 | |
 Top: Logo used from 1990 to 1996 Bottom: Site of former headquarters inBuffalo Grove, Illinois, from 1990 to 1996 | |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
|---|---|
| Industry | Computer |
| Founded | October 1979; 45 years ago (1979-10) inSt. Joseph, Michigan, United States |
| Defunct | February 1996; 29 years ago (1996-02) |
| Fate | Acquired byGroupe Bull in 1989; later acquired byPackard Bell NEC in 1996; brand discontinued in 1999 |
| Headquarters | , United States (1990–1996) |
| Products | Computer systems |
| Revenue | US$1.4 billion (1988, peak) |
Number of employees | 3,800 (1990, peak) |
| Parent |
|
Zenith Data Systems Corporation (ZDS) was an American computer systems manufacturing company active from 1979 to 1996. It was originally a division of theZenith Radio Company (later Zenith Electronics), after they had purchased theHeath Company and, by extension, theirHeathkit line ofelectronic kits and kitmicrocomputers, fromSchlumberger in October 1979. ZDS originally operated from Heath's own headquarters inSt. Joseph, Michigan. By the time Zenith acquired Heathkit, theirH8 kit computer already had an installed fanbase of scientific engineers and computing enthusiasts. ZDS's first offerings were merely preassembled versions of existing Heathkit computers, but within a few years, the company began selling systems of their own design, including theZ-100, which was a hybrid8085- and8088-based computer capable of running bothCP/M andMS-DOS.
ZDS largely avoided the retail consumer market, instead focusing on selling directly to businesses, educational institutions, and government agencies. By the late 1980s, the company had won several lucrative government contracts worth several hundreds of millions of dollars combined, including a US$242-million contract with theUnited States Department of Defense—the largest such computer-related government contract up to that date. In 1986, the company made headlines when it beat outIBM for a contract with theInternal Revenue Service to supply aportable computer. By the mid-1980s ZDS's profits offset losses in Zenith's television sales. ZDS'sSupersPort laptop was released in 1988 to high demand, and it soon cornered roughly a quarter of the entire American laptop market that year. The company reached a peak in terms of revenue in 1988, generating US$1.4 billion that year. The following year saw ZDS floundering in multiple ways, including a cancelled contract with theNavy and a botched bid to increase its consumer desktop sales. In late 1989, ZDS was purchased byGroupe Bull of France for between $511 million and $635 million.
Following the acquisition, ZDS moved from Michigan toBuffalo Grove, Illinois. In 1991, Enrico Pesatori took over ZDS and attempted to repair their relations with dealers while diversifying their product lineup and modes of sales. ZDS made a slow recovery into the early 1990s, helped along by a lucrative contract withthe Pentagon in 1993. Pesatori was replaced that year with Jacques Noels ofNokia, who further diversified the company's lineup. ZDS's revenue steadily grew in both their North American and European markets in the beginning of 1994. The company was acquired byPackard Bell in February 1996, in a three-way deal which saw Groupe Bull and Japanese electronics conglomerateNEC increasing their existing stakes in Packard Bell. Later, NEC announced that they would acquire Packard Bell, merging it with NEC's global personal computer operations. ZDS continued as a brand of computer systems under the resulting merger, Packard Bell NEC, from 1996 until 1999, when Packard Bell NEC announced that they would withdraw from the American computer market.
