Non-party (from 2 Jan 1905, Sir Ugyen Wangchuk)1907 - 22 Jun 1916 Ugyen Dorji (b. 1855 - d. 1916) Non-party (from 11 Dec 1911, Raja Ugyen Dorji) 1917 - 24 Jun 1953 Raja Sonam Tobgay Dorji (b. 1896 - d. 1953) Non-party 1953 - 1958 Jigme Palden Dorji (b. 1919 - d. 1964) Non-partyPrime ministers1958 - 5 Apr 1964 Jigme Palden Dorji (s.a.) Non-party 5 Apr 1964 - 25 Jul 1964 Vacant25 Jul 1964 - 27 Nov 1964 Dasho Lhendup Dorji (acting) (b. 1935 - d. 2007) Non-party27 Nov 1964 - 20 Jul 1998 Post abolished 20 Jul 1998 - 9 Jul 1999 Lyonpo Jigmi Thinley (1st time) (b. 1952) Non-party 9 Jul 1999 - 20 Jul 2000 Lyonpo Sangay Ngedup (1st time) (b. 1953) Non-party20 Jul 2000 - 8 Aug 2001 Lyonpo Yeshey Zimba (1st time) (b. 1952) Non-party 8 Aug 2001 - 14 Aug 2002 Lyonpo Khandu Wangchuk (1st time) (b. 1950) Non-party14 Aug 2002 - 30 Aug 2003 Lyonpo Kinzang Dorji (1st time) (b. 1951) Non-party30 Aug 2003 - 18 Aug 2004 Lyonpo Jigmi Thinley (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party18 Aug 2004 - 5 Sep 2005 Lyonpo Yeshey Zimba (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party 5 Sep 2005 - 7 Sep 2006 Lyonpo Sangay Ngedup (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party 7 Sep 2006 - 31 Jul 2007 Lyonpo Khandu Wangchuk (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party31 Jul 2007 - 9 Apr 2008 Lyonpo Kinzang Dorji (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party 9 Apr 2008 - 28 Apr 2013 Lyonchen Jigmi Thinley (3rd time) (s.a.) DPT28 Apr 2013 - 27 Jul 2013 Lyonpo Sonam Tobgye (b. 1949) Non-party (chief advisor)27 Jul 2013 - 9 Aug 2018 Lyonchen Tshering Tobgay (b. 1965) PDP (1st time) 9 Aug 2018 - 7 Nov 2018 Dasho Tshering Wangchuk Non-party (chief advisor) 7 Nov 2018 - 1 Nov 2023 Lyonchhen Lotay Tshering (b. 1969) DNT 1 Nov 2023 - 28 Jan 2024 Lyonpo Chogyal Dago Rigdzin Non-party (chief advisor) 28 Jan 2024 - Lyonchhen Tshering Tobgay (s.a.) PDP (2nd time)

British Bhutan Agent 1897 - 8 Jan 1910 Ugyen Dorji (s.a.) British Political Officers 8 Jan 1910 -14 Aug 1947 thePolitical Officers inSikkimIndian Political Officers15 Aug 1947 -23 Jan 1968 thePolitical Officers in SikkimIndian Special Officer23 Jan 1968 - 21 Sep 1971 Brijbir Saran Das (b. 1925 - d. 2016)

¹style of the rulers:'Brug rGyal-po, Mi-rje-mha'-bdag Rin-po-che (vernacular:Druk Gyalpo); was styledMaharaja in communications with British and Indian authorities 1907-1963.

Territorial Disputes:Lacking any treaty describing the boundary, Bhutan and China continue negotiations to establish a common boundary alignment to resolve territorial disputes arising from substantial cartographic discrepancies, the most contentious of which lie in Bhutan's west along China's Chumbi salient.

Party abbreviations (political parties prohibited 1953-2007):DNT = Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa (’brug nyam-rub tshogs-pa = Bhutan United Party, social-democratic, center-left, est.20 Jan 2013);DPT = Druk Phuensum Tshogpa ('brug phun-sum tshog-pa = Bhutan Peace and Prosperity Party, conservative, royalist, center-right, merger of All People's Party and Druk People's Unity Party, est.25 Jul 2007);PDP = People's Democratic Party (mi-ser dmangs-gtsoi tshogs-pa, liberal, progressive,royalist,centrist,est.24 Mar 2007)

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