| Yenish | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Germany,Switzerland,Austria,France,Netherlands, and elsewhere |
| Ethnicity | Yenish |
Native speakers | 16,000 (2006)[1] |
| Latin (German alphabet) | |
| Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | yec |
| Glottolog | yeni1236 |
Yenish (French:Yeniche,German:Jenisch,Luxembourgish:Jéinesch) is avariety ofGerman spoken by theYenish people, formernomads living mostly inGermany,Austria,Switzerland,Alsace,Luxembourg, and other parts ofFrance.
Yenish has been documented since the 18th century. Yenish speakers generally speak their local Germandialect, enriched by the Yenish vocabulary,[citation needed] which is derived in part fromRotwelsch, with influences fromYiddish,Romani, and other minority languages of their region.
The Yenish vocabulary contains many words ofRomani andYiddish (and through the latter route,Hebrew) origin; it also has many unusual metaphors and metonyms that replace the standard German words. Some original Yenish words have become parts of standard German.
The Yenish were originally travelers, they were people with professions outside of mainstream society that required them to move from town to town, such as showpeople,tinkers, and door-to-door salesmen. Today, the Yenish jargon is only used in certain isolated locations, such as certain poor districts ofBerlin,Münster, someEifel villages, andLuxembourg.[citation needed]
Individual variants of the Yenish language can be quite distinct, and have names of their own, such asMasematte,Lepper Talp,Heenese Vlek, and others.[citation needed]
Yenish has a grammatical syntax borrowed from the German language and its vocabulary is a mixture of Yiddish, Hebrew and German with some French and Romani terms.[3]
The origin of Yenish peoples is unclear but it would be linked to a gradual interbreeding over the centuries between itinerant German and Ashkenazi Jewish populations, then the integration of certain members of the Gypsy communities: indeed, according to Yaron Matras of the University of Manchester, the Yenish community has, over the centuries, integrated members of minority communities such as Gypsies and Jews who, for one reason or another, left their own communities.[4] This hypothesis is shared by Rémy Welschinger, who specifies that, due to the various wars and numerous food shortages, Jews and Yenishes were forced to live marginally by exercising professions which required great mobility and that the two peoples were able to settle and their languages to mix.[5] In this hypothesis, the Yenish language would mainly come from the mixture of Rotwelsch, the language of the marginalized of Germanic origin, and Yiddish and Hebrew, the languages of the Ashkenazi Jews, when the poor and marginalized itinerant German populations absorbed, notably via mixed unions, the Jews rejected on the road, following the persecutions carried out against them at the time. According to Sandrine Szwarc also raises the hypothesis that the Yenishes are, at least for certain families, descendants of Ashkenazi crypto-Jews.[6]
According to the encyclopedia of Hebrew languages and linguistics, jenisch "words of Hebrew origin, such as laf ‘no’ (= לאו lav) and Schuck ‘market’ (= שוק šuq), entered Jenisch with the Ashkenazi pronunciation employed when Hebrew words were integrated in the Judeo-German speech of German Jews",[7] that is to say before its modification in contact with Slavic languages.
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