Zenith Data Systems Corporation (ZDS) was founded in October 1979 following the US$64.5-million acquisition of theHeath Company fromSchlumberger Limited by theZenith Radio Company.[1][2] The company's initial headquarters were located in Heath's own headquarters inSt. Joseph, Michigan. Edward J. Roberts, who joined the Zenith Radio Company in 1971, was named ZDS's first president.[2] Heath was a manufacturer ofmicrocomputers anddo-it-yourself electronics kits, the latter sold under theHeathkit brand; meanwhile, Zenith Radio Company (later Zenith Electronics) had long been a market leader in the American electronics industry, particularly with radios and television sets.[1]
Heath had a loyal fanbase comprising electronics enthusiasts and scientific engineers.[3]: 157 Zenith acquired it to enter the market for small computers.[2] TheHeathkit H8, that company's first computer, was released in 1977 and sold in kit form. It was built onIntel's8080 processor and runs software on audiotape andpunched tape (with the H10 puncher–reader). The H8's operating system,HDOS (Heath Disk Operating System), can only readhard-sectored 5.25-inch floppy diskettes.[4]: 38 [5]: 74
Zenith intended to sell Heath computers using the Zenith name, through Heath catalogs, Heathkit Electronic Centers, and computer dealers.[2] ZDS's first computers were preassembled versions of Heathkit computers. As subsidiary of a television company, ZDS could obtain monitors at cost.[6] By 1981 ZDS supported theCP/M operating system as an alternative to HDOS.[7] Early Heath/Zenith computers (the H88,H89 andZ-89) are based on theZ80 processors and run either HDOS orCP/M operating systems.[8]
By fiscal year 1980 computers were 40% of Heath/Zenith sales,[9] and by 1981 computer sales of $71 million grew by 60% annually on average.[6] The company believed that its experience with both televisions and microcomputers was an advantage overIBM which, Zenith said, "has never mass-produced anything".[10] In addition to aid from the parent company's engineers, by 1982 ZDS had 100 software developers,[6] and a factory atBenton Harbor, Michigan with 1200 employees working in three shifts that produced 150 computers each day.[9] Zenith stores sold ZDS products, and its network of television service centers repaired ZDS computers.[6] ZDS continued selling computers in kit form under the Heath name; the equivalent of the ZDS Z-150IBM PC compatible is the Heathkit H-150, for example.[11][3]: 157 The company opened more Heathkit Electronic Centers, which offered both Zenith and third-party products,[12]: 24 while ZDS sold to corporate customers.[13] The company also continued Heath's practice of publishing unusually clear product documentation,[14]: 257 [15]: 47 distributing schematics, and selling the source code to HDOS and other software in printed form.[16][12]: 24
Selling kit computers not designed to be shipped preassembled sometimes caused problems.[9] ZDS introduced theZ-100, its first computer not based on a kit design and second 16-bit product after theH11 minicomputer, in 1982.[6] Targeted at business professionals, it has both the Intel8085 and8088 microprocessors, fiveS-100 bus slots for expansion, and integrated high-resolution color graphics.[17]: 91 [18] For operating systems, it can boot into eitherDigital Research'sCP/M-85 orZ-DOS, a modified OEM version ofMS-DOS licensed fromMS-DOS that possesses the latter's filesystem but which is not fully compatible on theAPI level with MS-DOS, leading to compatibility issues with certain applications.[17]: 94 The Z-100 nonetheless was popular for CP/M developers who wanted to program for bothDOS andx86.[3]: 157 Later machines in this Z-prefixed line (such as the Z-150 series, the Z-200 series, the Z-300 series, and the Z-400 series) are fully compatible with theIBM PC.[19]: 206 [20]: 47 [21]: 1 [22] TheAT-based Z-200 in particular, while not touting many technical improvements over IBM's PC AT, was nonetheless praised for its sturdy construction.[3]: 157
