Zhangzhou
漳州話 /漳州话 (Chiang-chiu-ōa)
Pronunciation	[tsiaŋ˨tsiu˨ua˨]
Native to	China,Taiwan,Malaysia,Indonesia,Singapore,Myanmar,Thailand,Philippines.
Region	city ofZhangzhou, southernFujian province
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Chinese Min Coastal Min Southern Min Hokkien Zhangzhou
Early forms	Proto-Sino-Tibetan Old Chinese[a] Proto-Min
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	fuji1236
Linguasphere	79-AAA-jed
Zhangzhou dialect
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TheZhangzhou dialects (simplified Chinese:漳州话;traditional Chinese:漳州話;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Chiang-chiu-ōa), also renderedChangchew,^[4]Chiangchew orChangchow,^[5] are a collection ofHokkien dialects spoken in southernFujian province (in southeast China), centered on the city ofZhangzhou. The Zhangzhou dialect proper is the source of some place names in English, includingAmoy (from[ɛ˨˩mui˩˧], now calledXiamen), andQuemoy (from[kim˨mui˩˧], now calledKinmen).

The Zhangzhou dialects are classified asHokkien, a group ofSouthern Min varieties.^[6] InFujian, the Zhangzhou dialects form thesouthern subgroup (南片) of Southern Min.^[7] The dialect of urban Zhangzhou is one of the oldest dialects of Southern Min, and along with the urbanQuanzhou dialect, it forms the basis for all modern varieties.^[8] When compared with other varieties of Hokkien, it has an intelligibility of 89.0% with theAmoy dialect and 79.7% with the urbanQuanzhou dialect.^[9]

This section is mostly based on the variety spoken in the urban area of Zhangzhou.

There are 15 phonemic initials:^[10]

When the rime is nasalized, the three voiced phonemes/b/,/l/ and/g/ are realized as the nasals[m],[n] and[ŋ], respectively.^[10][11]

There are 85 rimes:^[10][12]

The vowel/a/ is theopen central unrounded vowel[ä] in most rimes, including/a/,/ua/,/ia/,/ai/,/uai/,/au/,/iau/,/ã/,/ãʔ/.^[10][13] In the rimes/ian/ and/iat/,/a/ is realized as[ɛ] (i.e. as[iɛn] and[iɛt̚])^[13] or[ə] (i.e. as[iən] and[iət̚]).^[10]

The rimes/iŋ/ and/ik/ are usually realized with a short[ə] between the vowel[i] and thevelar consonant.^[10] In many areas outside of the urban area of Zhangzhou, includingPinghe,Changtai,Yunxiao,Zhao'an andDongshan,/iŋ/ and/ik/ are pronounced as/eŋ/ and/ek/ instead.^[14]

The codas/p/,/t/ and/k/ are unreleased, i.e.[p̚],[t̚] and[k̚], respectively.^[10]

There are seven tones:^[10]

Most people in the urban area do not pronounce the dark level tone as high-level, but slightly mid-rising.^[10][15] While most sources still records this tone as 44,^[16][17] its tone value has also been recorded as 24,^[18][19] 45,^[20] 34^[15] or 35^[21] to reflect its rising nature.

The Zhangzhou dialect has nine tone sandhi rules: only the last syllable of nouns and clause endings remain unchanged by tone sandhi. The two-syllable tonesandhi rules are shown in the table below:^[22]

• Cheng, Chin-Chuan (1999). "Quantitative Studies in Min Dialects". In Ting, Pang-Hsin (ed.).Contemporary Studies in Min Dialects. Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series. Vol. 14. Chinese University Press, Project on Linguistic Analysis. pp. 229–246.JSTOR 23833469.
• Ding, Picus Sizhi (2016).Southern Min (Hokkien) as a Migrating Language: A Comparative Study of Language Shift and Maintenance Across National Borders. Singapore: Springer.ISBN 978-981-287-594-5.
• Douglas, Rev. Carstairs (1873).Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, with the Principal Variations of the Chang-chew and Chin-chew dialects. London: Trübner & Co.
• Gao, Ran (2001).漳州方言音系略说 [A Note on the Phonology of the Zhangzhou Dialect]. In Minnan Fangyan Research Laboratory (ed.).闽南方言·漳州话研究 [Min Nan Fangyan: Research on the Zhangzhou Dialect]. Beijing: 中国文联出版社. pp. 109–116.
• Hirayama, Hisao (1975).厦门话古调值的内部构拟 [Internal Reconstruction of the Ancient Tone Values of the Xiamen Dialect].Journal of Chinese Linguistics (in Chinese).3 (1):3–15.JSTOR 23749860.
• Huang, Diancheng, ed. (1998).福建省志·方言志 (in Chinese). Beijing:方言出版社.ISBN 7-80122-279-2.
• Huang, Yishan (2018).Tones in Zhangzhou: Pitch and Beyond(PDF) (PhD). Australian National University.
• Lin, Baoqing (1992).漳州方言词汇（一） [Vocabulary of the Zhangzhou Dialect (1)].Fangyan (in Chinese) (2):151–160.
• Ma, Zhongqi, ed. (2008).闽台闽南方言韵书比较研究 (in Chinese). Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.ISBN 978-7-5004-7230-8.
• Phillips, George (1877)."Zaitun Researches: Part V".The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal.8 (2):117–124.
• Tung, Tung-ho (1959).四個閩南方言 [Four South Min Dialects].Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology.30:729–1042.
• Yang, Xiu-ming (2014).漳州方言阴平调的调形特点与历史演变 [Traits of Yin-ping Tone of Zhangzhou Dialect and the Historical Evolution].Journal of Minnan Normal University (Philosophy & Social Sciences) (in Chinese) (3):45–52.doi:10.16007/j.cnki.issn2095-7114.2014.03.042.
• Zhangzhou City Local Chronicles Editorial Board, ed. (1999).Zhangzhou Shizhi漳州市志 [Zhangzhou Annals] (in Chinese). Vol. 49:方言. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.ISBN 978-7-5004-2625-7.
• Zhou, Changji (2012).B1—15、16 闽语.中国语言地图集 [Language Atlas of China] (in Chinese). Vol. 汉语方言卷 (2nd ed.). Beijing: Commercial Press. pp. 110–115.ISBN 978-7-100-07054-6.

• Fujian
• Hokkien-language dialects
• Zhangzhou
• City colloquials

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