Xenoarchaeology, a branch ofxenology dealing withextraterrestrial cultures, is ahypothetical form ofarchaeology that exists mainly in works of science fiction. The field is concerned with the study of the material remains to reconstruct and interpret past life-ways of alien civilizations. Xenoarchaeology is not currently practiced by mainstream archaeologists due to the current lack of any material for the discipline to study.
The name derives fromGreekxenos (ξένος) which means 'stranger, alien', andarchaeology 'study of ancients'.
Xenoarchaeology is sometimes calledastroarchaeology orexoarchaeology, although some would argue that the prefix exo- would be more correctly applied to the study of human activities in a space environment.[1]
Other names for xenoarchaeology, or specialised fields of interest, include ProbeSETI (Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence), extraterrestrial archaeology,space archaeology, SETA (Search for Extra-Terrestrial Artifacts), Dysonian SETI, Planetary SETI, SETT (Search for Extra-Terrestrial Technology), SETV (Search for Extra-Terrestrial Visitation),[2] extraterrestrial anthropology, areoarchaeology and selenoarchaeology.[3]
It is arguably the case that, due to the immense distances between stars, any evidence we discover of extraterrestrial intelligence, whether it be an artifact or an electromagnetic signal, may come from a long-vanished civilization. Thus the entire SETI project can be seen as a form of archaeology.[4][5][6] Additionally, due to the extremeage of the universe, there may be a reasonable expectation forastrobiology research to produce evidence of extinctalien life prior to the discovery of alien life itself.[7]
The study of alien cultures might offer us glimpses into our own species' past or future development.[8][9]
Vicky Walsh argued for the existence of "exo-artifacts" using theprinciple of mediocrity and theDrake equation. She proposed that a theoretical and speculative field of archaeology be established in order to test outlandish claims and to prepare for a time when undeniably extraterrestrial artifacts needed to be analysed. "If it is possible to construct an abstract archaeology that can be tested and refined on earth and then applied to areas beyond our planet, then the claims for ETI remains on the moon and Mars may really be evaluated in light of established archaeological theory and analysis".[10]
Ben McGee similarly proposed the creation of a set of interdisciplinary, proactive xenoarchaeological guidelines, arguing that identifying suspected artifacts of astrobiology is all that is required to justify establishing a methodology for xenoarchaeology. He emphasized the necessity of proactive xenoarchaeological work in order to avoid future bias, mischaracterization, and information mismanagement, and he cites three scenarios under which such a methodology or set of guidelines would be useful, those being "remote sensing" of a potential xenoarchaeological artifact, encountering an artifact during "human exploration," and "terrestrial interception" of an artifact.[7]
The origins of the field have been traced[11] to theories about a hypothetical Martian civilization based on observations of what were perceived ascanals on Mars. These theories, of which Percival Lowell was the most famous exponent, were apparently inspired by a mistranslation of a quote byGiovanni Schiaparelli.
The 1997 Theoretical Archaeology Group conference featured a session on "archaeology and science fiction".[12]
The 2004 annual meeting of theAmerican Anthropological Association featured a sessionAnthropology, Archaeology and Interstellar Communication.[13]
Planetary SETI is concerned with the search for extraterrestrial structures on the surface of bodies in theSolar System. Claims for evidence of extraterrestrial artifacts can be divided into three groups, the Moon, Mars, and the other planets and their satellites.[3]
Examples of sites of interest include the "bridge" sighted in theMare Crisium in 1953, and the "Blair Cuspids", "an unusual arrangement of seven spirelike objects of varying heights" at the western edge of theMare Tranquillitatis, photographed by theLunar Orbiter 2 on 20 November 1966.[14] In 2006, Ian Crawford proposed that a search for alien artifacts be conducted on the Moon.[15]
Percival Lowell's mistaken identification ofMartian canals[16] was an early attempt to detect and study an alien culture from its supposed physical remains.[citation needed] More recently, there was interest in the supposedFace on Mars, an example of the psychological phenomenon ofpareidolia.[17]
The Society for Planetary SETI Research is a loose organization of researchers interested in this field. The organization does not endorse any particular conclusions drawn by its members on particular sites.[18]
A great deal of research and writing has been done, and some searches conducted for extraterrestrial probes in the Solar System.[19] This followed the work ofRonald N. Bracewell.
Robert Freitas,[20][21][22]Christopher Rose andGregory Wright have argued that interstellar probes can be a more energy-efficient means of communication than electromagnetic broadcasts.[23]
If so, a solar centric Search for Extraterrestrial Artifacts (SETA)[24] would seem to be favored over the more traditional radio or optical searches. Robert A. Freitas coined the term SETA in the 1980s.[25]
On the basis that the Earth-Moon or Sun-Earthlibration orbits might constitute convenient parking places for automated extraterrestrial probes, unsuccessful searches were conducted by Freitas and Valdes.[26][27]
In a 1960 paper,Freeman Dyson proposed the idea of aDyson sphere, a type of extraterrestrial artifact able to be searched for and studied at interstellar distances. Following that paper, several searches have been conducted.[28]
In a 2005 paper, Luc Arnold proposed a means of detecting smaller, though still mega-scale, artifacts from their distinctive transitlight curve signature.[29](seeAstroengineering).
A subculture of enthusiasts studies purported structures on theMoon orMars. These controversial "structures" (such as theFace on Mars) are not accepted as more than natural features by most scientists, examples of thepareidolia phenomenon.
Palaeocontact orancient astronaut theories, espoused byErich von Däniken and others, are further examples of fringe theories. These claim that the Earth was visited in prehistoric times by extraterrestrial beings.
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Xenoarchaeological themes are common in science fiction. Works about the exploration of enigmatic extraterrestrial artifacts have been satirically categorized asBig Dumb Object stories.
Some of the more prominent examples of xenoarchaeological fiction include Arthur C. Clarke's novelRendezvous with Rama, H. Beam Piper's short storyOmnilingual, and Charles Sheffield'sHeritage Universe series.
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