Unlike its parent's television business, ZDS avoided the retail consumer market.[6] In 1980 it ended plans for a home computer similar to theAtari 8-bit orTI 99/4A.[9] Despite again considering such a product in 1982,[10] ZDS focused on business and government customers, such as companies, universities, and government agencies.[19][1] Government contracts were of paramount importance, representing the bulk of the company's sales efforts.[23]: 127 John Frank, ZDS's vice president of marketing, explained: "We'd like to have [retailers], but we don't need them".[24]: 16 ZDS's president Donald Moffett in 1982 further stated: "We have no expectations of being first or second in the desktop market".[6]: 19 Regardless, in fiscal year 1984, ZDS sold 16 percent of the 37,000 computers that the United States government purchased, second to IBM's 27 percent.[25]: 15 [19] 1984 revenue doubled from 1983's $125 million.[24]: 16 After a failed attempt to sell computers at college bookstores, ZDS found success in marketing to fraternities and sororities directly in 1985.[26][27]: 563 By that year, ZDS was overall the second-largest PC-compatible company, afterCompaq.[24] ZDS CEO Robert Dilworth attributed its success to recognizing, unlike other computer companies, that the PC compatible was a commodity with falling prices like televisions: "Basically, we move boxes".[23]: 127 ZDS's 1985 revenue grew to $352 million,[1] and $550 million in 1986.[28] In March 1986The New York Times called the division's success one of Zenith Electronics' "proudest accomplishments", amid the parent company's losses in the television market against Japanese competition.[1]
In October 1983, theUnited States Navy andAir Force awarded a $27-million computer contract to ZDS. In 1984 ZDS won a $100-million contract with the United States military for "eavesdrop-proof" computers compliant with theTempest standard. In 1986 it won two other large contracts, one for portable computers for theInternal Revenue Service (IRS), and a $242 million contract—the largest computer contract the U.S. federal government had awarded up to that point—for 90,000 computers to theUnited States Department of Defense.[1]
ZDS introduced a number of innovations in the personal computer industry throughout the 1980s.[27]: 563 One unique feature of most ZDS'sPC-compatible systems is the key combinationCtrl+Alt+Ins, which interrupts the running program and break into amachine-language monitor.[30] This monitor program originated with the Heathkit H8 computer; PAM-8 (Panel Monitor-8), included inROM, allows the user to trace or resume program execution, change machine settings, run diagnostic routines, andboot from a specific device.[31]
ZDS'sZP-150 laptop, released in 1984, was an early entry in the first wave of laptops of the early 1980s.[32] ZDS followed up the Z-150 with the heavier, less-elegant Z-138portable computer in 1985.[3]: 157 [24]: 16 They quickly followed this up with the Z-160 portable, which featured pop-up 5.25-inch disk drives.[3]: 157 Also in 1985, the company introduced the Z-148, one of the most inexpensive IBM PC-compatibles on the market at the time, with a suggested retail price of $2,200 (with typical resellers discounts lowering this figure substantially, according toInfoWorld). The Z-148 was kept inexpensive by its small footprint; one sacrifice was the lack of anyISA expansion slots.[24]: 16 The company's Z-171 portable was built into a lunchbox form factor.[3]: 157 This computer was originally developed byMorrow Designs and sold as theMorrow Pivot II in May 1985.[33][34] ZDS acquired the rights to co-manufacture the Pivot II rebadged as the Z-171 and unveiled the latter in November 1985.[33] ZDS shocked industry observers in early 1986 when it was awarded a contract to sell 20,000 Z-171s worth $27 million to the IRS, beating out IBM and theirPC Convertible.[33][29][35]
ZDS's $70 million in estimated operating income in 1987 from about $1 billion in sales contrasted with a pretax loss of $29 million for Zenith overall, because of continued intense competition in the television market.[36] That year Microsoft chose ZDS to be the first pack-in distributor of its variant ofOS/2 1.0, co-developed with IBM;[20]: 47 Microsoft also developed a character-based windowingfile manager for ZDS'sall-in-oneEazy PC called MS-DOS Manager, a precursor to Microsoft's laterDOS Shell.[37] In 1988, the company released theSupersPort line of laptops and theTurbosPort 386 portable computer, the latter being one of the first computers to have a "paper-white" monochrome LCD, owing to the use of a specialSTN display technology and a cold-cathode backlight.[38][39]: 141 The SupersPort was very successful for ZDS, with the company reportedly selling over 173,000 units, cornering between 23 and 25 percent of the entire laptop market at the time.[40][27]: 563 Contracts to sell fleets of computers to the United States Air Force and the IRS further increased ZDS's status as a leading computer manufacturer. By 1988's end it grossed $1.4 billion in revenues,[27]: 563 [41]: 69 shipped an estimated 433,000 computers in the US (up 14% year over year) with 4.8% of the market,[41] and was a member of the "Gang of Nine" top clonemakers that challenged IBM with theirExtended Industry Standard Architecture.[42] Zenith was, meanwhile, reportedly attempting to sell its consumer television business.[36] ZDS's success allowed it to sponsor theFull Members' Cup, afootball competition in the United Kingdom, starting in 1989 until the latter's discontinuation in 1992.[43]
Despite its leadership of the portable market,[41] and whatByte described in 1989 as "an excellent reputation for making quality hardware" with good customer support,[44] by that year the company deemphasized retail sales at Heath/Zenith stores, prioritizingoutside sales.[45] ItsMinisPortsubnotebook, which made use of a special 2-inch floppy disk format as the primary means of transferring data to and from the machine, sold more slowly than anticipated.[27]: 563 Further,Unisys beat out ZDS in a $700-million bid to supply the military with desktop computer systems.[46][47][48] The company soon after had a $534-million computer upgrade contract for the Navy cancelled by theGeneral Services Administration.[48] A ploy to boost sales of its desktop computers by requiring its laptop dealers to also sell desktop models backfired, with an estimated 1,000 dealers across the United States pulling all ZDS products from their inventory in protest of this policy. Zenith Electronics cut spending to ZDS's research and development operations in preparation for selling the subsidiary to the highest bidder. This had the effect of eliminating new product releases, causing sales to greatly decline as existing offerings became obsolete.[27]: 563 The company shipped 386,100 computers in 1989, down 11% year over year; Zenith's 4.2% market share declined by 60bp.[41] An interested buyer was found at the very end of the decade; in November 1989,Groupe Bull announced that they would acquire ZDS from Zenith Electronics for between $511 million and $635 million. The deal was finalized in December 1989.[49][27]: 563
ZDS's workforce peaked in number in 1990 with 3,800 workers, 1,800 of which were from their St. Joseph, Michigan, headquarters.[50][51] Under new ownership, the company relocated from Michigan to Buffalo Grove, Illinois, after leasing 140,000 square feet (13,000 m2) of office space at a newly built 12-story office building at Lake-Cook Road and Milwaukee Avenue.[52] ZDS retained their old St. Joseph headquarters, refactoring it into a full-on engineering facility and manufacturing plant for the company's desktop computers.[53][54] US shipments of 204,500 computers decreased by 47% year over year, however. The company's 2.2% market share declined by 200bp.[41]
Observers said that in addition to the 1989-1991 collapse of its network of distributors from forcing them to sell all ZDS products, the company trying to cater to both government and commercial customers hurt sales in 1990. They were unsure whether ZDS could again be a leader in portable computers.[41] After shuffling its executive team that year, Enrico Pesatori was named the first permanent CEO of ZDS under Bull's ownership in January 1991.[48][55] Tasked with correcting course and rehabilitating ZDS's public image, Pesatori spearheaded the creation of a new lineup of laptops and put an end to the requirement that dealers stock desktops as well as laptops. Pesatori's new team meanwhile increased the company's advertising budget by half and launched a new advertising campaign targeting business users. ZDS also continued to expand their distribution channels and renewed their relationship with ComputerLand. As a result, sales started to improve. The company increased their shipments from 194,000 units in 1990 to 228,000 units (down from 445,000 units in 1988). The company also increased their investments in research and development, with expenditures in 1991 being 25 percent higher than the previous year, this trend following apace for 1992.[27]: 563 By the middle of 1992, ZDS had additional manufacturing plants inSanta Clara, California;Billerica, Massachusetts; andVilleneuve-d'Ascq, France.[56]
ZDS remained the largest supplier of computers to the federal government into 1991. In November that year, they and several other large computer companies, includingApple, lost a bid to supply the Department of Defense with 300,000 desktop computers, the winning bid valuated at $1 billion split between rival manufacturerCompuAdd Corporation ofAustin, Texas, andsystems integrator Sysorex Information Systems ofFalls Church, Virginia.[57] ZDS however won a bid to supplythe Pentagon with 300,000 desktops worth $740 million in September 1992, this time beating out CompuAdd and Sysorex.[58][59] Although ZDS's bid was temporarily voided after the latter two companies raised suspicions that ZDS was financially unstable,[60] ZDS won back the contract in May 1993 on judicial appeal.[61][59]
In 1992, ZDS launched a revamp of their desktop PCs, laptops, and monitors. The redesign extended to their products' case designs, featuring sleek lines meant to instill a sense of modernity. These efforts culminated in the release of the Z-Series laptops in June 1992. The Z-Series were touted as the lightest laptops available at the time, with built-in networking capability and color LCDs.[27]: 563 The Z-Lite, the company's second attempt at a subnotebook, was co-designed byFrog of Germany, featuring an 8.5-inch LCD while weighing only 3.9 pounds (1.8 kg).[62] ZDS themselves were commissioned to design and manufacture another company's product, theThinkPad 300—IBM's second entry in theirThinkPad line of notebook computers.[63]
The total sales for 1992 were estimated at $900 million—55 percent of which represented sales in Europe, and 40 percent of which represented sales from notebook models.[64] While the company's overall sales slowly recovered, ZDS's retail market share continued to slide, decreasing from 3.4 percent in July 1991 to only 1 percent in July 1992. The company's officials cited a change in consumer purchasing behavior favoring superstore outlets (a sales channel in which ZDS had only a limited presence) as a reason for this decline. In an attempt to boost sales into 1993, ZDS restructured its field sales force and began focusing on direct sales to corporate accounts.[27]: 564 In August 1992, after having poachedCompuAdd executive Jerry Baldwin, ZDS launched the Z-Direct mail order catalog, mailing one million copies of its inaugural issue that year.[27]: 564 [65] The catalog offered desktop, server, and notebook products via a toll-free phone number. The catalog also included peripheral equipment from other manufacturers and software products from Microsoft,Novell, andLotus Development. The company hoped that the direct sales approach would increase brand recognition and reach customers who were not targeted by other marketing channels.[27]: 564
Jacques Noels, formerly the head ofNokia Consumer Electronics, replaced Pesatori as CEO in January 1993.[66] Pesatori meanwhile left to helmDigital Equipment Corporation's PC-compatible systems division.[67] Under Noels' leadership, ZDS launched several new products, including the Z-Lite 425L, an upgraded version of their subnotebook featuring ani486SL processor clocked at 25 MHz;[68]: 61 the Z-Notepad, apen-enabled version of their Z-Note laptop;[69] and the Z-Star V33VL series, a 486-based notebook PC line comprising three models, all featuringCyrix's energy-conservantCx486SLC microprocessor clocked at 33 MHz.[70][71] ZDS also launched a new series of desktop PCs, the Z-Select 100 line, which came pre-installed with networking software compatible with NovellNetWare,Banyan VINES, andMicrosoft LAN Manager. The Z-Select 100 was powered by a 25-MHzi486SX processor and featured 4 MB of RAM and a 170-MB hard drive. ZDS touted the power-saving capabilities of the Z-Select 100, including its idle power consumption of 60 watts and advanced power management capabilities, including user-definable time intervals on which the computer halts the processor to conserve power.[72]
In 1993, Groupe Bull purchased a 19.9 percent stake inPackard Bell, then the fourth-largest PC seller in the United States (behind Apple, IBM, andCompaq), representing an undisclosed price. While Packard Bell had an overall market share in the United States of 37 percent, only five percent of this figure represented notebook sales—much lower than the industry average of roughly 20 percent. As part of the acquisition, ZDS agreed to provide Packard Bell with rebadged versions of its notebook and subnotebook PCs,[64] eventually manufacturing for them thePackard Bell Statesman, released in October 1993.[73] The two companies also agreed to collaborate on the design and production of future desktop PCs.[64] ZDS reported a 30 percent increase in worldwide revenues by 1993's end, with North American revenues up 53 percent and European revenues up 22 percent. The number of units shipped also increased, with a rise of 89 percent in the US and 62 percent worldwide. ZDS by this point counted seven major distributors on its roster and had sales networks in over 30 countries.[27]: 564
In 1994, ZDS unveiled the Z-Stor line ofwide area network products. The flagship product in the lineup was the Z-Stor Personal Server, a file server co-developed by the Desktop Workgroup Computing Initiative, a joint venture between ZDS and Novell.[27]: 565 [74]: 133 ZDS in 1994 also introduced the Z-Station 500, a desktop workstation, and the Z-Noteflex, a new line of notebooks.[27]: 565 The Z-Station 500 touted improved power management, higher-specification graphics cards (implementingATI'sPCI-basedMach 32 card), and increased system performance.[27]: 565 [75] The Z-Noteflex meanwhile was designed to be modular, allowing users to swap the top housing of the laptop to switch between different display technologies (passive-matrix monochrome, passive-matrix color, and active-matrix,TFT color) and remove hard disk drives toollessly. The Z-Noteflex also possessed an internalVESA local bus, allowing expansion cards based on this architecture to be installed into the computer with the optional Flexshowdocking station.[76]
ZDS saw considerable growth in revenue in both their North American and European markets in the beginning of 1994. Comparing year-to-year first quarter profits between 1993 and 1994, there was an increase of 132 percent in North America and an increase of 42 percent in Europe. ZDS's annual sales revenues of roughly $1 billion made up around 40 percent of their Groupe Bull's total hardware revenues, according to a statement issued by the company. Furthermore, ZDS revenues were equally divided between North American and European markets, as well as between desktop and notebook products.[27]: 565
In February 1996, Packard Bell acquired Zenith Data Systems from Groupe Bull, in a three-way deal which saw Groupe Bull and Japanese electronics conglomerateNEC increasing their existing stakes in Packard Bell.[77] As a consequence of the merger, 570 jobs were eliminated from ZDS's plant in St. Joseph.[51] Shortly after, in June 1996, NEC announced that they would acquire Packard Bell, merging it with NEC's global personal computer operations.[78] The merger was finalized in July 1996; the resulting division became known asPackard Bell NEC, selling computer systems under both NEC and Packard Bell faceplates.[79] Select ZDS employees moved to Packard Bell NEC's headquarters inSacramento, California, and ZDS lived on as a brand for certain systems manufactured by Packard Bell NEC and marketed in the United States between 1996 and 1999.[51] For a brief period, Packard Bell NEC was the largest PC manufacturer, in terms of units shipped, in the United States, with 15 percent of market share;[80][81] it was also the third largest PC vendor in the world in terms of sales at the end of 1996.[82] However, Packard Bell NEC's market share would soon slide, and the company between 1997 and 1998 posted losses totaling more than $1 billion.[83][84] In 1999, NEC withdrew Packard Bell NEC from the American market, while keeping it in Europe.[85]Acer Inc. of Taiwan eventually acquired Packard Bell in 2008.[86][87]
Some Zenith Data Systems computer models, by year of introduction:
| Divisions and subsidiaries |
|  | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Joint ventures and shareholdings |
| |||||
| Products, services and standards | ||||||
| People | ||||||
| Places | ||||||
| Other | ||||||
| ||||||
| Brands | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Products |
| ||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | |||||||||||||||||||||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
